AFS 2005:2

Manufacture of certain Vessels, Piping and Installations

Provisions of the Swedish Work Environment Authority on Manufacture of certain Vessels, Piping and Installations, together with General Recommendations on the implementation of the Provisions

Translation In the event of disagreement concerning the interpretation and content of this text, the printed Swedish version shall have priority.

The Work Environment Authoritys Statute Book

The Swedish Work Environment Authority was formed through a merger of the Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health and the Labour Inspectorate, on 1st January 2001. Provisions adopted by the Swedish Work Environment Authority are published in the Statute Book of the Swedish Work Environment Authority. Provisions earlier published in the Statute Book of the Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health simultaneously still apply. Both Statute Books names are abbreviated AFS. Please note that references to statutes always give the original number of the document concerned, regardless of any subsequent amendments and reprints. Concerning amendments to and reprints of Provisions of the Swedish National Board of Occupational Safety and Health and of the Swedish Work Environment Authority, reference is made to the latest Statute Book Register (in Swedish). A list of Ordinances, General Recommendations, Directions and Notices is also published in English.

Swedish Work Environment Authority SE-171 84 SOLNA , Sweden Telephone: +46 8 730 90 00 Telefax: +46 8 730 91 67 Publishing Services, telefax: +46 8 735 85 55 www.av.se

Contents
Provisions of the Work Environment Authority on the Manufacture of Certain Vessels, Piping and Installations. ..5 General ......................................................................................5 Scope .........................................................................................5 Definitions ..................................................................................7 Vessels and piping ...................................................................10 Classification of contents .........................................................10 Classification of vessels ...........................................................10 Classification of piping .............................................................11 General provisions ...................................................................12 Essential safety requirements ..................................................12 Control of vessels and piping ...................................................13 Delivery documentation and marking.......................................14 Installations ..............................................................................15 Classification of installations ....................................................15 General provisions ...................................................................16 Essential safety requirements ..................................................16 Installation control ....................................................................16 Concluding provisions ..............................................................18 Work on pressurised systems ..................................................18 Mutual recognition clause ........................................................19 Fields of accreditation ..............................................................20 Penal Provisions ......................................................................20 Entry into force and interim provisions .....................................20 Essential safety requirements ..................................................22 General Recommendations issued by the Swedish Work Environment Authority for the implementation of its Provisions on Manufacture of Certain Vessels, Piping and Installations ............................................................................44 Background ..............................................................................44 Guidance on certain sections...................................................46 General ....................................................................................46 Definitions ................................................................................47 Vessels and piping ...................................................................50 Installations ..............................................................................59 Concluding provisions ..............................................................65

AFS 2005:2

Provisions of the Work Environment Authority on the Manufacture of Certain Vessels, Piping and Installations.

Published 22nd February 2005

Adopted 27th January 2005 The following Provisions are issued by the Swedish Work Environment Authority pursuant to Section 18 of the Work Environment Ordinance (SFS 1977:1166).1

General

Scope
Section 1 These Provisions apply to the design, manufacture and erection of vessels, piping and installations, with the following exceptions: Vessels excluded. Vessels covered by the Provisions of the National Board of Occupational Safety and Health (AFS 1999:4) on Pressure Equipment or by corresponding rules in any other country of the EEA. Vessels covered by the Provisions of the National Board of Occupational Safety and Health (AFS 1993:41) on Simple

Information has been provided in compliance with Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations (OJ L 204, 21.7.1988, p. 37, Celex 31998 L0034), amended in Directive 98/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 July 1998 (OJ L 217, 5.8.1988, p. 18 Celex 31998 L0048).

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Pressure Vessels or by corresponding rules in any other country of the EEA. Tanks intended for flammable liquid for which Provisions have been issued by authority of the Flammables and Explosives Ordinance (SFS 1988:1145). Vessels intended to be used for international transport as referred to in the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). Vessels intended to be used for international transport as referred to in the Regulations concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (RID). Vessels intended to be used for international transport as referred to in the Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (ICAO-IT). Vessels intended to be used for such national transport of dangerous goods as is covered by Provisions issued pursuant to the Carriage of Dangerous Goods Act (SFS 1982:821). Vessels intended for nuclear installations concerning which the Nuclear Power Inspectorate has issued stipulations and conditions pursuant to the Nuclear Activities Act (SFS 1984:3).

Piping excluded. Piping covered by AFS 1999:4 or by corresponding rules in any other country of the EEA. Piping intended for flammable liquid, for which Provisions have been issued by authority of the Flammables and Explosives Ordinance (SFS 1988:145) and which is used between, to or from the tank. Piping intended for natural gas for which Provisions have been issued by authority of the Flammables and Explosives Ordinance (SFS 1988:145). Piping intended for water having a temperature of not more than +65 C. Installations excluded. Installations and part of installations constituting assemblies.

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Nuclear installations for which the Nuclear Power Inspectorate has issued stipulations and conditions pursuant to the Nuclear Activities Act (SFS 1984:3).

Definitions
Section 2 The following definitions shall apply for the purposes of these Provisions. Assembly Several pieces of pressure equipment assembled by a manufacturer to constitute an integrated and functional whole. For the purposes of these Provisions, however, assemblies shall only count as such if covered by AFS 1999:4 or by corresponding rules in any other country of the EEA. All pressure retaining devices erected within the operational area of an establishment. Part of a processing plant or an installation which is separately protected and can be shut-off from the process or the rest of the installation. A collective term for vacuum vessels, pressure vessels, tanks and lowpressure gas tanks. A housing (vessel) designed to contain liquid where the gas pressure above the liquid does not exceed atmospheric pressure by more than 0,5 bar. The European Economic Area.
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Installation

Protection circuit

Vessel

Tank

EEA

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Fluid

Gases, liquids or vapours in pure phase as well as mixtures thereof. A fluid may contain a suspension of solids. Oil used as a heat carrier in heating systems with a temperature exceeding 110 oC. The requirement that essential safety requirements in Annex 1 be satisfied. The requirement of control by a control body as referred to in Section 22. A vessel designed to contain gas with a gaseous pressure not exceeding 0,5 bar. Erection of pressure retaining devices at an establishment and their integration with an installation. A gaseous mixture consisting predominantly of methane. Joints which cannot be disconnected except by destructive methods. Several pressure retaining devices together making up an integrated, functional unit intended for a particular process. Piping components intended for the transport of fluids, when connected together for integration into a pressure system. Piping includes in particular a pipe or system of pipes, tubing, fittings,

Hot oil

Requirement G Requirement K Low-pressure gas tank

Erection

Natural gas Permanent joints Processing plant

Piping

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expansion joints, hoses, or other pressure-bearing components as appropriate. . Pipeline Pressure A piping intended for the conveyance of fluids to or from an installation. Pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, i.e. gauge pressure. As a consequence, vacuum is designated by a negative value. A housing designed and built to contain fluids under pressure including its direct attachments up to the coupling point connecting it to other equipment. A vessel may be composed of more than one chamber. Pressure vessel, piping, safety accessories and pressure accessories. For the purposes of these Provisions, however, only pressure equipment covered by AFS 1999:4 shall count as such. A collective term for pressure vessel, vacuum vessel, tank and piping. A housing designed in such a way that a pressure below atmospheric pressure prevails or can be achieved in it. A tank having an open connection with the atmosphere, where the gaseous pressure above the surface of the liquid does not normally deviate significantly from the atmospheric pressure.
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Pressure vessel

Pressure equipment

Pressure retaining device Vacuum vessel

Open tank

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Vessels and piping

Classification of contents
Section 3 The contents of vessels and piping are classified as 1a of a fluid is present which is explosive highly flammable extremely flammable oxidizing toxic very toxic corrosive; R35 only carcinogenic; R45 and R49 only mutagenic; R46 only fertility-impairing; R60 and R61 only hot oil or a fluid used in a device whose maximum temperature exceeds the fluids flash point. Contents are classified as 2a if they have not been classified as 1a.

Classification of vessels
Section 4 Vessels are subject to requirements according to volume and contents, as follows: Requirement G: contents 1a and volume exceeding 1000 litres. Requirement K: contents 1a and volume exceeding 5000 litres. Requirement G: contents 2a at a temperature exceeding +65 C and volume exceeding 50000 litres.
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Requirement K: contents 2a at a temperature exceeding +65 C and volume exceeding 500000 litres.

Section 5 Vessels containing two or more chambers are classified as per Section 4 for all chambers and relevant contents. The vessel is then classified in accordance with requirement G if in any respect it has for this purpose been classified in accordance with requirement G. The vessel is then classified in accordance with requirement K if in any respect it has for this purpose been classified in accordance with requirement K.

Classification of piping
Section 6 A pipeline is subject to requirements according to nominal diameter, pressure, temperature and contents as per diagrams 6-9 in Annex 2 to AFS 1999:4. For this purpose diagrams 6 and 7 shall be applied to gas, condensed gas, gas liquefied under pressure, vapour and liquids whose vapour pressure at the maximum allowable temperature is greater than normal atmospheric pressure (1,013 bar) by more than 0,5 bar. diagrams 8 and 9 shall be applied to liquids whose vapour pressure at the maximum permissible temperature does not exceed normal atmospheric pressure (1,013 bar) by more than 0,5 bar, diagrams 6 and 8 shall be applied to piping with contents 1a, diagrams 7 and 9 shall be applied to piping with contents 2a. For this classification, PS in diagrams 6-9 shall be plotted as the highest pressure used by the manufacturer in the dimensioning of mechanical strength. For this purpose, the piping is classified as comprising the following of requirements G and K: Requirement G: Categories I, II and III in diagrams 6, 7, 8 and 9.
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Requirement K: Categories II and III in diagrams 6, 7, 8 and 9.

For classification purposes, take-off pipes of smaller diameter than their main pipe shall be classified as belonging to the same up to and including the first shut-off valve counted from the main pipe. Classification will not include those parts of a pipeline which have contents 2a and an operating temperature not exceeding 120 oC and which are positioned in such a specially protected manner as to afford adequate safety; these need not be classified as subject to requirement K.

General provisions
Section 7 All vessels and piping with appurtenant safety accessories shall be designed and manufactured in compliance with the sound engineering practice of any country of the EEA. Consideration shall, however, be paid to specific local conditions, such as the effects of climate on devices positioned outdoors. Sound engineering practice includes the devices affording adequate safety in terms of material, design, workmanship and equipment. In addition, they shall be designed and manufactured in such a way that the maintenance and supervision needed for safety reasons can be performed in a satisfactory manner.

Essential requirements
Section 8 Vessels and pipelines subject to requirement G as referred to in Sections 4-6 and appurtenant safety accessories shall meet the relevant essential safety requirements listed in Annex 1 or equivalent rules applying in another EEA country. The device shall be designed and manufactured in compliance with the principles set forth in Annex 1. Risks emanating directly from pressure are not, however, normally considered of
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importance for vessels to which these Provisions refer. The device shall furthermore be designed and manufactured in such a way that prescribed inspection and control can be carried out in a satisfactory manner. The manufacturer of the device shall have a quality management system for ensuring that the device manufactured complies with the requirements specified in its design.

Control of vessels and piping

Section 9 Vessels and pipelines to which requirement K is applied under Sections 4-6 may be delivered for taking into service only if they have undergone design control as referred to in Section 10 and production control as referred to in Section 11. Section 10 Design control shall have been carried out by a control body as referred to in Section 22. The design control must have included scrutiny of the manufacturers compliance with the requirements of Section 8. To this end the basis of production shall have been scrutinised with regard to material, design, workmanship and the extent of destructive and non-destructive testing. If a satisfactory method of calculation is lacking, the design shall have been assessed through suitable examination, e.g. strain gauge measurement. In the course of design control the device shall have been assessed with reference to these Provisions. Section 11 Production control shall have been carried out by a control body as referred to in Section 22. The production control must have included scrutiny of the manufacturing documents, internal and external examination and pressure control. In the examination of manufacturing documents, it shall have been verified that design control was performed with satisfactory results, and that other documents important for the safety of the device are in order.

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In the course of internal and external inspection it shall have been verified that the device is constructed in accordance with manufacturing documents examined in the design control and with these Provisions, and that there is no non-compliance material to safety.

Delivery documentation and marking

Section 12 Vessels and pipelines subject to requirement G as provided in Sections 4-6 shall be marked as appropriate and labelled in accordance with point 3.3 of Annex 1. This does not apply, however, to tanks and low-pressure gas tanks which are intended for incorporation in buildings and are CE-marked in compliance with the rules of Council Directive 89/106/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to construction products. Section 13 Vessels and pipelines subject to requirement G as provided in Sections 4-6 shall, when delivered for taking into service, be accompanied by an assurance from the manufacturer that the device meets the requirements of Section 8. This does not apply, however, to CE-marked tanks and low-pressure gas tanks which are intended for incorporation in buildings and comply with the rules for confirming compliance with technical specifications in the EC Construction Products Directive. The devices shall also be accompanied by operating instructions in Swedish, in accordance with the requirements of point 3.4 of Annex 1.

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Installations
Classification of installations
Section 14 For this classification, the installations are divided into protection circuits. A protection circuit is subject to requirement G if intended to contain any of the following: a vessel subject to requirement G as set forth in Sections 4-5 pressure vessels and piping belonging to any of categories I, II, III and IV as provided in AFS 1999:4 simple pressure vessels as referred to in AFS 1993:41, with PxV exceeding 200 bar litres. A protection circuit is subject to requirement K if intended to contain any of the following: a vessel subject to requirement K as set forth in Sections 4-5 pressure vessels and piping belonging to any of categories II, III and IV as provided in AFS 1999:4 simple pressure vessels as referred to in AFS 1993:41, with PxV exceeding 1,000 bar litres. Section 15 A party erecting a processing plant or part of an installation which is not an assembly and comprise one or more pressure containment circuits subject to requirement G as provided in Section 14 shall draw up installation documentation with a flow chart. The documentation shall contain a description of the extent of the installation and its division into protection circuits. In order for the protection circuits to be classifiable as provided in Section 14, a list of the assemblies and devices to be included is required, together with requirement specifications. The documentation shall also include the operating conditions to which the classification is subject.

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General provisions
Section 16 All installations shall be constructed and erected in such a way as to afford adequate safety. They shall also be designed in such a way that the maintenance and supervision needed for safety reasons can be performed in a satisfactory manner.

Essential safety requirements

Section 17 Processing plants or other parts of installations consisting of protection circuits which are subject to requirement G and are not assemblies shall meet the basic safety requirements for installations as stated in Annex 1. Before such installations are erected, the risks shall have been analysed or other measures taken which can ensure that the installations can be designed and assembled so as to afford adequate safety. These measures shall also have formed the basis of the specifications of requirements for the pressure retaining devices and assemblies included. They shall also be designed in such a way that the prescribed inspection and control can be performed in a satisfactory manner. The same applies concerning installations or those parts of the same which are include in technical systems, where implied by requirements in another Provision stating that they are to comply with essential safety requirements.

Installation control
Section 18 Processing plant or other parts of installations consisting of protection circuits subject to requirement K as set forth in Section 14 may be put into service only if they have undergone installation control as provided in Sections 19 and 20. The control shall have been carried out by a control body as referred to in Section 22. In addition, installations and constituent devices
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shall meet the conditions to which their taking into service is made subject by another Provision. Installation control can also be carried out when implied by measures founded on requirements in another Provision for the user to show, by means of control, that an installation or part of the same meets essential technical safety requirements.

Section 19 Installation control shall have included examination of compliance with the requirements of Section 17. The installation documentation prepared in compliance with Section 15 and the requisite instructions for erection shall have been examined prior to erection. The installation shall have been examined after erection, to verify that it is constructed in compliance with assessed installation documentation, instructions for erection and these Provisions, and that there are no deviations important for safety. In the case of constituent vacuum vessels, tanks and lowpressure gas tanks for which production control is required under Section 11, it shall have been verified that the control was carried out and that the devices are suitable for inclusion in the installation, having regard to the calculation models and operating conditions for the installation. In the case of constituent CE-marked pressure equipment, CE-marked simple pressure vessels and CE-marked assemblies, the declaration of conformity and other requisite documents shall have been examined to assess whether these devices and assemblies are suitable for inclusion in the installations, having regard to the calculation models and operating conditions of the installation. In the case of constituent CE-marked tanks and low-pressure gas tanks which are intended for inclusion in buildings, the approval or confirmation of conformity with technical specifications shall have been examined with a view to judging whether these tanks and low-pressure gas tanks are suitable for inclusion in the installation, having regard to the
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calculation models and operating conditions of the installation. In the case of other constituent pressure retaining devices, an assessment shall have been made of their suitability for inclusion in the installation, having regard to the calculation models and operating conditions of the installation. In the case of constituent devices complying with the rules of Provisions issued by another Swedish authority or with corresponding rules in some other country of the EEA, an assessment shall have been made of the suitability of the vessel for inclusion in the installation, having regard to the calculation models and operating conditions of the installation.

Section 20 The installation control shall have included design control, as provided in Section 10, and production control, as provided in Section 11, of joints between the following items: vessels subject to requirement K as set forth in Sections 4-5, pressure vessels and piping in categories II, III and IV as referred to in AFS 1999:4, simple pressure vessels, as referred to in AFS 1993.41, with PxV exceeding 1,000 bar litres, connected pipelines subject to requirement K as set forth in Section 6, Pressure accessories and safety accessories pertaining to the said devices.

Concluding provisions
Work on pressurised systems
Section 21 When additional devices or new parts are fitted to an installation or pipeline which has already been commissioned or met the conditions for delivery for taking into service as stated in Section 18, the relevant part of the installation or pipeline shall normally by shut down and depressurised.

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Only companies specially certified for such work by a certification body as referred to in Section 22 may assemble and fit pressure vessels, vacuum vessels and piping to protection circuits and pipelines which have not been shut off and depressurised.

Mutual recognition clause

Section 22 An control body which is to carry out control as provided in Sections 9-11 and 18-20 and point 3.1.2 of Annex 1, a certification body which is to carry out assessment/certification as provided in Section 21 and point 3.1.2 of Annex 1, and a laboratory which is to carry out non-destructive testing as referred to in point 3.1.3 of Annex 1 shall have obtained accreditation for the task in question under the Technical Inspection Act (SFS 1992:1119). Control, assessment, certification and non-destructive testing of this kind can also be performed by a control agency, certification body and third party laboratory respectively from another country within the EEA, if: the control body is accredited for the task with reference to the requirements of the relevant standard in the EN 45 000 series by an accrediting body which meets and applies to this assessment the requirements of ISO TR 17010 or otherwise offers corresponding guarantees with regard to technical and professional competence and guarantees of independence. the certification body is accredited for the task with reference to the requirements of the relevant standard in the EN 45 000 series by an accrediting body which meets and applies to this assessment the requirements of EN 45 010 or otherwise offers corresponding guarantees with regard to technical and professional competence and guarantees of independence. the laboratory is accredited for the task with reference to the ISO/IEC 17025 standard by an accrediting body which meets and applies for assessment the requirements of EN 45 010 or otherwise offers corresponding guarantees of technical and professional competence and independence.

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Fields of accreditation
Section 23 For the accreditation of bodies as referred to in Section 22, the following fields of accreditation apply: control pursuant to Sections 9-11 and 18-20, control pursuant to point 3.1.2 in Annex 1, certification pursuant to point 3.1.2 of Annex 1, certification pursuant to Section 21, non-destructive testing pursuant to point 3.1.3 of Annex 1.

Penal Provisions
Section 24 The Provisions of Sections 10, 11 and 18 and of Section 21 (2) constitute prescriptions as referred to in Chap. 4, Section 2 of the Work Environment Act (SFS 1977:1160). Under Chap. 8, Section 2 of the same Act, offences against these prescriptions are punishable by fines.

Entry into force and interim provisions

Thee Provisions enter into force on 1st January 2006. The Provisions of the National Board of Occupational safety and Health (AFS 1999:6) on Pressure Vessels and Other PressureRetaining Devices, and Notice 1978:37 from the National Board of Occupational Safety and Health concerning Application of the Piping Code issued by the Pressure Vessel Commission are repealed with effect from the same date. The new Provisions do not, however, preclude vessels, piping and installations referred to in Section 1 and complying with the Provisions of the National Board of Occupational safety and Health (AFS 1999:6) on Pressure Vessels and Other PressureRetaining Devices, as worded on 31st December 2005, being
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placed on the market, delivered for taking into service or put into service up to and including 31st December 2006. Vessels, piping and installations complying with such rules and placed on the market not later than 31st December 2006 may also thereafter be delivered for taking into service or be taken into service. The new Provisions do not, however, preclude work on pressure retaining devices being done in a manner indicated by the Provisions of the National Board of Occupational safety and Health (AFS 1999:6) on Pressure Vessels and Other PressureRetaining Devices, as worded on 31st December 2005, up until 31st December 2006 or until certification bodies have been accredited for the task. BERTIL REMAEUS Rune Andersson Maria Hagberg Forss

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Annex 1

Essential safety requirements

These essential safety requirements are taken from Annex 1 to the Provisions of the National Board of Occupational Safety and Health on Pressure Equipment (AFS 1999:4), implementing Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment. Minor modifications have been made to adapt the requirements for application to vessels, piping and installations as referred to in the present Provisions. The term devices in this annex refers to vacuum vessels, tanks, low-pressure gas tanks and pipelines. Introduction 1. The essential requirements for devices in this annex also apply to installations where there is a corresponding hazard present. 2. These requirements apply to a particular device only if a corresponding hazard is present in that device when the device is used in a manner which the manufacturer could reasonably have foreseen. 3. The manufacturer of a device shall have analysed the hazard in order to establish which, having regard to the pressure, are applicable to it. The device shall then have been designed and manufactured in the light of the analysis. 4. The essential requirements shall be interpreted and applied in such a way that account is taken of both the state of technology and current practice at the time of design and manufacture and of the technical and financial deliberations compatible with a high level of protection for health and safety. 1. GENERAL 1.1 Devices shall be designed, manufactured and checked, and if applicable equipped and installed, in such a way as to ensure their safety when put into service in accordance with the
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manufacturer's instructions, or in reasonably foreseeable conditions. 1.2 The manufacturer must apply the principles set out below in the following order: eliminate or reduce hazards as far as is reasonably practicable, apply appropriate protection measures against hazards which cannot be eliminated, where appropriate, inform users of residual hazards and indicate whether it is necessary to take appropriate special measures to reduce the risks at the time of installation and/or use. 1.3. Where the potential for misuse is known or can be clearly foreseen, the devices must be designed to prevent danger from such misuse or, if that is not possible, adequate warning given that the devices must not be used in that way.

2. DESIGN 2.1 General Devices must be properly designed taking all relevant factors into account in order to ensure that the device will be safe throughout its intended life.

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The design must incorporate appropriate safety coefficients using comprehensive methods which are known to incorporate adequate safety margins against all relevant failure modes in a consistent manner. 2.2 Design for adequate strength 2.2.1 Device must be designed for loadings appropriate to its intended use and other reasonably foreseeable operating conditions. In particular, the following factors must be taken into account: internal/external pressure, ambient and operational temperatures, static pressure and mass of contents in operating and test conditions, traffic, wind, earthquake loading, reaction forces and moments which result from the supports, attachments, piping, etc., corrosion and erosion, fatigue, etc., decomposition of unstable fluids. Various loadings which can occur at the same time must be considered, taking into account the probability of their simultaneous occurrence. For the gas pressure in a vessel not to be deemed to deviate significantly from atmospheric pressure, the internal pressure must not exceed atmospheric pressure by more than 0,03 bar or fall below it by more than 0,0065 bar. 2.2.2 Design for adequate strength must, as a general rule, meet the requirements set forth in point 2.2.3, supplemented if necessary by the experimental design method described in point 2.2.4.
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It may, however, be based entirely on the experimental design method described in point 2.2.4, when the product of the maximum allowable pressure PS and the volume V is less than 6,000 bar 7L or the product PS 7DN less than 3,000 bar. 2.2.3 Calculation method (a) Pressure containment and other loading aspects The allowable stresses for devices must be limited having regard to reasonably foreseeable failure modes under operating conditions. To this end, safety factors must be applied to eliminate fully any uncertainty arising out of manufacture, actual operational conditions, stresses, calculation models and the properties and behaviour of the material. These calculation methods must provide sufficient safety margins consistent, where applicable, with the requirements of section 7. The requirements set out above may be met by applying one of the following methods, as appropriate, if necessary as a supplement to or in combination with another method: design by formula, design by analysis, design by fracture mechanics. (b) Resistance Appropriate design calculations must be used to establish the resistance of the device concerned. In particular: 1. The calculation pressure must not be less than the maximum allowable pressure and must take into account static head and dynamic fluid pressures and the decomposition of unstable fluids. Where a vessel is separated into individual pressure-containing chambers, the partition wall must be
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designed on the basis of the highest possible chamber pressure relative to the lowest pressure possible in the adjoining chamber. 2. The calculation temperatures must allow for appropriate safety margins. 3. The design must take appropriate account of all possible combinations of temperature and pressure which might arise under reasonably foreseeable operating conditions. 4. The maximum stresses and peak stress concentrations must be kept within safe limits, 5. The calculation for pressure containment must utilise the values appropriate to the properties of the material, based on documented data, having regard to the provisions set out in point 4 together with appropriate safety factors. Material characteristics to be considered, where applicable, include: yield strength, 0,2 % or 1,0 % proof strength as appropriate at calculation temperature, tensile strength, time-dependent strength, i.e. creep strength, fatigue data, Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity), appropriate amount of plastic strain, impact strength, fracture toughness 6. Appropriate joint factors must be applied to the material properties depending, for example, on the type of nondestructive testing, the materials joined and the operating conditions envisaged, 7. The design must take appropriate account of all reasonably foreseeable degradation mechanisms (e.g. corrosion, creep,
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fatigue) commensurate with the intended use of the device. Attention must be drawn, in the instructions referred to in section 3.4, to particular features of the design which are relevant to the life of the device, for example: for creep: design hours of operation at specified temperatures, for fatigue: design number of cycles at specified stress levels, for corrosion: design corrosion allowance. (c) Stability Where the calculated thickness does not allow for adequate structural stability, the necessary measures must be taken to remedy the situation taking into account the risks from transport and handling.

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2.2.4. Experimental design method The design of the device may be validated, in all or in part, by an appropriate test programme carried out on a sample representative of the device or the category of devices. The test programme must be clearly defined prior to testing and accepted by the control body responsible for the design control, where it exists. This programme must define test conditions and criteria for acceptance or refusal. The actual values of the essential dimensions and characteristics of the materials which constitute the devices tested shall be measured before the test. Where appropriate, during tests, it must be possible to observe the critical zones of the device with adequate instrumentation capable of registering strains and stresses with sufficient precision. The test programme must include: (a) A pressure strength test, the purpose of which is to check that, at a pressure with a defined safety margin in relation to the maximum allowable pressure, the device does not exhibit significant leaks or deformation exceeding a determined threshold. The test pressure must be determined on the basis of the differences between the values of the geometrical and material characteristics measures under test conditions and the values used for design purposes; it must take into account the differences between the test and design temperatures. (b) Where the risk of creep or fatigue exists, appropriate tests determined on the basis of the service conditions laid down for the device, for instance hold time at specified temperatures, number of cycles at specified stress-levels, etc. (c) where necessary, additional tests concerning other factors referred to in point 2.2.1 such as corrosion, external damage, etc.
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2.3 Provisions to ensure safe handling and operation The method of operation specified for the device must be such as to preclude any reasonably foreseeable risk in operation of the equipment. Particular attention must be paid, where appropriate, to: closures and openings, dangerous discharge of pressure relief blow-off, devices to prevent physical access whilst pressure or a vacuum exists, surface temperature taking into consideration the intended use, decomposition of unstable fluids. Devices fitted with an access door must be equipped with an automatic or manual device enabling the user easily to ascertain that the opening will not present any hazard. Furthermore, where the opening can be operated quickly, the device must be fitted with a device to prevent it being opened whenever the pressure or temperature of the fluid presents a hazard.

2.4. Means of examination (a) The device must be designed and constructed so that all necessary examinations to ensure safety can be carried out. (b) Means of determining the internal condition of the device must be available, where it is necessary to ensure the continued safety of the device, such as access openings allowing physical access to the inside of the device so that appropriate examinations can be carried out safely and ergonomically. (c) Other means of ensuring the safe condition of the device may be applied: where it is too small for physical internal access, or
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where opening the device would adversely affect the inside, or where the substance contained has been shown not to be harmful to the material from which the device is made and no other internal degradation mechanisms are reasonably foreseeable.

2.5. Means of draining and venting Adequate means must be provided for the draining and venting of device where necessary: (a) to avoid harmful effects such as water hammer, vacuum collapse, corrosion and uncontrolled chemical reactions. All stages of operation and testing, particularly pressure testing, must be considered, (b) to permit cleaning, inspection and maintenance in a safe manner.

2.6. Corrosion or other chemical attack Where necessary, adequate allowance or protection against corrosion or other chemical attack must be provided, taking due account of the intended and reasonably foreseeable use. 2.7. Wear Where severe conditions of erosion or abrasion may arise, adequate measures must be taken to: minimise that effect by appropriate design, e.g. additional material thickness, or by the use of liners or cladding materials, permit replacement of parts which are most affected, draw attention, in the instructions referred to in 3.4, to measures necessary for continued safe use. 2.8. Installations Installations must be so designed that:
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the components to be assembled together are suitable and reliable for their duty, all the components are properly integrated and assembled in an appropriate manner.

2.9. Provisions for filling and discharge Where appropriate, the device must be so designed and provided with accessories, or provision made for their fitting, as to ensure safe filling and discharge in particular with respect to hazards such as: (a) On filling: - overfilling or overpressurisation having regard in particular to the filling ratio and to vapour pressure at the reference temperature, - instability of the device. (b) On discharge: the uncontrolled release of the pressurised fluid. (c) On filling or discharge: unsafe connection and disconnection.

2.10. Protection against exceeding the allowable limits of devices Where, under reasonably foreseeable conditions, the allowable limits could be exceeded, the device must be fitted with, or provision made for the fitting of, suitable safety devices, unless the device is intended to be protected by other protective devices integrated within a protection circuit. Safety devices can be common to the protection circuit which the device is fitted to, if the device and the piping connecting it to all the parts of the protection circuit are designed for this. If a shut-off valve is situated between the protective device and a device which it is intended to protect, the device can only be considered protected if this shut-off valve is interlocked in open position. If there is any other type of valve or equipment between the device concerned
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AFS 2005:2

and the protective device, then it shall be ensured in the same way that the connection between the device and the safety accessories is kept open. The safety device or combination of such devices must be determined on the basis of the particular characteristics and intended use of the device or installation. Suitable protective devices and combinations thereof comprise: (a) safety accessories and, (b) where appropriate, adequate monitoring devices such as indicators and/or alarms which enable adequate action to be taken either automatically or manually to keep the pressure equipment within the allowable limits.

2.11. Safety accessories 2.11.1. Safety accessories must: (a) be so designed and constructed as to be reliable and suitable for their intended duty and take into account the maintenance and testing requirements of the devices, where applicable, (b) be independent of other functions, unless their safety function cannot be affected by such other functions, (c) comply with appropriate design principles in order to obtain suitable and reliable protection. These principles include, in particular, fail-safe modes, redundancy, diversity and selfdiagnosis.

2.11.2. Pressure limiting devices These devices must be so designed that the pressure will not permanently exceed the maximum allowable pressure PS; however, a short-duration pressure surge in keeping with the specifications laid down in 7.3 is allowable, where appropriate.
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AFS 2005:2

2.11.3. Temperature monitoring devices These devices must have an adequate response time on safety grounds, consistent with the measurement function.

2.11.4 Vacuum limitation devices Vacuum limitation devices shall be so designed that the pressure will not prolonged exceed the maximum allowable vacuum.

2.12. External fire Where necessary, devices must be so designed and, where appropriate, fitted with suitable accessories, or provision made for their fitting, to meet damage-limitation requirements in the event of external fire, having particular regard to intended use.

3. MANUFACTURING 3.1. Manufacturing procedures The manufacturer must ensure the competent execution of the provisions set out at the design stage by applying the appropriate techniques and relevant procedures, especially with a view to the aspects set out below.

3.1.1. Preparation of the component parts Preparation of the component parts (e.g. forming and chamfering) must not give rise to defects or cracks or changes in the mechanical characteristics likely to be detrimental to the safety of the device. 3.1.2. Permanent joining
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AFS 2005:2

Permanent joints and adjacent zones must be free of any surface or internal defects detrimental to the safety of the device. The properties of permanent joints must meet the minimum properties specified for the materials to be joined unless other relevant property values are specifically taken into account in the design calculations. For devices, permanent joining of components which contribute to the pressure resistance of device and components which are directly attached to it must be carried out by suitably qualified personnel according to suitable operating procedures. For joining devices which are subject to requirement K as set forth in Sections 4 and 6, operating procedures and personnel must be assessed and approved by a control and certification body respectively as provided for in Section 22. To carry out these approvals the body must perform examinations and tests as set out in the appropriate harmonised standards or equivalent examinations and tests or must have them performed.

3.1.3. Non-destructive tests Non-destructive tests of permanent joints in devices which are subject to requirement K as set forth in Sections 4 and 6 must have been carried out by a laboratory pursuant to Section 22.

3.1.4. Heat treatment Where there is a risk that the manufacturing process will change the material properties to an extent which would impair the safety of the pressure-retaining device, suitable heat treatment must be applied at the appropriate stage of manufacture.

3.1.5. Traceability
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AFS 2005:2

Suitable procedures must be established and maintained for identifying the material making up the components of the equipment which contribute to pressure resistance by suitable means from receipt, through production, up to the final test of the manufactured device.

3.2. Final assessment Devices must be subjected to final assessment as described in points 3.2.1-3.2.3.

3.2.1. Final inspection Devices must undergo a final inspection to assess visually and by examination of the accompanying documents compliance with the requirements of these Provisions. Tests carried out during manufacture may be taken into account. As far as is necessary on safety grounds, the final inspection must be carried out internally and externally on every part of the equipment, where appropriate in the course of manufacture (e.g. where examination during the final inspection is no longer possible). 3.2.2. Proof test Final assessment of pressure equipment must include a test for the pressure containment aspect, which will normally take the form of a hydrostatic pressure test at a pressure at least equal, where appropriate, to the value laid down in point 7.4. For series-produced devices, this test may be performed on a statistical basis. Where the hydrostatic pressure test is harmful or impractical, other tests of a recognised value may be carried out. For tests other than the hydrostatic pressure test, additional measures, such as non-destructive tests or other methods of equivalent validity, must be applied before those tests are carried out.
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AFS 2005:2

3.2.3. Inspection of safety devices

3.3. Marking and labelling Clearly visible, easily readable and durable marking shall be provided, containing the following information: (a) For all devices: - The name and address or other means of identification of the manufacturer and, where appropriate, of his authorised representative established within the EEA. - The year of manufacture. - Identification of the device according to its nature, such as type, series or batch identification and serial number. - Essential maximum/minimum by the manufacturer allowable limits; (b) depending on the type of device: such of the following items of information as are necessary for safe installation, operation or use and, where applicable, maintenance and periodic inspection such as: - The volume V of the tank, low-pressure gas tank and vacuum vessel in litres. - The nominal size for piping DN. - The test pressure PT applied in bar and date. - Safety device set pressure in bar. - Output of the device in kW. - Supply voltage in V (volts). - Intended use. - Filling ratio kg/L. - Maximum filling mass in kg. - Maximum filling level in %. - Highest allowable density for liquids in tanks - Tare mass in kg. - The fluid group.

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AFS 2005:2

(c) where necessary, warnings in Swedish fixed to the device and drawing attention to misuse which experience has shown might occur. The information must be given on the device or on a dataplate firmly attached to it, with the following exceptions: 1. Where applicable, appropriate documentation may be used to avoid repetitive marking of individual parts such as piping components, intended for the same installation. 2. Where the device is too small, the information referred to in (b) may be given on a label attached to that device. 3. Labelling or other adequate means may be used for the mass to be filled and the warnings referred to in (c), provided it remains legible for the appropriate period of time. On insulated or encapsulated vessels or pipelines, a dataplate can also be attached to the insulation or outer casing. In the case of a vessel or pipelines which are buried or in-built, the dataplate can be fitted in a suitable position, e.g. in a manhole or at the point where the pipeline or vessel joins up with other devices. 3.4 Operating instructions (a) When devices are placed on the market, they must be accompanied, as far as relevant, with instructions for the user, containing all the necessary safety information relating to: - mounting including assembling of different pieces of pressure-retaining devices, - putting into service, - use, - maintenance including checks by the user. (b) Operation Instructions must cover information affixed to the pressure equipment in accordance with point 3.3, with the exception of serial identification, and must be accompanied,
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AFS 2005:2

where appropriate, by the technical documents, drawings and diagrams necessary for a full understanding of these instructions. (c) If appropriate, these instructions must also refer to hazards arising from misuse in accordance with point 1.3 and particular features of the design in accordance with point 2.2.3. 4. MATERIALS Materials used for the manufacture of devices must be suitable for such application during the scheduled lifetime unless replacement is foreseen. Welding consumables and other joining materials need fulfil only the relevant requirements of points 4.1, 4.2 (a) and the first paragraph of 4.3, in an appropriate way, both individually and in a joined structure. 4.1. Materials for pressure-retaining parts must meet the following requirements: (a) They must have appropriate properties for all operating conditions which are reasonably foreseeable and for all test conditions, and be sufficiently ductile and tough. Where appropriate, the characteristics of the materials must comply with the requirements of point 7.5. Moreover, due care should be exercised in particular in selecting materials in order to prevent brittle-type fracture where necessary; where for specific reasons brittle material has to be used appropriate measures must be taken. (b) They must be sufficiently chemically resistant to the fluid contained in the pressure equipment; the chemical and physical properties necessary for operational safety must not be significantly affected within the scheduled lifetime of the equipment.

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AFS 2005:2

(c) They must not be significantly affected by ageing. (d) They must be suitable for the intended processing procedures. (e) They must be selected in order to avoid significant undesirable effects when the various materials are put together. 4.2. (a) The device manufacturer must define in an appropriate manner the values necessary for the design calculations referred to in point 2.2.3 and the essential characteristics of the materials and their treatment referred to in point 4.1. (b) the manufacturer must provide in his technical documentation elements relating to compliance with the materials specifications of these Provisions in one of the following forms: - By using materials which comply with appropriate standards, as referred to in the guidance on Section 8. - By using materials covered by a European approval of pressure equipment materials. - By a particular material appraisal. For devices subject to requirement K as referred to in Sections 4 and 6, particular appraisal as referred to in the third indent of (b) must be performed by the control body in charge of the production control for the actual device. 4.3. The device manufacturer must take appropriate measures to ensure that the material used conforms with the required specification. In particular, documentation prepared by the material manufacturer affirming compliance with a specification must be obtained for all materials. Where a material manufacturer has an appropriate qualityassurance system, certified by a competent body established within the Community and having undergone a specific assessment for materials, certificates issued by the manufacturer
39

AFS 2005:2

are presumed to certify conformity with the relevant requirements of this section.

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTAIN DEVICES In addition to the applicable requirements of sections 1 to 4, the following requirements apply to the pressure equipment covered by sections 6. 6. Piping Design and construction must ensure: (a) that the risk of overstressing from inadmissible free movement or excessive forces being produced on flanges, connections, compensators, bellows, hoses and other parts included in the pipeline, is adequately controlled by means such as support, constraint, anchoring, alignment and pretension; (b) that where there is a possibility of condensation occurring inside pipes for gaseous fluids, means are provided for drainage and removal of deposits from low areas to avoid damage from water hammer or corrosion; (c) that due consideration is given to the potential damage from turbulence and formation of vortices; the relevant parts of point 2.7 are applicable; (d) that due consideration is given to the risk of fatigue due to vibrations in pipes; (e) that, where fluids of Group 1a are contained in the piping, appropriate means are provided to isolate 'take-off` pipes the size of which represents a significant risk;
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AFS 2005:2

(f) that the risk of inadvertent discharge is minimised; the takeoff points must be clearly marked on the permanent side, indicating the fluid contained; (g) that the position and route of underground piping is at least recorded in the technical documentation to facilitate safe maintenance, inspection or repair. 7. Specific quantitative requirements for certain devices The following provisions apply as a general rule. However, where they are not applied, including in cases where materials are not specifically referred to in point 7.1.2 and no harmonised standards are applied, the manufacturer must be able to otherwise demonstrate that appropriate measures have been taken to achieve an equivalent overall level of safety. The provisions laid down in this section supplement the essential requirements of sections 1 to 6. 7.1. Allowable stresses 7.1.1. Symbols Re/t, yield limit, indicates the value at the calculation temperature of: - the upper flow limit for a material presenting upper and lower flow limits, - the 1.0% proof strength of austenitic steel and non-alloyed aluminium, - the 0.2% proof strength in other cases. Rm/20 indicates the minimum value of the ultimate strength at 20 C. Rm/t designates the ultimate strength at the calculation temperature. 7.1.2. The permissible general membrane stress for predominantly static loads and for temperatures outside the
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range in which creep is significant must not exceed the smaller of the following values, according to the material used: (a) in the case of ferritic steel including normalised (normalised rolled) steel and excluding fine-grained steel and specially heat-treated steel, 2/3 of Re/t and 5/12 of Rm/20 ; (b) in the case of austenitic steel: if its elongation after rupture exceeds 30 %, 2/3 of Re/t - or, alternatively, and if its elongation after rupture exceeds 35 %, of Re/t and of Rm/t; (c) in the case of non-alloy or low-alloy cast steel, 10/19 of Re/t and 1/3 of Rm/20; (d) in the case of aluminium, 2/3 of Re/t; (e) in the case of aluminium alloys excluding precipitation hardening alloys, 2/3 of Re/t and 5/12 of Rm/20 . 7.2. Joint coefficients For welded joints, the joint coefficient must not exceed the following values: (a) for equipment subject to destructive and non-destructive tests which confirm that the whole series of joints show no significant defects: 1, (b) for equipment subject to random non-destructive testing: 0,85, (c) for equipment not subject to non-destructive testing other than visual inspection: 0,7. If necessary, the type of stress and the mechanical and technological properties of the joint must also be taken into account.

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7.3. Pressure limiting devices, particularly for pressure vessels The momentary pressure surge referred to in point 2.11.2 must not exceed 10 % of the maximum allowable pressure.

7.4. Hydrostatic test pressure For pressure vessels, the hydrostatic test pressure referred to in 3.2.2 must be no less than: (a) that corresponding to the maximum loading to which the pressure equipment may be subject in service, taking into account its maximum allowable pressure (PS) and its maximum allowable temperature (TS), multiplied by the coefficient 1,25, or (b) the maximum allowable pressure multiplied by the coefficient 1,43, whichever is the greater. Vacuum vessels are tested with the vacuum for which the vessel is designed. 7.5. Material characteristics Unless other values are required in accordance with other criteria that must be taken into account, a steel is considered as sufficiently ductile to satisfy point 4.1 (a) if, in a tensile test carried out by a standard procedure, its elongation after rupture is no less than 14 % and its bending rupture energy measured on an ISO V test-piece is no less than 27 J, at a temperature not greater than 20 C but not higher than the lowest scheduled operating temperature.

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General Recommendations issued by the Swedish Work Environment Authority for the implementation of its Provisions on Manufacture of Certain Vessels, Piping and Installations
The following General Recommendations are issued by the Swedish Work Environment Authority concerning implementation of its Provisions on Manufacture of Certain Vessels, Piping and Installations (AFS 2005:2). General Recommendations have different legal status from Provisions. They are not mandatory. Instead they serve to elucidate the meaning of the Provisions (e.g. by explaining suitable ways of meeting the requirements, giving examples of practical solutions and procedures) and to provide recommendations, background information and references.

Background
These Provisions on Manufacture of Certain Vessels, Piping and Installations, together with the Provisions (AFS 1999:4) on Pressure Equipment, supersede the design and manufacture sections of the Provisions (AFS 1999:6) on Pressure Vessels and Other Pressure-retaining Devices. The Provisions on Pressure Equipment have transposed the Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC to Swedish law. Their contents also include rules on design and manufacture. The Provisions on Pressure Vessels and Other pressure-retaining devices also included rules on the design and manufacture of a number of devices excluded from the scope of the Provisions on Pressure Equipment. Instead those rules are now contained in the present Provisions. With the entry into force of the new Provisions, the Piping Code (AFS 1994:36) and Notice 1978:37 from the National Board of Occupational Safety and Health will also be repealed. The Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the
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Member States concerning pressure equipment addresses risks entailed by devices (pressure equipment) which are manufactured and placed on the market to be freely delivered to all countries of the EEA. The present Provisions deal mainly with hazards of technical devices and systems containing large quantities of dangerous fluids which can kill or injure employees. Provisions on measures to be taken to prevent major emissions of dangerous substances are contained in the Provisions of the Work Environment Authority (AFS 2001:10) on Prevention of major Accidents Involving Chemicals (AFS 2001:10). Those Provisions are based on Council Directive 96/82/EC of 9 December 1996 on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances. They apply, however, to workplaces and, depending on the quantities in which dangerous substances are present in the workplace, contain stipulations concerning risk analysis and safety reporting when new installations are erected. They do not, however, provide specific technical rules on the subjects of design, manufacture and construction. The present Provisions contain rules on the design, manufacture and erection of devices and installations where, according to the Directive (97/23/EC), risks cannot be deemed to exist by reason of pressures but where risks are present due to the devices and installations containing large quantities of dangerous substances (fluids). Certain kinds of manufacture and certain objects are excluded from the scope of the EC Directive (97/23/EC) despite the presence of risks due to pressure. For example, part of the preamble to the Directive reads: On the other hand, this Directive does not cover the assembly of pressure equipment on the site and under the responsibility of the user. This exception, as the Work Environment Authority sees it, is founded on the main purpose of the Directive being to regulate devices and assemblies which are commercial commodities available on the market, and not installations which are constructed on site under the users responsibility. The same Directive makes a similar exception, even where pressure may be considered to pose risks, for pipelines. Rules for the design and manufacture of such installations and piping are contained in the present Provisions.
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Guidance on certain sections

General
Guidance on Section 1 These Provisions apply to the design and manufacture of vessels excluded from the scope of the Provisions (AFS 1999:4) on Pressure Equipment and the Provisions (AFS 1993:41) on Simple Pressure Vessels. Vacuum vessels, tanks and lowpressure gas tanks are vessels for which these Provisions define special requirements. The Provisions also apply to the design and manufacture of piping excluded from the scope of the Provisions on Pressure Equipment. Pipelines are piping of the kind for which special requirements are laid down in these Provisions. The Provisions also apply to the erection and assembly of installations assembled on site under the responsibility of the user. They are applicable to installations containing: pressure equipment within the scope f the Provisions on Pressure Equipment, simple pressure vessels within the scope of the Provisions on Simple Pressure Vessels, vacuum vessels, tanks and low-pressure gas tanks coming within the scope of the present Provisions. If a manufacturer chooses to assume manufacturers responsibility for an installation in its entirety, this can make it an assembly excluded from the scope of the present Provisions. Instead it must then meet the requirements laid down in the Provisions on Pressure Equipment. When pressure equipment and assemblies manufactured and delivered in compliance with the Provisions on Pressure Equipment (or corresponding rules of some other country within the EEA) are incorporated in a processing plant or protection circuit, the present Provisions apply, not to their manufacture and final inspection, but solely to their assembly in the processing plant or protection circuit.
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When simple pressure vessels manufactured and delivered in compliance with the Provisions on Simple Pressure Vessels (or corresponding rules of some other country within the EEA) are incorporated in a processing plant or pressure containment circuit, the present Provisions apply, not to their manufacture and final inspection, but solely to their assembly in the processing plant or protection circuit. Rules corresponding to AFS 1999:4 in some other country of the EEA are defined as the rules which the country concerned has introduced for transposing Directive 97/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 May 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning pressure equipment to its national legislation.

Definitions
Guidance on Section 2 The terms taken from the Provisions on Pressure Equipment are identically defined for present purposes. The same definitions are also employed in the Provisions of the Work Environment Authority on Inspection of Pressure Retaining Devices. Assembly An assembly can take the form of a processing plant or some other part of the establishments installation incorporating pressure equipment which have been assembled by a manufacturer, under his responsibility, and delivered to the user in compliance with the rules of the EU Pressure Equipment Directive. An installation without any such pressureequipment, e.g. a pneumatic assembly comprising simple pressure vessel with safety accessories, cannot become an assembly in this sense of the term.

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Installation

This term refers to the system of all pressure retaining devices existing in the active sphere of a specific workplace (establishment). The term workplace implies the existence of an employer in control of the same. Permanent workplaces are listed in a register kept by Statistics Sweden (SCB), which allots them CFAR numbers. The term liquid as used here refers to fluid in the liquid state. A vessel intended for condensed gas with a vapour pressure (absolute pressure) not exceeding 1,513 bar at the highest service temperature, is a tank if no extra gas pressure has been added. A tank of this kind can, for example, be an insulated vessel in which gas is kept in the condensed state by allowing it to slowly boil down. Vessels for liquids having a higher vapour pressure at the maximum service temperature (e.g. an LP gas storage tank which has risen to room temperature) are pressure vessels within the scope of the Provisions on Pressure Equipment. Section 3 of the Provisions on Pressure Equipment excludes tanks from the scope of those Provisions. A solid substance which has absorbed or otherwise bound a gas or a liquid is ipso facto not a fluid. Dynamite is a possible instance of this type of solid, consisting as it does of liquid nitro-glycerine absorbed in solid kieselguhr.

Tank

Fluid

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Low-pressure gas tank

A gasometer is one example of a lowpressure gas tank. Section 1 of the Provisions on Pressure Equipment excludes low-pressure gas tanks from the scope of those Provisions. Natural gas is normally taken to mean gas conforming to Deutsche Vereinigung des Gas und Wasserfasches e.V. (DVGW) Technische Regeln, Arbeitsblatt G 260, edition of January 2000, and the specifications in table 3 of the same. Processing plant can be instanced with a boiler unit, an air conditioning and heat pump installation or a pneumatic installation. Section 3 of the Provisions on Pressure Equipment excludes pipelines from the scope of those Provisions. The Provisions on Pressure Equipment also lay down that standard pressure equipment such as may be found in pressure reduction stations or compression stations do not count as part of the pipeline. In order for the gas pressure above the surface of the liquid not to be deemed to deviate significantly from atmospheric pressure, the open connection to the atmosphere should be such that the pressure above the surface of the liquid cannot exceed atmospheric pressure by more than 0,03 bar or fall below it by more than 0,0065 bar.

Natural gas

Processing plant

Pipeline

Open tank

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Vessels and piping

Guidance on Section 3 Classification of contents agrees to a great extent with fluid groups 1 and 2 in the Provisions on Pressure Equipment, save that in these Provisions a few risk phrases have been added and the designations accordingly changed to 1a and 2a. But the classification remains the same as in the Provisions of the Work Environment Authority (AFS 2005:3) on Inspection of Pressureretaining Devices. Further guidance on the classification will be found in the guidance on AFS 2005:3. In the case of contents with the following risk phrases, only those with the danger codes mentioned in Section 3 are classified as 1a, while the other danger codes mentioned here are classified as 2a: corrosive carcinogenic mutagenic toxic to reproduction R34 R40 R68 R62, R63

Guidance on Section 4 For vacuum vessels, tanks, low-pressure gas tanks and piping, the present Provisions define three levels of requirement. All devices must comply with the general provisions on Section 7. Those subject to requirement G must meet the essential safety requirements of Section 8. Those subject to requirement K must undergo design control and production control as referred to in Sections 10 and 11.

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Classification in tabulated form Vessels

1a 2a T 65C
0 1,000

K&G G
50,000 100,000

K&G
500,000 Litres

5,000 10,000

Guidance on Section 5 A vessel which can be classified by more than one criterion and which consists of two or more chambers differing in volume or contents (of class 1a and 2a) or having different maximum operating temperatures, is classified as being subject to requirement G or K if any one of its chambers is subject to requirement G or K. A vessel should not, however, be considered to be intended or designed for a particular purpose or type of contents if the facto making it classifiable as intended for that purpose only occurs very occasionally and has little bearing on safety. A vessel can be considered as having two or more chambers if these are not interlinked. Chambers which are in the same vessel and are interlinked are added together volumetrically for classification purposes. Vessels which are also pressure vessels within the meaning of the Provisions on Pressure Equipment are completely excluded, under Section 1, from the scope of the present Provisions.

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Guidance on Section 6 Diagrams 6-9 from Annex 2 of the Provisions on Pressure Equipment, with the classification inserted. Diagram 6

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Diagram 7

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Diagram 8

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Diagram 9

In order to judge whether a pipeline is positioned in such a specially protected manner as to afford adequate safety, the manufacturer must analyse the risks entailed by the piping, which is a requirement for pipelines coming under requirement G, and judge whether the way in which it is positioned affords adequate protection for the general public and employees. The modes of positioning for such piping can, for example, comprise burying it in the ground at sufficient depth, placing it in a culvert or special conduit to which no one has access while operations are in progress, making it double-jacketed, so that the surroundings will be protected by an outer tube of sufficient mechanical strength. District heating distribution systems can constitute the type of pipeline referred to in this section.

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Guidance on Section 7 The requirement that the devices be designed and manufactured in compliance with sound engineering practice means the design and manufacture complying with principles accepted on the basis of experience which have proved to afford adequate safety. In this connection account should be taken of technical and scientific progress and of the experience accruing from breakdowns and incidents. It is important that the measure taken in order to comply with the general provisions should be viewed in relation to the consequences of a possible breakdown. Examples of sound engineering practice are to be found in standards and codes. It is important that pressure retaining devices should be made of a safe material for the prevention of leakages and breakdowns. The material should therefore be correctly described in the specification of materials, have known and documented properties, have the requisite mechanical strength at maximum service temperature, have the requisite impact strength at minimum service temperature, have the requisite fracture elongation, have good ageing resistance, have good weldability (where applicable), have good resistance to the media and environment involved. In order for a device to be serviceable outdoors all the year round everywhere in Sweden, it must be designed for a temperature not exceeding -40 oC. For a device intended for installation in a particular geographic locality, however, a higher minimum temperature may be chosen, in accordance with local climatic conditions. Guidance on Section 8 To harmonise the technical requirements with those applying to pressure equipment, the present Provisions make reference to the essential safety requirements in Annex 1. These are taken
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from Annex 1 of the Provisions (AFS 1999:4) on Pressure Equipment. Annex 1 requires the manufacturer to analyse and ascertain the risks entailed by his device. In this context the inner pressure of vacuum vessels, tanks and low-pressure gas tanks is not normally considered a risk in itself. Even so, it is important for these vessels to be designed for the gauge pressure or negative pressure they are intended for. This applies not least to the hydrostatic pressure in a tank, which makes it important to establish the maximum allowable density of the liquid in the tank. It is also important to take account of anticipated thermal expansion of the contents when designing tanks and lowpressure vessels, which in turn makes it important to establish the maximum allowable filling level. When filling, it is important to adjust the filling level to the true temperate of the medium while filling is in progress. One way of meeting the technical requirements for pressure equipment is to apply European standards harmonised with the Pressure Equipment Directive (97/23/EC). Product standards for devices (equipment) coming within the scope of the present Provisions can meet the technical requirements even if they cannot be harmonised with the Pressure Equipment Directive. Such product standards can be used if they have been judged to meet the corresponding requirements of the Work Environment Authority or another competent authority in a country of the EEA which applies the essential safety requirements of Annex I to the Directive on such devices. This principle applies to standards for open tanks, cryo-vessels, pipelines, district heating mains etc. Tanks and low-pressure gas tanks intended for incorporation in buildings can also meet the technical requirements by meeting European technical approvals or European standards harmonised with the EU Construction Products Directive (89/106/EEC). This applies when the essential requirements for buildings as stated in the Construction Products Directive are sufficient for the tanks and low-pressure gas tanks to meet the relevant essential safety requirements in Annex I to the Provisions on Pressure Equipment. Annex 1 to the Construction
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Products Directive lays down among other things that the construction work must be designed and built in such a way that it will not be a threat to the hygiene or health of the occupants or neighbours, in particular as a result of, among other things, the giving-off of toxic gas, - must be designed and built in such a way that it does not present unacceptable risks of accidents in service or in operation such as injury from explosion. The Construction Products Directive, however, is only mentioned in this guidance, not in Section 8 of the Provisions, the reason being that the essential requirements listed in Annex 1 to the Construction Products Directive cannot be applied to individual devices but can only be invoked as a basis for the framing of technical specifications. Guidance on the way in which welding production should be organised is obtainable from standard EN 729. This comprises a series of standards describing three levels of quality management system for welding production, YTh highest level, EN 729-2, is intended for companies applying quality systems as per SS-EN ISO 9001 or SS-EN ISO 9002. These two standards are identical with ISO 9001 and ISO 9002. It is important that the company and the welding expert closely comply with current rules on the manufacture and testing of vessels and piping manufactured by the company. In the verification of welding procedures and personnel, the welding expert is responsible for judging the extent of testing needed in order to show that the welds satisfy the design conditions stated in point 3.1.2 of Annex 1. Equivalent rules applying in another country of the EEA are the rules which the country concerned has introduced to transpose Annex 1 of the EU Pressure Equipment Directive (97/23/EC) or rules on tanks, vacuum vessels, low-pressure gas tanks and pipelines affording corresponding safety.

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Guidance on Section 13 An assurance of compliance should contain at least the following particulars: The name and address of the manufacturer or of his representative within the EEA. The type of device. The identifying designation of the device (e.g. its serial number). The way in which the manufacturer has complied with the basic safety requirements. Where applicable, the name and address of the body carrying out the design control and production control respectively. Where applicable, a reference to the standards applied. Where applicable, other technical specifications employed. Where applicable, reference to other Provisions applied. Identification of the signatory empowered to sign an assurance on behalf of the manufacturer or of his representative within the EEA.

Installations
Guidance on Section 14 These rules apply to the construction of new installations and parts of installations. The classification of the installation is based on the pressure containment circuits, in that an installation can include different parts with different levels of risk which do not need to be subject to the same requirement level. The present Provisions have three requirement levels: All pressure containment circuits must comply with the general provisions on Section 16. Protection circuits subject to requirement G shall meet the basic safety requirements stated in Section 17. Protection circuits subject to requirement K are to undergo installation control as provided in Sections 18-20. When new pressure retaining devices are added to an installation which has already been commissioned, re-inspection
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is required under the Provisions of the Work Environment Authority on Inspection of Pressure Retaining Devices. Those Provisions lay down that applicable parts of the present Provisions must be complied with in the re-inspection. In this connection, the part of the installation which is already commissioned, except for that part of the old installation which is included in the same pressure containment circuit as the new pressure retaining devices, need not be re-classified. Guidance on Section 15 The installation documentation is the inspection bodys input data for classifying processing plants and other installations according to their constituent protection circuits. If, therefore, the entire installation is not to be subject to the highest requirement level, one needs to show in the design documentation therefore how the installation has been divided up into protection circuits. In addition to the intended pressure and temperature, the fluids contained, the volumes of the constituent vessels and the nominal diameters of the piping included, one must also indicate whether the content is classified as 1a or 2a. Other conditions which should be specified so that the constituent devices can be ordered, designed and manufactured include various loads which the devices are expected to be subjected to, as emerging from the risk analysis referred to in Section 17. Guidance on Section 16 The stipulation that installations must be designed and constructed in such a way as to afford adequate safety means that their design and construction must have conformed to principles which experience has shown to provide adequate safety and that all reasonably known risks must have been taken into account. In designing an installation, a risk assessment of it should be performed which can then form the basis of design, planning and construction. It is important that the measure taken should be commensurate with the consequences of a possible failure. Chap. 3, Section 14 of the Work Environment Act lays down that the person commissioning construction or heavy engineering
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work shall, in the course of planning, ensure that work environment considerations, referring both to the construction phase and future use, are taken into account and that different parts of planning are co-ordinated. A user having an installation constructed is one example of a person commissioning construction or heavy engineering work. The planning and design stage is the best juncture for reducing the risks associated with the operation of the installation. This being so, it is important that he party erecting an installation should be closely familiar with the manner of its operation and use. For the achievement of operational safety, it is also important that those responsible for operating the installation should have adequate knowledge of the design and structure of the installation. When designing an installation, consideration should be paid to designing and positioning the installation and its constituent parts in such a way that they will not be exposed to unnecessary risks from the surroundings and from each other. This can be done, for example by: considering the risk of galvanic corrosion when joining together devices of different metallic materials, separating known sources of fire and explosion risks from large and vulnerable potential risk objects, ensuring that outlet pipes from safety valves, drainage valves etc. are discharged into a safe place, avoiding undue congestion between devices and equipment in the installation. Guidance on Section 17 To harmonise the technical requirements of these Provisions which those applying to assemblies, the present Provisions make reference to the basic safety requirements in Annex 1, which are the same as for assemblies as referred to in Annex 1 to the Provisions (AFS 1999:4) on Pressure Equipment. Those requirements oblige the manufacture to analyse which of the risks enumerated in the Annex are applicable to the installation in question.

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When new pressure retaining devices are added to an old installation commissioned previously, no renewed risk analysis is necessary for the pressure containment circuits entirely included in the old part of the installation and having no effect on the analysis of risks entailed by protection circuits with new devices. In addition, the interim provisions can be applied to protection circuits complying with the Provisions (AFS 1999:6) on Pressure Vessels and Other Pressure-retaining devices as worded on 31st December 2005, if the protection circuits were delivered for taking into service or were taken into service not later than 31st December 2006. The purpose of analysing the risks entailed by the installation is to establish, for the anticipated lifetime of the installation, all reasonably predictable events and processes which can lead to breakdown or failure in the system of pressure vessels, piping, tanks, vacuum vessels etc. which the installation comprises. In the case of installations with protection circuits subject to requirement G, where Annex 2 of the Provisions of the Work Environment Authority on Prevention of Major Accidents Involving Chemicals requires the user to carry out a risk analysis, it may be appropriate to apply the basic safety requirements of Annex 1 and to give the analysis of risks the form of a systematic risk analysis. The risk analysis can then be co-ordinated with and form part of the risk analysis required under the Provisions on Prevention of Major Accidents Involving Chemicals. Systematic analysis may also be an appropriate recourse with other complicated installations entailing major risks. The requirement for the installation subsequently to have been designed and manufactured in the light of this analysis means that safety precautions are introduced to eliminate, reduce and counteract the risks identified in the analysis. The remaining risks should be on as low a level as is practically feasible. When choosing safety precautions, a hierarchic approach should be employed. This means that priority should be given to measures counteracting accident hazards. When this cannot be guaranteed in all circumstances, it is also important to identify
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other measures of prevention, limitation and remediation. The hierarchic levels of safety precautions are follows: Built-in safety: Built-in safety is to eliminate or reduce a risk at source. Examples of built-in safety are reducing the quantity of dangerous fluids or replacement with a less dangerous process, the use of corrosion-resistant construction materials and to adopt construction principles which makes the device safe even if there is defects in its structural material. Preventive measures: Preventive measures are intended to prevent the occurrence of course of events which can lead to accidents. They can comprise design for maximum predictable operating conditions, corrosion protection, non-destructive testing for defects in structural materials, and devices protecting the installation from external interference. Limitation measures: Limitation measures are intended to prevent a minor accident, e.g. a runaway operating reaction or a minor emission, developing into a major accident. Limitation measures include, for example, safety valves, safety-related control systems or leakage warning systems and collection systems. Limitation measures should be independent of the cause of such minor accidents and appurtenant systems, so that the limitation measures will not malfunction as a direct consequence of such occurrences. Remediation measures: Remediation measures are measures to limit the consequences of an accident once it has happened. Measures of this kind include escape routes and firefighting. Guidance on Section 18 Installation inspection of pressure retaining devices as a condition for being allowed to take them into service is stipulated in the Work Environment Authoritys Provisions on Inspection of Pressure Retaining Devices. The Work Environment Authoritys Provisions on Prevention of Major Accidents Involving Chemicals can mean the user being
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required to show that the installation affords adequate safety. Those Provisions lays down that the party constructing an installation for handling dangerous substances shall in certain cases, depending on the quantity of dangerous substances in the operation, carry out a risk analysis and in certain cases furnish the supervisory authorities with a safety report. When new pressure retaining devices are added to an old installation commissioned previously, no renewed installation control is necessary for the protection circuits entirely included in the old part of the installation. In addition, the interim provisions can be applied to protection circuits complying with the Provisions (AFS 1999:6) on Pressure Vessels and Other Pressure-retaining devices as worded on 31st December 2005, if the protection circuits were delivered for taking into service or were taken into service not later than 31st December 2006.

Guidance on Section 19 Installation control prior to erection is a formalisation and augmentation of the schematic examination of the installation generally which was formerly included in the design control of pressure equipment, piping specially, included in the installation. Other pressure retaining devices included may comprise: Devices which were placed on the market before 30th May 2002 and comply with the Provisions of AFS 1999:6 or the Ordinance (AFS 1986:9) containing Provisions on Pressure Vessels and Other Pressure-retaining devices as worded on 28th November 1999. Devices which were placed on the market before 30th May 2002, and comply with national rules applying in a country of the EEA on 28th November 1999 and may be used if they have a safety level at least corresponding to that for pressure-retaining devices complying with the Provisions of AFS 1999:6 or AFS 1986:9.

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The list of devices in this section does not include pipelines, because these, according to the definition in Section 2, leis outside of installations. Guidance on Section 21 These rules apply when pressure retaining devices are to be directly connected to protection circuits while they are operational or pressurised. Under-pressure drilling is one example of a technical method commonly used for fitting pipe connections to larger piping without taking them out of service. The certification requirement, however, applies to all methods whereby branch joints are made on protection circuits which have not been disconnected and depressurised. In the certification procedure it has to be assessed whether the person proposing to undertake such hazardous work has the requisite competence and is capable of accomplishing the work safely.

Concluding provisions
Guidance on Section 22 The relevant competence for an inspection body under the present Provisions includes, for example, knowledge of how to apply the essential safety requirements in Annex 1 to the EU Directive on Pressure Equipment. Knowledge is furthermore needed concerning the design, manufacture and recurrent inspection of vacuum vessels, tanks, low-pressure gas tanks and pipelines, as well as installations with pressure retaining devices. The relevant competence for a certification body which is to certify companies that are to be entitled to carry out work on pressurised systems includes knowledge of the procedure for ensuring that such work can be undertaken safely and at no risk to employees and the surroundings. The relevant competence for a laboratory under the present Provisions comprises capacity for applying the non-destructive testing methods required in order to establish whether permanent joints are free from faults which can affect safety. It is
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necessary for the laboratory to have competence of its own and good equipment for radiography and at least two of the three testing methods ultrasound, magnetic powder and penetrant. If the fourth method is lacking in its accreditation, the laboratory needs to be able to provide it under the rules for engagement of subcontractors according to SWEDACs Provisions or corresponding rules of another authorised accreditation body within the EEA.

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