0910421 / 0910521 Week 7 Technical Objectives:

Gas Dynamics Moving Normal Shock Waves

Class Notes - Page: 1

Find the velocity of a moving shock wave for a given pressure ratio and determine the properties behind a moving shock wave. Explain what happens when a moving shock wave impacts a wall; determine the properties at the wall after a shock wave reflects. Explain what happens when a valve is suddenly shut and calculate the forces acting on such a valve.

1. Moving Normal Shock Waves Last week, we analyzed shock waves by choosing a coordinate system in which the shock wave was fixed. In many cases of interest, the shock wave is moving with respect to a fixed set of coordinates. Consider the following shock wave, moving with a velocity, us, into still air (i.e. v1 = 0, P1, 1, T1). Note that in the case of a moving shock, there is a velocity behind the shock, v, and an increased pressure P2 as shown.

It is possible to analyze this problem as a stationary shock wave, by attaching the following coordinate system to the shock wave:

0910421 / 0910521 Week 7

Gas Dynamics Moving Normal Shock Waves

Class Notes - Page: 2

In this case, the upstream velocity, v1, is equal to the shock velocity, us. And the downstream velocity, v2, is equal to the difference between the shock velocity and the velocity behind the shock: (5.58)

The upstream Mach number is thus denoted by Ms and is called the Shock Mach number:

(5.59)

The downstream Mach number, M2, is related to the shock Mach number as follows:

(5.60)

Now, since the coordinate system has been fixed with respect to the shock wave, the normal shock relations (5.39, 5.42 and 5.43) can be easily formulated with respect to the Shock Mach Number, Ms:

(5.62)

(5.64)

0910421 / 0910521 Week 7

Gas Dynamics Moving Normal Shock Waves

Class Notes - Page: 3

(5.63)

Recalling that (5.38) relates the upstream Mach number (in this case, Ms) with the downstream Mach number, M2, the velocity behind the shock wave can now be calculated from equations (5.60), (5.64) and (5.38):

(5.65)

The velocity behind the shock wave, v, can now be calculated as follows:

(5.67) 2. Use of the Normal Shock Tables to Solve Moving Shock Problems Having transformed the coordinate system as described above, it is easy now to use the normal shock tables to solve moving shock problems:

To use the normal shock relations, just let M1 be Ms and look up the following in Appendix C:

0910421 / 0910521 Week 7

Gas Dynamics Moving Normal Shock Waves

Class Notes - Page: 4

Example 6.1 Known: A shock wave propagates down a constant area duct into stagnant air at 1 atm and room temperature. The pressure ratio across the shock wave is 3.0. Find: the shock speed and the velocity of the gas, temperature, stagnation temperature of the gas behind the shock wave.

0910421 / 0910521 Week 7

Gas Dynamics Moving Normal Shock Waves

Class Notes - Page: 5

3. Reflected Shock Waves Consider the following moving shock wave as it impacts and reflects off the fixed wall of a duct:

Before impact, as discussed above, there will always be a gas velocity behind the shock wave, v2. However, after the shock wave impacts the wall, since the gas velocity in contact with the wall is zero, the velocity behind the shock for a reflected shock must be zero:

Note: the reflected shock wave now propagates into the gas which was previously behind the incoming shock: v2, a2, p2, etc. The reflected shock can be analyzed by attaching a coordinate system to it:

Therefore, we can now derive an additional relationship between MR2 and MR1:

0910421 / 0910521 Week 7

Gas Dynamics Moving Normal Shock Waves

Class Notes - Page: 6

Since MR1 and MR2 are related from the normal shock relations as well as the above equation, we can now solve for the properties behind the reflected shock wave. As shown in the following example, the process is trial and error. Example 6.2 Known: A normal shock wave with a pressure ratio of 1.8 is moving down a duct into still air at 1 atm, 20 deg C. The shock wave strikes the closed end of a duct. Find: The pressure and temperature on the closed end after the shock reflects.

0910421 / 0910521 Week 7

Gas Dynamics Moving Normal Shock Waves

Class Notes - Page: 7

MR1 1 1.1 1.2 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28

T3/T2 1 1.064938 1.127994 1.134268 1.140541 1.146816 1.153094 1.159375 1.165661 1.171953 1.178251

T2/T3 ^ .5 1 0.969031 0.941557 0.93895 0.936364 0.933798 0.931253 0.928727 0.926219 0.92373 0.921258

MR2 1 0.91177 0.84217 0.836014 0.829986 0.824083 0.818301 0.812636 0.807085 0.801645 0.796312

MR2 calc 0.594727 0.673212 0.748281 0.755598 0.762881 0.770129 0.777342 0.784521 0.791665 0.798774 0.805849

0910421 / 0910521 Week 7

Gas Dynamics Moving Normal Shock Waves

Class Notes - Page: 8

4. Sudden Closing of a Valve When gas is flowing at a steady rate through a pipe and a valve is suddenly shut the velocity of the gas directly upstream of the valve immediately decelerates to zero. This creates a moving shock wave that propagates back into the original gas stream, similar to the reflected shock wave in the previous section: Open Valve Shut Valve

The moving shock wave, which propagates back into the stream can be analyzed by attaching a coordinate system to it:

Note: in this case, the upstream velocity is simply the sum of the shock velocity, us and the original gas velocity, vo. It is therefore possible to formulate a relationship between the upstream Mach number, M1 and the downstream Mach number, M2.

The above relationship can be used along with the normal shock relationships to determine the pressure and temperature acting on the valve after it is suddenly closed. The procedure is once again trial and error as shown in the following example.

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Gas Dynamics Moving Normal Shock Waves

Class Notes - Page: 9

Example 6.3. Known: Air at 273 K and 1000 psia is flowing through a pipe at a velocity of 250 m/s. A valve in the pipe is suddenly closed. Find: The pressure acting on the valve immediately after it is closed.

M1 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55

T2/T1 1 1.064938 1.127994 1.190873 1.254694 1.320216 1.326884 1.333574 1.340288 1.347026 1.353787

T1/T2 ^ .5 1 0.969031 0.941557 0.916363 0.892753 0.870317 0.868128 0.865947 0.863776 0.861613 0.859458

M2 1 0.91177 0.84217 0.785957 0.739709 0.701089 0.697578 0.694125 0.690729 0.687388 0.684101

M2 calc 0.245 0.334316 0.418993 0.499418 0.575825 0.648386 0.655436 0.66245 0.669426 0.676366 0.683269

0910421 / 0910521 Week 7 Homework

Gas Dynamics Moving Normal Shock Waves

Class Notes - Page: 10

1. As a result of a rapid chemical reaction, a normal shock wave is generated which propagates down a duct in which there is air at a pressure of 100 kPa and temperature of 30 C. The pressure behind this shock wave is 130 kPa. Half a second after the generation of this shock wave a second normal shock wave is generated by another chemical reaction. The second shock wave follows the first one down the duct and the pressure behind the second shock wave is 190 kPa. Find the velocity and temperature of the air behind the second shock wave. 2. A normal shock wave is propagating down a duct in which P= 110 kPa and T=30C. The pressure ratio across the shock is 1.8. Find the velocity of the shock wave and the air velocity behind the shock. The moving shock wave then strikes the closed end of the duct. Find the pressure on the closed end after the shock reflection. 3. Air flows at a velocity of 90 m/s down a 20 cm diameter pipe. The air is at a pressure of 120 kPa and temperature of 30C. A valve at the end of the pipe is suddenly closed. The valve is held in place by eight mild steel bolts each with a diameter of 12 mm. Will the bolts hold the valve without yielding? Assume that the pipe is discharging the air to atmosphere and that the ambient pressure is 101 kPa. Note: it will be necessary to look up the yield strength of steel in order to solve this problem.