Mangao, Arnoldus M.

8L, Group 4

Date Performed: November 28, 2012 Date Submitted: December 5, 2012

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

I.

Introduction The physical properties of a solution differ considerably from those of the pure solvent.

These share common basesthey all depend primarily on the concentration of solute particles present, regardless of whether they are atoms, ions, or molecules and are due essentially to the dilution of the solvent by the solute. These include vapor pressure lowering, osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression (Masterton, et al. 2009). The formation of solution containing volatile liquid solvent and a nonvolatile (that is, it does not have a measurable vapor pressure) solute is spontaneous because of the increase in entropy that accompanies their mixing. In effect, the solvent molecules have a lower tendency to escape into the vapor state because they are stabilized in their state by the said process. Therefore, when a nonvolatile solute is present, the vapor pressure of the solvent is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. The vapor pressure of a volatile solvent above a solution containing a nonvolatile solute is proportional to the solvents concentration in the solution. (Masterton, et al., 2009). The other colligative properties root from this concept. The boiling point of a solution is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the external atmospheric pressure. The vapor pressure of a solution decreases in the presence of a non-volatile solute so higher temperature must be attained before the solution boils, that is,

before its vapor pressure becomes equal to the external pressure. (Copy to chang the eq. page531) (Chang, 2011) The freezing point depression is caused by adding a solute. Freezing involves a transition from the disordered state to the ordered state. Energy must be removed from the system for this to happen. Because a solution has greater disorder than the solvent, more energy needs to be removed from it to create order than in the case of a pure solvent. Therefore, the solution has a lower freezing point than its solvent. (copy the eq at chang, p. 532) The objectives of the exercise were the following: (objecties 1 to 3) II. Materials Reagents: 4.0 g of naphthalene 0.2 g of unknown solute A 2.0 g of unknown solute B 200mL distilled water Apparatus and Equipment: 2 Test tube 3 250-mL beaker 1 Thermometer 1 Bunsen burner 1 Iron ring 1 Wire gauze 1 Iron stand 1 timer

III.

Procedure To meet the objectives of the activity, an experiment was conducted.

The freezing point of pure naphthalene was first determined in studying the effect of the solute on its freezing point. Two grams of naphthalene was weighed in a test tube. This tube was placed in a water bath that was heated until the sample melted and its temperature reached 90C. Constant stirring was done to equalize the temperature within the water bath. The flame was put off when the sample reached 90C and the temperature reading was recorded every 15 seconds until the temperature fell 70C. The cooling curve of naphthalene was the plotted. To determine the effect of the solute on the freezing point of naphthalene, 0.20g of unknown solute was weighed and mixed with 2.0 grams of naphthalene in a test tubes. The test tube was then placed in a water bath to heat up the solution up to 90C. The flame was put off and the its appearance was recorded in intervals of 15 seconds with its corresponding temperature The cooling curve of the unknown solute- naphthalene solution was plotted in the same graph of the of cooling curve of pure naphthalene. The freezing point of the pure substance was compared to the solution. The boiling point elevation of water was studied. The boiling point of water was determined by heating 100 mL of distilled water in a 250 mL beaker. Then, an assigned amount of solute was dissolved in 100 mL of distilled water and was heated. Its boiling point was recorded. The data of the other groups were gathered and compared. A graph showing the relationship of amount of solute on the increase of boiling point was plotted.

IV.

Observations

The results of the experiment are presented in following tables and graphs. Table 2.1. Observation Table 2.2. Observation Figure 2.1. Cooling curves of pure naphthalene and unknown solute- naphthalene solution. (legend: blue: pure naphthalene red: unknown solute- naphthalene solution) Figure 2.2 The fluctuating elevation of boiling point in varying amount of solute present in the solution.

V.

Discussion To describe colligative properties of solution like boiling point elevation and freezing

point depression, an activity was conducted. Table 2.1 shows the phase of the cooling of pure naphthalene in intervals of 15 seconds. As shown, the naphthalene is in liquid phase in the first 300 seconds and its temperature dropped to 78.0C from 90.0C. From 315 seconds to 495 seconds, it appeared liquid-solid and its temperature ranged from 78.0 to 75.0C. It was in solid from 510seconds to 615 seconds with the temperature that ranged from 75.0C to 70.0C. The cooling curve of pure naphthalene (colored blue) is shown in Figure 2.1. As shown, the temperature of the naphthalene drops and its phase changes as time passes by. The naphthalene is liquid in the first 300 seconds, liquid-solid from 315 seconds to 495 seconds and solid from 510seconds to 615 seconds. It can also be stated that the temperature continuously dropped from 90.0C to 77.0C but the temperature reading 78.0C remained approximately

constant for a period of time despite the removal of heat and continuously dropped again from 77.0C to 70.0C. With these data, it was concluded that the freezing point of pure naphthalene is 78.0C. As seen in table 2.2, the unknown-solute and naphthalene solution was in liquid phase in the first 240 seconds and its temperature dropped to 76.0C from 90.0C. From 255 seconds to 375 seconds, it appeared liquid-solid and its temperature ranged from 75.0 to 73.0C. It is solid from 390seconds to 480 seconds after putting the flame off with the temperature ranged from 72.5C to 70.0C. Figure 2.1 also has the cooling curve of the solution. As seen, the temperature drops as time passes by. The solution was liquid in the first 240 seconds while its temperature dropped from 90.0C to 75.0C. It was liquid-solid from 245 seconds to 375 seconds after the removal of heat and its temperature ranged from 75.0C to 73.0C. It turned solid after 390 seconds and its temperature dropped from 72.5 C to 70.0 C. The freezing point of the solution is 75.0 C since it was the temperature that remained constant for a period of time despite the removal of heat (Torio, 2012). It was computed that the molar mass of the unknown solute used in studying the freezing point depression of naphthalene is 2.3 X 10g/mol and the solution formed has the molality of 0.43 molal. As viewed from Table 2.3, the boiling point of pure water in group 1 is 98.0C while the boiling point of the solution with 0.50gram of solute is 99.0C. For group 2, the boiling point of pure water and solution with 1.0 gram of solute had the same value of 98.0C. The boiling point of the pure water and solution containing 1.5grams of solute had the same value of 98 C. the

boiling point of the solution containing 2.0 grams of solute and the pure water is 100.5C and 98.0C, respectively. Pure water and solution containing 2.5 grams of solute has boiling points of 99.0C and 101.0 C, respectively. As seen in Figure 2.2, there are differences in the changes of the boiling point in each solute concentration. Change of 1.0C, 2.5C and 2.0C were observed in the boiling point of water with concentrations of 0.50%, 2.0% and 2.5%, respectively while no change were observed in the solution with concentrations 1.0% and 1.5%. The factors that might have led errors to the results in the experiment of boiling point elevation were the devices used, the skill of the person that performed the measurements and the contamination of impurities and other materials in the reagents. It was recommended that VI. Conclusion An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the solute concentration on the physical properties of solutions. Based the data gathered, it could be reasoned out that the presence of solute depresses the freezing point of naphthalene. This could be explained by the fact that freezing involves a transition from the disordered state to the ordered state. For this to happen, energy must be removed from the system. Because a solution has greater disorder than the solvent, more energy needs to be removed from it to create order than in the case of a pure solvent. Therefore, the solution had a lower freezing point than its solvent (Chang, et al, 2011).

Using the freezing point depression data, it was computed that the molar mass of the unknown solute used is 2.3 X10 g/mol the solution formed from naphthalene and unknown solute was 0.43 molal. It was also concluded based on the experiment that the presence of nonvolatile solute increases the boiling point of the solution it forms. Boiling point elevation is a direct result of vapor pressure lowering. At any given temperature, a solution of a nonvolatile solute has a vapor pressure lower than that of the pure solvent. Hence a higher temperature must be reached before the solution boils, that is, before its vapor pressure becomes equal to the external pressure (Masterton, et al. 2012). It was also observed that solute concentration affects the intensity of elevation of the boiling point. Generally, as the concentration increases, the intensity of boiling point elevation also increases. This could be reasoned to the concept that boiling point elevation, a colligative property, is dependent on the number of solute particles in solution (Chang, et al., 2011).

VII.

Sample Calculations

(put the calculations)

VIII.

Literature Cited

Chang, R. 2010. Chemistry. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 526-534 Masterton, W. L., Hurley, C. N., Net, E. J. 2012. Chemistry: Principles and Reactions, 7th ed. California: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. pp 310-320 Torio, M. A. O. Laboratory Instruction Manual for CHEM 16.1 General Chemistry I Laboratory. 5th ed. College. University of the Philippines, Los Banos. pp.

Torio, M. A. O. Laboratory Instruction Manual for CHEM 17.1 General Chemistry II Laboratory. 5th ed. College. University of the Philippines, Los Banos. pp. 9-11 Brown, T. L., H. E. Jr. LEMay, B. E. Bursten, C. J. Murphy, P. M. Woodward. 2012. Chemistry: The Central Science. 12th ed. Prentice Hall: USA. pp. 537