ScienceUnitOneChemistry 

ChemicalsandChemicalChange

Chemistry:thestudyofmatter,itspropertiesanditschangesortransformations
Matter:anythingthathasmassandtakesupspace

ClassifyingPureSubstances
PureSubstance:asubstanceinwhichalltheparticlesthatmakeupthesubstancearethesame.Has
constantproperties.

PureSubstancesareclassifiedintoeitherelementsorcompounds.

Elements:puresubstancesthatcannotbebrokendownintosimplersubstances(onlycontainonekind
ofatom)

x Elementscanbeidentifiedwithachemicalsymbol
x Someelementsconsistofmolecules(exampleOxygenoccursinnatureaspairsofoxygen
atoms)

Compounds:puresubstancesthatcontaintwoormoredifferentelementsinafixedproportion

x Compoundscanbeidentifiedwithchemicalformulas

PropertiesofMatter
PhysicalProperty:acharacteristicofasubstance

x Stateofmatter,hardness,meltingandboilingpoints,odour,solubilityandcolour

PhysicalChange:achangeinthesizeorformofasubstance,whichdoesnotchangethechemical
propertiesofthesubstances.Ex.Boiling,melting,sublimation

ChemicalProperty:acharacteristicbehaviorthatoccurswhenasubstancechangestoanewsubstance,
thechangeitselfiscalledachemicalchange.Ex.Reactionwithacid,combustibility

ChemicalChange:thealterationofasubstanceintooneormoredifferentsubstanceswithdifferent
properties;alsocalledachemicalreaction.Ex.Combustion,corrosion

x Thischangeiscalledachemicalchange
x Cluesthatachemicalchangehashappened
o Anewcolourappears
o Bubblesofgas
o Heatorlightisgivenoff
o Bubblesofgasareformed
o Asolidmaterialcalledaprecipitateformsinaliquid
o Thechangesisdifficulttoreverse
x ReactantsÆthestartingmaterialsinachemicalchanges
x ProductsÆnewmaterialsformed
1|P a g e 

Humidity
Humidity:theamountofmoistureintheatmosphere.Affectscomfortlevelandweather
ࢍ
ࢉ࢕࢔ࢉࢋ࢔࢚࢘ࢇ࢚࢏࢕࢔࢕ࢌ࢝ࢇ࢚ࢋ࢘࢜ࢇ࢖࢕࢛࢘࢏࢔ࢊ࢘࢟ࢇ࢏࢘ሺ ሻ
࢑ࢍ
ࡾࢋ࢒ࢇ࢚࢏࢜ࢋࡴ࢛࢓࢏ࢊ࢏࢚࢟ ൌ  ࢞૚૙૙Ψ
࢓ࢇ࢞࢏࢓࢛࢓ࢉ࢕࢔ࢉࢋ࢔࢚࢘ࢇ࢚࢏࢕࢔࢕ࢌ࢝ࢇ࢚ࢋ࢘࢜ࢇ࢖࢕࢛࢘࢏࢔ࢊ࢘࢟ࢇ࢏࢘

x Warmaircarriesmoremoisture,thereforeitismorehumidinthesummer
x Coolaircarrieslessmoisturesoairisdrierinthewinter
Whentemperatureishighandhumidityislow
x Evaporationoccurseasily
x Whenwaterevaporatesfromabody,ittakesheatawayfromthebody.Theevaporationof
sweatfromourbodiescoolusdown
Whentemperatureishighandhumidityishigh
x Evaporationdoesnotoccureasily
x Themobilityofsweattoevaporateandcarryheatawayfromourskinsmakesusfeelhotter
Saturation:whentherelativehumidityis100%ataparticulartemperature
DewPoint:thetemperatureatwhichdewforms
x Occurswhenairreachesmaxrelativehumidity
x Dewoftenformsonclearnights.Duringthedaywhenthetemperatureishigher,more
evaporationtakesplaceandtheairconholdalotofmoisture
x Atnightwhenthegroundradiatesenergyintotheatmosphere,objectsandgroundlevelcool
quickly.Whenthetemperatureoftheseobjectsisatorbelowthedewpoint,watervapour
condensesandgathersasdewdrops.
x Oncloudynightstheradiatedheatfromtheearthisreflectedbackbythecloudsandwarmsthe
surface.
Psychrometer:aninstrumentusedtomeasurerelativehumidity
x Consistsoftwothermometers
x Bulbofonethermometerisdrywhiletheotherissurroundedbyapieceofmoistgauze
x Asthewaterinthegauzeevaporates,heatisremovedfromthesurroundingsandfromthebulb
ofthethermometer,thereforethewetbulbwilldropintemperature
x Thedriertheair,themorequicklythemoistureevaporates,thecoolerthewetbulbwillbeand
therefore,thelowerthetemperaturethewetbulbwillbe.
x Thedifferenceintemperaturebetweenthewetbulbandthedrybulbiscalculated
x Thedifferenceiscomparedtoalistofvaluestodeterminetherelativehumidity

HurricanesandTornadoes
Tornadoes
x Tornadoesforminthemostseverethunderstorms
x Fastrisingairinathunderstormsometimesbeginsspinning,formingafunnelorairand
moisture
x Therisingaircausesapressuredifferencethatincreaseswithspeed
x Atthecentre,orvortex,windspeedscanbeashighas500kph.Thecentreisfasterbecauseit
hasasmallerradiusofrotation
x Theytravelatspeedsupto100kph,usuallyfromsouthwesttonorthwest

Hurricanes

20|P a g e 

 compoundsbreakdownmoreeasily,butresultinthecompoundbeingappliedmoreoften
x somearenotchemicallyselective–mayunintentionallykillothersurroundinganimals,changes
tothefoodwebareunpredictable

Problemswithpesticides
x manytoxinshavebioaccumulatedinmanyorganisms,includinghumans
x longtermeffectsofmanytoxinstohumansandotherorganismsareunknownuntilmanyyears
later
x manypestsdevelopresistancetothetoxinusedtocontrolthem
x resistancedevelopswhenthegeneticinformationofpeststhatsurvivechangetoallowthe
peststoadapttothetoxin


CarbonCycle
Carbon:akeyelementforlifeonEarth
x Carbonisfoundinlivingorganisms,intheatmosphere,inwaterbodiessuchaslakesand
oceans,insoilandtheearth’scrust.
Cycle
x Whenanorganismconsumesanother:Carbonatomsaretransferredtothebodyofthe
consumer(intheformofcompounds)suchasprotein,sugarsandfats.
x Carbonatomsaretransferredtotheatmosphereintheformofcarbondioxideviarespiration
o OrganismsthroughtheprocessofrespirationconvertglucoseandoxygentoCO2and
water
o Plantsalsorespire,buttherateofrespirationislessthantherateofphotosynthesis
o CO2isactuallyabyproductthatformswhenglucoseisbrokendowntomakeenergy
x Plants,throughtheprocessofphotosyntheseconvertCO2intoglucose,thecarboncompound
usedbyandstoredinplants
x Somecarboncompoundsinthebodiesofsomeorganismsmaybeconvertedtofossilfuels
o Thisprocessoccurswhenthedecayingprocessisdisruptedandremainingpartsofthe
deadorganismarenotusedforrespirationortransferredtodecomposers
Steps
x Livingorganismsdie
x Thosethatarenotdecomposedmaybetrappedinareaswithoutoxygenandwithinthelayers
ofrockandearthsediment
x Overtime(millionsofyears)pressurefromthelayersandheatfromtheearth’sinnercore
convertthetrappedmaterialsintocarboncontainingfossilfuelsand/orcoal.
x ThecarbonatomstrappedinfossilfuelsandcoalarereleasedintotheatmosphereasCO2
duringcombustion
x CO2releasedintotheoceanmayreactwithwatertofromCO3andHC03ions(formationof
shelfsandlimestone)
x OceanorganismsmayuseCO3andHCO3toreactwithavailableCa2+intheoceantoform
CaCO3fortheirshellsandotherhardstructuresintheirbodies
x CO3andHCO3mayalsoreactwithCa2+inthewatertoformCaCO3(s).
x OvertimeheatandpressuremayconverttheCaCO3formedintheoceantolimeston
x CaC03maybeconvertedbackintoitsions,thusreleasingtheCO2.
o Occursduringvolcaniceruptions
o Alsooccurswhenacidicrainneutralizesthelimestone(Ca+andCO3areproduced)and
CO2iseventuallyreleased.
25|P a g e 

  Tundra
Brief ItisCanada’snorthernmost
Description biome.Thetundraislikeacold
desertwhichsupportsonlya
 smallnumberoforganisms.
 everyprovinceandmakes
Climate/ Harshwinds
Weather
Shortgrowingseason
Verylowtemperaturesformost
oftheyear.Around25degrees
Celsiusinthewintermonthtoa
maximumof15degreesCelsiusin
thesummermonths.
Soil Generallythesoilinthetundrais
ofpoorquality.Onelayerofsoil
isknownasthepermafrostsince
itneverthaws.
Abovethepermafrostisthe
activelayerwhichdoesthaw
duringthesummerproviding
waterandmineralsforplants.
Thecoldlimitsthereproduction
ofsoilbacteriaandfungiavailable
todecomposeorganicmatter.
Thereforethereisonlyasmall
amountoforganicmatterinthe
thinsoil.
Precipitation Thetundrareceivesverylittle
precipitationonly10to12
centimetersperyear(mostly
snow)
Characteristic Cranberries
Plants
MossesandLichensandrapid
floweringplants.
Mediumtotallgrass,shrubsand
stuntedconiferoustrees(inthe
30|P a g e 

BorealForest
TheBorealForestis
locatedimmediately
southofthebiomeand
dominatesmostof
Canada.Itislocatedin
up80%ofallforested
areas.Itisalsoknownas
thetaiga.
Theclimateisharshwith
rapidtemperature
changes.Thesummer
haslongsdaysandhigher
temperatureswhilethe
winterhasshortdaysand
lowtemperatures.
Humidityalsovaries
significantlyfromsummer
towinter.
Thereisnopermafrost
layersincethesoilthaws
everysummer.Higher
temperaturesallow
organicmatterto
decomposemorerapidly
andaddtothesoil
quality.Thesoilisalso
acidicbecauseofthe
decayingconiferneedles.
Thesoilalsocontains
morewaterthaninthe
tundra.
Asaresultofthemixing
ofwarmandcoldair,the
tundrareceivesmore
precipitationthanthe
tundra.Precipitation
rangesfrom40cmto
250cmperyear.
Coniferoustreessuchas
theWhiteSpruce,Jack
Pine,blackpineand
tamarack.
MossesandFerns
Temperate
DeciduousForest
Canada’ssouthernmost
biome,thetemperate
deciduousforestlies
southoftheBoreal
ForestinEasternand
CentralCanada.Itishas
agreatbiodiversityas
wellasalargeecotone
alongitsborderwiththe
Borealforest.
Thisbiomehasmore
moderatetemperatures
thantheBorealForest.
Thetemperatureranges
fromminus15degrees
Celsiusinthewinter
monthsto30degrees
Celsiusinthesummer.
Longergrowingseason
Thesoilisricherthanthe
borealforestandtundra
becausehigher
temperaturesallowsfor
fasterdecomposition.
Alsotheorganicmatter
availablefromfallen
leavesprovidethebasis
forformationofaricher
soil.Thesoilisgenerally
fertile.
Precipitationisupto
100cmperyear.
Deciduoustreeslikethe
redmaple,birch,beech
andoaktree.
Manyshrubsandferns.
Grassland
Thegrasslandextends
fromeasternManitobato
theRockyMountains.
Theyareataboutthe
samelatitudeasthe
temperatedeciduous
forest.Thereisan
ecotonearounditsedges
wheretheforestthins
andgrasslandbegins.
Thetemperatureisthe
sameasthetemperate
deciduousforest.
Temperaturesrangefrom
minus15Celsiusinthe
winterto30Celsiusinthe
summer.Longergrowing
seasonthantheboreal
forest.
Theblacksoilofthe
grasslandisthemost
fertilesoilintheworld.
Shortlivinggrasses
provideagoodbiomass
fordecomposition.High
summertemperatures
promoterapiddecay
whichresultsinhigh
concentrationsof
nutrientsandorganic
matterinthesoil.
Themainabiotic
differencebetweenthe
grasslandandthe
temperatedeciduous
forestisthelesser
amountprecipitation.
Precipitationonlyranges
from25cmto75cmeach
year.
Fescuegrasses
Wildflowers