k-kMengzi [WarringkStatesk(475kBCk-k221kBC)] [Alsok nownkas:k"ThekWor skofkMencius"] k-kLiangkHuikWangkI k-kLiangkHuikWangkII k-kGongkSunkChoukI k-kGongkSunkChoukII k-kTengkWenkGongkI k-kTengkWenkGongkII k-kLikLoukI k-kLikLoukII k-kWankZhangkI k-kWankZhangkII

k-kGaozikI k-kGaozikII k-kJinkXinkI k-kJinkXinkII 2004 Source:k"ThekWor skofkMencius",kJameskLegge,kClarendon,k1985 k-kLiangkHuikWangkI 1k

: % LiangkHuikWangkI: Menciuskwentktokseek ingkHuikofkLiang.kThek ingk said,k'Venerableksir,ksincekyoukhaveknotkcountedkitkfarktokcomekhere,kakdistance kofkakthousandkli,kmaykIkpresumekthatkyoukarekprovidedkwithkcounselsktokprofitkm yk ingdom?' k %'`' Menciuskreplied,k'WhykmustkyourkMajestykusekthatkwordk"profit?"k WhatkIkamkprovidedkwith,karekcounselsktokbenevolencekandkrighteousness,kandkthes ekarekmykonlyktopics.k'IfkyourkMajestyksay,k"Whatkisktokbekdonektokprofitkmyk in gdom?"kthekgreatkofficerskwillksay,k"Whatkisktokbekdonektokprofitkourkfamilies?" kandkthekinferiorkofficerskandkthekcommonkpeoplekwillksay,k"Whatkisktokbekdonekt okprofitkourkpersons?"kSuperiorskandkinferiorskwillktryktoksnatchkthiskprofitkth ekonekfromkthekother,kandkthek ingdomkwillkbekendangered.kInkthek ingdomkofktenk thousandkchariots,kthekmurdererkofkhisksovereignkshallkbekthekchiefkofkakfamilyk ofkakthousandkchariots.kInkthek ingdomkofkakthousandkchariots,kthekmurdererkofkh iskprincekshallkbekthekchiefkofkakfamilykofkakhundredkchariots.kTokhavekakthousa ndkinktenkthousand,kandkakhundredkinkakthousand,kcannotkbeksaidknotktokbekaklarg ekallotment,kbutkifkrighteousnesskbekputklast,kandkprofitkbekputkfirst,ktheykwil lknotkbeksatisfiedkwithoutksnatchingkall.kTherekneverkhaskbeenkakbenevolentkmank whokneglectedkhiskparents.kTherekneverkhaskbeenkakrighteouskmankwhokmadekhisksov ereignkankafterkconsideration.kLetkyourkMajestykalsoksay,k"Benevolencekandkright eousness,kandkletkthesekbekyourkonlykthemes."kWhykmustkyoukusekthatkwordk-k"prof it?".' 2k

: LiangkHuikWangkI: Mencius,kanotherkday,ksawkKingkHuikofkLiang.kThe k ingkwentkandkstoodkwithkhimkbykakpond,kand,kloo ingkroundkatktheklargekgeeseka ndkdeer,ksaid,k'Dokwisekandkgoodkprinceskalsokfindkpleasurekinkthesekthings?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Beingkwisekandkgood,ktheykhavekpleasurekinkthe sekthings.kIfktheykareknotkwisekandkgood,kthoughktheykhavekthesekthings,ktheykdo knotkfindkpleasure.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Hekmeasuredkoutkandkcomme ncedkhiskmarvellousktower;kHekmeasuredkitkoutkandkplannedkit.kThekpeoplekaddress edkthemselvesktokit,kAndkinklesskthankakdaykcompletedkit.kWhenkhekmeasuredkandkb

egankit,kheksaidktokthemk-kBeknotksokearnest:kButkthekmultitudeskcamekaskifkthey khadkbeenkhiskchildren.kThek ingkwaskinkhiskmarvellouskpar ;kThekdoeskreposedkab out,kThekdoesksokslee kandkfat:kAndkthekwhitekbirdskcamekglistening.kThek ingkwa skbykhiskmarvellouskpond;kHowkfullkwaskitkofkfisheskleapingkabout!"kKingkWenkuse dkthekstrengthkofkthekpeoplektokma ekhisktowerkandkhiskpond,kandkyetkthekpeoplek rejoicedktokdokthekwor ,kcallingkthektowerk"thekmarvellousktower,"kcallingkthekp ondk"thekmarvellouskpond,"kandkrejoicingkthatkhekhadkhisklargekdeer,khiskfishes, kandkturtles.kThekancientskcausedkthekpeoplektokhavekpleasurekaskwellkaskthemsel ves,kandkthereforektheykcouldkenjoykit.kInkthekDeclarationkofkTangkitkisksaid,k" Oksun,kwhenkwiltkthoukexpire?kWekwillkdiektogetherkwithkthee."kThekpeoplekwished kforkJie'skdeath,kthoughktheykshouldkdiekwithkhim.kAlthoughkhekhadktowers,kponds ,kbirds,kandkanimals,khowkcouldkhekhavekpleasurekalone?' 3k

: % LiangkHuikWangkI: KingkHuikofkLiangksaid,k'Smallkaskmykvirtuekis,k inkthekgovernmentkofkmyk ingdom,kIkdokindeedkexertkmykmindktokthekutmost.kIfkthe kyearkbekbadkonkthekinsidekofkthekriver,kIkremovekaskmanykofkthekpeoplekaskIkcan ktokthekeastkofkthekriver,kandkconveykgrainktokthekcountrykinkthekinside.kWhenkt hekyearkiskbadkonkthekeastkofkthekriver,kIkactkonktheksamekplan.kOnkexaminingkth ekgovernmentkofkthekneighboringk ingdoms,kIkdoknotkfindkthatktherekiskanykprince kwhokexertskhiskmindkaskIkdo.kAndkyetkthekpeoplekofkthekneighboringk ingdomskdok notkdecrease,knorkdokmykpeoplekincrease.kHowkiskthis?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Yourkmajestykiskfondkofkwark-kletkmekta ekanki llustrationkfromkwar.kTheksoldierskmovekforwardktoktheksoundkofkthekdrums;kandka fterktheirkweaponskhavekbeenkcrossed,konkoneksidektheykthrowkawayktheirkcoatskof kmail,ktrailktheirkarmskbehindkthem,kandkrun.kSomekrunkakhundredkpaceskandkstop; ksomekrunkfiftykpaceskandkstop.kWhatkwouldkyoukthin kifkthosekwhokrunkfiftykpace skwerektoklaughkatkthosekwhokrunkakhundredkpaces?' k % Thek ingksaid,k'Theykshouldknotkdokso.kThoughktheykdidknotkrunka khundredkpaces,kyetktheykalsokrankaway.' k % 'SincekyourkMajestyk nowskthis,'krepliedkMencius,k'youkneedknotk hopekthatkyourkpeoplekwillkbecomekmoreknumerouskthankthosekofkthekneighboringk i ngdoms.kIfkthekseasonskofkhusbandrykbeknotkinterferedkwith,kthekgrainkwillkbekmo rekthankcankbekeaten.kIfkcloseknetskareknotkallowedktokenterkthekpoolskandkponds ,kthekfisheskandkturtleskwillkbekmorekthankcankbekconsumed.kIfkthekaxeskandkbill skenterkthekhillskandkforestskonlykatkthekproperktime,kthekwoodkwillkbekmorektha nkcankbekused.kWhenkthekgrainkandkfishkandkturtleskarekmorekthankcankbekeaten,ka ndktherekiskmorekwoodkthankcankbekused,kthiskenableskthekpeoplektoknourishktheir klivingkandkmournkforktheirkdead,kwithoutkanykfeelingkagainstkany.kThiskconditio n,kinkwhichkthekpeopleknourishktheirklivingkandkburyktheirkdeadkwithoutkanykfeel ingkagainstkany,kiskthekfirstkstepkofkroyalkgovernment.kLetkmulberryktreeskbekpl antedkaboutkthekhomesteadskwithktheirkfivekmu,kandkpersonskofkfiftykyearskmaykbek clothedkwithksil .kInk eepingkfowls,kpigs,kdogs,kandkswine,kletknotktheirktimesk ofkbreedingkbekneglected,kandkpersonskofkseventykyearskmaykeatkflesh.kLetktherek notkbekta enkawaykthektimekthatkiskproperkforkthekcultivationkofkthekfarmkwithki tskhundredkm,kandkthekfamilykofkseveralkmouthskthatkisksupportedkbykitkshallknotk sufferkfromkhunger.kLetkcarefulkattentionkbekpaidktokeducationkinkschools,kincul catingkinkitkespeciallykthekfilialkandkfraternalkduties,kandkgrey-hairedkmenkwil lknotkbekseenkuponkthekroads,kcarryingkburdenskonktheirkbac skorkonktheirkheads. kItkneverkhaskbeenkthatkthekrulerkofkakState,kwhereksuchkresultskwerekseenk-kper sonskofkseventykwearingksil kandkeatingkflesh,kandkthekblac -hairedkpeopleksuffe ringkneitherkfromkhunderknorkcoldk-kdidknotkattainktokthekroyalkdignity.' k %' Yourkdogskandkswinekeatkthekfoodkofkmen,kandkyoukdoknotkma ekan ykrestrictivekarrangements.kTherekarekpeoplekdyingkfromkfaminekonkthekroads,kand kyoukdoknotkissuekthekstoreskofkyourkgranarieskforkthem.kWhenkpeoplekdie,kyouksa y,k"Itkisknotkowingktokme;kitkiskowingktokthekyear."kInkwhatkdoeskthiskdifferkfr

omkstabbingkakmankandk illingkhim,kandkthenksayingk-k"ItkwasknotkI;kitkwaskthekw eapon?"kLetkyourkMajestykceasektoklaykthekblamekonkthekyear,kandkinstantlykfromk allktheknationkthekpeoplekwillkcomektokyou.' 4k

: % LiangkHuikWangkI: KingkHuikofkLiangksaid,k'Ikwishkquietlyktokrecei vekyourkinstructions.' k Menciuskreplied,k'Isktherekanykdifferencekbetweenk illingkakmank withkakstic kandkwithkakswordk?' k % Thek ingksaid,k'Therekisknokdifference!' k 'Isktherekanykdifferencekbetweenkdoingkitkwithkakswordkandkwithk thekstylekofkgovernment?' k % 'Therekisknokdifference,'kwaskthekreply. k % Menciuskthenksaid,k'Inkyourk itchenktherekiskfatkmeat;kinkyourks tablesktherekarekfatkhorses.kButkyourkpeoplekhavekthekloo kofkhunger,kandkonkthe kwildsktherekarekthosekwhokhavekdiedkofkfamine.kThiskiskleadingkonkbeastsktokdev ourkmen.kBeastskdevourkonekanother,kandkmenkhatekthemkforkdoingkso.kWhenkakprinc e,kbeingkthekparentkofkhiskpeople,kadministerskhiskgovernmentksokasktokbekcharge ablekwithkleadingkonkbeastsktokdevourkmen,kwherekiskhiskparentalkrelationktokthe kpeople?kZhongkNiksaid,k'Waskheknotkwithoutkposteritykwhokfirstkmadekwoodenkimag esktokburykwithkthekdead?kSokheksaid,kbecausekthatkmankmadektheksemblanceskofkme n,kandkusedkthemkforkthatkpurposek-kwhatkshallkbekthoughtkofkhimkwhokcauseskhisk peoplektokdiekofkhunger?' 5k

: % LiangkHuikWangkI: KingkHuikofkLiangksaid,k'Therekwasknotkinkthekna tionkakstrongerkStatekthankJin,kaskyou,kvenerablekSir,k now.kButksincekitkdescen dedktokme,konkthekeastkwekhavekbeenkdefeatedkbykQi,kandkthenkmykeldestksonkperis hed;konkthekwestkwekhaveklostksevenkhundredklikofkterritoryktokQin;kandkonktheks outhkwekhaveksustainedkdisgracekatkthekhandskofkChu.kIkhavekbroughtkshamekonkmyk departedkpredecessors,kandkwishkonktheirkaccountktokwipekitkaway,koncekforkall.k Whatkcoursekisktokbekpursuedktokaccomplishkthis?' k % % Menciuskreplied,k'Withkakterritorykwhichkiskonlykakhundredkliksq uare,kitkiskpossiblektokattainktokthekroyalkdignity.kIfkYourkMajestykwillkindeed kdispensekakbenevolentkgovernmentktokthekpeople,kbeingksparingkinkthekusekofkpun ishmentskandkfines,kandkma ingkthektaxeskandkleviesklight,ksokcausingkthatkthekf ieldskshallkbekploughedkdeep,kandkthekweedingkofkthemkbekcarefullykattendedkto,k andkthatkthekstrong-bodied,kduringktheirkdayskofkleisure,kshallkcultivatektheirk filialkpiety,kfraternalkrespectfulness,ksincerity,kandktruthfulness,kservingkthe reby,katkhome,ktheirkfatherskandkelderkbrothers,kand,kabroad,ktheirkelderskandks uperiors,kyoukwillkthenkhavekakpeoplekwhokcankbekemployed,kwithkstic skwhichkthe ykhavekprepared,ktokopposekthekstrongkmailkandksharpkweaponskofkthektroopskofkQi nkandkChu.kThekrulerskofkthosekStateskrobktheirkpeoplekofktheirktime,ksokthatkth eykcannotkploughkandkweedktheirkfields,kinkorderktoksupportktheirkparents.kTheir kparentsksufferkfromkcoldkandkhunger.kBrothers,kwives,kandkchildrenkarekseparate dkandkscatteredkabroad.kThosekrulers,kaskitkwere,kdrivektheirkpeoplekintokpit-fa lls,korkdrownkthem.kYourkMajestykwillkgoktokpunishkthem.kInksuchkakcase,kwhokwil lkopposekyourkMajesty?kInkaccordancekwithkthiskisktheksaying,k"Thekbenevolentkha sknokenemy."kIkbegkyourkMajestyknotktokdoubtkwhatkIksay.' 6k

: %% LiangkHuikWangkI: Menciuskwentktokseekthek ingkXiangkofkLiang.kOnk comingkoutkfromkthekinterview,kheksaidktoksomekpersons,k'WhenkIkloo edkatkhimkfr omkakdistance,khekdidknotkappearkli ekaksovereign;kwhenkIkdrewknearktokhim,kIksa

wknothingkvenerablekaboutkhim.kAbruptlykhekas edkme,k"Howkcankthek ingdomkbekset tled?"kIkreplied,k"Itkwillkbeksettledkbykbeingkunitedkunderkoneksway." k '`%' "Whokcanksokunitekit?"kIkreplied,k"Hekwhokhasknokpleasurekink i llingkmenkcanksokunitekit."' k '`%% "Whokcankgivekitktokhim?"kIkreplied,k"kAllkthekpeoplekofkthekna tionkwillkunanimouslykgivekitktokhim.kDoeskyourkMajestykunderstandkthekwaykofkth ekgrowingkgrain?kDuringkthekseventhkandkeighthkmonths,kwhenkdroughtkprevails,kth ekplantskbecomekdry.kThenkthekcloudskcollectkdenselykinkthekheavens,ktheyksendkd ownktorrentskofkrain,kandkthekgrainkerectskitself,kaskifkbykakshoot.kWhenkitkdoe skso,kwhokcank eepkitkbac ?kNowkamongkthekshepherdskofkmenkthroughoutktheknation ,ktherekisknotkonekwhokdoesknotkfindkpleasurekink illingkmen.kIfktherekwerekonek whokdidknotkfindkpleasurekink illingkmen,kallkthekpeoplekinktheknationkwouldkloo ktowardskhimkwithkoutstretchedknec s.kSuchkbeingkindeedkthekcase,kthekpeoplekwo uldkfloc ktokhim,kaskwaterkflowskdownwardskwithkakrush,kwhichknokonekcankrepress ."' 7k

: LiangkHuikWangkI: Thek ingkXuankofkQikas ed,ksaying,k'MaykIkbekinf ormedkbykyoukofkthektransactionskofkHuankofkQi,kandkWenkofkJin?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'TherekwereknonekofkthekdiscipleskofkZhongkNikw hokspo ekaboutkthekaffairskofkHuankandkWen,kandkthereforektheykhaveknotkbeenktra nsmittedktokthesekafter-agesk-kyourkservantkhasknotkheardkthem.kIfkyoukwillkhave kmekspea ,kletkitkbekaboutkroyalkgovernment.' k Thek ingksaid,k'Whatkvirtuekmustktherekbekinkorderktokattainktok royalksway?' k % Menciuskanswered,k'Theklovekandkprotectionkofkthekpeople;kwithkt hisktherekisknokpowerkwhichkcankpreventkakrulerkfromkattainingktokit.' k Thek ingkas edkagain,k'IsksuchkankonekaskIkcompetentktoklovekand kprotectkthekpeople?' k % Menciusksaid,k'Yes.' k 'Howkdokyouk nowkthatkIkamkcompetentkforkthat?' k ' IkheardkthekfollowingkincidentkfromkHukHe:k"Thek ing,"ksaidkhe, k"wasksittingkaloftkinkthekhall,kwhenkakmankappeared,kleadingkankoxkpastktheklow erkpartkofkit.kThek ingksawkhim,kandkas ed,kWherekiskthekoxkgoing?kThekmankrepli ed,kWekarekgoingktokconsecratekakbellkwithkitskblood.kThek ingksaid,kLetkitkgo.k Ikcannotkbearkitskfrightenedkappearance,kaskifkitkwerekankinnocentkpersonkgoingk tokthekplacekofkdeath.kThekmankanswered,kShallkwekthenkomitkthekconsecrationkofk thekbellk?kThek ingksaid,kHowkcankthatkbekomitted?kChangekitkforkaksheep."kIkdok notk nowkwhetherkthiskincidentkreallykoccurred.' k % Thek ingkreplied,k'Itkdid,' k %% andkthenkMenciusksaid,k'Thekheartkseenkinkthiskisksufficientktok carrykyouktokthekroyalksway.kThekpeoplekallksupposedkthatkyourkMajestykgrudgedkt hekanimal,kbutkyourkservantk nowsksurely,kthatkitkwaskyourkMajesty'sknotkbeingka blektokbearktheksight,kwhichkmadekyoukdokaskyoukdid.' k %% Thek ingksaid,k'Youkarekright.kAndkyetktherekreallykwaskankappea rancekofkwhatkthekpeoplekcondemned.kButkthoughkQikbekaksmallkandknarrowkState,kh owkshouldkIkgrudgekonekox?kIndeedkitkwaskbecausekIkcouldknotkbearkitskfrightened kappearance,kaskifkitkwerekankinnocentkpersonkgoingktokthekplacekofkdeath,kthatk

thereforekIkchangedkitkforkaksheep.' k % Menciuskpursued,k'LetknotkyourkMajestykdeemkitkstrangekthatkthek peoplekshouldkthin kyoukwerekgrudgingkthekanimal.kWhenkyoukchangedkaklargekonekf orkaksmall,khowkshouldktheyk nowkthektruekreason?kIfkyoukfeltkpainedkbykitskbein gkledkwithoutkguiltktokthekplacekofkdeath,kwhatkwasktherektokchoosekbetweenkanko xkandkaksheep? k %% Thek ingklaughedkandksaid,k'Whatkreallykwaskmykmindkinkthekmatte r?kIkdidknotkgrudgekthekexpensekofkit,kandkchangedkitkforkaksheep!kTherekwaskrea sonkinkthekpeople'sksayingkthatkIkgrudgedkit.' kk % 'Therekisknokharmkinktheirksayingkso,'ksaidkMencius.k'Yourkcondu ctkwaskankartificekofkbenevolence.kYouksawkthekox,kandkhadknotkseenktheksheep.kS okisktheksuperiorkmankaffectedktowardskanimals,kthat,khavingkseenkthemkalive,khe kcannotkbearktokseekthemkdie;khavingkheardktheirkdyingkcries,khekcannotkbearktok eatktheirkflesh.kThereforekhek eepskawaykfromkhiskslaughter-housekandkcoo -room. ' k %'% Thek ingkwaskpleased,kandksaid,k'ItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetr y,k"Thekmindskofkothers,kIkamkablekbykreflectionktokmeasure;"k-kthiskiskverified ,kmykMaster,kinkyourkdiscoverykofkmykmotive.kIkindeedkdidkthekthing,kbutkwhenkIk turnedkmykthoughtskinward,kandkexaminedkintokit,kIkcouldknotkdiscoverkmykownkmin d.kWhenkyou,kMaster,kspo ekthosekwords,kthekmovementskofkcompassionkbeganktokwor kinkmykmind.kHowkiskitkthatkthiskheartkhaskinkitkwhatkiskequalktokthekroyalkswa y?' k '`' Menciuskreplied,k'Supposekakmankwerektokma ekthiskstatementktoky ourkMajesty:k"Mykstrengthkisksufficientktokliftkthreekthousandkcatties,kbutkitki sknotksufficientktokliftkonekfeather;kmykeyesightkisksharpkenoughktokexaminekthe kpointkofkankautumnkhair,kbutkIkdoknotkseekakwaggon-loadkofkfaggots;"kwouldkyour kMajestykallowkwhatkheksaid?' k % 'No,'kwaskthekanswer, k onkwhichkMenciuskproceeded,k'Nowkherekisk indnessksufficientktok reachktokanimals,kandknokbenefitskarekextendedkfromkitktokthekpeople.kHowkiskthi s?kIskankexceptionktokbekmadekhere?kThektruthkis,kthekfeatherkisknotkliftedk,kbe causekstrengthkisknotkused;kthekwaggon-loadkofkfirewoodkisknotkseen,kbecausekthe keyesightkisknotkused;kandkthekpeoplekareknotklovedkandkprotected,kbecausek indn esskisknotkemployed.kThereforekyourkMajesty'sknotkexercisingkthekroyalksway,kisk becausekyoukdoknotkdokit,knotkbecausekyoukareknotkablektokdokit.' k Thek ingkas ed,k'Howkmaykthekdifferencekbetweenktheknotkdoingkak thing,kandktheknotkbeingkablektokdokit,kbekrepresented? k '%`' Menciuskreplied,'Inksuchkakthingkaskta ingkthekTaikmountainkunde rkyourkarm,kandkleapingkoverktheknorthkseakwithkit,kifkyouksayktokpeoplek"Ikamkn otkablektokdokit,"kthatkiskakrealkcasekofknotkbeingkable.kInksuchkakmatterkaskbr ea ingkoffkakbranchkfromkaktreekatkthekorderkofkaksuperior,kifkyouksayktokpeople k"Ikamknotkablektokdokit,"kthatkiskakcasekofknotkdoingkit,kitkisknotkakcasekofkn otkbeingkablektokdokit.kThereforekyourkMajesty'sknotkexercisingkthekroyalksway,k isknotksuchkakcasekaskthatkofkta ingkthekTaikmountainkunderkyourkarm,kandkleapin gkoverktheknorthkseakwithkit.kYourkMajesty'sknotkexercisingkthekroyalkswaykiskak casekli ekthatkofkbrea ingkoffkakbranchkfromkaktree.kTreatkwithkthekreverencekdu ektokagekthekelderskinkyourkownkfamily,ksokthatkthekelderskinkthekfamilieskofkot herskshallkbeksimilarlyktreated;ktreatkwithkthek indnesskduektokyouthkthekyoungk inkyourkownkfamily,ksokthatkthekyoungkinkthekfamilieskofkotherskshallkbeksimilar lyktreatedk-kdokthis,kandkthek ingdomkmaykbekmadektokgokroundkinkyourkpalm.kItki sksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Hiskexamplekaffectedkhiskwife.kItkreachedktokhisk

brothers,kandkhiskfamilykofkthekStatekwaskgovernedkbykit."kTheklanguagekshowskho wk ingkWenksimplyktoo khisk indlykheart,kandkexercisedkitktowardskthosekparties. kThereforekthekcarryingkoutkhisk indnesskofkheartkbykakprincekwillksufficekforkt heklovekandkprotectionkofkallkwithinkthekfourkseas,kandkifkhekdoknotkcarrykitkou t,khekwillknotkbekablektokprotectkhiskwifekandkchildren.kThekwaykinkwhichkthekan cientskcamekgreatlyktoksurpasskotherkmen,kwasknokotherkbutkthisk-ksimplykthatkth eyk newkwellkhowktokcarrykout,ksokasktokaffectkothers,kwhatktheykthemselveskdid. kNowkyourk indnesskisksufficientktokreachktokanimals,kandknokbenefitskarekextend edkfromkitktokreachkthekpeople.kHowkiskthis?kIskankexceptionktokbekmadekhere?kBy kweighing,kwek nowkwhatkthingskareklight,kandkwhatkheavy.kBykmeasuring,kwek nowk whatkthingskareklong,kandkwhatkshort.kThekrelationskofkallkthingskmaykbekthuskde termined,kandkitkiskofkthekgreatestkimportancektokestimatekthekmotionskofkthekmi nd.kIkbegkyourkMajestyktokmeasurekit.kYoukcollectkyourkequipmentskofkwar,kendang erkyourksoldierskandkofficers,kandkexcitekthekresentmentkofkthekotherkprincesk-k dokthesekthingskcausekyoukpleasurekinkyourkmind?' k %% Thek ingkreplied,k'No.kHowkshouldkIkderivekpleasurekfromkthesekt hings?kMykobjectkinkthemkisktoksee kforkwhatkIkgreatlykdesire.' k % Menciusksaid,k'MaykIkhearkfromkyoukwhatkitkiskthatkyoukgreatlykd esire?'kThek ingklaughedkandkdidknotkspea . k Menciuskresumed,k'Arekyoukledktokdesirekit,kbecausekyoukhaveknot kenoughkofkrichkandksweetkfoodkforkyourkmouth?kOrkbecausekyoukhaveknotkenoughkof klightkandkwarmkclothingkforkyourkbody?kOrkbecausekyoukhaveknotkenoughkofkbeauti fullykcolouredkobjectsktokdelightkyourkeyes?kOrkbecausekyoukhaveknotkvoiceskandk toneskenoughktokpleasekyourkears?kOrkbecausekyoukhaveknotkenoughkofkattendantska ndkfavouritesktokstandkbeforekyoukandkreceivekyourkorders?kYourkMajesty'skvariou skofficerskareksufficientktoksupplykyoukwithkthosekthings.kHowkcankyourkMajestyk bekledktokentertainksuchkakdesirekonkaccountkofkthem?' k %% 'No,'ksaidkthek ing;k'mykdesirekisknotkonkaccountkofkthem.' k %% Menciuskadded,k'Then,kwhatkyourkMajestykgreatlykdesireskmaykbek nown.kYoukwishktokenlargekyourkterritories,ktokhavekQinkandkChukwaitkatkyourkcou rt,ktokrulekthekMiddlekKingdom,kandktokattractktokyoukthekbarbarousktribeskthatk surroundkit.kButkdoingkwhatkyoukdoktoksee kforkwhatkyoukdesirekiskli ekclimbingk aktreektoksee kforkfish.' k Thek ingksaid,k'Iskitksokbadkaskthat?' k % % 'Itkiskevenkworse,'kwaskthekreply.k'Ifkyoukclimbkaktreektoksee k forkfish,kalthoughkyoukdoknotkgetkthekfish,kyoukwillknotksufferkanyksubsequentkc alamity.kButkdoingkwhatkyoukdoktoksee kforkwhatkyoukdesire,kdoingkitkmoreoverkwi thkallkyourkheart,kyoukwillkassuredlykafterwardskmeetkwithkcalamities.' k Thek ingkas ed,k'MaykIkhearkfromkyoukthekproofkofkthat?' k Menciusksaid,k'IfkthekpeoplekofkZoukshouldkfightkwithkthekpeople kofkChu,kwhichkofkthemkdoeskyourkMajestykthin kwouldkconquer?' k % 'ThekpeoplekofkChukwouldkconquer.' k % 'Yesk-kandksokitkiskcertainkthatkaksmallkcountrykcannotkcontendk withkakgreat,kthatkfewkcannotkcontendkwithkmany,kthatkthekwea kcannotkcontendkwi thkthekstrong.kThekterritorykwithinkthekfourkseaskembraceskninekdivisions,keachk ofkakthousandkliksquare.kAllkQiktogetherkiskbutkonekofkthem.kIfkwithkonekpartkyo uktryktoksubduekthekotherkeight,kwhatkiskthekdifferencekbetweenkthatkandkZou'skc ontendingkwithkChu?kFor,kwithksuchkakdesire,kyoukmustkturnkbac ktokthekproperkco ursekforkitskattainment.kNowkifkyourkMajestykwillkinstitutekakgovernmentkwhoseka

ctionkshallkbekbenevolent,kthiskwillkcausekallkthekofficerskinkthek ingdomktokwi shktokstandkinkyourkMajesty'skcourt,kandkallkthekfarmersktokwishktokploughkinkyo urkMajesty'skfields,kandkallkthekmerchants,kbothktravellingkandkstationary,ktokw ishktokstorektheirkgoodskinkyourkMajesty'skmar et-places,kandkallktravellingkstr angersktokwishktokma ektheirktourskonkyourkMajesty'skroads,kandkallkthroughoutkt hek ingdomkwhokfeelkaggrievedkbyktheirkrulersktokwishktokcomekandkcomplainktokyo urkMajesty.kAndkwhenktheykareksokbent,kwhokwillkbekablektok eepkthemkbac ?' k %%% Thek ingksaid,k'Ikamkstupid,kandknotkablektokadvancektokthis.kIk wishkyou,kmykMaster,ktokassistkmykintentions.kTeachkmekclearly;kalthoughkIkamkde ficientkinkintelligencekandkvigour,kIkwillkessaykandktryktokcarrykyourkinstructi onskintokeffect.' k % % Menciuskreplied,k'Theykarekonlykmenkofkeducation,kwho,kwithoutka kcertainklivelihood,karekablektokmaintainkakfixedkheart.kAsktokthekpeople,kifkth eykhaveknotkakcertainklivelihood,kitkfollowskthatktheykwillknotkhavekakfixedkhea rt.kAndkifktheykhaveknotkakfixedkheart,ktherekisknothingkwhichktheykwillknotkdo, kinkthekwaykofkself-abandonment,kofkmoralkdeflection,kofkdepravity,kandkofkwildk license.kWhenktheykthuskhavekbeenkinvolvedkinkcrime,ktokfollowkthemkupkandkpunis hkthemk-kthiskisktokentrapkthekpeople.kHowkcanksuchkakthingkaskentrappingkthekpe oplekbekdonekunderkthekrulekofkakbenevolentkman?kThereforekankintelligentkrulerk willkregulatektheklivelihoodkofkthekpeople,ksokasktokma eksurekthat,kforkthoseka bovekthem,ktheykshallkhaveksufficientkwherewithktokservektheirkparents,kand,kfor kthosekbelowkthem,ksufficientkwherewithktoksupportktheirkwiveskandkchildren;ktha tkinkgoodkyearsktheykshallkalwayskbekabundantlyksatisfied,kandkthatkinkbadkyears ktheykshallkescapekthekdangerkofkperishing.kAfterkthiskhekmaykurgekthem,kandkthe ykwillkproceedktokwhatkiskgood,kforkinkthiskcasekthekpeoplekwillkfollowkafterkit kwithkease.kNow,ktheklivelihoodkofkthekpeoplekisksokregulated,kthat,kabove,kthey khaveknotksufficientkwherewithktokservektheirkparents,kand,kbelow,ktheykhaveknot ksufficientkwherewithktoksupportktheirkwiveskandkchildren.kNotwithstandingkgoodk years,ktheirkliveskarekcontinuallykembittered,kand,kinkbadkyears,ktheykdoknotkes capekperishing.kInksuchkcircumstancesktheykonlyktryktoksavekthemselveskfromkdeat h,kandkarekafraidktheykwillknotksucceed.kWhatkleisurekhavektheyktokcultivatekpro prietykandkrighteousness?kIfkyourkMajestykwishesktokeffectkthiskregulationkofkth eklivelihoodkofkthekpeople,kwhyknotkturnktokthatkwhichkiskthekessentialkstepktok it?kLetkmulberry-treeskbekplantedkaboutkthekhomesteadskwithktheirkfivekmu,kandkpe rsonskofkfiftykyearskmaykbekclothedkwithksil .kInk eepingkfowls,kpigs,kdogs,kand kswine,kletknotktheirktimeskofkbreedingkbekneglected,kandkpersonskofkseventykyea rskmaykeatkflesh.kLetkthereknotkbekta enkawaykthektimekthatkiskproperkforkthekcu ltivationkofkthekfarmkwithkitskhundredkmu,kandkthekfamilykofkeightkmouthskthatkis ksupportedkbykitkshallknotksufferkfromkhunger.kLetkcarefulkattentionkbekpaidktok educationkinkschools,kthekinculcationkinkitkespeciallykofkthekfilialkandkfratern alkduties,kandkgrey-hairedkmenkwillknotkbekseenkuponkthekroads,kcarryingkburdens konktheirkbac skorkonktheirkheads.kItkneverkhaskbeenkthatkthekrulerkofkakStatekw hereksuchkresultskwerekseen,kthekoldkwearingksil kandkeatingkflesh,kandkthekblac -hairedkpeopleksufferingkneitherkfromkhungerknorkcold,kdidknotkattainktokthekro yalkdignity.'

k-kLiangkHuikWangkII k 8k : % LiangkHuikWangkII: ZhuangkBao,kseeingkMencius,ksaidktokhim,k'Ikhadk ankinterviewkwithkthek ing.kHiskMajestyktoldkmekthatkheklovedkmusic,kandkIkwaskn otkpreparedkwithkanythingktokreplyktokhim.kWhatkdokyoukpronouncekaboutkthatklove kofkmusic?' k Menciuskreplied,k'Ifkthek ing'sklovekofkmusickwerekverykgreat,kt hek ingdomkofkQikwouldkbeknearktokakstatekofkgoodkgovernment!' k Anotherkday,kMencius,khavingkankinterviewkwithkthek ing,ksaid,k'

YourkMajesty,kIkhavekheard,ktoldkthekofficerkZhuang,kthatkyouklovekmusick-kwaski tkso?'kThek ingkchangedkcolour,kandksaid,k'Ikamkunablektoklovekthekmusickofkthek ancientksovereigns;kIkonlyklovekthekmusickthatksuitskthekmannerskofkthekpresentk age.' k % Menciusksaid,k'IfkyourkMajesty'sklovekofkmusickwerekverykgreat,k Qikwouldkbeknearktokakstatekofkgoodkgovernment!kThekmusickofkthekpresentkdaykisk justkli ekthekmusickofkantiquity,kaskregardskeffectingkthat.'kThek ingksaid,k'Ma ykIkhearkfromkyoukthekproofkofkthat?' k % Menciuskas ed,k'Whichkiskthekmorekpleasantk-ktokenjoykmusickbyky ourselfkalone,korktokenjoykitkwithkothers?'k'Tokenjoykitkwithkothers,'kwaskthekr eply. k % 'Andkwhichkiskthekmorekpleasantk-ktokenjoykmusickwithkakfew,kork tokenjoykitkwithkmany?'k'Tokenjoykitkwithkmany.' k Menciuskproceeded,k'YourkservantkbegsktokexplainkwhatkIkhaveksai dkaboutkmusicktokyourkMajesty.kNow,kyourkMajestykiskhavingkmusickhere.kThekpeopl ekhearktheknoisekofkyourkbellskandkdrums,kandktheknoteskofkyourkfifeskandkpipes, kandktheykall,kwithkachingkheads,k nitktheirkbrows,kandksayktokonekanother,k"Tha t'skhowkourk ingkli eskhiskmusic!kButkwhykdoeskhekreducekusktokthiskextremitykof kdistress?kFatherskandksonskcannotkseekonekanother.kElderkbrotherskandkyoungerkb rothers,kwiveskandkchildren,karekseparatedkandkscatteredkabroad."kNow,kyourkMaje stykiskhuntingkhere.kThekpeoplekhearktheknoisekofkyourkcarriageskandkhorses,kand kseekthekbeautykofkyourkplumeskandkstreamers,kandktheykall,kwithkachingkheads,k nitktheirkbrows,kandksayktokonekanother,k"That'skhowkourk ingkli eskhiskhunting! kButkwhykdoeskhekreducekusktokthiskextremitykofkdistress?kFatherskandksonskcanno tkseekonekanother.kElderkbrotherskandkyoungerkbrothers,kwiveskandkchildren,karek separatedkandkscatteredkabroad."kTheirkfeelingkthuskiskfromknokotherkreasonkbutk thatkyoukdoknotkallowkthekpeoplektokhavekpleasurekaskwellkaskyourself. k Now,kyourkMajestykiskhavingkmusickhere.kThekpeoplekhearktheknoi sekofkyourkbellskandkdrums,kandktheknoteskofkyourkfifeskandkpipes,kandktheykall, kdelighted,kandkwithkjoyfulkloo s,ksayktokonekanother,k"Thatksoundskaskifkourk i ngkwerekfreekfromkallksic ness!kIfkhekwereknot,khowkcouldkhekenjoykthiskmusic?"k Now,kyourkMajestykiskhuntingkhere.kThekpeoplekhearktheknoisekofkyourkcarriageska ndkhorses,kandkseekthekbeautykofkyourkplumeskandkstreamers,kandktheykall,kdeligh ted,kandkwithkjoyfulkloo s,ksayktokonekanother,k"Thatkloo skaskifkourk ingkwerek freekfromkallksic ness!kIfkhekwereknot,khowkcouldkhekenjoykthiskhunting?"kTheirk feelingkthuskiskfromknokotherkreasonkbutkthatkyoukcausekthemktokhavektheirkpleas urekaskyoukhavekyours.kIfkyourkMajestyknowkwillkma ekpleasurekakthingkcommonktok thekpeoplekandkyourself,kthekroyalkswaykawaitskyou.' 9k

: LiangkHuikWangkII: Thek ingkXuankofkQikas ed,k'Waskitkso,kthatkthek par kofk ingkWenkcontainedkseventyksquarekli?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Itkisksokinkthekrecords.' k 'Waskitksoklargekaskthat?'kexclaimedkthek ing. k % 'Thekpeople,'ksaidkMencius,k'stillkloo edkonkitkasksmall.' k Thek ingkadded,k'Mykpar kcontainskonlykfortyksquarekli,kandkthek peoplekstillkloo konkitkasklarge.kHowkiskthis?' k % 'Thekpar kofk ingkWen,'kwaskthekreply,k'containedkseventyksquare kli,kbutkthekgrass-cutterskandkfuel-gathererskhadkthekprivilegekofkentrancekinto kit;ksokalsokhadkthekcatcherskofkpheasantskandkhares.kHeksharedkitkwithkthekpeop

le,kandkwaskitknotkwithkreasonkthatktheykloo edkonkitkasksmall?kWhenkIkfirstkarr ivedkatkthekborderskofkyourk ingdom,kIkinquiredkaboutkthekgreatkprohibitorykregu lations,kbeforekIkwouldkventurektokenterkit;kandkIkheard,kthatkinsidekthekbarrie r-gatesktherekwaskakpar kofkfortyksquarekl,kandkthatkhekwhok illedkakdeerkinkit,k waskheldkguiltykofktheksamekcrimekaskifkhekhadk illedkakman.kThuskthosekfortyksq uareklkarekakpitfallkinkthekmiddlekofkthek ingdom.kIskitknotkwithkreasonkthatkthe kpeoplekloo kuponkthemkasklarge?' 10k

: LiangkHuikWangkII: Thek ingkXuankofkQikas ed,ksaying,k'Isktherekany kwayktokregulatekone'skmaintenancekofkintercoursekwithkneighbouringk ingdoms?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Therekis.kButkitkrequireskakperfectlykvirtuous kprincektokbekable,kwithkakgreatkcountry,ktokservekaksmallkonek-kas,kforkinstanc e,kTangkservedkGe,kandk ingkWenkservedkthekKunkbarbarians.kAndkitkrequireskakwis ekprincektokbekable,kwithkaksmallkcountry,ktokservekaklargekonek-kaskthek ingkTa ikservedkthekXunkYu,kandkGoukJiankservedkWu.kHekwhokwithkakareatkStatekserveskak smallkone,kdelightskinkHeaven.kHekwhokwithkaksmallkStatekserveskaklargekone,ksta ndskinkawekofkHeaven.kHekwhokdelightskinkHeaven,kwillkaffectkwithkhisklovekandkp rotectionkthekwholek ingdom.kHekwhokstandskinkawekofkHeaven,kwillkaffectkwithkhi sklovekandkprotectionkhiskownk ingdom.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Ikfear kthekMajestykofkHeaven,kandkwillkthuskpreservekitskfavouringkdecree."' k % Thek ingksaid,'Akgreatksaying!kButkIkhavekankinfirmityk-kIklovek valour.' k %'% IkbegkyourkMajesty,'kwaskthekreply,k'notktokloveksmallkvalour.kI fkakmankbrandisheskhisksword,kloo skfiercely,kandksays,k"Howkdarekhekwithstandkm e?"k-kthiskiskthekvalourkofkakcommonkman,kwhokcankbekthekopponentkonlykofkaksing lekindividual.kIkbegkyourkMajestyktokgreatenkit.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetr y,k"Thek ingkblazedkwithkanger,kAndkhekmarshalledkhiskhosts,kTokstopkthekmarchkt okChu,kTokconsolidatekthekprosperitykofkZhou,kTokmeetkthekexpectationskofkthekna tion."kThiskwaskthekvalourkofk ingkWen.kKingkWen,kinkonekburstkofkhiskanger,kgav ekreposektokallkthekpeoplekofkthek ingdom.kInkthekBoo kofkHistorykitkisksaid,k"H eavenkhavingkproducedkthekinferiorkpeople,kmadekforkthemkrulerskandkteachers,kwi thkthekpurposekthatktheykshouldkbekassistingktokGod,kandkthereforekdistinguished kthemkthroughoutkthekfourkquarterskofkthekland.kWhoeverkarekoffenders,kandkwhoev erkarekinnocent,kherekamkIktokdealkwithkthem.kHowkdarekanykunderkheavenkgivekind ulgencektoktheirkrefractorykwills?"kTherekwaskonekmankpursuingkakviolentkandkdis orderlykcoursekinkthek ingdom,kandk ingkWukwaskashamedkofkit.kThiskwaskthekvalou rkofk ingkWu.kHekalso,kbykonekdisplaykofkhiskanger,kgavekreposektokallkthekpeopl ekofkthek ingdom.kLetknowkyourkMajestykalso,kinkonekburstkofkanger,kgivekreposek tokallkthekpeoplekofkthek ingdom.kThekpeoplekarekonlykafraidkthatkyourkMajestykd oesknotklovekvalour.' 11k

: % LiangkHuikWangkII: Thek ingkXuankofkQikhadkankinterviewkwithkMenciu skinkthekSnowkpalace,kandksaidktokhim,k'Dokmenkofktalentskandkworthkli ewisekfin dkpleasurekinkthesekthings?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Theykdo;kandkifkpeoplekgenerallykareknotkablek tokenjoykthemselves,ktheykcondemnktheirksuperiors.kForkthem,kwhenktheykcannotken joykthemselves,ktokcondemnktheirksuperiorskiskwrong,kbutkwhenktheksuperiorskofkt hekpeoplekdoknotkma ekenjoymentkakthingkcommonktokthekpeoplekandkthemselves,kthe ykalsokdokwrong.kWhenkakrulerkrejoiceskinkthekjoykofkhiskpeople,ktheykalsokrejoi cekinkhiskjoy;kwhenkhekgrieveskatktheksorrowkofkhiskpeople,ktheykalsokgrievekatk hisksorrow.kAksympathykofkjoykwillkpervadekthek ingdom;kaksympathykofksorrowkwil lkdoktheksamek-kinksuchkakstatekofkthings,kitkcannotkbekbutkthatkthekrulerkattai nktokthekroyalkdignity. k %

: % LiangkHuikWangkII: Thek ingkXuankofkQiksaid,k'Peoplekallktellkmekto kpullkdownkandkremovekthekHallkofkDistinction.kShallkIkpullkitkdown,korkstopkthe kmovementkforkthatkobject?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'ThekHallkofkDistinctionkiskakHallkappropriatek toktheksovereigns.kIfkyourkMajestykwishesktokpractisekthektruekroyalkgovernment, kthenkdoknotkpullkitkdown.' k Thek ingksaid,k'MaykIkhearkfromkyoukwhatkthektruekroyalkgovernme ntkis?' k Formerly, kwaskthekreply,k' ingkWen'skgovernmentkofkQikwaskaskf ollows:kThekhusbandmenkcultivatedkforkthekgovernmentkone-ninthkofkthekland;kthek descendantskofkofficerskwereksalaried;katkthekpasseskandkinkthekmar ets,kstrange rskwerekinspected,kbutkgoodskwereknotktaxed:ktherekwereknokprohibitionskrespecti ngkthekpondskandkweirs;kthekwiveskandkchildrenkofkcriminalskwereknotkinvolvedkin ktheirkguilt.kTherekwerekthekoldkandkwifeless,korkwidowers;kthekoldkandkhusbandl ess,korkwidows;kthekoldkandkchildless,korksolitaries;kthekyoungkandkfatherless,k orkorphansk-kthesekfourkclasseskarekthekmostkdestitutekofkthekpeople,kandkhavekn onektokwhomktheykcanktellktheirkwants,kandk ingkWen,kinkthekinstitutionkofkhiskg overnmentkwithkitskbenevolentkaction,kmadekthemkthekfirstkobjectskofkhiskregard, kaskitkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Thekrichkmaykgetkthroughklifekwell;kButka

12k

Formerly,kthekdu ekJingkofkQikas edkthekministerkYan,ksaying,k" IkwishktokpaykakvisitkofkinspectionktokZhuankFu,kandkChaokWu,kandkthenktokbendkm ykcourseksouthwardkalongkthekshore,ktillkIkcomektokLangkXie.kWhatkshallkIkdoktha tkmyktourkmaykbekfitktokbekcomparedkwithkthekvisitskofkinspectionkmadekbykthekan cientksovereigns?"kThekministerkYankreplied,k"Ankexcellentkinquiry!kWhenkthekSon kofkHeavenkvisitedkthekprinces,kitkwaskcalledkaktourkofkinspection,kthatkis,kbek surveyedkthekStateskunderktheirkcare.kWhenkthekprinceskattendedkatkthekcourtkofk thekSonkofkHeaven,kitkwaskcalledkakreportkofkoffice,kthatkis,ktheykreportedkthei rkadministrationkofktheirkoffices.kThus,kneitherkofkthekproceedingskwaskwithoutk akpurpose.kAndkmoreover,kinkthekspringktheykexaminedkthekploughing,kandksupplied kanykdeficiencykofkseed;kinkthekautumnktheykexaminedkthekreaping,kandksuppliedka nykdeficiencykofkyield.kTherekisktheksayingkofkthekXiakdynastyk-kIfkourk ingkdok notkta ekhiskramble,kwhatkwillkbecomekofkourkhappiness?kIfkourk ingkdoknotkma ek hiskexcursion,kwhatkwillkbecomekofkourkhelp?kThatkramble,kandkthatkexcursion,kwe rekakpatternktokthekprinces.kNow,kthekstatekofkthingskiskdifferent.kAkhostkmarch eskinkattendancekonkthekruler,kandkstoreskofkprovisionskarekconsumed.kThekhungry karekdeprivedkofktheirkfood,kandktherekisknokrestkforkthosekwhokarekcalledktokto il.kMaledictionskarekutteredkbykonektokanotherkwithkeyeskas ance,kandkthekpeople kproceedktokthekcommissionkofkwic edness.kThuskthekroyalkordinanceskarekviolated ,kandkthekpeoplekarekoppressed,kandktheksupplieskofkfoodkandkdrin kflowkawaykli ekwater.kThekrulerskyieldkthemselvesktokthekcurrent,korktheykurgektheirkwaykagai nstkit;ktheykarekwild;ktheykarekutterlyklostk-kthesekthingskproceedktokthekgrief kofkthekinferiorkprinces.kDescendingkalongkwithkthekcurrent,kandkforgettingktokr eturn,kiskwhatkIkcallkyieldingktokit.kPressingkupkagainstkit,kandkforgettingktok return,kiskwhatkIkcallkurgingktheirkwaykagainstkit.kPursuingkthekchasekwithoutks atietykiskwhatkIkcallkbeingkwild.kDelightingkinkwinekwithoutksatietykiskwhatkIkc allkbeingklost.kThekancientksovereignskhadknokpleasuresktokwhichktheykgavekthems elveskaskonkthekflowingkstream;knokdoingskwhichkmightkbeksokcharacterizedkaskwil dkandklost.kItkiskforkyou,kmykprince,ktokpursuekyourkcourse."kThekdu ekChingkwas kpleased.kHekissuedkakproclamationkthroughoutkhiskState,kandkwentkoutkandkoccupi edkakshedkinkthekborders.kFromkthatktimekhekbeganktokopenkhiskgranariesktoksuppl ykthekwantskofkthekpeople,kandkcallingkthekGrandkmusic-master,kheksaidktokhimk"M a ekforkmekmusicktoksuitkakprincekandkhiskministerkpleasedkwithkeachkother."kAnd kitkwaskthenkthatkthekZhengkZhaokandkJiaokZhaokwerekmade,kinkthekwordsktokwhichk itkwasksaid,k"Iskitkakfaultktokrestrainkone'skprince?"kHekwhokrestrainskhiskprin cekloveskhiskprince.'

las!kforkthekmiserablekandksolitary!"' k Thek ingksaid,k'Okexcellentkwords!' k Menciusksaid,k'SincekyourkMajestykdeemskthemkexcellent,kwhykdoky ouknotkpractisekthem?' k % 'Ikhavekankinfirmity,'ksaidkthek ing;k'Ikamkfondkofkwealth.' k %% Thekreplykwas,k'Formerly,kGongkLiukwaskfondkofkwealth.kItkisksai dkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Hekrearedkhiskric s,kandkfilledkhiskgranaries,kHektied kupkdriedkprovisionskandkgrain,kInkbottomlesskbags,kandksac s,kThatkhekmightkgat herkhiskpeoplektogether,kandkglorifykhiskState.kWithkbowskandkarrowskall-display ed,kWithkshields,kandkspears,kandkbattle-axes,klargekandksmall,kHekcommencedkhis kmarch."kInkthiskwaykthosekwhokremainedkinktheirkoldkseatkhadktheirkric skandkgr anaries,kandkthosekwhokmarchedkhadktheirkbagskofkprovisions.kItkwasknotktillkaft erkthiskthatkhekthoughtkhekcouldkbeginkhiskmarch.kIfkyourkMajestykloveskwealth,k givekthekpeoplekpowerktokgratifyktheksamekfeeling,kandkwhatkdifficultykwillkther ekbekinkyourkattainingkthekroyalksway?' k % Thek ingksaid,k'Ikhavekankinfirmity;kIkamkfondkofkbeauty.' k % Thekreplykwas,k'Formerly,k ingkTaikwaskfondkofkbeauty,kandkloved khiskwife.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"GukGongkTankFu,kCamekinkthekmornin g,kgallopingkhiskhorse,kBykthekban skofkthekwesternkwaters,kAskfarkaskthekfootko fkQikhill,kAlongkwithkthekladykofkJiang;kTheykcamekandktogetherkchosektheksitekf orktheirksettlement."kAtkthatktime,kinkthekseclusionkofkthekhouse,ktherekwerekno kdissatisfiedkwomen,kandkabroad,ktherekwereknokunmarriedkmen.kIfkyourkMajestyklo veskbeauty,kletkthekpeoplekbekablektokgratifyktheksamekfeeling,kandkwhatkdifficu ltykwillktherekbekinkyourkattainingkthekroyalksway?' 13k

: % LiangkHuikWangkII: Menciusksaidktokthek ingkXuankofkQi,k'Supposekth atkonekofkyourkMajesty'skministerskwerektokentrustkhiskwifekandkchildrenktokthek carekofkhiskfriend,kwhilekhekhimselfkwentkintokChuktoktravel,kandkthat,konkhiskr eturn,khekshouldkfindkthatkthekfriendkhadkletkhiskwifekandkchildrenksufferkfromk coldkandkhungerk-khowkoughtkhektokdealkwithkhim?' k % Thek ingksaid,k'Hekshouldkcastkhimkoff.' k Menciuskproceeded,k'Supposekthatkthekchiefkcriminalkjudgekcouldk notkregulatekthekofficerskunderkhim,khowkwouldkyoukdealkwithkhim?' k % Thek ingksaid,k'Dismisskhim.' k Menciuskagainksaid,k'Ifkwithinkthekfourkborderskofkyourk ingdomk therekisknotkgoodkgovernment,kwhatkisktokbekdone?' k % Thek ingkloo edktokthekrightkandkleft,kandkspo ekofkotherkmatter s. 14k

: % LiangkHuikWangkII: Mencius,khavingkankinterviewkwithkthek ingkXuank ofkQi,ksaidktokhim,k'Whenkmenkspea kofk"ankancientk ingdom,"kitkisknotkmeantkthe rebykthatkitkhaskloftyktreeskinkit,kbutkthatkitkhaskministersksprungkfromkfamili eskwhichkhavekbeenknotedkinkitkforkgenerations.kYourkMajestykhasknokintimatekmin isterskeven.kThosekwhomkyoukadvancedkyesterdaykarekgonekto-day,kandkyoukdoknotk nowkit.' k Thek ingksaid,k'HowkshallkIk nowkthatktheykhaveknotkability,kand

ksokavoidkemployingkthemkatkall?' k Thekreplykwas,k'ThekrulerkofkakStatekadvancesktokofficekmenkofkt alentskandkvirtuekonlykaskakmatterkofknecessity.kSincekhekwillktherebykcausekthe klowktokoverstepkthekhonourable,kandkdistantktokoverstepkhisknearkrelatives,koug htkhektokdoksokbutkwithkcaution?kWhenkallkthosekaboutkyouksay,k"Thiskiskakmankof ktalentskandkworth,"kyoukmayknotkthereforekbelievekit.kWhenkyourkgreatkofficersk allksay,k"Thiskiskakmankofktalentskandkvirtue,"kneitherkmaykyoukforkthatkbelieve kit.kWhenkallkthekpeopleksay,k"Thiskiskakmankofktalentskandkvirtue,"kthenkexamin ekintokthekcase,kandkwhenkyoukfindkthatkthekmankisksuch,kemploykhim.kWhenkallkth osekaboutkyouksay,k"Thiskmankwon'tkdo,"kdon'tklistenktokthem.kWhenkallkyourkgrea tkofficersksay,k"Thiskmankwon'tkdo,"kdon'tklistenktokthem.kWhenkthekpeoplekallks av,k"Thiskmankwon'tkdo,"kthenkexaminekintokthekcase,kandkwhenkyoukfindkthatkthek mankwon'tkdo,ksendkhimkaway.kWhenkallkthosekaboutkyouksay,k"Thiskmankdeserveskde ath,"kdon'tklistenktokthem.kWhenkallkyourkgreatkofficersksay,k"Thiskmankdeserves kdeath,"kdon'tklistenktokthem.kWhenkthekpeoplekallksay,k"Thiskmankdeserveskdeath ,"kthenkinquirekintokthekcase,kandkwhenkyoukseekthatkthekmankdeserveskdeath,kput khimktokdeath.kInkaccordancekwithkthiskwekhavektheksaying,k"Thekpeoplek illedkhi m."kYoukmustkactkinkthiskwaykinkorderktokbekthekparentkofkthekpeople.' : LiangkHuikWangkII: Thek ingkXuankofkQikas ed,ksaying,k'Waskitkso,kt hatkTangkbanishedkJie,kandkthatk ingkWuksmotekZhou?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Itkisksokinkthekrecords.' k Thek ingksaid,k'Maykakministerkthenkputkhisksovereignktokdeath?' k % Menciusksaid,k'Hekwhokoutrageskthekbenevolencekproperktokhisknat ure,kiskcalledkakrobber;khekwhokoutrageskrighteousness,kiskcalledkakruffian.kThe krobberkandkruffiankwekcallkakmerekfellow.kIkhavekheardkofkthekcuttingkoffkofkth ekfellowkZhou,kbutkIkhaveknotkheardkofkthekputtingkaksovereignktokdeath,kinkhisk case.' 16k 15k

: %% LiangkHuikWangkII: Mencius,khavingkankinterviewkwithkthek ingkXuank ofkQi,ksaidktokhim,k'Ifkyoukarekgoingktokbuildkaklargekmansion,kyoukwillksurelyk causekthekMasterkofkthekwor menktokloo koutkforklargektrees,kandkwhenkhekhaskfou ndksuchklargektrees,kyoukwillkbekglad,kthin ingkthatktheykwillkanswerkforkthekin tendedkobject.kShouldkthekwor menkhewkthemksokasktokma ekthemktooksmall,kthenkyo urkMajestykwillkbekangry,kthin ingkthatktheykwillknotkanswerkforkthekpurpose.kNo w,kakmankspendskhiskyouthkinklearningkthekprincipleskofkrightkgovernment,kand,kb eingkgrownkupktokvigour,khekwishesktokputkthemkinkpractice;kifkyourkMajestyksays ktokhim,k"Forkthekpresentkputkasidekwhatkyoukhaveklearned,kandkfollowkme,"kwhatk shallkweksay?kHereknowkyoukhavekakgemkunwrought,kinkthekstone.kAlthoughkitkmaykb ekworthk240,000ktaels,kyoukwillksurelykemploykaklapidaryktokcutkandkpolishkit.kB utkwhenkyoukcomektokthekgovernmentkofkthekState,kthenkyouksay,k"Forkthekpresentk putkasidekwhatkyoukhaveklearned,kandkfollowkme."kHowkiskitkthatkyoukhereinkactks okdifferentlykfromkyourkconductkinkcallingkinktheklapidaryktokcutkthekgem?' 17k

: %% LiangkHuikWangkII: ThekpeoplekofkQikattac edkYan,kandkconqueredkit. kThek ingkXuankas ed,ksaying,k'Somektellkmeknotktokta ekpossessionkofkitkforkmys elf,kandksomektellkmektokta ekpossessionkofkit.kForkak ingdomkofktenkthousandkch ariots,kattac ingkanotherkofktenkthousandkchariots,ktokcompletekthekconquestkofk itkinkfiftykdays,kiskankachievementkbeyondkmerekhumankstrength.kIfkIkdoknotkta e kpossessionkofkit,kcalamitieskfromkHeavenkwillksurelykcomekuponkme.kWhatkdokyouk sayktokmykta ingkpossessionkofkit?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'IfkthekpeoplekofkYankwillkbekpleasedkwithkyour

kta ingkpossessionkofkit,kthenkdokso.kAmongkthekancientsktherekwaskonekwhokacted konkthiskprinciple,knamelyk ingkWu.kIfkthekpeoplekofkYankwillknotkbekpleasedkwit hkyourkta ingkpossessionkofkit,kthenkdoknotkdokso.kAmongkthekancientsktherekwask onekwhokactedkonkthiskprinciple,knamelyk ingkWen.kWhen,kwithkallkthekstrengthkof kyourkcountrykofktenkthousandkchariots,kyoukattac edkanotherkcountrykofktenkthou sandkchariots,kandkthekpeoplekbroughtkbas etskofkricekandkvesselskofkcongee,ktok meetkyourkMajesty'skhost,kwasktherekanykotherkreasonkforkthiskbutkthatktheykhope dktokescapekoutkofkfirekandkwater?kIfkyoukma ekthekwaterkmorekdeepkandkthekfirek morekfierce,ktheykwillkinkli ekmannerkma ekanotherkrevolution.' 18k

: %% LiangkHuikWangkII: ThekpeoplekofkQi,khavingksmittenkYan,ktoo kposse ssionkofkit,kandkuponkthis,kthekprinceskofkthekvariouskStateskdeliberatedktogeth er,kandkresolvedktokdeliverkYankfromktheirkpower.kThek ingkXuanksaidktokMencius, k'Thekprinceskhavekformedkmanykplansktokattac kmek-khowkshallkIkpreparekmyselfkf orkthem?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Ikhavekheardkofkonekwhokwithkseventyklikexerci sedkallkthekfunctionskofkgovernmentkthroughoutkthek ingdom.kThatkwaskTang.kIkhav ekneverkheardkofkakprincekwithkakthousandklikstandingkinkfearkofkothers.kItkisks aidkinkthekBoo kofkHistory,kAsksoonkaskTangkbegankhiskwor kofkexecutingkjustice, khekcommencedkwithkGe.kThekwholek ingdomkhadkconfidencekinkhim.kWhenkhekpursuedk hiskwor kinkthekeast,kthekrudektribeskonkthekwestkmurmured.kSokdidkthosekonkthek north,kwhenkhekwaskengagedkinktheksouth.kTheirkcrykwask"Whykdoeskhekputkusklast? "kThus,kthekpeoplekloo edktokhim,kaskwekloo kinkaktimekofkgreatkdroughtktokthekc loudskandkrainbows.kThekfrequenterskofkthekmar etskstoppedknot.kThekhusbandmenkm adeknokchangekinktheirkoperations.kWhilekhekpunishedktheirkrulers,khekconsoledkt hekpeople.kHiskprogresskwaskli ekthekfallingkofkopportunekrain,kandkthekpeoplekw erekdelighted.kItkisksaidkagainkinkthekBoo kofkHistory,k"Wekhavekwaitedkforkourk princeklong;kthekprince'skcomingkwillkbekourkreviving!" k % % 'NowkthekrulerkofkYankwasktyrannizingkoverkhiskpeople,kandkyourk Majestykwentkandkpunishedkhim.kThekpeopleksupposedkthatkyoukwerekgoingktokdelive rkthemkoutkofkthekwaterkandkthekfire,kandkbroughtkbas etskofkricekandkvesselskof kcongee,ktokmeetkyourkMajesty'skhost.kButkyoukhavekslainktheirkfatherskandkelder kbrothers,kandkputktheirksonskandkyoungerkbrotherskinkconfinement.kYoukhavekpull edkdownkthekancestralktemplekofkthekState,kandkarekremovingktokQikitskpreciouskv essels.kHowkcanksuchkakcoursekbekdeemedkproper?kThekrestkofkthek ingdomkiskindee dkjealouslykafraidkofkthekstrengthkofkQi;kandknow,kwhenkwithkakdoubledkterritory kyoukdoknotkputkinkpracticekakbenevolentkgovernmentk-kitkiskthiskwhichksetskthek armskofkthek ingdomkinkinkmotion.kIfkyourkMajestykwillkma ekhastektokissuekankor dinance,krestoringkyourkcaptives,koldkandkyoung,kstoppingkthekremovalkofkthekpre ciouskvessels,kandksayingkthat,kafterkconsultingkwithkthekpeoplekofkYen,kyoukwil lkappointkthemkakruler,kandkwithdrawkfromkthekcountryk-kinkthiskwaykyoukmaykstil lkbekablektokstopkthekthreatenedkattac .' 19k

: %% LiangkHuikWangkII: TherekhadkbeenkakbrushkbetweenkZoukandkLu,kwhenk thekdu ekMukas edkMencius,ksaying,'Ofkmykofficersktherekwerek illedkthirty-three kmen,kandknonekofkthekpeoplekwouldkdiekinktheirkdefence.kThoughkIksentencedkthem ktokdeathkforktheirkconduct,kitkiskimpossiblektokputksuchkakmultitudektokdeath.k IfkIkdoknotkputkthemktokdeath,kthenktherekiskthekcrimekunpunishedkofktheirkloo i ngkangrilykonkatkthekdeathkofktheirkofficers,kandknotksavingkthem.kHowkiskthekex igencykofkthekcasektokbekmet?' k Menciuskreplied,k'Inkcalamitouskyearskandkyearskofkfamine,ktheko ldkandkwea kofkyourkpeople,kwhokhavekbeenkfoundklyingkinkthekditcheskandkwater-c hannels,kandkthekable-bodiedkwhokhavekbeenkscatteredkaboutktokthekfourkquarters, khavekamountedktokseveralkthousands.kAllkthekwhile,kyourkgranaries,k0kprince,kha vekbeenkstoredkwithkgrain,kandkyourktreasurieskandkarsenalskhavekbeenkfull,kandk

notkonekofkyourkofficerskhasktoldkyoukofkthekdistress.kThusknegligentkhavektheks uperiorskinkyourkStatekbeen,kandkcruelktoktheirkinferiors.kThekphilosopherkZengk said,k"Beware,kbeware.kWhatkproceedskfromkyou,kwillkreturnktokyoukagain."kNowkat klengthkthekpeoplekhavekpaidkbac kthekconductkofktheirkofficersktokthem.kDoknotk you,k0kprince,kblamekthem.kIfkyoukwillkputkinkpracticekakbenevolentkgovernment,k thiskpeoplekwillklovekyoukandkallkabovekthem,kandkwillkdiekforktheirkofficers.' 20k

: % LiangkHuikWangkII: Thekdu ekWenkofkTengkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Ten gkiskaksmallk ingdom,kandklieskbetweenkQikandkChu.kShallkIkservekQi?kOrkshallkIk servekChu?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Thiskplankwhichkyoukproposekiskbeyondkme.kIfky oukwillkhavekmekcounselkyou,ktherekiskonekthingkIkcanksuggest.kDigkdeeperkyourkm oats;kbuildkhigherkyourkwalls;kguardkthemkaskwellkaskyourkpeople.kInkcasekofkatt ac ,kbekpreparedktokdiekinkyourkdefence,kandkhavekthekpeopleksokthatktheykwillkn otkleavekyouk-kthiskiskakproperkcourse.' 21k

: % LiangkHuikWangkII: Thekdu ekWenkofkTengkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'The kpeoplekofkQikarekgoingktokfortifykXue.kThekmovementkoccasionskmekgreatkalarm.kW hatkiskthekproperkcoursekforkmektokta ekinkthekcase?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Formerly,kwhenk ingkTaikdweltkinkBin,kthekbarb arianskofktheknorthkwerekcontinuallykma ingkincursionskuponkit.kHekthereforeklef tkit,kwentktokthekfootkofkmountkQi,kandktherektoo kupkhiskresidence.kHekdidknotk ta ekthatksituation,kaskhavingkselectedkit.kItkwaskakmatterkofknecessitykwithkhi m.kIfkyoukdokgood,kamongkyourkdescendants,kinkafterkgenerations,ktherekshallkbek onekwhokwillkattainktokthekroyalkdignity.kAkprinceklayskthekfoundationkofkthekin heritance,kandkhandskdownkthekbeginningkwhichkhekhaskmade,kdoingkwhatkmaykbekcon tinuedkbykhisksuccessors.kAsktokthekaccomplishmentkofkthekgreatkresult,kthatkisk withkHeaven.kWhatkiskthatkQiktokyou,k0kprince?kBekstrongktokdokgood.kThatkiskall kyourkbusiness.' 22k

: %% LiangkHuikWangkII: Thekdu ekWenkofkTengkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Ten gkiskaksmallkState.kThoughkIkdokmykutmostktokservekthoseklargek ingdomskonkeithe rksidekofkit,kwekcannotkescapeksufferingkfromkthem.kWhatkcoursekshallkIkta ektha tkwekmaykdokso?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Formerly,kwhenk ingkTaikdweltkinkBin,kthekbarb arianskofktheknorthkwerekconstantlykma ingkincursionskuponkit.kHekservedkthemkwi thks inskandksil s,kandkstillkheksufferedkfromkthem.kHekservedkthemkwithkdogskan dkhorses,kandkstillkheksufferedkfromkthem.kHekservedkthemkwithkpearlskandkgems,k andkstillkheksufferedkfromkthem.kSeeingkthis,khekassembledkthekoldkmen,kandkanno uncedktokthem,ksaying,k"Whatkthekbarbarianskwantkiskmykterritory.kIkhavekheardkt hisk-kthatkakrulerkdoesknotkinjurekhiskpeoplekwithkthatkwherewithkheknourisheskt hem.kMykchildren,kwhykshouldkyoukbektroubledkaboutkhavingknokprince?kIkwillkleav ekthis."kAccordingly,khekleftkBin,kcrossedkthekmountainkLiang,kbuiltkaktownkatkt hekfootkofkmountkQi,kandkdweltkthere.kThekpeoplekofkPinksaid,k"Hekiskakbenevolen tkman.kWekmustknotklosekhim."kThosekwhokfollowedkhimkloo edkli ekcrowdskhastenin gktokmar et.kOnkthekotherkhand,ksomeksay,k"Thek ingdomkiskakthingktokbek eptkfro mkgenerationktokgeneration.kOnekindividualkcannotkunderta ektokdisposekofkitkink hiskownkperson.kLetkhimkbekpreparedktokdiekforkit.kLetkhimknotkquitkit."kIkas ky ou,kprince,ktokma ekyourkelectionkbetweenkthesektwokcourses.' 23k

: %% LiangkHuikWangkII: Thekdu ekPingkofkLukwaskaboutktokleavekhiskpalac e,kwhenkhiskfavourite,konekZangkCang,kmadekakrequestktokhim,ksaying,k'Onkotherkd ays,kwhenkyoukhavekgonekout,kyoukhavekgivenkinstructionsktokthekofficerskasktokw

herekyoukwerekgoing.kButknow,kthekhorseskhavekbeenkputktokthekcarriage,kandkthek officerskdoknotkyetk nowkwherekyoukarekgoing.kIkventurektokas .'kThekdu eksaid,k 'IkamkgoingktokseekthekscholarkMeng.'k'Howkiskthis?'ksaidkthekother.k'Thatkyoukd emeankyourself,kprince,kinkpayingkthekhonourkofkthekfirstkvisitktokakcommonkman, kis,kIksuppose,kbecausekyoukthin kthatkhekiskakmankofktalentskandkvirtue.kByksuc hkmenkthekruleskofkceremonialkproprietieskandkrightkarekobserved.kButkonkthekocc asionkofkthiskMeng'sksecondkmourning,khiskobservanceskexceededkthosekofkthekform er.kDoknotkgoktokseekhim,kmykprince.'kThekdu eksaid,k'Ikwillknot.' k ' ThekofficerkYuekZhengkenteredkthekcourt,kandkhadkankaudience.kHe ksaid,k'Prince,kwhykhavekyouknotkgonektokseekMengkKe?'kthekdu eksaid,k'Onektoldk mekthat,konkthekoccasionkofkthekscholarkMeng'sksecondkmourning,khiskobservancesk exceededkthosekofkthekformer.kItkiskonkthatkaccountkthatkIkhaveknotkgonektokseek him.'k'Howkiskthis!'kansweredkYuekZheng.k'Bykwhatkyoukcallk"exceeding,"kyoukmean ,kIksuppose,kthat,konkthekfirstkoccasion,khekusedkthekriteskappropriatektokaksch olar,kand,konktheksecond,kthosekappropriatektokakgreatkofficer;kthatkhekfirstkus edkthreektripods,kandkafterwardskfivektripods.'kThekdu eksaid,k'No;kIkreferktokt hekgreaterkexcellencekofkthekcoffin,kthekshell,kthekgrave-clothes,kandkthekshrou d.'kYo-chAngksaid,k'Thatkcannotkbekcalledk"exceeding."kThatkwaskthekdifferencekb etweenkbeingkpoorkandkbeingkrich.' k %% Afterkthis,kYuekZhengksawkMencius,kandksaidktokhim,k'Iktoldkthek princekaboutkyou,kandkhekwaskconsequentlykcomingktokseekyou,kwhenkonekofkhiskfav ourites,knamedkZangkCang,kstoppedkhim,kandkthereforekhekdidknotkcomekaccordingkt okhiskpurpose.'kMenciusksaid,k'Akman'skadvancementkiskeffected,kitkmaykbe,kbykot hers,kandkthekstoppingkhimkis,kitkmaykbe,kfromkthekeffortskofkothers.kButktokadv ancekakmankorktokstopkhiskadvancekiskreallykbeyondkthekpowerkofkotherkmen.kMykno tkfindingkinkthekprincekofkLukakrulerkwhokwouldkconfidekinkme,kandkputkmykcounse lskintokpractice,kiskfromkHeaven.kHowkcouldkthatkscionkofkthekZangkfamilykcausek meknotktokfindkthekrulerkthatkwouldksuitkme?' k-kGongkSunkChoukI 1k

: GongkSunkChoukI: GongkSunkChoukas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Master,kif kyoukwerektokobtainkthekorderingkofkthekgovernmentkinkQi,kcouldkyoukpromisekyour selfktokaccomplishkanewksuchkresultskaskthosekrealizedkbykGuankZhongkandkYan?' k %' Menciusksaid,k'YoukarekindeedkaktruekmankofkQi.kYouk nowkaboutkG uankZhongkandkYan,kandknothingkmore.kSomekonekas edkZengkXi,ksaying,k"Sir,ktokwh ichkdokyoukgivektheksuperiority,ktokyourselfkorktokZikLu?"kZengkZikloo edkuneasy ,kandksaid,k"Hekwaskankobjectkofkvenerationktokmykgrandfather."k"Then,"kpursuedk thekother,k"DokyoukgivektheksuperiorityktokyourselfkorktokGuankZhong?"kZengkZi,k flushedkwithkangerkandkdispleased,ksaid,k"HowkdarekyoukcomparekmekwithkGuankZhon g?kConsideringkhowkentirelykGuankZhongkpossessedkthekconfidencekofkhiskprince,kh owklongkhekenjoyedkthekdirectionkofkthekgovernmentkofkthekState,kandkhowklow,kaf terkall,kwaskwhatkhekaccomplishedk-khowkiskitkthatkyoukli enkmektokhim?"kThus,'k concludedkMencius,k'ZengkXikwouldknotkplaykGuankZhong,kandkiskitkwhatkyoukdesire kforkmekthatkIkshouldkdokso?' k % GongkSunkChouksaid,k'GuankZhongkraisedkhiskprincektokbektheklead erkofkallkthekotherkprinces,kandkYankmadekhiskprincekillustrious,kandkdokyouksti llkthin kitkwouldknotkbekenoughkforkyouktokdokwhatktheykdid?' k % Menciuskanswered,k'TokraisekQiktokthekroyalkdignitykwouldkbekask easykaskitkisktokturnkroundkthekhand.' k % 'So!'kreturnedkthekother.k'Thekperplexitykofkyourkdisciplekiskhe rebykverykmuchkincreased.kTherekwask ingkWen,kmoreover,kwithkallkthekvirtuekwhic

hkbelongedktokhim;kandkwhokdidknotkdiektillkhekhadkreachedkakhundredkyearsk-kand kstillkhiskinfluencekhadknotkpenetratedkthroughoutkthek ingdom.kItkrequiredk ing kWukandkthekdu ekofkZhouktokcontinuekhiskcourse,kbeforekthatkinfluencekgreatlykp revailed.kNowkyouksaykthatkthekroyalkdignitykmightkbeksokeasilykobtainedk-kisk i ngkWenkthenknotkaksufficientkobjectkforkimitation?' k %% Menciusksaid,k'Howkcank ingkWenkbekmatched?kFromkTangktokWukDing ktherekhadkappearedksixkorksevenkworthykandksageksovereigns.kThek ingdomkhadkbee nkattachedktokYinkforkaklongktime,kandkthisklengthkofktimekmadekakchangekdifficu lt.kWukDingkhadkallkthekprinceskcomingktokhiskcourt,kandkpossessedkthek ingdomka skifkitkhadkbeenkakthingkwhichkhekmovedkroundkinkhiskpalm.kThen,kZhoukwaskremove dkfromkWukDingkbyknokgreatkintervalkofktime.kTherekwerekstillkremainingksomekofk thekancientkfamilieskandkofkthekoldkmanners,kofkthekinfluencekalsokwhichkhadkema natedkfromkthekearlierksovereigns,kandkofktheirkgoodkgovernment.kMoreover,kthere kwerekthekviscountkofkWeikandkhisksecondkson,ktheirkRoyalkHighnesseskBikGankandk thekviscountkofkQi,kandkJiaokGe,kallkmenkofkabilitykandkvirtue,kwhokgavektheirkj ointkassistancektokZhoukinkhiskgovernment.kInkconsequencekofkthesekthings,kitkto o kaklongktimekforkhimktoklosekthekthrone.kTherekwasknotkakfootkofkgroundkwhichk hekdidknotkpossess.kTherekwasknotkonekofkallkthekpeoplekwhokwasknotkhisksubject. kSokitkwaskonkhiskside,kandk ingkWenkatkhiskbeginningkhadkonlykakterritorykofkon ekhundredksquarekli.kOnkallkthesekaccounts,kitkwaskdifficultkforkhimkimmediately ktokattainktokthekroyalkdignity.kThekpeoplekofkQikhavekaksayingk-k"Akmankmaykhav ekwisdomkandkdiscernment,kbutkthatkisknotkli ekembracingkthekfavourablekopportun ity.kAkmankmaykhavekinstrumentskofkhusbandry,kbutkthatkisknotkli ekwaitingkforkt hekfarmingkseasons." k % Thekpresentktimekiskonekinkwhichkthekroyalkdignitykmaykbekeasily kattained.kInkthekflourishingkperiodskofkthekXia,kYin,kandkZhoukdynasties,kthekr oyalkdomainkdidknotkexceedkakthousandkli,kandkQikembracesksokmuchkterritory.kCoc skcrowkandkdogskbar ktokonekanother,kallkthekwayktokthekfourkborderskofkthekSta tek-ksokQikpossesseskthekpeople.kNokchangekiskneededkforkthekenlargingkofkitskte rritory;knokchangekiskneededkforkthekcollectingkofkakpopulation.kIfkitskrulerkwi llkputkinkpracticekakbenevolentkgovernment,knokpowerkwillkbekablektokpreventkhis kbecomingksovereign.kMoreover,kneverkwasktherekaktimekfartherkremovedkthankthekp resentkfromkthekrisekofkaktrueksovereign:kneverkwasktherekaktimekwhenktheksuffer ingskofkthekpeoplekfromktyrannicalkgovernmentkwerekmorekintensekthankthekpresent .kThekhungrykreadilykparta ekofkanykfood,kandkthekthirstykofkanykdrin .kConfuciu sksaid,k"Thekflowingkprogresskofkvirtuekiskmorekrapidkthankthektransmissionkofkr oyalkorderskbykstageskandkcouriers."kAtkthekpresentktime,kinkakcountrykofktenkth ousandkchariots,kletkbenevolentkgovernmentkbekputkinkpractice,kandkthekpeoplekwi llkbekdelightedkwithkit,kaskifktheykwerekrelievedkfromkhangingkbykthekheels.kWit hkhalfkthekmeritkofkthekancients,kdoublektheirkachievementskisksurektokbekrealiz ed.kItkiskonlykatkthisktimekthatksuchkcouldkbekthekcase.' 2k

: % GongkSunkChoukI: GongkSunkChoukas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Master,kif kyoukwerektokbekappointedkakhighknoblekandkthekprimekministerkofkQi,ksokasktokbe kablektokcarrykyourkprincipleskintokpractice,kthoughkyoukshouldkthereuponkraisek thekrulerktokthekheadshipkofkallkthekotherkprinces,korkevenktokthekroyalkdignity ,kitkwouldknotkbektokbekwonderedkat.kInksuchkakpositionkwouldkyourkmindkbekpertu rbedkorknot?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'No.kAtkforty,kIkattainedktokankunperturbedkmin d.' k % Chouksaid,k'Sincekitkisksokwithkyou,kmykMaster,kyoukarekfarkbeyo ndkMangkPan.' k % 'Thekmerekattainment,'ksaidkMencius,k'isknotkdifficult.kThekscho larkGaokhadkattainedktokankunperturbedkmindkatkankearlierkperiodkofklifekthankIk

 Choukas ed,k'Isktherekanykwayktokankunperturbedkmind?' k %% Thekanswerkwas,k'Yes.kBeikGongkYoukhadkthiskwaykofknourishingkhi skvalour:kHekdidknotkflinchkfromkanykstro eskatkhiskbody.kHekdidknotkturnkhiskey eskasidekfromkanykthrustskatkthem.kHekconsideredkthatkthekslightestkpushkfromkan ykonekwasktheksamekaskifkhekwerekbeatenkbeforekthekcrowdskinkthekmar et-place,ka ndkthatkwhatkhekwouldknotkreceivekfromkakcommonkmankinkhisklooseklargekgarmentsk ofkhair,kneitherkshouldkhekreceivekfromkakprincekofktenkthousandkchariots.kHekvi ewedkstabbingkakprincekofktenkthousandkchariotskjustkaskstabbingkakfellowkdresse dkinkclothkofkhair.kHekfearedknotkanykofkallkthekprinces.kAkbadkwordkaddressedkt okhimkbekalwayskreturned.kMengkShikShekhadkthiskwaykofknourishingkhiskvalour:kHe ksaid,k"Ikloo kuponknotkconqueringkandkconqueringkinktheksamekway.kTokmeasurekth ekenemykandkthenkadvance;ktokcalculatekthekchanceskofkvictorykandkthenkengagek-k thiskisktokstandkinkawekofkthekopposingkforce.kHowkcankIkma ekcertainkofkconquer ing?kIkcankonlykriseksuperiorktokallkfear."kMengkShikShekresembledkthekphilosoph erkZeng.kBeikGongkYoukresembledkZikXia.kIkdoknotk nowktokthekvalourkofkwhichkofk thektwoktheksuperioritykshouldkbekascribed,kbutkyetkMengkShikShekattendedktokwha tkwaskofkthekgreaterkimportance.kFormerly,kthekphilosopherkZengksaidktokZikXiang ,k"Dokyouklovekvalour?kIkheardkankaccountkofkgreatkvalourkfromkthekMaster.kItksp ea skthus:k'If,konkself-examination,kIkfindkthatkIkamknotkupright,kshallkIknotkb ekinkfearkevenkofkakpoorkmankinkhiskloosekgarmentskofkhair-cloth?kIf,konkself-ex amination,kIkfindkthatkIkamkupright,kIkwillkgokforwardkagainstkthousandskandkten skofkthousands.'kYet,kwhatkMengkShikShekmaintained,kbeingkmerelykhiskphysicalken ergy,kwaskafterkallkinferiorktokwhatkthekphilosopherkZengkmaintained,kwhichkwask indeedkofkthekmostkimportance.' k GongkSunkChouksaid,k'MaykIkventurektokas kankexplanationkfromkyo u,kMaster,kofkhowkyoukmaintainkankunperturbedkmind,kandkhowkthekphilosopherkGaok doesktheksame?' k %' Menciuskanswered,k'Gaoksays,k"Whatkisknotkattainedkinkwordskiskn otktokbeksoughtkforkinkthekmind;kwhatkproduceskdissatisfactionkinkthekmind,kiskn otktokbekhelpedkbykpassion-effort."kThisklast,kwhenktherekiskunrestkinkthekmind, knotktoksee kforkreliefkfromkpassion-effort,kmaykbekconceded.kButknotktoksee kin kthekmindkforkwhatkisknotkattainedkinkwordskcannotkbekconceded.kThekwillkiskthek leaderkofkthekpassion-nature.kThekpassion-naturekpervadeskandkanimateskthekbody. kThekwillkiskfirstkandkchief,kandkthekpassion-naturekisksubordinatektokit. k '`' ThereforekIksay,kMaintainkfirmkthekwill,kandkdoknokviolencektok thekpassion-nature.' k %% Choukobserved,k'Sincekyouksayk"Thekwillkiskchief,kandkthekpassio n-naturekisksubordinate,"khowkdokyoukalsoksay,k"Maintainkfirmkthekwill,kandkdokn okviolencektokthekpassion-nature?"' k Menciuskreplied,k'Whenkitkiskthekwillkalonekwhichkiskactive,kitk moveskthekpassion-nature.kWhenkitkiskthekpassion-naturekalonekwhichkiskactive,ki tkmoveskthekwill.kForkinstanceknow,kinkthekcasekofkakmankfallingkorkrunning,ktha tkiskfromkthekpassion-nature,kandkyetkitkmoveskthekmind.' k % 'Ikventurektokas ,'ksaidkChoukagain,k'whereinkyou,kMaster,ksurpa sskGao.'kMenciusktoldkhim,k'Ikunderstandkwords.kIkamks ilfulkinknourishingkmykva st,kflowingkpassion-nature.' k Choukpursued,k'Ikventurektokas kwhatkyoukmeankbykyourkvast,kflow ingkpassion-nature!' k % % Thekreplykwas,k'Itkiskdifficultktokdescribekit.kThiskiskthekpass

did.' k

ion-nature:kItkiskexceedinglykgreat,kandkexceedinglykstrong.kBeingknourishedkbyk rectitude,kandksustainingknokinjury,kitkfillskupkallkbetweenkheavenkandkearth.kT hiskiskthekpassion-nature:kItkiskthekmatekandkassistantkofkrighteousnesskandkrea son.kWithoutkit,kmankiskinkakstatekofkstarvation.kItkiskproducedkbykthekaccumula tionkofkrighteouskdeeds;kitkisknotktokbekobtainedkbykincidentalkactskofkrighteou sness.kIfkthekmindkdoesknotkfeelkcomplacencykinkthekconduct,ktheknaturekbecomesk starved.kIkthereforeksaid,k"Gaokhaskneverkunderstoodkrighteousness,kbecausekhekm a eskitksomethingkexternal."kTherekmustkbekthekconstantkpracticekofkthiskrighteo usness,kbutkwithoutkthekobjectkofktherebyknourishingkthekpassion-nature.kLetknot kthekmindkforgetkitskwor ,kbutkletktherekbeknokassistingkthekgrowthkofkthatknatu re.kLetkusknotkbekli ekthekmankofkSung.kTherekwaskakmankofkSung,kwhokwaskgrieved kthatkhiskgrowingkcornkwasknotklonger,kandksokhekpulledkitkup.kHavingkdonekthis, khekreturnedkhome,kloo ingkverykstupid,kandksaidktokhiskpeople,k"Ikamktiredkto-d ay.kIkhavekbeenkhelpingkthekcornktokgrowklong."kHisksonkranktokloo katkit,kandkf oundkthekcornkallkwithered.kTherekarekfewkinkthekworld,kwhokdoknotkdealkwithkthe irkpassion-nature,kaskifktheykwerekassistingkthekcornktokgrowklong.kSomekindeedk considerkitkofknokbenefitktokthem,kandkletkitkalonek-ktheykdoknotkweedktheirkcor n.kTheykwhokassistkitktokgrowklong,kpullkoutktheirkcorn.kWhatktheykdokisknotkonl ykofknokbenefitktoktheknature,kbutkitkalsokinjureskit.' k GongkSunkChoukfurtherkas ed,k'Whatkdokyoukmeankbyksayingkthatkyo ukunderstandkwhateverkwordskyoukhear?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Whenkwordskarekone-sided,kIk nowkhowkthekmindk ofkthekspea erkiskcloudedkover.kWhenkwordskarekextravagant,kIk nowkhowkthekmindk iskfallenkandksun .kWhenkwordskarekall-depraved,kIk nowkhowkthekmindkhaskdeparte dkfromkprinciple.kWhenkwordskarekevasive,kIk nowkhowkthekmindkiskatkitskwit'sken d.kThesekevilskgrowingkinkthekmind,kdokinjuryktokgovernment,kand,kdisplayedkinkt hkgovernment,karekhurtfulktokthekconductkofkaffairs.kWhenkakSagekshallkagainkari se,khekwillkcertainlykfollowkmykwords.' k % OnkthiskChoukobserved,k'ZaikWokandkZikGongkwereks ilfulkinkspea ing.kRankNiu,kthekdisciplekMin,kandkYankYuan,kwhilektheirkwordskwerekgood,kwerek distinguishedkforktheirkvirtuouskconduct.kConfuciuskunitedkthekqualitieskofkthek discipleskinkhimself,kbutkstillkheksaid,k"Inkthekmatterkofkspeeches,kIkamknotkco mpetent."kThen,kMaster,khavekyoukattainedktokbekakSage?' k '` Menciusksaid,k'Oh!kwhatkwordskarekthese?kFormerlykZikGongkas edk Confucius,ksaying,k"Master,karekyoukakSage?"kConfuciuskansweredkhim,k"AkSagekisk whatkIkcannotkrisekto.kIklearnkwithoutksatiety,kandkteachkwithoutkbeingktired."k ZikGongksaid,k"Youklearnkwithoutksatietyk-kthatkshowskyourkwisdom.kYoukteachkwit houtkbeingktiredk-kthatkshowskyourkbenevolence.kBenevolentkandkwisek-kMaster,kyo ukAREkakSage."kNow,ksincekConfuciuskwouldknotkallowkhimselfktokbekregardedkaskak Sage,kwhatkwordskwerekthose?' k % Chouksaid,k'Formerly,kIkoncekheardkthis:kZikXia,kZikYou,kandkZik ZhangkhadkeachkonekmemberkofkthekSage.kRankNiu,kthekdisciplekMin,kandkYankYuankh adkallkthekmembers,kbutkinksmallkproportions.kIkventurektokas ,kWithkwhichkofkth esekarekyoukpleasedktokran kyourself?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Letkuskdropkspea ingkaboutkthese,kifkyoukpleas e.' k Choukthenkas ed,k'WhatkdokyouksaykofkBokYikandkYikYin?' k %% 'Theirkwayskwerekdifferentkfromkmine,'ksaidkMencius.k'Notktokser vekakprincekwhomkhekdidknotkesteem,knorkcommandkakpeoplekwhomkhekdidknotkapprove ;kinkaktimekofkgoodkgovernmentktokta ekoffice,kandkonkthekoccurrencekofkconfusio nktokretirek-kthiskwaskthekwaykofkBokYi.kToksayk"WhomkmaykIknotkserve?kMykservin gkhimkma eskhimkmykruler.kWhatkpeoplekmaykIknotkcommand?kMykcommandingkthemkma e

skthemkmykpeople."kInkaktimekofkgoodkgovernmentktokta ekoffice,kandkwhenkdisorde rkprevailed,kalsoktokta ekofficek-kthatkwaskthekwaykofkYikYin.kWhenkitkwaskprope rktokgokintokoffice,kthenktokgokintokit;kwhenkitkwaskproperktok eepkretiredkfrom koffice,kthenktok eepkretiredkfromkit;kwhenkitkwaskproperktokcontinuekinkitklong ,kthenktokcontinuekinkitklongk-kwhenkitkwaskproperktokwithdrawkfromkitkquic ly,k thenktokwithdrawkquic lyk-kthatkwaskthekwaykofkConfucius.kThesekwerekallksagesko fkantiquity,kandkIkhaveknotkattainedktokdokwhatktheykdid.kButkwhatkIkwishktokdok isktoklearnktokbekli ekConfucius.' k Chouksaid,k'ComparingkBokYikandkYikYinkwithkConfucius,karektheyk tokbekplacedkinktheksamekran ?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'No.kSincektherekwereklivingkmenkuntilknow,kthe rekneverkwaskanotherkConfucius.' k Chouksaid,k'Then,kdidktheykhavekanykpointskofkagreementkwithkhim ?' k %% Thekreplykwas,k'Yes.kIfktheykhadkbeenksovereignskoverkakhundredk likofkterritory,ktheykwould,kallkofkthem,khavekbroughtkallkthekprincesktokattend kinktheirkcourt,kandkhavekobtainedkthekthrone.kAndknonekofkthem,kinkorderktokobt ainkthekthrone,kwouldkhavekcommittedkonekactkofkunrighteousness,korkputktokdeath konekinnocentkperson.kInkthosekthingsktheykagreedkwithkhim.' k Chouksaid,k'Ikventurektokas kwhereinkhekdifferedkfromkthem.' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'ZaikWo,kZikGong,kandkYoukRuokhadkwisdomksuffic ientktok nowktheksage.kEvenkhadktheykbeenkran ingkthemselvesklow,ktheykwouldknot khavekdemeanedkthemselvesktokflatterktheirkfavourite.kNow,kZaikWoksaid,k"Accordi ngktokmykviewkofkourkMaster,khekwaskfarksuperiorktokYaokandkShun."kZikGongksaid, k"Bykviewingkthekceremonialkordinanceskofkakprince,kwek nowkthekcharacterkofkhis kgovernment.kBykhearingkhiskmusic,kwek nowkthekcharacterkofkhiskvirtue.kAfterkth eklapsekofkakhundredkageskIkcankarrange,kaccordingktoktheirkmerits,kthek ingskof kakhundredkagesk-knotkonekofkthemkcankescapekme.kFromkthekbirthkofkman indktillk now,ktherekhaskneverkbeenkanotherkli ekourkMaster."kYoukRuoksaid,k"Iskitkonlykam ongkmenkthatkitkiskso?kTherekiskthekQi-linkamongkquadrupeds,kthekFeng-huangkamon gkbirds,kthekTaikmountainkamongkmoundskandkant-hills,kandkriverskandkseaskamongk rain-pools.kThoughkdifferentkinkdegree,ktheykarektheksamekink ind.kSoktheksagesk amongkman indkarekalsoktheksamekink ind.kButktheykstandkoutkfromktheirkfellows,k andkrisekabovektheklevel,kandkfromkthekbirthkofkman indktillknow,ktherekneverkha skbeenkoneksokcompletekaskConfucius."' 3k

: % GongkSunkChoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Hekwho,kusingkforce,kma eskakpret encektokbenevolencekiskthekleaderkofkthekprinces.kAkleaderkofkthekprinceskrequir eskaklargek ingdom.kHekwho,kusingkvirtue,kpractiseskbenevolencekisktheksovereign kofkthek ingdom.kTokbecomektheksovereignkofkthek ingdom,kakprincekneedknotkwaitk forkaklargek ingdom.kTangkdidkitkwithkonlykseventykli,kandk ingkWenkwithkonlykak hundred.kWhenkonekbykforceksubdueskmen,ktheykdoknotksubmitktokhimkinkheart.kThey ksubmit,kbecausektheirkstrengthkisknotkadequatektokresist.kWhenkoneksubdueskmenk bykvirtue,kinktheirkhearts'kcorektheykarekpleased,kandksincerelyksubmit,kaskwask thekcasekwithkthekseventykdiscipleskinktheirksubmissionktokConfucius.kWhatkisksa idkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Fromkthekwest,kfromkthekeast,kFromktheksouth,kfromkth eknorth,kTherekwasknotkonekwhokthoughtkofkrefusingksubmission,"kiskankillustrati onkofkthis.' 4k

: % % GongkSunkChoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Benevolencekbringskgloryktokakpri nce,kandkthekoppositekofkitkbringskdisgrace.kForkthekprinceskofkthekpresentkdayk tokhatekdisgracekandkyetktoklivekcomplacentlykdoingkwhatkisknotkbenevolent,kiskl

i ekhatingkmoisturekandkyetklivingkinkaklowksituation.kIfkakprincekhateskdisgrac e,kthekbestkcoursekforkhimktokpursue,kisktokesteemkvirtuekandkhonourkvirtuousksc holars,kgivingkthekworthiestkamongkthemkplaceskofkdignity,kandkthekablekofficesk ofktrust.kWhenkthroughoutkhisk ingdomktherekiskleisurekandkrestkfromkexternalktr oubles,kletkhim,kta ingkadvantagekofksuchkakseason,kclearlykdigestkthekprinciple skofkhiskgovernmentkwithkitsklegalksanctions,kandkthenkevenkgreatk ingdomskwillk bekconstrainedktokstandkinkawekofkhim.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Before kthekheavenskwerekdar kw1thkrain,kIkgatheredkthekbar kfromkthekrootskofkthekmulb erryktrees,kAndkwovekitkcloselyktokformkthekwindowkandkdoorkofkmyknest;kNow,kIkt hought,kyekpeoplekbelow,kPerhapskyekwillknotkdarektokinsultkme."kConfuciusksaid, k"Didknotkhekwhokmadekthiskodekunderstandkthekwaykofkgoverning?"kIfkakprincekisk ablekrightlyktokgovernkhisk ingdom,kwhokwillkdarektokinsultkhim?kButknowkthekpri nceskta ekadvantagekofkthektimekwhenkthroughoutktheirk ingdomsktherekiskleisurek andkrestkfromkexternalktroubles,ktokabandonkthemselvesktokpleasurekandkindolentk indifferencek-ktheykinkfactksee kforkcalamitieskforkthemselves.kCalamitykandkhap pinesskinkallkcaseskarekmen'skownksee ing.kThiskiskillustratedkbykwhatkisksaidki nkthekBoo kofkPoetryk-kBekalwayskstudiousktokbekinkharmonykwithkthekordinancesko fkGod,kSokyoukwillkcertainlykgetkforkyourselfkmuchkhappiness;"kandkbykthekpassag ekofkthekTaikJia,k"WhenkHeavenksendskdownkcalamities,kitkiskstillkpossiblektokes capekfromkthem;kwhenkwekoccasionkthekcalamitieskourselves,kitkisknotkpossiblekan yklongerktoklive."' 5k

: % GongkSunkChoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Ifkakrulerkgivekhonourktokmenkofk talentskandkvirtuekandkemploykthekable,ksokthatkofficeskshallkallkbekfilledkbyki ndividualskofkdistinctionkandkmar k-kthenkallkthekscholarskofkthek ingdomkwillkb ekpleased,kandkwishktokstandkinkhiskcourt.kIf,kinkthekmar et-placekofkhiskcapita l,kheklevykakground-rentkonkthekshopskbutkdoknotktaxkthekgoods,korkenforcekthekp roperkregulationskwithoutklevyingkakground-rentk-kthenkallkthektraderskofkthek i ngdomkwillkbekpleased,kandkwishktokstorektheirkgoodskinkhiskmar et-place.kIf,kat khiskfrontier-passes,ktherekbekankinspectionkofkpersons,kbutknoktaxeskchargedkon kgoodskorkotherkarticles,kthenkallkthektravellerskofkthek ingdomkwillkbekpleased ,kandkwishktokma ektheirktourskonkhiskroads.kIfkhekrequirekthatkthekhusbandmenkg ivektheirkmutualkaidktokcultivatekthekpublickfeld,kandkexactknokotherktaxeskfrom kthemk-kthenkallkthekhusbandmenkofkthek ingdomkwillkbekpleased,kandkwishktokplou ghkinkhiskfields.kIfkfromkthekoccupierskofkthekshopskinkhiskmar et-placekhekdokn otkexactkthekfinekofkthekindividualkidler,korkofkthekhamlet'skquotakofkcloth,kth enkallkthekpeoplekofkthek ingdomkwillkbekpleased,kandkwishktokcomekandkbekhiskpe ople.kIfkakrulerkcanktrulykpractisekthesekfivekthings,kthenkthekpeoplekinkthekne ighbouringk ingdomskwillkloo kupktokhimkaskakparent.kFromkthekfirstkbirthkofkman indktillknow,kneverkhaskanykonekledkchildrenktokattac ktheirkparent,kandksuccee dedkinkhiskdesign.kThus,ksuchkakrulerkwillknotkhavekankenemykinkallkthek ingdom, kandkhekwhokhasknokenemykinkthek ingdomkiskthekministerkofkHeaven.kNeverkhaskthe rekbeenkakrulerkinksuchkakcasekwhokdidknotkattainktokthekroyalkdignity.' 6k

: %% GongkSunkChoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Allkmenkhavekakmindkwhichkcannotk bearktokseektheksufferingskofkothers.k'Thekancientk ingskhadkthiskcommiseratingk mind,kandkthey,kaskakmatterkofkcourse,khadkli ewisekakcommiseratingkgovernment.k Whenkwithkakcommiseratingkmindkwaskpractisedkakcommiseratingkgovernment,ktokrule kthek ingdomkwaskaskeasykakmatterkasktokma ekanythingkgokroundkinkthekpalm.kWhen kIksaykthatkallkmenkhavekakmindkwhichkcannotkbearktokseektheksufferingskofkother s,kmykmeaningkmaykbekillustratedkthus:kevenknow-a-days,kifkmenksuddenlykseekakch ildkaboutktokfallkintokakwell,ktheykwillkwithoutkexceptionkexperiencekakfeelingk ofkalarmkandkdistress.kTheykwillkfeelkso,knotkaskakgroundkonkwhichktheykmaykgain kthekfavourkofkthekchild'skparents,knorkaskakgroundkonkwhichktheykmayksee kthekp raisekofktheirkneighbourskandkfriends,knorkfromkakdisli ektokthekreputationkofkh avingkbeenkunmovedkbyksuchkakthing.kFromkthiskcasekwekmaykperceivekthatkthekfeel ingkofkcommiserationkiskessentialktokman,kthatkthekfeelingkofkshamekandkdisli ek iskessentialktokman,kthatkthekfeelingkofkmodestykandkcomplaisancekiskessentialkt

okman,kandkthatkthekfeelingkofkapprovingkandkdisapprovingkiskessentialktokman.kT hekfeelingkofkcommiserationkiskthekprinciplekofkbenevolence.kThekfeelingkofksham ekandkdisli ekiskthekprinciplekofkrighteousness.kThekfeelingkofkmodestykandkcomp laisancekiskthekprinciplekofkpropriety.kThekfeelingkofkapprovingkandkdisapprovin gkiskthekprinciplekofk nowledge.kMenkhavekthesekfourkprincipleskjustkasktheykhav ektheirkfourklimbs.kWhenkmen,khavingkthesekfourkprinciples,kyetksaykofkthemselve skthatktheykcannotkdevelopkthem,ktheykplaykthekthiefkwithkthemselves,kandkhekwho ksayskofkhiskprincekthatkhekcannotkdevelopkthemkplayskthekthiefkwithkhiskprince. kSincekallkmenkhavekthesekfourkprincipleskinkthemselves,kletkthemk nowktokgivekt hemkallktheirkdevelopmentkandkcompletion,kandkthekissuekwillkbekli ekthatkofkfir ekwhichkhaskbegunktokburn,korkthatkofkakspringkwhichkhaskbegunktokfindkvent.kLet kthemkhavektheirkcompletekdevelopment,kandktheykwillksufficektoklovekandkprotect kallkwithinkthekfourkseas.kLetkthemkbekdeniedkthatkdevelopment,kandktheykwillkno tksufficekforkakmanktokservekhiskparentskwith.' 7k

: % GongkSunkChoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Iskthekarrow-ma erklesskbenevolen tkthankthekma erkofkarmourkofkdefence?kAndkyet,kthekarrow-ma er'skonlykfearkiskl estkmenkshouldknotkbekhurt,kandkthekarmour-ma er'skonlykfearkisklestkmenkshouldk bekhurt.kSokitkiskwithkthekpriestkandkthekcoffin-ma er.kThekchoicekofkakprofessi on,ktherefore,kiskakthingkinkwhichkgreatkcautionkiskrequired.kConfuciusksaid,k"I tkiskvirtuouskmannerskwhichkconstitutekthekexcellencekofkakneighbourhood.kIfkakm an,kinkselectingkakresidence,kdoknotkfixkonkonekwhereksuchkprevail,khowkcankhekb ekwise?"kNow,kbenevolencekiskthekmostkhonourablekdignitykconferredkbykHeaven,kan dkthekquietkhomekinkwhichkmankshouldkawell.kSinceknokonekcankhinderkuskfromkbein gkso,kifkyetkwekareknotkbenevolentk-kthiskiskbeingknotkwise.kFromkthekwantkofkbe nevolencekandkthekwantkofkwisdomkwillkensuekthekentirekabsencekofkproprietykandk righteousness;--khekwhokiskinksuchkakcasekmustkbekthekservantkofkotherkmen.kTokb ekthekservantkofkmenkandkyetkashamedkofksuchkservitude,kiskli ekakbowma er'skbei ngkashamedktokma ekbows,korkankarrow-ma er'skbeingkashamedktokma ekarrows.kIfkhe kbekashamedkofkhiskcase,khiskbestkcoursekisktokpractisekbenevolence.kThekmankwho kwouldkbekbenevolentkiskli ekthekarcher.kThekarcherkadjustskhimselfkandkthenksho ots.kIfkhekmisses,khekdoesknotkmurmurkagainstkthosekwhoksurpasskhimself.kHeksimp lykturnskroundkandksee skthekcausekofkhiskfailurekinkhimself.' 8k

: %%% GongkSunkChoukI: Menciusksaid,k'WhenkanykonektoldkZikLukthatkhekh adkakfault,khekrejoiced.kWhenkYukheardkgoodkwords,khekbowedktokthekspea er.kThek greatkShunkhadkakstillkgreaterkdelightkinkwhatkwaskgood.kHekregardedkvirtuekaskt hekcommonkpropertykofkhimselfkandkothers,kgivingkupkhiskownkwayktokfollowkthatko fkothers,kandkdelightingktoklearnkfromkothersktokpractisekwhatkwaskgood.kFromkth ektimekwhenkhekploughedkandksowed,kexercisedkthekpotter'skart,kandkwaskakfisherm an,ktokthektimekwhenkhekbecamekemperor,khekwaskcontinuallyklearningkfromkothers. kTokta ekexamplekfromkothersktokpractisekvirtue,kisktokhelpkthemkinktheksamekpra ctice.kTherefore,ktherekisknokattributekofktheksuperiorkmankgreaterkthankhiskhel pingkmenktokpractisekvirtue.' 9k

: %% GongkSunkChoukI: Menciusksaid,k'BokYikwouldknotkservekakprincekwh omkhekdidknotkapprove,knorkassociatekwithkakfriendkwhomkhekdidknotkesteem.kHekwo uldknotkstandkinkakbadkprince'skcourt,knorkspea kwithkakbadkman.kTokstandkinkakb adkprince'skcourt,korktokspea kwithkakbadkman,kwouldkhavekbeenktokhimktheksameka sktoksitkwithkhiskcourtkrobeskandkcourtkcapkamidkmirekandkashes.kPursuingkthekex aminationkofkhiskdisli ektokwhatkwaskevil,kwekfindkthatkhekthoughtkitknecessary, kifkhekhappenedktokbekstandingkwithkakvillagerkwhosekcapkwasknotkrightlykadjuste d,ktokleavekhimkwithkakhighkair,kaskifkhekwerekgoingktokbekdefiled.kTherefore,ka lthoughksomekofkthekprinceskmadekapplicationktokhimkwithkverykproperkmessages,kh ekwouldknotkreceivektheirkgifts.kHekwouldknotkreceivektheirkgifts,kcountingkitki nconsistentkwithkhiskpurityktokgoktokthem.kHuikofkLiukXiakwasknotkashamedktokser vekankimpurekprince,knorkdidkhekthin kitklowktokbekankinferiorkofficer.kWhenkadv

ancedktokemployment,khekdidknotkconcealkhiskvirtue,kbutkmadekitkakpointktokcarry koutkhiskprinciples.kWhenkneglectedkandkleftkwithoutkoffice,khekdidknotkmurmur.k Whenkstraitenedkbykpoverty,khekdidknotkgrieve.kAccordingly,khekhadkaksaying,"You karekyou,kandkIkamkI.kAlthoughkyoukstandkbykmyksidekwithkbreastkandkaimskbare,ko rkwithkyourkbodykna ed,khowkcankyoukdefilekme?"kTherefore,kself-possessed,khekco mpaniedkwithkmenkindifferently,katktheksamektimeknotklosingkhimself.kWhenkhekwis hedktokleave,kifkpressedktokremainkinkoffice,khekwouldkremain.kHekwouldkremainki nkoffice,kwhenkpressedktokdokso,knotkcountingkitkrequiredkbykhiskpurityktokgokaw ay.' k %% Menciusksaid,k'BokYikwasknarrow-minded,kandkHuikofkLiukXiakwaskw antingkinkself-respect.kTheksuperiorkmankwillknotkmanifestkeitherknarrow-mindedn ess,korkthekwantkofkself-respect.' k-kGongkSunkChoukII 10k

k : % GongkSunkChoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Opportunitieskofktimekvouchsafedk bykHeavenkareknotkequalktokadvantageskofksituationkaffordedkbykthekEarth,kandkad vantageskofksituationkaffordedkbykthekEarthkareknotkequalktokthekunionkarisingkf romkthekaccordkofkMen.kTherekiskakcity,kwithkankinnerkwallkofkthreeklikinkcircum ference,kandkankouterkwallkofkseven.kThekenemyksurroundkandkattac kit,kbutktheyk areknotkablektokta ekit.kNow,ktoksurroundkandkattac kit,ktherekmustkhavekbeenkvo uchsafedktokthemkbykHeavenkthekopportunitykofktime,kandkinksuchkcasektheirknotkt a ingkitkiskbecausekopportunitieskofktimekvouchsafedkbykHeavenkareknotkequalktok advantageskofksituationkaffordedkbykthekEarth.kTherekiskakcity,kwhosekwallskarek distinguishedkforktheirkheight,kandkwhosekmoatskarekdistinguishedkforktheirkdept h,kwherekthekarmskofkitskdefenders,koffensivekandkdefensive,karekdistinguishedkf orktheirkstrengthkandksharpness,kandkthekstoreskofkricekandkotherkgrainkarekvery klarge.kYetkitkiskobligedktokbekgivenkupkandkabandoned.kThiskiskbecausekadvantag eskofksituationkaffordedkbykthekEarthkareknotkequalktokthekunionkarisingkfromkth ekaccordkofkMen.kInkaccordancekwithkthesekprincipleskitkisksaid,k"Akpeoplekiskbo undedkin,knotkbyktheklimitskofkdy eskandkborders;kakStatekisksecured,knotkbykthe kstrengthskofkmountainskandkrivers;kthek ingdomkiskoverawed,knotkbyktheksharpnes skandkstrengthkofkarms."kHekwhokfindskthekproperkcoursekhaskmanyktokassistkhim.k Hekwhokloseskthekproperkcoursekhaskfewktokassistkhim.kWhenkthisk-kthekbeingkassi stedkbykfewk-kreacheskitskextremekpoint,khiskownkrelationskrevoltkfromkthekprinc e.kWhenkthekbeingkassistedkbykmanykreacheskitskhighestkpoint,kthekwholek ingdomk becomeskobedientktokthekprince.kWhenkonektokwhomkthekwholek ingdomkiskpreparedkt okbekobedient,kattac skthosekfromkwhomktheirkownkrelationskrevolt,kwhatkmustkbek thekresult?kTherefore,kthektruekrulerkwillkpreferknotktokfight;kbutkifkhekdokfig ht,khekmustkovercome.' 11k

: % GongkSunkChoukII: AskMenciuskwaskaboutktokgoktokcourtktokseekthek ing,kthek ingksentkakpersonktokhimkwithkthiskmessage:k'Ikwaskwishingktokcomekand kseekyou.kButkIkhavekgotkakcold,kandkmayknotkexposekmyselfktokthekwind.kInkthekm orningkIkwillkholdkmykcourt.kIkdoknotk nowkwhetherkyoukwillkgivekmekthekopportun itykofkseeingkyoukthen.'kMenciuskreplied,k'Unfortunately,kIkamkunwell,kandknotka blektokgoktokthekcourt.' k Nextkday,khekwentkoutktokpaykakvisitkofkcondolencektoksomekoneko fkthekDongkGuokfamily,kwhenkGongkSunkChouksaidktokhim,k'Yesterday,kyoukdeclinedk goingktokthekcourtkonkthekgroundkofkbeingkunwell,kandkto-daykyoukarekgoingktokpa ykakvisitkofkcondolence.kMaykthisknotkbekregardedkaskimproper?'k'Yesterday,'ksai dkMencius,k'Ikwaskunwell;kto-day,kIkamkbetterk-kwhykshouldkIknotkpaykthiskvisit? ' k %% Inkthekmeanktime,kthek ingksentkakmessengerktokinquirekaboutkhis

ksic ness,kandkalsokakphysician.kMengkZhongkrepliedktokthem,k'Yesterday,kwhenkth ek ing'skorderkcame,khekwaskfeelingkaklittlekunwell,kandkcouldknotkgoktokthekcou rt.kTo-daykhekwaskaklittlekbetter,kandkhastenedktokgoktokcourt.kIkdoknotk nowkwh etherkhekcankhavekreachedkitkbykthisktimekorknot.'kHavingksaidkthis,kheksentksev eralkmenktokloo kforkMenciuskonkthekway,kandksayktokhim,k'Ikbegkthat,kbeforekyou kreturnkhome,kyoukwillkgoktokthekcourt.' k % % Onkthis,kMenciuskfeltkhimselfkcompelledktokgoktokJingkChou's,kan dktherekstopktheknight.kMr.kJingksaidktokhim,k'Inkthekfamily,ktherekiskthekrelat ionkofkfatherkandkson;kabroad,ktherekiskthekrelationkofkprincekandkminister.kThe sekarekthektwokgreatkrelationskamongkmen.kBetweenkfatherkandksonkthekrulingkprin ciplekisk indness.kBetweenkprincekandkministerkthekrulingkprinciplekiskrespect.k Ikhavekseenkthekrespectkofkthek ingktokyou,kSir,kbutkIkhaveknotkseenkinkwhatkway kyoukshowkrespectktokhim.' k Menciuskreplied,k'Oh!kwhatkwordskarekthese?kAmongkthekpeoplekofk Qiktherekisknokonekwhokspea sktokthek ingkaboutkbenevolencekandkrighteousness.kA rektheykthusksilentkbecausektheykdoknotkthin kthatkbenevolencekandkrighteousness karekadmirable?kNo,kbutkinktheirkheartsktheyksay,k"Thiskmankisknotkfitktokbekspo enkwithkaboutkbenevolencekandkrighteousness."kThusktheykmanifestkakdisrespectkt hankwhichktherekcankbeknonekgreater.kIkdoknotkdarektoksetkforthkbeforekthek ingk anykbutkthekwayskofkYaokandkShun.kTherekiskthereforeknokmankofkQikwhokrespectskt hek ingksokmuchkaskIkdo.' k %%' Mr.kJingksaid,k'Notkso.kThatkwasknotkwhatkIkmeant.kInkthekBoo ko fkRiteskitkisksaid,k"Whenkakfatherkcalls,kthekanswerkmustkbekwithoutkakmoment'sk hesitation.kWhenkthekprince'skorderkcalls,kthekcarriagekmustknotkbekwaitedkfor." kYoukwerekcertainlykgoingktokthekcourt,kbutkwhenkyoukheardkthek ing'skorder,kthe nkyoukdidknotkcarrykyourkpurposekout.kThiskdoeskseemkaskifkitkwereknotkinkaccord ancekwithkthatkrulekofkpropriety.' k % Menciuskansweredkhim,k'Howkcankyoukgivekthatkmeaningktokmykcondu ct?kThekphilosopherkZengksaid,k"ThekwealthkofkJinkandkChukcannotkbekequalled.kLe tktheirkrulerskhavektheirkwealthk-kIkhavekmykbenevolence.kLetkthemkhavektheirkno bilityk-kIkhavekmykrighteousness.kWhereinkshouldkIkbekdissatisfiedkaskinferiorkt okthem?"kNowkshallkweksaykthatktheseksentimentskareknotkright?kSeeingkthatkthekp hilosopherkZengkspo ekthem,ktherekiskinkthem,kIkapprehend,kakrealkprinciple.kInk thek ingdomktherekarekthreekthingskuniversallykac nowledgedktokbekhonourable.kNo bilitykiskonekofkthem;kagekiskonekofkthem;kvirtuekiskonekofkthem.kInkcourts,knob ilitykholdskthekfirstkplacekofkthekthree;kinkvillages,kagekholdskthekfirstkplace ;kandkforkhelpingkone'skgenerationkandkpresidingkoverkthekpeople,kthekotherktwok areknotkequalktokvirtue.kHowkcankthekpossessionkofkonlykonekofkthesekbekpresumed konktokdespisekonekwhokpossesseskthekotherktwo?kThereforekakprincekwhokisktokacc omplishkgreatkdeedskwillkcertainlykhavekministerskwhomkhekdoesknotkcallktokgokto khim.kWhenkhekwishesktokconsultkwithkthem,khekgoesktokthem.kThekprincekwhokdoesk notkhonourkthekvirtuous,kandkdelightkinktheirkwayskofkdoing,ktokthiskextent,kisk notkworthkhavingktokdokwith.kAccordingly,ktherekwaskthekbehaviourkofkTangktokYik Yin:khekfirstklearnedkofkhim,kandkthenkemployedkhimkaskhiskminister;kandksokwith outkdifficultykhekbecameksovereign.kTherekwaskthekbehaviourkofkthekdu ekHuanktok GuankZhong:khekfirstklearnedkofkhim,kandkthenkemployedkhimkaskhiskminister;kandk sokwithoutkdifficultykhekbecamekchiefkofkallkthekprinces.kNowkthroughoutkthek in gdom,kthekterritorieskofkthekprinceskarekofkequalkextent,kandkinktheirkachieveme ntsktheykarekonkaklevel.kNotkonekofkthemkiskablektokexceedkthekothers.kThiskiskf romknokotherkreason,kbutkthatktheyklovektokma ekministerskofkthosekwhomktheyktea ch,kandkdoknotklovektokma ekministerskofkthosekbykwhomktheykmightkbektaught.kSok didkTangkbehavektokYikYin,kandkthekdu ekHuanktokGuankZhong,kthatktheykwouldknotk venturektokcallkthemktokgoktokthem.kIfkGuankZhongkmightknotkbekcalledktokhimkbyk hiskprince,khowkmuchklesskmaykhekbekcalled,kwhokwouldknotkplaykthekpartkofkGuank Zhong!'

: GongkSunkChoukII: ChenkZhenkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Formerly,kwhen kyoukwerekinkQi,kthek ingksentkyoukakpresentkOfk2,400ktaelskofkfineksilver,kandk youkrefusedktokacceptkit.kWhenkyoukwerekinkSong,k1,680ktaelskwereksentktokyou,kw hichkyoukaccepted;kandkwhenkyoukwerekinkXue,k1,200ktaelskwereksent,kwhichkyoukli ewisekaccepted.kIfkyourkdecliningktokacceptkthekgiftkinkthekfirstkcasekwaskrigh t,kyourkacceptingkitkinktheklatterkcaseskwaskwrong.kIfkyourkacceptingkitkinkthek latterkcaseskwaskright,kyourkdecliningktokdoksokinkthekfirstkcasekwaskwrong.kYou kmustkaccept,kMaster,konekofkthesekalternatives.' k %%%' Menciusksaid,k'Ikdidkrightkinkallkthekcases.kWhenkIkwaskinkSong, kIkwaskaboutktokta ekaklongkjourney.kTravellerskmustkbekprovidedkwithkwhatkiskne cessarykforktheirkexpenses.kThekprince'skmessagekwas,k'Akpresentkagainstktravell ing-expenses."kWhykshouldkIkhavekdeclinedkthekgift?kWhenkIkwaskinkXue,kIkwaskapp rehensivekforkmyksafety,kandkta ingkmeasureskforkmykprotection.kThekmessagekwas, k"Ikhavekheardkthatkyoukarekta ingkmeasuresktokprotectkyourself,kandksendkthiskt okhelpkyoukinkprocuringkarms."kWhykshouldkIkhavekdeclinedkthekgift?kButkwhenkIkw askinkQi,kIkhadknokoccasionkforkmoney.kToksendkakmankakgiftkwhenkhekhasknokoccas ionkforkit,kisktokbribekhim.kHowkiskitkpossiblekthatkaksuperiorkmankshouldkbekta enkwithkakbribe?' 13k

12k

: % GongkSunkChoukII: MenciuskhavingkgonektokPingkLu,kaddressedkthekgo vernorkofkit,ksaying,k'Ifkonekofkyourkspearmenkshouldklosekhiskplacekinkthekran skthreektimeskinkonekday,kwouldkyou,kSir,kputkhimktokdeathkorknot?' k % 'Ikwouldknotkwaitkforkthreektimesktokdokso,'kwaskthekreply. k % Menciusksaid,k'Wellkthen,kyou,kSir,khavekli ewiseklostkyourkplac ekinkthekran skmanyktimes.kInkbadkcalamitouskyears,kandkyearskofkfamine,kthekold kandkfeeblekofkyourkpeople,kwhokhavekbeenkfoundklyingkinkthekditcheskandkwater-c hannels,kandkthekable-bodied,kwhokhavekbeenkscatteredkaboutktokthekfourkquarters ,khavekamountedktokseveralkthousand.' k % Thekgovernorkreplied,k'Thatkiskakstatekofkthingskinkwhichkitkdoe sknotkbelongktokmekJukXinktokact.' k % 'Here,'ksaidkMencius,k'iskakmankwhokreceiveskchargekofkthekcattl ekandksheepkofkanother,kandkunderta esktokfeedkthemkforkhimk-kofkcoursekhekmustk searchkforkpasture-groundkandkgrasskforkthem.kIf,kafterksearchingkforkthose,khek cannotkfindkthem,kwillkhekreturnkhiskchargektokthekowner?korkwillkhekstandkbykan dkseekthemkdie?' k % 'Herein,'ksaidkthekofficer,k'Ikamkguilty.' k %%% Anotherkday,kMenciuskhadkankaudiencekofkthek ing,kandksaidktokhi m,k'OfkthekgovernorskofkyourkMajesty'skcitieskIkamkacquaintedkwithkfive,kbutkthe konlykonekofkthemkwhok nowskhiskfaultskiskKongkJukXin.'kHekthenkrepeatedkthekcon versationktokthek ing,kwhoksaid,k'Inkthiskmatter,kIkamkthekguiltykone.' 14k

: % GongkSunkChoukII: MenciusksaidktokQikWa,k'Therekseemedktokbekreaso nkinkyourkdecliningkthekgovernorshipkofkLingkQiu,kandkrequestingktokbekappointed kchiefkcriminalkjudge,kbecausektheklatterkofficekwouldkaffordkyoukthekopportunit ykofkspea ingkyourkviews.kNowkseveralkmonthskhavekelapsed,kandkhavekyoukyetkfoun dknothingkofkwhichkyoukmightkspea ?' k % Onkthis,kQikWakremonstratedkonksomekmatterkwithkthek ing,kand,kh iskcounselknotkbeingkta en,kresignedkhiskofficekandkwentkaway.kThekpeoplekofkQik said,k'Inkthekcoursekwhichkhekmar edkoutkforkQikWakhekdidkwell,kbutkwekdoknotk n

owkasktokthekcoursekwhichkhekpursueskforkhimself.' k %% HiskdisciplekGongkDuktoldkhimkthesekremar s.kMenciusksaid,k'Ikha vekheardkthatkhekwhokiskinkchargekofkankoffice,kwhenkhekiskpreventedkfromkfulfil lingkitskduties,koughtktokta ekhiskdeparture,kandkthatkhekonkwhomkiskthekrespons ibilitykofkgivingkhiskopinion,kwhenkhekfindskhiskwordskunattendedkto,koughtktokd oktheksame.kButkIkamkinkchargekofknokoffice;konkmekdevolvesknokdutykofkspea ingk outkmykopinionk-kmayknotkIkthereforekactkfreelykandkwithoutkanykconstraint,keith erkinkgoingkforwardkorkinkretiring?' 15k

: % GongkSunkChoukII: Mencius,koccupyingkthekpositionkofkakhighkdignit arykinkQi,kwentkonkakmissionkofkcondolencektokTeng.kThek ingkalsoksentkWangkHuan ,kthekgovernorkofkGai,kaskassistant-commissioner.kWangkHuan,kmorningkandkevening ,kwaitedkuponkMencius,kwho,kduringkallkthekwayktokTengkandkbac ,kneverkspo ektok himkaboutkthekbusinesskofktheirkmission. k % GongkSunkChouksaidktokMencius,k'Thekpositionkofkakhighkdignitary kofkQikisknotkaksmallkone;kthekroadkfromkQiktokTengkisknotkshort.kHowkwaskitktha tkduringkallkthekwayktherekandkbac ,kyoukneverkspo ektokHuankaboutkthekmattersko fkyourkmission?' k Menciuskreplied,k'Therekwerekthekproperkofficerskwhokattendedkto kthem.kWhatkoccasionkhadkIktokspea ktokhimkaboutkthem?' 16k

: % GongkSunkChoukII: MenciuskwentkfromkQiktokLuktokburykhiskmother.kO nkhiskreturnktokQi,khekstoppedkatkYing,kwhere k %% ChongkYukbeggedktokputkakquestionktokhim,kandksaid,k'Formerly,ki nkignorancekofkmykincompetency,kyoukemployedkmektoksuperintendkthekma ingkofkthe kcoffin.kAskyoukwerekthenkpressedkbykthekurgencykofkthekbusiness,kIkdidknotkvent urektokputkanykquestionktokyou.kNow,khowever,kIkwishktokta ektheklibertyktoksubm itkthekmatter.kThekwoodkofkthekcoffin,kitkappearedktokme,kwasktookgood.' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Anciently,ktherekwasknokrulekforktheksizekofke itherkthekinnerkorkthekouterkcoffin.kInkmiddlekantiquity,kthekinnerkcoffinkwaskm adeksevenkincheskthic ,kandkthekouterkonektheksame.kThiskwaskdonekbykall,kfromkt heksovereignktokthekcommonkpeople,kandknotksimplykforkthekbeautykofkthekappearan ce,kbutkbecausektheykthusksatisfiedktheknaturalkfeelingskofktheirkhearts.kIfkpre ventedkbykstatutorykregulationskfromkma ingktheirkcoffinskinkthiskway,kmenkcanno tkhavekthekfeelingkofkpleasure.kIfktheykhaveknotkthekmoneyktokma ekthemkinkthisk way,ktheykcannotkhavekthekfeelingkofkpleasure.kWhenktheykwereknotkprevented,kand khadkthekmoney,kthekancientskallkusedkthiskstyle.kWhykshouldkIkaloneknotkdokso?k Andkmoreover,kiskthereknoksatisfactionktoktheknaturalkfeelingskofkakman,kinkprev entingkthekearthkfromkgettingknearktokthekbodieskofkhiskdead?kIkhavekheardkthatk theksuperiorkmankwillknotkforkallkthekworldkbekniggardlyktokhiskparents.' 17k

: GongkSunkChoukII: ShenkTong,konkhiskownkimpulse,kas edkMencius,ksa ying,k'MaykYankbeksmitten?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Itkmay.kZikKuaikhadknokrightktokgivekYanktokan otherkman,kandkZikZhikhadknokrightktokreceivekYankfromkZikKuai.kSupposektherekwe rekankofficerkhere,kwithkwhomkyou,kSir,kwerekpleased,kandkthat,kwithoutkinformin gkthek ing,kyoukwerekprivatelyktokgivektokhimkyourksalarykandkran ;kandksupposek thatkthiskofficer,kalsokwithoutkthek ing'skorders,kwerekprivatelyktokreceivekthe mkfromkyouk-kwouldksuchkaktransactionkbekallowable?kAndkwherekiskthekdifferencek betweenkthekcasekofkYankandkthis?' k %

ThekpeoplekofkQiksmotekYan.kSomekonekas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Isk itkreallykthekcasekthatkyoukadvisedkQiktoksmitekYan?' k %'`'%`' Hekreplied,k'No.kShenkTongkas edkmekwhetherkYankmightkbeksmitten ,kandkIkansweredkhim,k"Itkmay."kTheykaccordinglykwentkandksmotekit.kIfkhekhadkas edkme,k"Whokmayksmitekit?"kIkwouldkhavekansweredkhim,k"Hekwhokiskthekministerko fkHeavenkmayksmitekit."kSupposekthekcasekofkakmurderer,kandkthatkonekas skme,k"M aykthiskmankbekputktokdeath?"kIkwillkanswerkhim,k"Hekmay."kIfkhekas kme,k"Whokma ykputkhimktokdeath?"kIkwillkanswerkhim,k"Thekchiefkcriminalkjudgekmaykputkhimkto kdeath."kButknowkwithkonekYanktoksmitekanotherkYank-khowkshouldkIkhavekadvisedkt his?' 18k

: %% GongkSunkChoukII: ThekpeoplekofkYankhavingkrebelled,kthek ingkofkQ iksaid,k'IkfeelkverykmuchkashamedkwhenkIkthin kofkMencius.' k % ChenkJiaksaidktokhim,k'LetknotkyourkMajestykbekgrieved.kWhetherk doeskyourkMajestykconsiderkyourselfkorkZhoukGongkthekmorekbenevolentkandkwise?' k Thek ingkreplied,k'Oh!kwhatkwordskarekthose?' k %% 'Thekdu ekofkZhou,'ksaidkJia,k'appointedkGuankShuktokoverseekthe kheirkofkYin,kbutkGuankShukwithkthekpowerkofkthekYinkStatekrebelled.kIfk nowingk thatkthiskwouldkhappenkhekappointedkGuankShu,khekwaskdeficientkinkbenevolence.kI fkhekappointedkhim,knotk nowingkthatkitkwouldkhappen,khekwaskdeficientkink nowle dge.kIfkthekdu ekofkZhoukwasknotkcompletelykbenevolentkandkwise,khowkmuchklesskc ankyourkMajestykbekexpectedktokbekso!kIkbegktokgokandkseekMencius,kandkrelieveky ourkMajestykfromkthatkfeeling.' k ChenkJiakaccordinglyksawkMencius,kandkas edkhim,ksaying,k'Whatk indkofkmankwaskthekdu ekofkZhou?' k % 'Ankancientksage,'kwaskthekreply. k 'Iskitkthekfact,kthatkhekappointedkGuankShuktokoverseekthekheirk ofkYin,kandkthatkGuankShukwithkthekStatekofkYinkrebelled?' k % 'Itkis.' k 'Didkthekdu ekofkZhouk nowkthatkhekwouldkrebel,kandkpurposelykap pointkhimktokthatkoffice?' k % Menciusksaid,k'Hekdidknotk now.' k 'Then,kthoughkaksage,khekstillkfellkintokerror?' k % 'Thekdu ekofkZhou,'kansweredkMencius,k'waskthekyoungerkbrother.k GuankShukwaskhiskelderkbrother.kWasknotkthekerrorkofkZhoukGongkinkaccordancekwit hkwhatkiskright?kMoreover,kwhenktheksuperiorkmenkofkoldkhadkerrors,ktheykreforme dkthem.kTheksuperiorkmenkofkthekpresentktime,kwhenktheykhavekerrors,kpersistkink them.kThekerrorskofktheksuperiorkmenkofkoldkwerekli ekeclipseskofktheksunkandkmo on.kAllkthekpeoplekwitnessedkthem,kandkwhenktheykhadkreformedkthem,kallkthekpeop lekloo edkupktokthemkwithktheirkformerkadmiration.kButkdoktheksuperiorkmenkofkth ekpresentkdaykonlykpersistkinktheirkerrors?kTheykgokonktokapologizekforkthemkli ewise.' 19k

: %% GongkSunkChoukII: Menciuskgavekupkhiskoffice,kandkmadekarrangement skforkreturningktokhisknativekState.kThek ingkcamektokvisitkhim,kandksaid,k'Form erly,kIkwishedktokseekyou,kbutkinkvain.kThen,kIkgotkthekopportunitykofkbeingkbyk

yourkside,kandkallkmykcourtkjoyedkexceedinglykalongkwithkme.kNowkagainkyoukaband onkme,kandkarekreturningkhome.kIkdoknotk nowkifkhereafterkIkmaykexpectktokhaveka notherkopportunitykofkseeingkyou.'kMenciuskreplied,k'Ikdareknotkrequestkpermissi onktokvisitkyoukatkanykparticularktime,kbut,kindeed,kitkiskwhatkIkdesire.' k % Anotherkday,kthek ingksaidktokthekofficerkShi,k'IkwishktokgivekM enciuskakhouse,ksomewherekinkthekmiddlekofkthek ingdom,kandktoksupportkhiskdisci pleskwithkankallowancekofk10,000kzhong,kthatkallkthekofficerskandkthekpeoplekmay khaveksuchkankexamplektokreverencekandkimitate.kHadkyouknotkbetterktellkhimkthis kforkme?' k %% Shiktoo kadvantagektokconveykthiskmessagekbykmeanskofkthekdiscip lekChen,kwhokreportedkhiskwordsktokMencius.kMenciusksaid,k'Yes;kbutkhowkshouldkt hekofficerkShik nowkthatkthekthingkcouldknotkbe?kSupposekthatkIkwantedktokbekric h,khavingkformerlykdeclinedk100,000kzhong,kwouldkmyknowkacceptingk10,000kbekthek conductkofkonekdesiringkriches?kJikSunksaid,k"AkstrangekmankwaskZikShukYi.kHekpu shedkhimselfkintokthekservicekofkgovernment.kHiskprincekdecliningktokemploykhim, khekhadktokretirekindeed,kbutkhekagainkschemedkthatkhisksonkorkyoungerkbrotherks houldkbekmadekakhighkofficer.kWhokindeedkisktherekofkmenkbutkwisheskforkricheska ndkhonour?kButkhekonly,kamongktheksee erskofkthese,ktriedktokmonopolizekthekcons picuouskmound.k"Ofkoldktime,kthekmar et-dealerskexchangedkthekarticleskwhichkthe ykhadkforkotherskwhichktheykhadknot,kandksimplykhadkcertainkofficersktok eepkord erkamongkthem.kItkhappenedkthatktherekwaskakmeankfellow,kwhokmadekitkakpointktok loo koutkforkakconspicuouskmound,kandkgetkupkuponkit.kThencekhekloo edkrightkand kleft,ktokcatchkinkhisknetkthekwholekgainkofkthekmar et.kThekpeoplekallkthoughtk hiskconductkmean,kandkthereforektheykproceededktoklaykaktaxkuponkhiskwares.kThek taxingkofktradersktoo kitskrisekfromkthiskmeankfellow."' 20k

: % GongkSunkChoukII: Mencius,khavingkta enkhiskleavekofkQi,kwaskpassi ngktheknightkinkZhou. k %% Akpersonkwhokwishedktokdetainkhimkonkbehalfkofkthek ing,kcamekan dksatkdown,kandkbeganktokspea ktokhim.kMenciuskgavekhimknokanswer,kbutkleantkupo nkhiskstoolkandkslept.kThekvisitorkwaskdispleased,kandksaid,k'Ikpassedktheknight kinkcarefulkvigil,kbeforekIkwouldkventurektokspea ktokyou,kandkyou,kMaster,kslee pkandkdoknotklistenktokme.kAllowkmektokrequestkthatkIkmayknotkagainkpresumektoks eekyou.' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Sitkdown,kandkIkwillkexplainkthekcasekclearlyk tokyou.kFormerly,kifkthekdu ekMoukhadknotk eptkakpersonkbyktheksidekofkZikSi,khe kcouldknotkhavekinducedkZikSiktokremainkwithkhim.kIfkXiekLiukandkShenkXiangkhadk notkhadkakremembrancerkbyktheksidekofkthekdu ekMou,khekwouldknotkhavekbeenkablek tokma ekthemkfeelkatkhomekandkremainkwithkhim.kYoukanxiouslykformkplanskwithkref erencektokme,kbutkyoukdoknotktreatkmekaskZikSikwasktreated.kIskitkyou,kSir,kwhok cutkme?kOrkiskitkIkwhokcutkyou? 21k

: % GongkSunkChoukII: WhenkMenciuskhadkleftkQi,kYinkShikspo ekaboutkhi mktokothers,ksaying,k'Ifkhekdidknotk nowkthatkthek ingkcouldknotkbekmadekakTangk orkakWu,kthatkshowedkhiskwantkofkintelligence.kIfkhek newkthatkhekcouldknotkbekm adeksuch,kandkcameknotwithstanding,kthatkshowskhekwasksee ingkhiskownkbenefit.kH ekcamekakthousandkliktokwaitkonkthek ing;kbecausekhekdidknotkfindkinkhimkakruler ktoksuitkhim,khektoo khiskleave,kbutkhowkdilatorykandklingeringkwaskhiskdepartur e,kstoppingkthreeknightskbeforekhekquittedkZhou!kIkamkdissatisfiedkonkaccountkof kthis.' k % ThekdisciplekGaokinformedkMenciuskofkthesekremar s.kMenciusksaid ,k'HowkshouldkYinkShik nowkme!kWhenkIkcamekakthousandkliktokwaitkonkthek ing,kit kwaskwhatkIkdesiredktokdo.kWhenkIkwentkawaykbecausekIkdidknotkfindkinkhimkakrule

: %% GongkSunkChoukII: WhenkMenciuskleftkQi,kChongkYukquestionedkhimkup onkthekway,ksaying,k'Master,kyoukloo kli ekonekwhokcarrieskankairkofkdissatisfac tionkinkhiskcountenance.kButkformerlykIkheardkyouksay,k"Theksuperiorkmankdoeskno tkmurmurkagainstkHeaven,knorkgrudgekagainstkmen."' k %% Menciusksaid,k'Thatkwaskonektime,kandkthiskiskanother.kItkiskakr ulekthatkaktruekroyalksovereignkshouldkarisekinkthekcoursekofkfivekhundredkyears ,kandkthatkduringkthatktimektherekshouldkbekmenkillustriouskinktheirkgeneration. kFromkthekcommencementkofkthekZhoukdynastyktillknow,kmorekthanksevenkhundredkyea rskhavekelapsed.kJudgingknumerically,kthekdatekiskpast.kExaminingkthekcharacterk ofkthekpresentktime,kwekmightkexpectkthekrisekofksuchkindividualskinkit.kButkHea venkdoesknotkyetkwishkthatkthek ingdomkshouldkenjoyktranquillitykandkgoodkorder. kIfkitkwishedkthis,kwhokisktherekbesideskmektokbringkitkabout?kHowkshouldkIkbeko therwisekthankdissatisfied?' 23k

22k

: % GongkSunkChoukII: WhenkMenciuskleftkQi,khekdweltkinkXiu. k TherekGongkSunkChoukas edkhim,ksaying,k'Waskitkthekwaykofkthekan cientsktokholdkofficekwithoutkreceivingksalary?' k %%% Menciuskreplied,k'No;kwhenkIkfirstksawkthek ingkinkChong,kitkwas kmykintention,konkretiringkfromkthekinterview,ktokgokaway.kBecausekIkdidknotkwis hktokchangekthiskintention,kIkdeclinedktokreceivekanyksalary.kImmediatelykafter, ktherekcamekorderskforkthekcollectionkofktroops,kwhenkitkwouldkhavekbeenkimprope rkforkmektokbegkpermissionktokleave.kButktokremainksoklongkinkQikwasknotkmykpurp ose.' k-kTengkWenkGongkI 1k

: %% TengkWenkGongkI: Whenkthekprince,kafterwardskdu ekWenkofkTeng,kha dktokgoktokChu,khekwentkbykwaykofkSong,kandkvisitedkMencius.kMenciuskdiscoursedk tokhimkhowktheknaturekofkmankiskgood,kandkwhenkspea ing,kalwayskmadeklaudatorykr eferencektokYaokandkShun. k %% WhenkthekprincekwaskreturningkfromkChu,khekagainkvisitedkMencius .kMenciusksaidktokhim,k'Prince,kdokyoukdoubtkmykwords?kThekpathkiskone,kandkonly kone.kChengkGanksaidktokdu ekJingkofkQi,k"Theykwerekmen.kIkamkakman.kWhykshouldk Ikstandkinkawekofkthem?"kYankYuanksaid,k"Whatk indkofkmankwaskShun?kWhatk indkof kmankamkI?kHekwhokexertskhimselfkwillkalsokbecomeksuchkaskhekwas."kGongkMingkYik

rktoksuitkme,kwaskthatkwhatkIkdesiredktokdo?kIkfeltkmyselfkconstrainedktokdokit. kWhenkIkstoppedkthreeknightskbeforekIkquittedkZhou,kinkmykownkmindkIkstillkconsi deredkmykdeparturekspeedy.kIkwaskhopingkthatkthek ingkmightkchange.kIfkthek ingk hadkchanged,khekwouldkcertainlykhavekrecalledkme.kWhenkIkquittedkZhou,kandkthek ingkhadknotksentkafterkme,kthen,kandknotktillkthen,kwaskmykmindkresolutelykbentk onkreturningktokCao.kBut,knotwithstandingkthat,khowkcankitkbeksaidkthatkIkgiveku pkthek ing?kThek ing,kafterkall,kiskonekwhokmaykbekmadektokdokwhatkiskgood.kIfkh ekwerektokusekme,kwouldkitkbekforkthekhappinesskofkthekpeoplekofkQikonlyk?kItkwo uldkbekforkthekhappinesskofkthekpeoplekofkthekwholek ingdom.kIkamkhopingkthatkth ek ingkwillkchange.kIkamkdailykhopingkforkthis.kAmkIkli ekonekofkyourklittle-min dedkpeople?kTheykwillkremonstratekwithktheirkprince,kandkonktheirkremonstrancekn otkbeingkaccepted,ktheykgetkangry;kand,kwithktheirkpassionkdisplayedkinktheirkco untenance,ktheykta ektheirkleave,kandktravelkwithkallktheirkstrengthkforkakwhole kday,kbeforektheykwillkstopkforktheknight.' k % WhenkYinkShikheardkthiskexplanation,kheksaid,k'Ikamkindeedkaksma llkman.'

said,k"KingkWenkiskmykteacher.kHowkshouldkthekdu ekofkZhoukdeceivekmekbykthosekw ords?"kNow,kTeng,kta ingkitsklengthkwithkitskbreadth,kwillkamount,kIksuppose,kto kfiftykli.kItkisksmall,kbutkstillksufficientktokma ekakgoodkState.kItkisksaidkin kthekBoo kofkHistory,k"Ifkmedicinekdoknotkraisekakcommotionkinkthekpatient,khisk diseasekwillknotkbekcuredkbykit."' 2k

: %% TengkWenkGongkI: Whenkthekdu ekDingkofkTengkdied,kthekprinceksaid ktokRankYou,k'Formerly,kMenciuskspo ekwithkmekinkSong,kandkinkmykmindkIkhaveknev erkforgottenkhiskwords.kNow,kalas!kthiskgreatkdutyktokmykfatherkdevolveskuponkme ;kIkwishktoksendkyouktokas kthekadvicekofkMencius,kandkthenktokproceedktokitskva riouskservices' kk %% RankYoukaccordinglykproceededktokZou,kandkconsultedkMencius.kMen ciusksaid,k'Iskthisknotkgood?kInkdischargingkthekfuneralkdutiesktokparents,kmenk indeedkfeelkconstrainedktokdoktheirkutmost.kThekphilosopherkZengksaid,k"Whenkpar entskarekalive,ktheykshouldkbekservedkaccordingktokpropriety;kwhenktheykarekdead ,ktheykshouldkbekburiedkaccordingktokpropriety;kandktheykshouldkbeksacrificedkto kaccordingktokproprietyk-kthiskmaykbekcalledkfilialkpiety."kThekceremoniesktokbe kobservedkbykthekprinceskIkhaveknotklearned,kbutkIkhavekheardkthesekpoints:kthat kthekthreekyears'kmourning,kthekgarmentkofkcoarsekclothkwithkitsklowerkedgekeven ,kandkthekeatingkofkcongee,kwerekequallykprescribedkbykthekthreekdynasties,kandk bindingkonkall,kfromktheksovereignktokthekmasskofkthekpeople.' k % RankYoukreportedkthekexecutionkofkhiskcommission,kandkthekprince kdeterminedkthatkthekthreekyears'kmourningkshouldkbekobserved.kHiskagedkrelative s,kandkthekbodykofkthekofficers,kdidknotkwishkthatkitkshouldkbekso,kandksaid,k'T hekformerkprinceskofkLu,kthatk ingdomkwhichkwekhonour,khave,knonekofkthem,kobser vedkthiskpractice,kneitherkhavekanykofkourkownkformerkprinceskobservedkit.kForky ouktokactkcontraryktoktheirkexamplekisknotkproper.kMoreover,kthekHistoryksays,k" Inkthekobservanceskofkmourningkandksacrifice,kancestorskarektokbekfollowed,"kmea ningkthatktheykreceivedkthosekthingskfromkakproperksourcektokhandkthemkdown.'kTh ekprinceksaidkagainktokRankYou,k'Hitherto,kIkhaveknotkgivenkmyselfktokthekpursui tkofklearning,kbutkhavekfoundkmykpleasurekinkhorsemanshipkandksword-exercise,kan dknowkIkdon'tkcomekupktokthekwisheskofkmykagedkrelativeskandkthekofficers.kIkamk afraidkIkmayknotkbekablektokdischargekmykdutykinkthekgreatkbusinesskthatkIkhavek enteredkon;kdokyoukagainkconsultkMenciuskforkme.' k %%%% Onkthis,kRankYoukwentkagainktokZou,kandkconsultedkMencius.kMenci usksaid,k'Itkiskso,kbutkhekmayknotksee kakremedykinkothers,kbutkonlykinkhimself. kConfuciusksaid,k"Whenkakprincekdies,khisksuccessorkentrustskthekadministrationk tokthekprimekminister.kHeksipskthekcongee.kHiskfacekiskofkakdeepkblac .kHekappro acheskthekplacekofkmourning,kandkweeps.kOfkallkthekofficerskandkinferiorkministe rsktherekisknotkonekwhokwillkpresumeknotktokjoinkinktheklamentation,kheksettingk themkthiskexample.kWhatktheksuperiorkloves,khiskinferiorskwillkbekfoundktoklovek exceedingly.kThekrelationkbetweenksuperiorskandkinferiorskiskli ekthatkbetweenkt hekwindkandkgrass.kThekgrasskmustkbendkwhenkthekwindkblowskuponkit."kThekbusines skdependskonkthekprince.' k %%%%% RankYoukreturnedkwithkthiskanswerktokhiskcommission,kandkthekpri nceksaid,k'Itkiskso.kThekmatterkdoeskindeedkdependkonkme.'kSokforkfivekmonthskhe kdweltkinkthekshed,kwithoutkissuingkankorderkorkakcaution.kAllkthekofficerskandk hiskrelativesksaid,k'Hekmaykbeksaidktokunderstandkthekceremonies.'kWhenkthektime kofkintermentkarrived,ktheykcamekfromkallkquarterskofkthekStatektokwitnesskit.kT hosekwhokhadkcomekfromkotherkStatesktokcondolekwithkhim,kwerekgreatlykpleasedkwi thkthekdeepkdejectionkofkhiskcountenancekandkthekmournfulnesskofkhiskwailingkand kweeping. 3k

: %% TengkWenkGongkI: Thekdu ekWenkofkTengkas edkMenciuskaboutkthekpro

perkwaykofkgoverningkak ingdom.kMenciusksaid,k'Thekbusinesskofkthekpeoplekmaykno tkbekremisslykattendedkto.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Inkthekday-lightkg okandkgatherkthekgrass,kAndkatknightktwistkyourkropes;kThenkgetkupkquic lykonkth ekroofs;kSoonkmustkwekbeginksowingkagainkthekgrain."kThekwaykofkthekpeoplekiskth is:kIfktheykhavekakcertainklivelihood,ktheykwillkhavekakfixedkheart;kifktheykhav eknotkakcertainklivelihood,ktheykhaveknotkakfixedkheart.kIfktheykhaveknotkakfixe dkheart,ktherekisknothingkwhichktheykwillknotkdokinkthekwaykofkself-abandonment, kofkmoralkdeflection,kofkdepravity,kandkofkwildklicense.kWhenktheykhavekthuskbee nkinvolvedkinkcrime,ktokfollowkthemkupkandkpunishkthemk-kthiskisktokentrapkthekp eople.kHowkcanksuchkakthingkaskentrappingkthekpeoplekbekdonekunderkthekrulekofka kbenevolentkman?kTherefore,kakrulerkwhokiskendowedkwithktalentskandkvirtuekwillk bekgravelykcomplaisantkandkeconomical,kshowingkakrespectfulkpolitenessktokhiskmi nisters,kandkta ingkfromkthekpeoplekonlykinkaccordancekwithkregulatedklimits.kYa ngkHuksaid,k"Hekwhoksee sktokbekrichkwillknotkbekbenevolent.kHekwhokwishesktokbe kbenevolentkwillknotkbekrich." k % TheksovereignkofkthekXiakdynastykenactedkthekfiftykmukallotment ,kandkthekpaymentkofkaktax.kThekfounderkofkthekYinkenactedkthekseventykmukallotm ent,kandktheksystemkofkmutualkaid.kThekfounderkofkthekZhoukenactedkthekhundredkm ukallotment,kandkthekshareksystem.kInkreality,kwhatkwaskpaidkinkallkthesekwaskak tithe.kThekshareksystemkmeanskmutualkdivision.kThekaidksystemkmeanskmutualkdepen dence.kLongksaid,k"Forkregulatingktheklands,ktherekisknokbetterksystemkthankthat kofkmutualkaid,kandknonekwhichkisknotkbetterkthankthatkofktaxing.kBykthektaxksys tem,kthekregularkamountkwaskfixedkbykta ingkthekaveragekofkseveralkyears.kInkgoo dkyears,kwhenkthekgrainklieskaboutkinkabundance,kmuchkmightkbekta enkwithoutkits kbeingkoppressive,kandkthekactualkexactionkwouldkbeksmall.kButkinkbadkyears,kthe kproducekbeingknotksufficientktokrepaykthekmanuringkofkthekfields,kthisksystemks tillkrequireskthekta ingkofkthekfullkamount.kWhenkthekparentkofkthekpeoplekcause skthekpeoplektokwearkloo skofkdistress,kand,kafterkthekwholekyear'sktoil,kyetkno tktokbekablektoknourishktheirkparents,ksokthatktheykproceedktokborrowingktokincr easektheirkmeans,ktillkthekoldkpeoplekandkchildrenkarekfoundklyingkinkthekditche skandkwater-channelsk-kwhere,kinksuchkakcase,kiskhiskparentalkrelationktokthekpe ople?"kAsktoktheksystemkofkhereditaryksalaries,kthatkiskalreadykobservedkinkTeng .kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Maykthekrainkcomekdownkonkourkpublickfield, kAndkthenkuponkourkprivatekfields!"kItkiskonlykinktheksystemkofkmutualkaidkthatk therekiskakpublickfield,kandkfromkthiskpassagekwekperceivekthatkevenkinkthekZhou kdynastykthisksystemkhaskbeenkrecognised. k % EstablishkXiang,kXu,kXue,kandkXiao,kallkthosekeducationalkinsti tutions,kforkthekinstructionkofkthekpeople.kTheknamekXiangkindicatesknourishingk askitskobject;kXiao,kindicateskteaching;kandkXukindicateskarchery.kBykthekXiakdy nastyktheknamekXiaokwaskused;kbykthekYin,kthatkofkXu;kandkbykthekZhou,kthatkofkX iang.kAsktokthekXue,ktheykbelongedktokthekthreekdynasties,kandkbykthatkname.kThe kobjectkofkthemkallkisktokillustratekthekhumankrelations.kWhenkthosekarekthuskil lustratedkbyksuperiors,k indlykfeelingkwillkprevailkamongkthekinferiorkpeoplekbe low.kShouldkakrealksovereignkarise,khekwillkcertainlykcomekandkta ekankexamplekf romkyou;kandkthuskyoukwillkbekthekteacherkofkthektrueksovereign.kItkisksaidkinkt hekBoo kofkPoetry,k"AlthoughkZhoukwaskankoldkcountry,kItkreceivedkaknewkdestiny. "kThatkisksaidkwithkreferencektok ingkWen.kDokyoukpractisekthosekthingskwithkvig our,kandkyoukalsokwillkbykthemkma eknewkyourk ingdom.' k % Thekdu ekafterwardsksentkBikZhanktokconsultkMenciuskaboutkthekni ne-squaresksystemkofkdividingkthekland.kMenciusksaidktokhim,k'Sincekyourkprince, kwishingktokputkinkpracticekakbenevolentkgovernment,khaskmadekchoicekofkyoukandk putkyoukintokthiskemployment,kyoukmustkexertkyourselfktokthekutmost.kNow,kthekfi rstkthingktowardskakbenevolentkgovernmentkmustkbektoklaykdownkthekboundaries.kIf kthekboundarieskbeknotkdefinedkcorrectly,kthekdivisionkofktheklandkintoksquaresk willknotkbekequal,kandkthekproducekavailablekforksalarieskwillknotkbekevenlykdis tributed.kOnkthiskaccount,koppressivekrulerskandkimpurekministerskareksurektokne glectkthiskdefiningkofkthekboundaries.kWhenkthekboundarieskhavekbeenkdefinedkcor

rectly,kthekdivisionkofkthekfieldskandkthekregulationkofkallowanceskmaykbekdeter minedkbykyou,ksittingkatkyourkease.kAlthoughkthekterritorykofkTengkisknarrowkand ksmall,kyetktherekmustkbekinkitkmenkofkaksuperiorkgrade,kandktherekmustkbekinkit kcountry-men.kIfktherekwereknotkmenkofkaksuperiorkgrade,ktherekwouldkbeknonektok rulekthekcountry-men.kIfktherekwereknotkcountry-men,ktherekwouldkbeknonektoksupp ortkthekmenkofksuperiorkgrade.kIkwouldkas kyou,kinkthekremoterkdistricts,kobserv ingktheknine-squareskdivision,ktokreservekonekdivisionktokbekcultivatedkonktheks ystemkofkmutualkaid,kandkinkthekmorekcentralkpartskofkthek ingdom,ktokma ekthekp eoplekpaykforkthemselveskaktenthkpartkofktheirkproduce.kFromkthekhighestkofficer skdownktoktheklowest,keachkonekmustkhavekhiskholykfield,kconsistingkofkfiftykmu. kLetktheksupernumerarykmaleskhavektheirktwenty-fivekmu.kOnkoccasionskofkdeath,ko rkremovalkfromkonekdwellingktokanother,ktherekwillkbeknokquittingkthekdistrict.k Inkthekfieldskofkakdistrict,kthosekwhokbelongktoktheksameknineksquareskrenderkal lkfriendlykofficesktokonekanotherkinktheirkgoingkoutkandkcomingkin,kaidkonekanot herkink eepingkwatchkandkward,kandksustainkonekanotherkinksic ness.kThuskthekpeo plekarekbroughtktoklivekinkaffectionkandkharmony.kAksquareklikcoversknineksquare skofkland,kwhichknineksquareskcontainkninekhundredkmu.kThekcentralksquarekiskthe kpublickfield,kandkeightkfamilies,keachkhavingkitskprivatekhundredkmu,kcultivate kinkcommonkthekpublickfield.kAndknotktillkthekpublickwor kiskfinished,kmayktheyk presumektokattendktoktheirkprivatekaffairs.kThiskiskthekwaykbykwhichkthekcountry -menkarekdistinguishedkfromkthosekofkaksuperiorkgrade.kThosekarekthekgreatkoutli neskofktheksystem.kHappilyktokmodifykandkadaptkitkdependskonkthekprincekandkyou. ' 4k

: TengkWenkGongkI: TherekcamekfromkChuktokTengkonekXukXing,kwhokgav ekoutkthatkhekactedkaccordingktokthekwordskofkShenkNong.kComingkrightktokhiskgat e,khekaddressedkthekdu ekWen,ksaying,k'Akmankofkakdistantkregion,kIkhavekheardkt hatkyou,kPrince,karekpractisingkakbenevolentkgovernment,kandkIkwishktokreceiveka ksitekforkakhouse,kandktokbecomekonekofkyourkpeople.'kThekdu ekWenkgavekhimkakdw elling-place.kHiskdisciples,kamountingktokseveralktens,kallkworekclotheskofkhair cloth,kandkmadeksandalskofkhempkandkwovekmatskforkakliving. k Atktheksamektime,kChenkXiang,kakdisciplekofkChenkLiang,kandkhisk youngerkbrother,kXin,kwithktheirkplough-handleskandkshareskonktheirkbac s,kcamek fromkSongktokTeng,ksaying,k'Wekhavekheardkthatkyou,kPrince,karekputtingkintokpra cticekthekgovernmentkofkthekancientksages,kshowingkthatkyoukarekli ewisekaksage. kWekwishktokbecomektheksubjectskofkaksage.'kWhenkChenkXiangksawkXukXing,khekwask greatlykpleasedkwithkhim,kand,kabandoningkentirelykwhateverkhekhadklearned,kbeca mekhiskdisciple. k % HavingkankinterviewkwithkMencius,khekrelatedktokhimkwithkapproba tionkthekwordskofkXukXingktokthekfollowingkeffect:k'ThekprincekofkTengkiskindeed kakworthykprince.kHekhasknotkyetkheard,khowever,kthekrealkdoctrineskofkantiquity .kNow,kwisekandkablekprinceskshouldkcultivatekthekgroundkequallykandkalongkwithk theirkpeople,kandkeatkthekfruitkofktheirklabour.kTheykshouldkpreparektheirkownkm eals,kmorningkandkevening,kwhilekatktheksamektimektheykcarrykonktheirkgovernment .kButknow,kthekprincekofkT'angkhaskhiskgranaries,ktreasuries,kandkarsenals,kwhic hkiskankoppressingkofkthekpeoplektoknourishkhimself.kHowkcankhekbekdeemedkakreal kworthykprince?' k % Menciusksaid,'IksupposekthatkXukXingksowskgrainkandkeatskthekpro duce.kIskitknotkso?'k'Itkiskso,'kwaskthekanswer. k %% 'Iksupposekalsokhekweaveskcloth,kandkwearskhiskownkmanufacture.k Iskitknotkso?'k'No.kXukwearskclotheskofkhaircloth.' k % 'Doeskhekwearkakcap?'k'Hekwearskakcap.' k % 'Whatk indkofkcap?'k'Akplainkcap.'

k ' k ndry.' k

%% 'Iskitkwovenkbykhimself?'k'No.kHekgetskitkinkexchangekforkgrain. % 'WhykdoeskXuknotkweavekitkhimself?'k'Thatkwouldkinjurekhiskhusba

% 'DoeskXukcoo khiskfoodkinkboilerskandkearthenwarekpans,kandkdoes khekploughkwithkankironkshare?'k'Yes.' k %% 'Doeskhekma ekthosekarticleskhimself?'k'No.kHekgetskthemkinkexch angekforkgrain.' k Menciuskthenksaid,k'Thekgettingkthosekvariouskarticleskinkexchan gekforkgrain,kisknotkoppressivektokthekpotterkandkthekfounder,kandkthekpotterkan dkthekfounderkinktheirkturn,kinkexchangingktheirkvariouskarticleskforkgrain,kare knotkoppressivektokthekhusbandman.kHowkshouldksuchkakthingkbeksupposed?kAndkmore over,kwhykdoesknotkXukactkthekpotterkandkfounder,ksupplyingkhimselfkwithkthekart icleskwhichkhekusesksolelykfromkhiskownkestablishment?kWhykdoeskhekgokconfusedly kdealingkandkexchangingkwithkthekhandicraftsmen?kWhykdoeskheknotksparekhimselfks okmuchktrouble?'kChenkXiangkreplied,k'Thekbusinesskofkthekhandicraftsmankcankbyk nokmeanskbekcarriedkonkalongkwithkthekbusinesskofkhusbandry.' k %% Menciuskresumed,k'Then,kiskitkthekgovernmentkofkthek ingdomkwhic hkalonekcankbekcarriedkonkalongkwithkthekpracticekofkhusbandry?kGreatkmenkhavekt heirkproperkbusiness,kandklittlekmenkhavektheirkproperkbusiness.kMoreover,kinkth ekcasekofkanyksinglekindividual,kwhateverkarticleskhekcankrequirekarekreadyktokh iskhand,kbeingkproducedkbykthekvariouskhandicraftsmenk-kifkhekmustkfirstkma ekth emkforkhiskownkuse,kthiskwaykofkdoingkwouldk eepkallkthekpeoplekrunningkaboutkup onkthekroads.kHence,ktherekisktheksaying,k"Someklabourkwithktheirkminds,kandksom eklabourkwithktheirkstrength.kThosekwhoklabourkwithktheirkmindskgovernkothers;kt hosekwhoklabourkwithktheirkstrengthkarekgovernedkbykothers.kThosekwhokarekgovern edkbykothersksupportkthem;kthosekwhokgovernkotherskareksupportedkbykthem."kThisk iskakprinciplekuniversallykrecognised. k % InkthektimekofkYao,kwhenkthekworldkhadknotkyetkbeenkperfectlykr educedktokorder,kthekvastkwaters,kflowingkoutkofktheirkchannels,kmadekakuniversa lkinundation.kVegetationkwaskluxuriant,kandkbirdskandkbeastskswarmed.kThekvariou sk indskofkgrainkcouldknotkbekgrown.kThekbirdskandkbeastskpressedkuponkmen.kThek pathskmar edkbykthekfeetkofkbeastskandkprintskofkbirdskcrossedkonekanotherkthrou ghoutkthekMiddlekKingdom.kTokYaokalonekthiskcausedkanxiousksorrow.kHekraisedkShu nktokoffice,kandkmeasuresktokregulatekthekdisorderkwereksetkforth.kShunkcommitte dktokYikthekdirectionkofkthekfirektokbekemployed,kandkYiksetkfirekto,kandkconsum ed,kthekforestskandkvegetationkonkthekmountainskandkinkthekmarshes,ksokthatkthek birdskandkbeastskfledkawayktokhidekthemselves.kYukseparatedkthekninekstreams,kcl earedkthekcourseskofkthekJikandkTa,kandkledkthemkallktoktheksea.kHekopenedkakven tkalsokforkthekRukandkHan,kandkregulatedkthekcoursekofkthekHuaikandkSi,ksokthatk theykallkflowedkintokthekJiang.kWhenkthiskwaskdone,kitkbecamekpossiblekforkthekp eoplekofkthekMiddlekKingdomktokcultivatekthekgroundkandkgetkfoodkforkthemselves. kDuringkthatktime,kYukwaskeightkyearskawaykfromkhiskhome,kandkthoughkhekthricekp assedkthekdoorkofkit,khekdidknotkenter.kAlthoughkhekhadkwishedktokcultivatekthek ground,kcouldkhekhavekdonekso?kThekMinisterkofkAgriculturektaughtkthekpeoplektok sowkandkreap,kcultivatingkthekfivek indskofkgrain.kWhenkthekfivek indskofkgraink werekbroughtktokmaturity,kthekpeoplekallkobtainedkaksubsistence.kButkmenkpossess kakmoralknature;kandkifktheykarekwellkfed,kwarmlykclad,kandkcomfortablyklodged,k withoutkbeingktaughtkatktheksamektime,ktheykbecomekalmostkli ekthekbeasts.kThisk waskaksubjectkofkanxiousksolicitudektoktheksagekShun,kandkhekappointedkXiektokbe kthekMinisterkofkInstruction,ktokteachkthekrelationskofkhumanity:khow,kbetweenkf atherkandkson,ktherekshouldkbekaffection;kbetweenksovereignkandkminister,krighte ousness;kbetweenkhusbandkandkwife,kattentionktoktheirkseparatekfunctions;kbetwee

nkoldkandkyoung,kakproperkorder;kandkbetweenkfriends,kfidelity.kThekhighkmeritor iousksovereignksaidktokhim,k"Encouragekthem;kleadkthemkon;krectifykthem;kstraigh tenkthem;khelpkthem;kgivekthemkwingsk-kthuskcausingkthemktokbecomekpossessorskof kthemselves.kThenkfollowkthiskupkbykstimulatingkthem,kandkconferringkbenefitskon kthem."kWhenktheksageskwerekexercisingktheirksolicitudekforkthekpeoplekinkthiskw ay,khadktheykleisurektokcultivatekthekground? k %% WhatkYaokfeltkgivingkhimkanxietykwasktheknotkgettingkShun.kWhat kShunkfeltkgivingkhimkanxietykwasktheknotkgettingkYukandkGaokYao.kButkhekwhoseka nxietykiskaboutkhiskhundredkmuknotkbeingkproperlykcultivated,kiskakmerekhusbandm an.kThekimpartingkbykakmanktokotherskofkhiskwealth,kiskcalledk" indness."kThekte achingkotherskwhatkiskgood,kiskcalledk"thekexercisekofkfidelity."kThekfindingkak mankwhokshallkbenefitkthek ingdom,kiskcalledk"benevolence."kHencektokgivekthekth ronektokanotherkmankwouldkbekeasy;ktokfindkakmankwhokshallkbenefitkthek ingdomki skdifficult.kConfuciusksaid,k"GreatkindeedkwaskYaokaskaksovereign.kItkiskonlykHe avenkthatkiskgreat,kandkonlykYaokcorrespondedktokit.kHowkvastkwaskhiskvirtue!kTh ekpeoplekcouldkfindknoknamekforkit.kPrincelykindeedkwaskShun!kHowkmajestickwaskh e,khavingkpossessionkofkthek ingdom,kandkyetkseemingkaskifkitkwereknothingktokhi m!"kInktheirkgoverningkthek ingdom,kwerekthereknoksubjectskonkwhichkYaokandkShun kemployedktheirkminds?kTherekwereksubjects,konlyktheykdidknotkemployktheirkminds konkthekcultivationkofkthekground. k % % % Ikhavekheardkofkmenkusingkthekdoctrineskofkourkgreatklandktokch angekbarbarians,kbutkIkhavekneverkyetkheardkofkanykbeingkchangedkbykbarbarians.k ChenkLiangkwaskaknativekofkChu.kPleasedkwithkthekdoctrineskofkZhoukGongkandkZhon gkNi,khekcameknorthwardsktokthekMiddlekKingdomkandkstudiedkthem.kAmongkthekschol arskofktheknorthernkregions,ktherekwaskperhapsknokonekwhokexcelledkhim.kHekwaskw hatkyoukcallkakscholarkofkhighkandkdistinguishedkqualities.kYoukandkyourkbrother kfollowedkhimksomektenskofkyears,kandkwhenkyourkmasterkdied,kyoukforthwithkturne dkawaykfromkhim.kFormerly,kwhenkConfuciuskdied,kafterkthreekvearskhadkelapsed,kh iskdiscipleskcollectedktheirkbaggage,kandkpreparedktokreturnktoktheirkseveralkho mes.kButkonkenteringktokta ektheirkleavekofkZikGong,kasktheykloo edktowardskonek another,ktheykwailed,ktillktheykallklostktheirkvoices.kAfterkthisktheykreturnedk toktheirkhomes,kbutkZikGongkwentkbac ,kandkbuiltkakhousekforkhimselfkonkthekalta r-ground,kwherekheklivedkalonekotherkthreekyears,kbeforekhekreturnedkhome.kOnkan otherkoccasion,kZikXia,kZikZhang,kandkZikYou,kthin ingkthatkYoukRuokresembledkth eksage,kwishedktokrenderktokhimktheksamekobservanceskwhichktheykhadkrenderedktok Confucius.kTheyktriedktokforcekthekdisciplekZengktokjoinkwithkthem,kbutkheksaid, k"Thiskmayknotkbekdone.kWhatkhaskbeenkwashedkinkthekwaterskofkthekJiangkandkHan, kandkbleachedkinkthekautumnksunk-khowkglisteningkiskit!kNothingkcankbekaddedktok it."kNowkherekiskthiskshri e-tonguedkbarbariankofktheksouth,kwhosekdoctrineskare knotkthosekofkthekancientk ings.kYoukturnkawaykfromkyourkmasterkandkbecomekhiskd isciple.kYourkconductkiskdifferentkindeedkfromkthatkofkthekphilosopherkZeng.kIkh avekheardkofkbirdskleavingkdar kvalleysktokremovektokloftyktrees,kbutkIkhaveknot kheardkofktheirkdescendingkfromkloftyktreesktokenterkintokdar kvalleys.kInkthekP raise-songskofkLukitkisksaid,k"Heksmotekthekbarbarianskofkthekwestkandktheknorth ,kHekpunishedkJingkandkShu."kThuskZhoukGongkwouldkbeksurektoksmitekthem,kandkyou kbecomektheirkdisciplekagain;kitkappearskthatkyourkchangekisknotkgood.' k %% ChenkXiangksaid,k'IfkXu'skdoctrineskwerekfollowed,kthenktherekwo uldknotkbektwokpriceskinkthekmar et,knorkanykdeceitkinkthek ingdom.kIfkakboykofk fivekcubitskwereksentktokthekmar et,knokonekwouldkimposekonkhim;klinenkandksil k ofktheksameklengthkwouldkbekofktheksamekprice.kSokitkwouldkbekwithkbundleskofkhe mpkandksil ,kbeingkofktheksamekweight;kwithkthekdifferentk indskofkgrain,kbeingk theksamekinkquantity;kandkwithkshoeskwhichkwerekofktheksameksize.'kMenciuskrepli ed,k'Itkisktheknaturekofkthingsktokbekofkunequalkquality.kSomekarektwice,ksomekf ivektimes,ksomektenktimes,ksomekakhundredktimes,ksomekakthousandktimes,ksomekten kthousandktimeskaskvaluablekaskothers.kIfkyoukreducekthemkallktoktheksamekstanda rd,kthatkmustkthrowkthek ingdomkintokconfusion.kIfklargekshoeskandksmallkshoeskw erekofktheksamekprice,kwhokwouldkma ekthem?kForkpeoplektokfollowkthekdoctrinesko

fkXu,kwouldkbekforkthemktokleadkonekanotherkonktokpractisekdeceit.kHowkcanktheyk availkforkthekgovernmentkofkakState?' 5k

: % TengkWenkGongkI: ThekMohist,kYikZhi,ksought,kthroughkXukBi,ktokse ekMencius.kMenciusksaid,k'Ikindeedkwishktokseekhim,kbutkatkpresentkIkamkstillkun well.kWhenkIkamkbetter,kIkwillkmyselfkgokandkseekhim.kHekneedknotkcomekherekagai n.' k %%% Nextkday,kYikZhikagainksoughtktokseekMencius.kMenciusksaid,k'TodaykIkamkablektokseekhim.kButkifkIkdoknotkcorrectkhiskerrors,kthektruekprinciple skwillknotkbekfullykevident.kLetkmekfirstkcorrectkhim.kIkhavekheardkthatkthiskYi kiskakMohist.kNowkMokconsiderskthatkinkthekregulationkofkfuneralkmatterskakspare ksimplicitykshouldkbekthekrule.kYikthin skwithkMo'skdoctrinesktokchangekthekcust omskofkthek ingdomk-khowkdoeskhekregardkthemkaskifktheykwerekwrong,kandknotkhono urkthem?kNotwithstandingkhiskviews,kYikburiedkhiskparentskinkaksumptuouskmanner, kandksokhekservedkthemkinkthekwaykwhichkhiskdoctrineskdiscountenance.' k %' ThekdisciplekXukinformedkYikofkthesekremar s.kYiksaid,k'Evenkacc ordingktokthekprincipleskofktheklearned,kwekfindkthatkthekancientskactedktowards kthekpeoplek"askifktheykwerekwatchingkoverkankinfant."kWhatkdoeskthiskexpression kmean?kTokmekitksoundskthatkwekarektoklovekallkwithoutkdifferencekofkdegree;kbut kthekmanifestationkofklovekmustkbeginkwithkourkparents.' k % XukreportedkthiskreplyktokMencius,kwhoksaid,k'Now,kdoeskYikreall ykthin kthatkakman'skaffectionkforkthekchildkofkhiskbrotherkiskmerelykli ekhiska ffectionkforkthekinfantkofkakneighbour?kWhatkisktokbekapprovedkinkthatkexpressio nkisksimplykthis:kthatkifkankinfantkcrawlingkaboutkiskli elyktokfallkintokakwell ,kitkisknokcrimekinkthekinfant.kMoreover,kHeavenkgiveskbirthktokcreatureskinksuc hkakwaykthatktheykhavekonekroot,kandkYikma eskthemktokhavektwokroots.kThiskiskth ekcausekofkhiskerror.kAnd,kinkthekmostkancientktimes,ktherekwereksomekwhokdidkno tkinterktheirkparents.kWhenktheirkparentskdied,ktheyktoo kthemkupkandkthrewkthem kintoksomekwater-channel.kAfterwards,kwhenkpassingkbykthem,ktheyksawkfoxeskandkw ild-catskdevouringkthem,kandkflieskandkgnatskbitingkatkthem.kThekperspirationkst artedkoutkuponktheirkforeheads,kandktheykloo edkaway,kunablektokbearktheksight.k Itkwasknotkonkaccountkofkotherkpeoplekthatkthiskperspirationkflowed.kThekemotion skofktheirkheartskaffectedktheirkfaceskandkeyes,kandkinstantlyktheykwentkhome,ka ndkcamekbac kwithkbas etskandkspadeskandkcoveredkthekbodies.kIfkthekcoveringkthe mkthuskwaskindeedkright,kyoukmaykseekthatkthekfilialksonkandkvirtuouskman,kinkin terringkinkakhandsomekmannerktheirkparents,kactkaccordingktokakproperkrule.' k % % ThekdisciplekXukinformedkYikofkwhatkMenciuskhadksaid.kYikwasktho ughtfulkforkakshortktime,kandkthenksaid,k'Hekhaskinstructedkme.' k-kTengkWenkGongkII 6k

: % TengkWenkGongkII: ChenkDaiksaidktokMencius,k'Inknotkgoingktokwaitk uponkanykofkthekprinces,kyoukseemktokmektokbekstandingkonkaksmallkpoint.kIfknowk youkwerekoncektokwaitkuponkthem,kthekresultkmightkbeksokgreatkthatkyoukwouldkma ekonekofkthemksovereign,kor,kifksmaller,kthatkyoukwouldkma ekonekofkthemkchiefko fkallkthekotherkprinces.kMoreover,kthekHistoryksays,k"Bykbendingkonlykonekcubit, kyoukma ekeightkcubitskstraight."kItkappearsktokmekli ekakthingkwhichkmightkbekd one.' k % Menciusksaid,k'Formerly,kthekdu ekJingkofkQi,koncekwhenkhekwaskh unting,kcalledkhiskforesterktokhimkbykakflag.kThekforesterkwouldknotkcome,kandkt hekdu ekwaskgoingktok illkhim.kWithkreferencektokthiskincident,kConfuciusksaid,k "Thekdeterminedkofficerkneverkforgetskthatkhiskendkmaykbekinkakditchkorkakstream ;kthekbravekofficerkneverkforgetskthatkhekmayklosekhiskhead."kWhatkwaskitkinkthe

kforesterkthatkConfuciuskthuskapproved?kHekapprovedkhisknotkgoingktokthekdu e,kw henksummonedkbykthekarticlekwhichkwasknotkappropriatektokhim.kIfkonekgoktokseekt hekprinceskwithoutkwaitingktokbekinvited,kwhatkcankbekthoughtkofkhim?kMoreover,k thatksentence,k"Bykbendingkonlykonekcubit,kyoukma ekeightkcubitskstraight,"kisks po enkwithkreferencektokthekgainkthatkmaykbekgot.kIfkgainkbekthekobject,kthen,ki fkitkcankbekgotkbykbendingkeightkcubitsktokma ekonekcubitkstraight,kmaykwekli ew isekdokthat?kFormerly,kthekofficerkZhaokJiankmadekWangkLiangkactkaskcharioteerkf orkhiskfavouritekXi,kwhen,kinkthekcoursekofkakwholekday,ktheykdidknotkgetkaksing lekbird.kThekfavouritekXikreportedkthiskresult,ksaying,k"Hekiskthekpoorestkchari oteerkinkthekworld."kSomekonektoldkthisktokWangkLiang,kwhoksaid,k"Ikbegkleavekto ktrykagain."kBykdintkofkpressing,kthiskwaskaccordedktokhim,kwhenkinkonekmorningk theykgotktenkbirds.kThekfavourite,kreportingkthiskresult,ksaid,k"Hekiskthekbestk charioteerkinkthekworld."kJianksaid,k"Ikwillkma ekhimkalwayskdrivekyourkchariotk forkyou."kWhenkhektoldkWangkLiangkso,khowever,kLiangkrefused,ksaying,k"Ikdrovekf orkhim,kstrictlykobservingkthekproperkruleskforkdriving,kandkinkthekwholekdaykhe kdidknotkgetkonekbird.kIkdrovekforkhimksokaskdeceitfullyktokinterceptkthekbirds, kandkinkonekmorningkhekgotkten.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k'Therekisknokf ailurekinkthekmanagementkofktheirkhorses;kThekarrowskarekdischargedksurely,kli e kthekblowskofkankaxe.'kIkamknotkaccustomedktokdrivekforkakmeankman.kIkbegkleavek tokdeclinekthekoffice."kThuskthiskcharioteerkevenkwaskashamedktokbendkimproperly ktokthekwillkofksuchkankarcher.kThough,kbykbendingktokit,ktheykwouldkhavekcaught kbirdskandkanimalsksufficientktokformkakhill,khekwouldknotkdokso.kIfkIkwerektokb endkmykprincipleskandkfollowkthosekprinces,kofkwhatk indkwouldkmykconductkbe?kAn dkyoukarekwrong.kNeverkhaskakmankwhokhaskbentkhimselfkbeenkablektokma ekothersks traight.' 7k

: % TengkWenkGongkII: JingkChunksaidktokMencius,k'AreknotkGongkSunkYan kandkZhangkYikreallykgreatkmen?kLetkthemkoncekbekangry,kandkallkthekprinceskarek afraid.kLetkthemklivekquietly,kandkthekflameskofktroublekarekextinguishedkthroug houtkthek ingdom.' k Menciusksaid,k'Howkcanksuchkmenkbekgreatkmen?kHavekyouknotkreadk thekRitualkUsages?k"Atkthekcappingkofkakyoungkman,khiskfatherkadmonisheskhim.kAt kthekmarryingkawaykofkakyoungkwoman,kherkmotherkadmonisheskher,kaccompanyingkher ktokthekdoorkonkherkleaving,kandkcautioningkherkwithkthesekwords,k'Youkarekgoing ktokyourkhome.kYoukmustkbekrespectful;kyoukmustkbekcareful.kDoknotkdisobeykyourk husband.'"kThus,ktokloo kuponkcompliancekasktheirkcorrectkcoursekiskthekrulekfor kwomen.kTokdwellkinkthekwidekhousekofkthekworld,ktokstandkinkthekcorrectkseatkof kthekworld,kandktokwal kinkthekgreatkpathkofkthekworld;kwhenkhekobtainskhiskdesi rekforkoffice,ktokpractisekhiskprincipleskforkthekgoodkofkthekpeople;kandkwhenkt hatkdesirekiskdisappointed,ktokpractisekthemkalone;ktokbekabovekthekpowerkofkric heskandkhonoursktokma ekdissipated,kofkpovertykandkmeankconditionktokma ekswerve kfromkprinciple,kandkofkpowerkandkforcektokma ekbendk-kthesekcharacteristicskcon stitutekthekgreatkman.' 8k

: TengkWenkGongkII: ZhoukXiaokas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Didksuperiorkm enkofkoldktimekta ekoffice?' k %%'` Menciuskreplied,k'Theykdid.kThekRecordksays,k"IfkConfuciuskwaskt hreekmonthskwithoutkbeingkemployedkbyksomekruler,khekloo edkanxiouskandkunhappy. kWhenkhekpassedkfromkthekboundarykofkakState,khekwasksurektokcarrykwithkhimkhisk properkgiftkofkintroduction."kGongkMingkYiksaid,k"Amongkthekancients,kifkankoffi cerkwaskthreekmonthskunemployedkbykakruler,khekwaskcondoledkwith."' k Xiaoksaid,k'Didknotkthiskcondoling,konkbeingkthreekmonthskunempl oyedkbykakruler,kshowkaktookgreatkurgency?' k % Menciuskanswered,k'Theklosskofkhiskplacektokankofficerkiskli ekt

heklosskofkhiskStatektokakprince.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkRites,k"Akprincekplo ughskhimself,kandkiskassistedkbykthekpeople,ktoksupplykthekmilletkforksacrifice. kHiskwifek eepsksil worms,kandkunwindsktheirkcocoons,ktokma ekthekgarmentskforks acrifice."kIfkthekvictimskbeknotkperfect,kthekmilletknotkpure,kandkthekdressknot kcomplete,khekdoesknotkpresumektoksacrifice.k"Andkthekscholarkwho,koutkofkoffice ,khasknokholykfield,kinktheksamekway,kdoesknotksacrifice.kThekvictimskforkslaugh ter,kthekvessels,kandkthekgarments,knotkbeingkallkcomplete,khekdoesknotkpresumek toksacrifice,kandkthenkneitherkmaykhekdarektokfeelkhappy."kIskthereknotkhereksuf ficientkgroundkalsokforkcondolence?' k Xiaokagainkas ed,k'WhatkwaskthekmeaningkofkConfucius'skalwayskca rryingkhiskproperkgiftkofkintroductionkwithkhim,kwhenkhekpassedkoverkthekboundar ieskofkthekStatekwherekhekhadkbeen?' k 'Ankofficer'skbeingkinkoffice,'kwaskthekreply,k'iskli ekthekplou ghingkofkakhusbandman.kDoeskakhusbandmankpartkwithkhiskplough,kbecausekhekgoeskf romkonekStatektokanother?' k % Xiaokpursued,k'Thek ingdomkofkJinkiskone,kaskwellkaskothers,kofk officialkemployments,kbutkIkhaveknotkheardkofkanyonekbeingkthuskearnestkaboutkbe ingkinkoffice.kIfktherekshouldkbekthiskurgekwhykdoeskaksuperiorkmankma ekanykdif ficultykaboutkta ingkit?' k %% Menciuskanswered,k'Whenkaksonkiskborn,kwhatkiskdesiredkforkhimki skthatkhekmaykhavekakwife;kwhenkakdaughterkiskborn,kwhatkiskdesiredkforkherkiskt hatkshekmaykhavekakhusband.kThiskfeelingkofkthekparentskiskpossessedkbykallkmen. kIfkthekyoungkpeople,kwithoutkwaitingkforkthekorderskofktheirkparents,kandktheka rrangementskofkthekgo-betweens,kshallkborekholesktokstealkaksightkofkeachkother, korkgetkoverkthekwallktokbekwithkeachkother,kthenktheirkparentskandkallkotherkpe oplekwillkdespisekthem.kThekancientskdidkindeedkalwayskdesirektokbekinkoffice,kb utktheykalsokhatedkbeingksokbykanykimproperkway.kToksee kofficekbykankimproperkw aykiskofkakclasskwithkyoungkpeople'skboringkholes.' 9k

: TengkWenkGongkII: PengkGengkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Iskitknotkanke xtravagantkprocedurektokgokfromkonekprincektokanotherkandklivekuponkthem,kfollow edkbykseveralktenskofkcarriages,kandkattendedkbykseveralkhundredkmen?' k Menciuskreplied,k'Ifktherekbeknotkakproperkgroundkforkta ingkit, kaksinglekbamboo-cupkofkricekmayknotkbekreceivedkfromkakman.kIfktherekbeksuchkak properkground,kthenkShun'skreceivingkthek ingdomkfromkYaokisknotktokbekconsidere dkexcessive.kDokyoukthin kitkwaskexcessive?' k %% Gengksaid,k'No.kButkforkakscholarkperformingknokservicektokrecei vekhisksupportknotwithstandingkiskimproper.' k Menciuskanswered,k'Ifkyoukdoknotkhavekankintercommunicationkofkt hekproductionskofklabour,kandkankinterchangekofkmen'skservices,ksokthatkonekfrom khiskoverpluskmayksupplykthekdeficiencykofkanother,kthenkhusbandmenkwillkhavekak superfluitykofkgrain,kandkwomenkwillkhavekaksuperfluitykofkcloth.kIfkyoukhaveksu chkankinterchange,kcarpenterskandkcarriage-wrightskmaykallkgetktheirkfoodkfromky ou.kHereknowkiskakman,kwho,katkhome,kiskfilial,kandkabroad,krespectfulktokhiskel ders;kwhokwatcheskoverkthekprincipleskofkthekancientk ings,kawaitingkthekrisekof kfutureklearnersk-kandkyetkyoukwillkrefusektoksupportkhim.kHowkiskitkthatkyoukgi vekhonourktokthekcarpenterkandkcarriage-wright,kandkslightkhimkwhokpractiseskben evolencekandkrighteousness?' k PengkGengksaid,k'Thekaimkofkthekcarpenterkandkcarriagewrightkisk byktheirktradesktoksee kforkakliving.kIskitkalsokthekaimkofktheksuperiorkmankink hiskpracticekofkprinciplesktherebyktoksee kforkakliving?'

% 'Whatkhavekyouktokdo,'kreturnedkMencius,k'withkhiskpurpose?kHeki skofkservicektokyou.kHekdeservesktokbeksupported,kandkshouldkbeksupported.kAndkl etkmekas k-kDokyoukremuneratekakman'skintention,korkdokyoukremuneratekhiskservic e.' k % TokthiskKangkreplied,k'Ikremuneratekhiskintention.' k Menciusksaid,k'Therekiskakmankhere,kwhokbrea skyourktiles,kandkd rawskunsightlykfigureskonkyourkwallsk-khiskpurposekmaykbektherebyktoksee kforkhi skliving,kbutkwillkyoukindeedkremuneratekhim?' k % 'No,'ksaidkGeng. k % Menciuskthenkconcluded,k'Thatkbeingkthekcase,kitkisknotkthekpurp osekwhichkyoukremunerate,kbutkthekwor kdone.' 10k

: % TengkWenkGongkII: WankZhangkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Sungkiskaksmal lkState.kItskrulerkisknowksettingkaboutktokpractisekthektruekroyalkgovernment,ka ndkQikandkChukhatekandkattac khim.kWhatkinkthiskcasekisktokbekdone?' k %'` Menciuskreplied,k'WhenkTangkdweltkinkBo,khekadjoinedktokthekStat ekofkGe,kthekchiefkofkwhichkwasklivingkinkakdissolutekstatekandkneglectingkhiskp roperksacrifices.kTangksentkmessengersktokinquirekwhykhekdidknotksacrifice.kHekr eplied,k"Ikhaveknokmeanskofksupplyingktheknecessarykvictims."kOnkthis,kTangkcaus edkoxenkandksheepktokbeksentktokhim,kbutkhekatekthem,kandkstillkcontinuedknotkto ksacrifice.kTangkagainksentkmessengersktokas khimktheksamekquestionkaskbefore,kw henkhekreplied,k"Ikhaveknokmeanskofkobtainingktheknecessarykmillet."kOnkthis,kTa ngksentkthekmasskofkthekpeoplekofkBoktokgokandktillkthekgroundkforkhim,kwhilekth ekoldkandkfeeblekcarriedktheirkfoodktokthem.kThekchiefkofkGekledkhiskpeoplektoki nterceptkthosekwhokwerekthuskchargedkwithkwine,kcoo edkrice,kmillet,kandkpaddy,k andktoo ktheirkstoreskfromkthem,kwhilektheyk illedkthosekwhokrefusedktokgivekthe mkup.kTherekwaskakboykwhokhadksomekmilletkandkfleshkforktheklabourers,kwhokwaskt huskslainkandkrobbed.kWhatkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkHistory,k"ThekchiefkofkGekbeha vedkaskankenemyktokthekprovision-carriers,"khaskreferencektokthis.kBecausekofkhi skmurderkofkthiskboy,kTangkproceededktokpunishkhim.kAllkwithinkthekfourkseasksai d,k"Itkisknotkbecausekhekdesireskthekricheskofkthek ingdom,kbutktokavengekakcomm onkmankandkwoman."kWhenkTangkbegankhiskwor kofkexecutingkjustice,khekcommencedkw ithkGe,kandkthoughkhekmadekelevenkpunitivekexpeditions,khekhadknotkankenemykinkt hek ingdom.kWhenkhekpursuedkhiskwor kinkthekeast,kthekrudektribeskinkthekwestkmu rmured.kSokdidkthosekonktheknorth,kwhenkhekwaskengagedkinktheksouth.kTheirkcrykw ask"Whykdoeskhekma ekusklast."kThus,kthekpeople'sklongingkforkhimkwaskli ektheir klongingkforkrainkinkaktimekofkgreatkdrought.kThekfrequenterskofkthekmar etsksto ppedknot.kThosekengagedkinkweedingkinkthekfieldskmadeknokchangekinktheirkoperati ons.kWhilekhekpunishedktheirkrulers,khekconsoledkthekpeople.kHiskprogresskwaskli ekthekfallingkofkopportunekrain,kandkthekpeoplekwerekdelighted.kItkisksaidkinkt hekBoo kofkHistory,k"Wekhavekwaitedkforkourkprince.kWhenkourkprincekcomes,kwekma ykescapekfromkthekpunishmentskunderkwhichkweksuffer."kTherekbeingksomekwhokwould knotkbecomektheksubjectskofkZhou,k ingkWukproceededktokpunishkthemkonkthekeast.k Hekgavektranquillityktoktheirkpeople,kwhokwelcomedkhimkwithkbas etskfullkofkthei rkblac kandkyellowksil s,ksayingk"Fromkhenceforthkwekshallkservektheksovereignko fkourkdynastykofkZhou,kthatkwekmaykbekmadekhappykbykhim."kSoktheykjoinedkthemsel ves,kasksubjects,ktokthekgreatkcitykofkZhou.kThus,kthekmenkofkstationkofkShangkt oo kbas etskfullkofkblac kandkyellowksil sktokmeetkthekmenkofkstationkofkZhou,ka ndktheklowerkclasseskofkthekonekmetkthosekofkthekotherkwithkbas etskofkricekandk vesselskofkcongee.kWuksavedkthekpeoplekfromkthekmidstkofkfirekandkwater,kseizing konlyktheirkoppressors,kandkdestroyingkthem.'kInkthekGreatkDeclarationkitkisksai d,k"Mykpowerkshallkbekputkforth,kand,kinvadingkthekterritorieskofkShang,kIkwillk seizekthekoppressor.kIkwillkputkhimktokdeathktokpunishkhimk-ksokshallkthekgreatn

esskofkmykwor kappear,kmorekgloriouskthankthatkofkTang."kSongkisknot,kaskyouksay ,kpractisingktruekroyalkgovernment,kandksokforth.kIfkitkwerekpractisingkroyalkgo vernment,kallkwithinkthekfourkseaskwouldkbekliftingkupktheirkheads,kandkloo ingk forkitskprince,kwishingktokhavekhimkforktheirksovereign.kGreatkaskQikandkChukare ,kwhatkwouldktherekbektokfearkfromkthem?' 11k

: % TengkWenkGongkII: MenciusksaidktokDaikBukSheng,k'Ikseekthatkyoukar ekdesiringkyourk ingktokbekvirtuous,kandkwillkplainlyktellkyoukhowkhekmaykbekmad ekso.kSupposekthatktherekiskakgreatkofficerkofkChukhere,kwhokwisheskhisksonktokl earnkthekspeechkofkQi.kWillkhekinkthatkcasekemploykakmankofkQikaskhisktutor,kork akmankofkChu?' k % 'HekwillkemploykakmankofkQiktokteachkhim,'ksaidkBukSheng. k Menciuskwentkon,k'IfkbutkonekmankofkQikbekteachingkhim,kandkther ekbekakmultitudekofkmenkofkChukcontinuallykshoutingkoutkaboutkhim,kalthoughkhisk fatherkbeatkhimkeverykday,kwishingkhimktoklearnkthekspeechkofkQi,kitkwillkbekimp ossiblekforkhimktokdokso.kButkinktheksamekway,kifkhekwerektokbekta enkandkplaced kforkseveralkyearskinkZhuangkorkYue,kthoughkhiskfatherkshouldkbeatkhim,kwishingk himktokspea ktheklanguagekofkChu,kitkwouldkbekimpossiblekforkhimktokdokso.kYouks upposedkthatkXuekJukZhoukwaskakscholarkofkvirtue,kandkyoukhavekgotkhimkplacedkin kattendancekonkthek ing.kSupposekthatkallkinkattendancekonkthek ing,koldkandkyou ng,khighkandklow,kwerekXuekJukZhous,kwhomkwouldkthek ingkhavektokdokevilkwith?kA ndksupposekthatkallkinkattendancekonkthek ing,koldkandkyoung,khighkandklow,karek notkXuekJukZhous,kwhomkwillkthek ingkgavektokdokgoodkwith?kWhatkcankonekXuekJukZ houkdokalonekforkthek ingkofkSong?' 12k

: TengkWenkGongkII: GongkSunkChoukas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Whatkiskth ekpointkofkrighteousnesskinvolvedkinkyourknotkgoingktokseekthekprinces?' k % % Menciuskreplied,k'Amongkthekancients,kifkonekhadknotkeenkakminis terkinkakState,khekdidknotkgoktokseektheksovereign.kDuankGankMukleapedkoverkhisk wallktokavoidkthekprince.kXiekLiukshutkhiskdoor,kandkwouldknotkadmitkthekprince. kThesektwo,khowever,kcarriedktheirkscrupulosityktokexcess.kWhenkakprincekiskurge nt,kitkisknotkimproperktokseekhim.kYangkHuokwishedktokgetkConfuciusktokgoktoksee khim,kbutkdisli edkdoingksokbykanykwantkofkpropriety.kAskitkiskthekrule,ktherefo re,kthatkwhenkakgreatkofficerksendskakgiftktokakscholar,kifktheklatterkbeknotkat khomektokreceivekit,khekmustkgoktokthekofficer'sktokpaykhiskrespects,kYangkHuokw atchedkwhenkConfuciuskwaskout,kandksentkhimkakroastedkpig.kConfucius,kinkhisktur n,kwatchedkwhenkHuokwaskout,kandkwentktokpaykhiskrespectsktokhim.kAtkthatktime,k YangkHuokhadkta enkthekinitiativek-khowkcouldkConfuciuskdeclinekgoingktokseekhim ?kZengziksaid,k"Theykwhokshrugkupktheirkshoulders,kandklaughkinkakflatteringkway ,ktoilkharderkthanktheksummerklabourerkinkthekfields."kZikLuksaid,k"Therekarekth osekwhoktal kwithkpeoplekwithkwhomktheykhaveknokgreatkcommunitykofkfeeling.kIfky oukloo katktheirkcountenances,ktheykarekfullkofkblushes.kIkdoknotkdesirektok now ksuchkpersons."kBykconsideringkthesekremar s,kthekspiritkwhichktheksuperiorkmank nourisheskmaykbek nown.' 13k

: % TengkWenkGongkII: DaikYingkZhiksaidktokMencius,k'Ikamknotkablekatk presentkandkimmediatelyktokdokwithktheklevyingkofkaktithekonly,kandkabolishingkt hekdutieskchargedkatkthekpasseskandkinkthekmar ets.kWithkyourkleavekIkwillklight en,khowever,kbothkthektaxkandkthekduties,kuntilknextkyear,kandkwillkthenkma ekan kendkofkthem.kWhatkdokyoukthin kofksuchkakcourse?' k %'` Menciusksaid,k'Herekiskakman,kwhokeverykdaykappropriatesksomekof khiskneighbour'skstrayedkfowls.kSomekoneksaysktokhim,k"Suchkisknotkthekwaykofkak goodkman;"kandkhekreplies,k"WithkyourkleavekIkwillkdiminishkmykappropriations,ka

ndkwillkta ekonlykonekfowlkakmonth,kuntilknextkyear,kwhenkIkwillkma ekankendkofk thekpractice."kIfkyouk nowkthatkthekthingkiskunrighteous,kthenkusekallkdespatchk inkputtingkankendktokitk-kwhykwaitktillknextkyear?' 14k

: TengkWenkGongkII: ThekdisciplekGongkDuksaidktokMencius,k'Master,kt hekpeoplekbeyondkourkschoolkallkspea kofkyoukaskbeingkfondkofkdisputing.kIkventu rektokas kwhetherkitkbekso.' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Indeed,kIkamknotkfondkofkdisputing,kbutkIkamkc ompelledktokdokit.kAklongktimekhaskelapsedksincekthiskworldkofkmenkreceivedkitsk being,kandktherekhaskbeenkalongkitskhistoryknowkakperiodkofkgoodkorder,kandknowk akperiodkofkconfusion.kInkthektimekofkYao,kthekwaters,kflowingkoutkofktheirkchan nels,kinundatedkthekMiddlekKingdom.kSna eskandkdragonskoccupiedkit,kandkthekpeop lekhadknokplacekwherektheykcouldksettlekthemselves.kInktheklowkgroundsktheykmade knestskforkthemselveskonkthektreeskorkraisedkplatforms,kandkinkthekhighkgroundsk theykmadekcaves.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkHistory,k"Thekwaterskinktheirkwildkco ursekwarnedkme."kThosek"waterskinktheirkwildkcourse"kwerekthekwaterskofkthekgrea tkinundation.kShunkemployedkYuktokreducekthekwatersktokorder.kYukdugkopenktheirk obstructedkchannels,kandkconductedkthemktoktheksea.kHekdrovekawayktheksna eskand kdragons,kandkforcedkthemkintokthekgrassykmarshes.kOnkthis,kthekwaterskpursuedkt heirkcoursekthroughkthekcountry,kevenkthekwaterskofkthekJiang,kthekHuai,kthekHe, kandkthekHan,kandkthekdangerskandkobstructionskwhichktheykhadkoccasionedkwerekre moved.kThekbirdskandkbeastskwhichkhadkinjuredkthekpeoplekalsokdisappeared,kandka fterkthiskmenkfoundkthekplainskavailablekforkthem,kandkoccupiedkthem. k % AfterkthekdeathkofkYaokandkShun,kthekprincipleskthatkmar ksages kfellkintokdecay.kOppressiveksovereignskarosekonekafterkanother,kwhokpulledkdown khousesktokma ekpondskandkla es,ksokthatkthekpeoplek newknotkwherektheykcouldkre stkinkquiet;ktheykthrewkfieldskoutkofkcultivationktokformkgardenskandkpar s,ksok thatkthekpeoplekcouldknotkgetkclotheskandkfood.kAfterwards,kcorruptkspea ingskan dkoppressivekdeedskbecamekmorekrife;kgardenskandkpar s,kpondskandkla es,kthic et skandkmarsheskbecamekmoreknumerous,kandkbirdskandkbeastskswarmed.kBykthektimekof kthektyrantkZhou,kthek ingdomkwaskagainkinkakstatekofkgreatkconfusion.kZhoukGong kassistedk ingkWu,kandkdestroyedkZhou.kHeksmotekYan,kandkafterkthreekyearskputki tsksovereignktokdeath.kHekdrovekFeikLianktokakcornerkbyktheksea,kandkslewkhim.kT hekStateskwhichkhekextinguishedkamountedktokfifty.kHekdrovekfarkawaykalsokthekti gers,kleopards,krhinoceroses,kandkelephantsk-kandkallkthekpeoplekwaskgreatlykdel ighted.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkHistory,k"Greatkandksplendidkwerekthekplanskof k ingkWen!kGreatlykwerektheykcarriedkoutkbykthekenergykofk ingkWu!kTheykarekfork thekassistancekandkinstructionkofkuskwhokarekofkankafterkday.kTheykarekallkinkpr inciplekcorrect,kandkdeficientkinknothing." k %% Againkthekworldkfellkintokdecay,kandkprincipleskfadedkaway.kPer versekspea ingskandkoppressivekdeedskwaxedkrifekagain.kTherekwerekinstanceskofkm inisterskwhokmurderedktheirksovereigns,kandkofksonskwhokmurderedktheirkfathers.k Confuciuskwaskafraid,kandkmadekthek"SpringkandkAutumn."kWhatkthek"SpringkandkAut umn"kcontainskarekmatterskproperktoktheksovereign.kOnkthiskaccountkConfuciusksai d,k"Yes!kItkiskthekSpringkandkAutumnkwhichkwillkma ekmenk nowkme,kandkitkiskthek SpringkandkAutumnkwhichkwillkma ekmenkcondemnkme." k % Oncekmore,ksageksovereignskceasektokarise,kandkthekprinceskofkt hekStateskgivekthekreinsktoktheirklusts.kUnemployedkscholarskindulgekinkunreason ablekdiscussions.kThekwordskofkYangkZhukandkMokDikfillkthekcountry.kIfkyoukliste nktokpeople'skdiscourseskthroughoutkit,kyoukwillkfindkthatktheykhavekadoptedkthe kviewskeitherkofkYangkorkofkMo.kNow,kYang'skprinciplekisk"eachkonekforkhimself," kwhichkdoesknotkac nowledgekthekclaimskofktheksovereign.kMo'skprinciplekisk"tokl ovekallkequally,"kwhichkdoesknotkac nowledgekthekpeculiarkaffectionkduektokakfat her.kButktokac nowledgekneitherk ingknorkfatherkisktokbekinkthekstatekofkakbeast .kGongkMengkYiksaid,k"Inktheirk itchens,ktherekiskfatkmeat.kInktheirkstables,kth

erekarekfatkhorses.kButktheirkpeoplekhavekthekloo kofkhunger,kandkonkthekwildskt herekarekthosekwhokhavekdiedkofkfamine.kThiskiskleadingkonkbeastsktokdevourkmen. "kIfkthekprincipleskofkYangkandkMokbeknotkstopped,kandkthekprincipleskofkConfuci usknotksetkforth,kthenkthosekperversekspea ingskwillkdeludekthekpeople,kandkstop kupkthekpathkofkbenevolencekandkrighteousness.kWhenkbenevolencekandkrighteousnes skarekstoppedkup,kbeastskwillkbekledkonktokdevourkmen,kandkmenkwillkdevourkoneka nother.kIkamkalarmedkbykthesekthings,kandkaddresskmyselfktokthekdefencekofkthekd octrineskofkthekformerksages,kandktokopposekYangkandkMo.kIkdrivekawayktheirklice ntiouskexpressions,ksokthatksuchkperversekspea erskmayknotkbekablektokshowkthems elves.kTheirkdelusionskspringkupkinkmen'skminds,kandkdokinjuryktoktheirkpractice kofkaffairs.kShownkinktheirkpracticekofkaffairs,ktheykarekperniciousktoktheirkgo vernment.kWhenksageskshallkrisekupkagain,ktheykwillknotkchangekmykwords. k % Inkformerktimes,kYukrepressedkthekvastkwaterskofkthekinundation ,kandkthekcountrykwaskreducedktokorder.kZhoukGong'skachievementskextendedkevenkt okthekbarbarousktribeskofkthekeastkandknorth,kandkhekdrovekawaykallkferociouskan imals,kandkthekpeoplekenjoyedkrepose.kConfuciuskcompletedkthek"SpringkandkAutumn ,"kandkrebelliouskministerskandkvillainousksonskwerekstruc kwithkterror.kItkisks aidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Heksmotekthekbarbarianskofkthekwestkandktheknorth;kH ekpunishedkJingkandkShu;kAndknokonekdaredktokresistkus."kThesekfather-denierskan dk ing-denierskwouldkhavekbeenksmittenkbykZhoukGong.kIkalsokwishktokrectifykmen' skhearts,kandktokputkankendktokthosekperversekdoctrines,ktokopposektheirkone-sid edkactionskandkbanishkawayktheirklicentiouskexpressionsk-kandkthusktokcarrykonkt hekwor kofkthekthreeksages.kDokIkdoksokbecausekIkamkfondkofkdisputing?kIkamkcomp elledktokdokit.kWhoeverkiskablektokopposekYangkandkMokiskakdisciplekofktheksages .' 15k

: % TengkWenkGongkII: KuangkZhangksaidktokMencius,k'IsknotkChenkZhongk akmankofktruekself-denyingkpurity?kHekwasklivingkinkWukLing,kandkforkthreekdaysk waskwithoutkfood,ktillkhekcouldkneitherkhearknorksee.kOverkakwellktherekgrewkakp lum-tree,kthekfruitkofkwhichkhadkbeenkmorekthankhalfkeatenkbykworms.kHekcrawledk tokit,kandktriedktokeatksomekofkthekfruit,kwhen,kafterkswallowingkthreekmouthful s,khekrecoveredkhisksightkandkhearing.' k % Menciuskreplied,k'AmongkthekscholarskofkQi,kIkmustkregardkZhongk askthekthumbkamongkthekfingers.kButkstill,kwherekiskthekself-denyingkpuritykhekp retendskto?kTokcarrykoutkthekprincipleskwhichkhekholds,konekmustkbecomekankearth worm,kforksokonlykcankitkbekdone.kNow,kankearthwormkeatskthekdrykmouldkabove,kan dkdrin skthekyellowkspringkbelow.kWaskthekhousekinkwhichkZhongkdwellskbuiltkbyka kBokYi?korkwaskitkbuiltkbykakrobberkli ekZhi?kWaskthekmilletkwhichkhekeatskplant edkbykakBokYi?korkwaskitkplantedkbykakrobberkli ekZhi?kThesekarekthingskwhichkca nnotkbek nown.' k % 'But,'ksaidkZhang,k'whatkdoeskthatkmatter?kHekhimselfkweavesksan dalskofkhemp,kandkhiskwifektwistskandkdresseskthreadskofkhempktoksellkorkexchang ekthem.' k %% Menciuskrejoined,k'Zhongkbelongsktokankancientkandknoblekfamilyk ofkQi.kHiskelderkbrotherkDaikreceivedkfromkGaikakrevenuekofk10,000kzhong,kbutkhe kconsideredkhiskbrother'skemolumentktokbekunrighteous,kandkwouldknotkeatkofkit,k andkinktheksamekwaykhekconsideredkhiskbrother'skhousektokbekunrighteous,kandkwou ldknotkdwellkinkit.kAvoidingkhiskbrotherkandkleavingkhiskmother,khekwentkandkdwe ltkinkWukLing.kOnekdaykafterwards,khekreturnedktoktheirkhouse,kwhenkitkhappenedk thatksomekoneksentkhiskbrotherkakpresentkofkaklivekgoose.kHe,k nittingkhiskeyebr ows,ksaid,k"Whatkarekyoukgoingktokusekthatkcac lingkthingkfor?"kBy-and-bykhiskmo therk illedkthekgoose,kandkgavekhimksomekofkitktokeat.kJustkthenkhiskbrotherkcam ekintokthekhouse,kandksaid,k"Itkiskthekfleshkofkthatkcac lingkthing,"kuponkwhich khekwentkoutkandkvomitedkit.kThus,kwhatkhiskmotherkgavekhimkhekwouldknotkeat,kbu tkwhatkhiskwifekgiveskhimkhekeats.kHekwillknotkdwellkinkhiskbrother'skhouse,kbut

khekdwellskinkWukLing.kHowkcankhekinksuchkcircumstanceskcompletekthekstylekofkli fekwhichkhekprofesses?kWithksuchkprincipleskaskZhongkholds,kakmankmustkbekankear thworm,kandkthenkhekcankcarrykthemkout.' k-kLikLoukI 1k

: LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'ThekpowerkofkvisionkofkLikLou,kandks illk ofkhandkofkGongkShu,kwithoutkthekcompasskandksquare,kcouldknotkformksquareskandk circles.kThekacutekearkofkthekmusic-masterkKuang,kwithoutkthekpitch-tubes,kcould knotkdeterminekcorrectlykthekfiveknotes.kThekprincipleskofkYaokandkShun,kwithout kakbenevolentkgovernment,kcouldknotksecurekthektranquilkorderkofkthek ingdom.kTh erekareknowkprinceskwhokhavekbenevolentkheartskandkakreputationkforkbenevolence, kwhilekyetkthekpeoplekdoknotkreceivekanykbenefitskfromkthem,knorkwillktheykleave kanykexamplektokfuturekagesk-kallkbecausektheykdoknotkputkintokpracticekthekways kofkthekancientk ings. k %%' Hencekwekhavektheksaying:k"Virtuekalonekisknotksufficientkforkt hekexercisekofkgovernment;klawskalonekcannotkcarrykthemselveskintokpractice."kIt kisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Withoutktransgression,kwithoutkforgetfulness,kF ollowingkthekancientkstatutes."kNeverkhaskanykonekfallenkintokerror,kwhokfollowe dktheklawskofkthekancientk ings.kWhenktheksageskhadkusedkthekvigourkofktheirkeye s,ktheykcalledkinktoktheirkaidkthekcompass,ktheksquare,ktheklevel,kandkthekline, ktokma ekthingsksquare,kround,klevel,kandkstraight:kthekusekofkthekinstrumentski skinexhaustible.kWhenktheykhadkusedktheirkpowerkofkhearingktokthekutmost,ktheykc alledkinkthekpitch-tubesktoktheirkaidktokdeterminekthekfiveknotesk-kthekusekofkt hosektubeskiskinexhaustible.kWhenktheykhadkexertedktokthekutmostkthekthoughtskof ktheirkhearts,ktheykcalledkinktoktheirkaidkakgovernmentkthatkcouldknotkendurekto kwitnessktheksufferingskofkmenk-kandktheirkbenevolencekoverspreadkthek ingdom. k % 'Hencekwekhavektheksaying:k"Tokraisekakthingkhigh,kwekmustkbegin kfromkthektopkofkakmoundkorkakhill;ktokdigktokakgreatkdepth,kwekmustkcommencekin ktheklowkgroundkofkakstreamkorkakmarsh."kCankhekbekpronouncedkwise,kwho,kinkthek exercisekofkgovernment,kdoesknotkproceedkaccordingktokthekwayskofkthekformerk in gs?kThereforekonlykthekbenevolentkoughtktokbekinkhighkstations.kWhenkakmankdesti tutekofkbenevolencekiskinkakhighkstation,khektherebykdisseminateskhiskwic edness kamongkallkbelowkhim.kWhenkthekprincekhasknokprincipleskbykwhichkhekexamineskhis kadministration,kandkhiskministerskhaveknoklawskbykwhichktheyk eepkthemselveskin kthekdischargekofktheirkduties,kthenkinkthekcourtkobediencekisknotkpaidktokprinc iple,kandkinkthekofficekobediencekisknotkpaidktokrule.kSuperiorskviolatektheklaw skofkrighteousness,kandkinferiorskviolatekthekpenalklaws.kItkiskonlykbykakfortun atekchancekthatkakStatekinksuchkakcasekiskpreserved. k % Thereforekitkisksaid,k"Itkisknotkthekexteriorkandkinteriorkwall skbeingkincomplete,kandktheksupplykofkweaponskoffensivekandkdefensiveknotkbeingk large,kwhichkconstituteskthekcalamitykofkak ingdom.kItkisknotkthekcultivablekare aknotkbeingkextended,kandkstoreskandkwealthknotkbeingkaccumulated,kwhichkoccasio nskthekruinkofkakState."kWhenksuperiorskdoknotkobservekthekruleskofkpropriety,ka ndkinferiorskdoknotklearn,kthenkseditiouskpeoplekspringkup,kandkthatkStatekwillk perishkinknoktime.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Whenksuchkankoverthrowkofk ZhoukiskbeingkproducedkbykHeaven,kBeknotkyeksokmuchkatkyourkease!"k"kAtkyourkeas e;"k-kthatkis,kdilatory.kAndksokdilatorykmaykthosekofficerskbekdeemed,kwhokserve ktheirkprincekwithoutkrighteousness,kwhokta ekofficekandkretirekfromkitkwithoutk regardktokpropriety,kandkwhokinktheirkwordskdisownkthekwayskofkthekancientk ings .kThereforekitkisksaid,k"Tokurgekone'sksovereignktokdifficultkachievementskmaykb ekcalledkshowingkrespectkforkhim.kToksetkbeforekhimkwhatkiskgoodkandkrepresskhis kperversitieskmaykbekcalledkshowingkreverencekforkhim.kHekwhokdoesknotkdokthesek things,ksayingktokhimself,kMyksovereignkiskincompetentktokthis,kmaykbeksaidktokp laykthekthiefkwithkhim."'

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekcompasskandksquarekproducekperfectkci rcleskandksquares.kByktheksages,kthekhumankrelationskarekperfectlykexhibited.kHe kwhokaskaksovereignkwouldkperfectlykdischargekthekdutieskofkaksovereign,kandkhek whokaskakministerkwouldkperfectlykdischargekthekdutieskofkakminister,khavekonlyk tokimitatek-kthekonekYao,kandkthekotherkShun.kHekwhokdoesknotkservekhisksovereig nkaskShunkservedkYao,kdoesknotkrespectkhisksovereign;kandkhekwhokdoesknotkrulekh iskpeoplekaskYaokruledkhis,kinjureskhiskpeople.kConfuciusksaid,k"Therekarekbutkt wokcourses,kwhichkcankbekpursued,kthatkofkvirtuekandkitskopposite."kAkrulerkwhok carrieskthekoppressionkofkhiskpeoplektokthekhighestkpitch,kwillkhimselfkbekslain ,kandkhisk ingdomkwillkperish.kIfkonekstopkshortkofkthekhighestkpitch,khisklifek willknotwithstandingkbekinkdanger,kandkhisk ingdomkwillkbekwea ened.kHekwillkbek styledk"ThekDar ,"kork"ThekCruel,"kandkthoughkhekmaykhavekfilialksonskandkaffect ionatekgrandsons,ktheykwillknotkbekablekinkakhundredkgenerationsktokchangekthekd esignation.kThiskiskwhatkiskintendedkinkthekwordskofkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Thekbe aconkofkYinkisknotkremote,kItkiskinkthektimekofkthek(last)ksovereignkofkXia."' 3k

2k

: %% LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Itkwaskbykbenevolencekthatkthekthreekdyna stieskgainedkthekthrone,kandkbyknotkbeingkbenevolentkthatktheyklostkit.kItkiskby ktheksamekmeanskthatkthekdecayingkandkflourishing,kthekpreservationkandkperishin g,kofkStateskarekdetermined.kIfktheksovereignkbeknotkbenevolent,kbekcannotkprese rvekthekthronekfromkpassingkfromkhim.kIfkthekHeadkofkakStatekbeknotkbenevolent,k hekcannotkpreservekhiskrule.kIfkakhighknoblekorkgreatkofficerkbeknotkbenevolent, khekcannotkpreservekhiskancestralktemple.kIfkakscholarkorkcommonkmankbeknotkbene volent,kbekcannotkpreservekhiskfourklimbs.kNowktheykhatekdeathkandkruin,kandkyet kdelightkinkbeingknotkbenevolentk-kthiskiskli ekhatingktokbekdrun ,kandkyetkbein gkstrongktokdrin kwine!'

4k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Ifkakmanklovekothers,kandknokresponsiveka ttachmentkiskshownktokhim,kletkhimkturnkinwardskandkexaminekhiskownkbenevolence. kIfkhekisktryingktokrulekothers,kandkhiskgovernmentkiskunsuccessful,kletkhimktur nkinwardskandkexaminekhiskwisdom.kIfkhektreatskotherskpolitely,kandktheykdoknotk returnkhiskpoliteness,kletkhimkturnkinwardskandkexaminekhiskownkfeelingkofkrespe ct.kWhenkwekdoknot,kbykwhatkwekdo,krealisekwhatkwekdesire,kwekmustkturnkinwards, kandkexaminekourselveskinkeverykpoint.kWhenkakman'skpersonkiskcorrect,kthekwhole k ingdomkwillkturnktokhimkwithkrecognitionkandksubmission.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"BekalwayskstudiousktokbekinkharmonykwithkthekordinanceskofkGod,kAn dkyoukwillkobtainkmuchkhappiness."' 5k

: '%% LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Peoplekhavekthiskcommonksaying,k"Thek ing dom,kthekState,kthekfamily."kThekrootkofkthek ingdomkiskinkthekState.kThekrootko fkthekStatekiskinkthekfamily.kThekrootkofkthekfamilykiskinkthekpersonkofkitskHea d.' 6k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekadministrationkofkgovernmentkisknotkd ifficultk-kitklieskinknotkoffendingkthekgreatkfamilies.kHekwhomkthekgreatkfamili eskaffect,kwillkbekaffectedkbykthekwholekState;kandkhekwhomkanykonekStatekaffect s,kwillkbekaffectedkbykthekwholek ingdom.kWhenkthiskiskthekcase,ksuchkankone'skv irtuekandkteachingskwillkspreadkoverkallkwithinkthekfourkseaskli ekthekrushkofkw ater.' 7k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Whenkrightkgovernmentkprevailskinkthek in gdom,kprinceskofklittlekvirtuekareksubmissivektokthosekofkgreat,kandkthosekofkli ttlekworthktokthosekofkgreat.kWhenkbadkgovernmentkprevailskinkthek ingdom,kprinc eskofksmallkpowerkareksubmissivektokthosekofkgreat,kandkthekwea ktokthekstrong.k

BothkthesekcaseskarekthekrulekofkHeaven.kTheykwhokaccordkwithkHeavenkarekpreserv ed,kandktheykwhokrebelkagainstkHeavenkperish.kThekdu ekJingkofkQiksaid,k"Notktok bekablektokcommandkothers,kandkatktheksamektimektokrefusektokreceivektheirkcomma nds,kisktokcutkone'skselfkoffkfromkallkintercoursekwithkothers."kHisktearskflowe dkforthkwhilekhekgavekhiskdaughterktokbekmarriedktokthekprincekofkWu. k %% NowktheksmallkStateskimitatektheklarge,kandkyetkarekashamedktok receivektheirkcommands.kThiskiskli ekakscholar'skbeingkashamedktokreceivekthekco mmandskofkhiskmaster.kForkakprincekwhokiskashamedkofkthis,kthekbestkplankisktoki mitatek ingkWenkLetkonekimitatek ingkWen,kandkinkfivekyears,kifkhiskStatekbeklar ge,korkinksevenkyears,kifkitkbeksmall,khekwillkbeksurektokgiveklawsktokthek ingd om.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Thekdescendantskofktheksovereignskofkthek Shangkdynasty,kArekinknumberkmorekthankhundredskofkthousands,kBut,kGodkhavingkpa ssedkHiskdecree,kTheykarekallksubmissivektokZhou.kTheykareksubmissivektokZhou,kB ecausekthekdecreekofkHeavenkisknotkunchanging.kThekofficerskofkYin,kadmirablekan dkalert,kPourkoutktheklibations,kandkassistkinkthekcapitalkofkZhou."kConfuciusks aid,k"Askagainstksokbenevolentkaksovereign,ktheykcouldknotkbekdeemedkakmultitude ."kThus,kifkthekprincekofkakstateklovekbenevolence,khekwillkhaveknokopponentkink allkthek ingdom.kNowktheykwishktokhaveknokopponentkinkallkthek ingdom,kbutktheyk doknotksee ktokattainkthiskbykbeingkbenevolent.kThiskiskli ekakmanklayingkholdko fkakheatedksubstance,kandknotkhavingkfirstkdippedkitkinkwater.kItkisksaidkinkthe kBoo kofkPoetry,k"Whokcankta ekupkakheatedksubstance,kWithoutkfirstkdippingkitk( inkwater)?"' 8k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Howkiskitkpossiblektokspea kwithkthosekpr inceskwhokareknotkbenevolent?kTheirkperilsktheykcountksafety,ktheirkcalamitieskt heykcountkprofitable,kandktheykhavekpleasurekinkthekthingskbykwhichktheykperish. kIfkitkwerekpossiblektoktal kwithkthemkwhoksokviolatekbenevolence,khowkcouldkwek haveksuchkdestructionkofkStateskandkruinkofkFamilies?kTherekwaskakboyksinging,k" WhenkthekwaterkofkthekCangkLangkiskclear,kItkdoesktokwashkthekstringskofkmykcap; kWhenkthekwaterkofkthekCangkLangkiskmuddy,kItkdoesktokwashkmykfeet."kConfuciusks aid,k"Hearkwhatkheksings,kmykchildren.kWhenkclear,kthenkhekwillkwashkhiskcap-str ings;kandkwhenkmuddy,khekwillkwashkhiskfeetkwithkit.kThiskdifferentkapplicationk iskbroughtkbykthekwaterkonkitself."kAkmankmustkfirstkdespisekhimself,kandkthenko therskwillkdespisekhim.kAkfamilykmustkfirstkdestroykitself,kandkthenkotherskwill kdestroykit.kAkStatekmustkfirstksmitekitself,kandkthenkotherskwillksmitekit.kThi skiskillustratedkinkthekpassagekofkthekTaikJia,k"WhenkHeavenksendskdownkcalamiti es,kitkiskstillkpossiblektokescapekthem.kWhenkwekoccasionkthekcalamitieskourselv es,kitkisknotkpossiblekanyklongerktoklive."' 9k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'JiekandkZhou'sklosingkthekthrone,karosekf romktheirklosingkthekpeople,kandktoklosekthekpeoplekmeansktoklosektheirkhearts.k Therekiskakwayktokgetkthek ingdom:kgetkthekpeople,kandkthek ingdomkiskgot.kThere kiskakwayktokgetkthekpeople:kgetktheirkhearts,kandkthekpeoplekarekgot.kTherekisk akwayktokgetktheirkhearts:kitkisksimplyktokcollectkforkthemkwhatktheykli e,kandk notktoklaykonkthemkwhatktheykdisli e.kThekpeoplekturnktokakbenevolentkrulekaskwa terkflowskdownwards,kandkaskwildkbeastskflyktokthekwilderness.kAccordingly,kaskt hekotterkaidskthekdeepkwaters,kdrivingkthekfishkintokthem,kandkthekhaw kaidskthe kthic ets,kdrivingktheklittlekbirdsktokthem,ksokJiekandkZhoukaidedkTangkandkWu,k drivingkthekpeoplektokthem.kIfkamongkthekpresentkrulerskofkthek ingdom,ktherekwe rekonekwhoklovedkbenevolence,kallkthekotherkprinceskwouldkaidkhim,kbykdrivingkth ekpeoplektokhim.kAlthoughkhekwishedknotktokbecomeksovereign,khekcouldknotkavoidk becomingkso.kThekcasekofkonekofkthekpresentkprinceskwishingktokbecomeksovereignk iskli ekthekhavingktoksee kforkmugwortkthreekyearskold,ktokcurekaksevenkyears'ks ic ness.kIfkitkhaveknotkbeenk eptkinkstore,kthekpatientkmaykallkhisklifeknotkget kit.kIfkthekprinceskdoknotksetktheirkwillskonkbenevolence,kallktheirkdayskwillkb ekinksorrowkandkdisgrace,kandktheykwillkbekinvolvedkinkdeathkandkruin.kThiskiski llustratedkbykwhatkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Howkotherwisekcankyoukimprove

kthek ingdom?kYoukwillkonlykwithkitkgoktokruin."' 10k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Withkthosekwhokdokviolencektokthemselves, kitkiskimpossiblektokspea .kWithkthosekwhokthrowkthemselveskaway,kitkiskimpossib lektokdokanything.kTokdisownkinkhiskconversationkproprietykandkrighteousness,kis kwhatkwekmeankbykdoingkviolencektokone'skself.kToksayk"Ikamknotkablektokdwellkin kbenevolencekorkpursuekthekpathkofkrighteousness,"kiskwhatkwekmeankbykthrowingko ne'skselfkaway.kBenevolencekiskthektranquilkhabitationkofkman,kandkrighteousness kiskhiskstraightkpath.kAlaskforkthem,kwhokleavekthektranquilkdwellingkemptykandk doknotkresidekinkit,kandkwhokabandonkthekrightkpathkandkdoknotkpursuekit?' : %% LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekpathkofkdutyklieskinkwhatkisknear,kan dkmenksee kforkitkinkwhatkiskremote.kThekwor kofkdutyklieskinkwhatkiskeasy,kandk menksee kforkitkinkwhatkiskdifficult.kIfkeachkmankwouldklovekhiskparentskandksho wkthekduekrespectktokhiskelders,kthekwholeklandkwouldkenjoyktranquillity.' 12k 11k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Whenkthosekoccupyingkinferiorksituationsk doknotkobtainkthekconfidencekofktheksovereign,ktheykcannotksucceedkinkgoverningk thekpeople.kTherekiskakwayktokobtainkthekconfidencekofktheksovereign:kifkonekisk notktrustedkbykhiskfriends,khekwillknotkobtainkthekconfidencekofkhisksovereign.k Therekiskakwaykofkbeingktrustedkbykone'skfriends:kifkonekdoknotkservekhiskparent sksokasktokma ekthemkpleased,khekwillknotkbektrustedkbykhiskfriends.kTherekiskak wayktokma ekone'skparentskpleased:kifkone,konkturningkhiskthoughtskinwards,kfind skakwantkofksincerity,khekwillknotkgivekpleasurektokhiskparents.kTherekiskakwayk tokthekattainmentkofksinceritykinkone'skself:kifkakmankdoknotkunderstandkwhatkis kgood,khekwillknotkattainksinceritykinkhimself.kTherefore,ksinceritykiskthekwayk ofkHeaven.kTokthin khowktokbeksincerekiskthekwaykofkman.kNeverkhasktherekbeenkon ekpossessedkofkcompleteksincerity,kwhokdidknotkmovekothers.kNeverkhasktherekbeen konekwhokhadknotksinceritykwhokwaskablektokmovekothers.' 13k

: %' LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'BokYi,kthatkhekmightkavoidkZhou,kwaskdwel lingkonkthekcoastkofktheknorthernksea.kWhenkhekheardkofkthekrisekofk ingkWen,khe krousedkhimself,kandksaid,k"WhykshouldkIknotkgokandkfollowkhim?kIkhavekheardktha tkthekchiefkofkthekWestk nowskwellkhowktoknourishkthekold."kTaikGong,kthatkhekmi ghtkavoidkZhou,kwaskdwellingkonkthekcoastkofkthekeasternksea.kWhenkhekheardkofkt hekrisekofk ingkWen,khekrousedkhimself,kandksaid,k"WhykshouldkIknotkgokandkfollo wkhim?kIkhavekheardkthatkthekchiefkofkthekWestk nowskwellkhowktoknourishkthekold ."kThosektwokoldkmenkwerekthekgreatestkoldkmenkofkthek ingdom.kWhenktheykcamekto kfollowk ingkWen,kitkwaskthekfatherskofkthek ingdomkcomingktokfollowkhim.kWhenkt hekfatherskofkthek ingdomkjoinedkhim,khowkcouldktheksonskgoktokanykother?kWereka nykofkthekprincesktokpractisekthekgovernmentkofk ingkWen,kwithinksevenkyearskhek wouldkbeksurektokbekgivingklawsktokthek ingdom.' 14k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Qiukactedkaskchiefkofficerktokthekheadkof kthekJikfamily,kwhosekevilkwayskhekwaskunablektokchange,kwhilekhekexactedkfromkt hekpeoplekdoublekthekgrainkformerlykpaid.kConfuciusksaid,k"Hekisknokdisciplekofk mine.kLittlekchildren,kbeatkthekdrumkandkassailkhim."kLoo ingkatktheksubjectkfro mkthiskcase,kwekperceivekthatkwhenkakprincekwasknotkpractisingkbenevolentkgovern ment,kallkhiskministerskwhokenrichedkhimkwerekrejectedkbykConfuciusk-khowkmuchkm orekwouldkhekhavekrejectedkthosekwhokarekvehementktokfightkforktheirkprince!kWhe nkcontentionskaboutkterritorykarekthekgroundkonkwhichktheykfight,ktheykslaughter kmenktillkthekfieldskarekfilledkwithkthem.kWhenksomekstrugglekforkakcitykiskthek groundkonkwhichktheykfight,ktheykslaughterkmenktillkthekcitykiskfilledkwithkthem .kThiskiskwhatkiskcalledk"leadingkonktheklandktokdevourkhumankflesh."kDeathkiskn otkenoughkforksuchkakcrime.kTherefore,kthosekwhokareks ilfulktokfightkshouldksuf

ferkthekhighestkpunishment.kNextktokthemkshouldkbekpunishedkthosekwhokuniteksome kprinceskinkleagueskagainstkothers;kandknextktokthem,kthosekwhokta ekinkgrassykc ommons,kimposingkthekcultivationkofkthekgroundkonkthekpeople.' 15k

: %% LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Ofkallkthekpartskofkakman'skbodyktherekis knonekmorekexcellentkthankthekpupilkofkthekeye.kThekpupilkcannotkbekusedktokhide kakman'skwic edness.kIfkwithinkthekbreastkallkbekcorrect,kthekpupilkiskbright.kI fkwithinkthekbreastkallkbeknotkcorrect,kthekpupilkiskdull.kListenktokakman'skwor dskandkloo katkthekpupilkofkhiskeye.kHowkcankakmankconcealkhiskcharacter?'

16k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekrespectfulkdoknotkdespisekothers.kThe keconomicalkdoknotkplunderkothers.kThekprincekwhoktreatskmenkwithkdespitekandkpl underskthem,kiskonlykafraidkthatktheykmayknotkprovekobedientktokhimk-khowkcankhe kbekregardedkaskrespectfulkorkeconomical?kHowkcankrespectfulnesskandkeconomykbek madekoutkofktoneskofkthekvoice,kandkaksmilingkmanner?' 17k

: LikLoukI: ChunkYukKunksaid,k'Iskitkthekrulekthatkmaleskandkfemales kshallknotkallowktheirkhandsktoktouchkinkgivingkorkreceivingkanything?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Itkiskthekrule.' k Kunkas ed,k'Ifkakman'sksister-in-lawkbekdrowning,kshallkhekrescu ekherkwithkhiskhand?' k %% Menciusksaid,k'Hekwhokwouldknotksokrescuekthekdrowningkwomankisk akwolf.kForkmaleskandkfemalesknotktokallowktheirkhandsktoktouchkinkgivingkandkre ceivingkiskthekgeneralkrule;kwhenkaksister-in-lawkiskdrowning,ktokrescuekherkwit hkthekhandkiskakpeculiarkexigency.' k Kunksaid,k'Thekwholek ingdomkiskdrowning.kHowkstrangekitkiskthat kyoukwillknotkrescuekit!' k % Menciuskanswered,k'Akdrowningk ingdomkmustkbekrescuedkwithkright kprinciples,kaskakdrowningksister-in-lawkhasktokbekrescuedkwithkthekhand.kDokyou kwishkmektokrescuekthek ingdomkwithkmykhand?' 18k

: LikLoukI: GongkSunkChouksaid,k'Whykiskitkthatktheksuperiorkmankdoe sknotkhimselfkteachkhiskson?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Thekcircumstanceskofkthekcasekforbidkitskbeing kdone.kThekteacherkmustkinculcatekwhatkiskcorrect.kWhenkhekinculcateskwhatkiskco rrect,kandkhisklessonskareknotkpractised,khekfollowskthemkupkwithkbeingkangry.kW henkhekfollowskthemkupkwithkbeingkangry,kthen,kcontraryktokwhatkshouldkbe,khekis koffendedkwithkhiskson.kAtktheksamektime,kthekpupilksays,k'Mykmasterkinculcatesk onkmekwhatkiskcorrect,kandkhekhimselfkdoesknotkproceedkinkakcorrectkpath."kThekr esultkofkthiskis,kthatkfatherkandksonkarekoffendedkwithkeachkother.kWhenkfatherk andksonkcomektokbekoffendedkwithkeachkother,kthekcasekiskevil.kThekancientskexch angedksons,kandkonektaughtktheksonkofkanother.kBetweenkfatherkandkson,kthereksho uldkbeknokreprovingkadmonitionsktokwhatkiskgood.kSuchkreproofskleadktokalienatio n,kandkthankalienationktherekisknothingkmorekinauspicious.' 19k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Ofkservices,kwhichkiskthekgreatest?kTheks ervicekofkparentskiskthekgreatest.kOfkcharges,kwhichkiskthekgreatestk?kThekcharg ekofkone'skselfkiskthekgreatest.kThatkthosekwhokdoknotkfailktok eepkthemselveska rekablektokservektheirkparentskiskwhatkIkhavekheard.kButkIkhavekneverkheardkofka

ny,kwho,khavingkfailedktok eepkthemselves,kwerekableknotwithstandingktokservekth eirkparents.kTherekarekmanykservices,kbutkthekservicekofkparentskiskthekrootkofk allkothers.kTherekarekmanykcharges,kbutkthekchargekofkone'skselfkiskthekrootkofk allkothers.kThekphilosopherkZeng,kinknourishingkZengkXi,kwaskalwaysksurektokhave kwinekandkfleshkprovided.kAndkwhenktheykwerekbeingkremoved,khekwouldkas krespect fullyktokwhomkhekshouldkgivekwhatkwaskleft.kIfkhiskfatherkas edkwhetherktherekwa skanythingkleft,khekwasksurektoksay,k"Therekis."kAfterkthekdeathkofkZengkXi,kwhe nkZengkYuankcamektoknourishkZengzi,khekwaskalwaysksurektokhavekwinekandkfleshkpr ovided.kButkwhenkthekthingskwerekbeingkremoved,khekdidknotkas ktokwhomkhekshould kgivekwhatkwaskleft,kandkifkhiskfatherkas edkwhetherktherekwaskanythingkleft,khe kwouldkanswerk"No;"k-kintendingktokbringkthemkinkagain.kThiskwaskwhatkiskcalledk "nourishingkthekmouthkandkbody."kWekmaykcallkZengzi'skpracticek"nourishingkthekw ill."kTokservekone'skparentskaskZengzikservedkhis,kmaykbekacceptedkaskflialkpiet y.' 20k

: %% LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Itkisknotkenoughktokremonstratekwithkakso vereignkonkaccountkofkthekmal-employmentkofkministers,knorktokblamekerrorskofkgo vernment.kItkiskonlykthekgreatkmankwhokcankrectifykwhatkiskwrongkinktheksovereig n'skmind.kLetkthekprincekbekbenevolent,kandkallkhiskactskwillkbekbenevolent.kLet kthekprincekbekrighteous,kandkallkhiskactskwillkbekrighteous.kLetkthekprincekbek correct,kandkeverythingkwillkbekcorrect.kOncekrectifykthekruler,kandkthek ingdom kwillkbekfirmlyksettled.' 21k : % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Therekarekcaseskofkpraisekwhichkcouldknot kbekexpected,kandkofkreproachkwhenkthekpartieskhavekbeenksee ingktokbekperfect.' : % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Men'skbeingkreadykwithktheirktongueskaris esksimplykfromktheirknotkhavingkbeenkreproved.' 23k

22k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekevilkofkmenkiskthatktheykli ektokbekt eacherskofkothers.' 24k

: %% LikLoukI: ThekdisciplekYuekZhengkwentkinkthektrainkofkZikAoktokQi. kHekcamektokseekMencius,kwhoksaidktokhim,k'Arekyoukalsokcomektokseekme?'kYuekZhe ngkreplied,k'Master,kwhykdokyoukspea ksuchkwords?'k'Howkmanykdayskhavekyoukbeenk here?'kas edkMencius.k'Ikcamekyesterday.'k'Yesterday!kIskitknotkwithkreasonkthen kthatkIkthuskspea ?'k'Myklodging-housekwasknotkarranged.'k'Havekyoukheardkthatka kscholar'sklodging-housekmustkbekarrangedkbeforekhekvisitkhiskelder?'kYuekZhengk said,k'Ikhavekdonekwrong.' : %% LikLoukI: Mencius,kaddressingkthekdisciplekYuekZheng,ksaidktokhim, k'YourkcomingkherekinkthektrainkofkZikAokwaskonlykbecausekofkthekfoodkandkthekdr in .kIkcouldknotkhavekthoughtkthatkyou,khavingklearnedkthekdoctrinekofkthekancie nts,kwouldkhavekactedkwithkakviewktokeatingkandkdrin ing.' 26k : %% LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Therekarekthreekthingskwhichkarekunfilial ,kandktokhaveknokposteritykiskthekgreatestkofkthem.kShunkmarriedkwithoutkinformi ngkhiskparentskbecausekofkthis,klestkhekshouldkhaveknokposterity.kSuperiorkmenkc onsiderkthatkhiskdoingksokwasktheksamekaskifkhekhadkinformedkthem.' 27k 25k

: % LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekrichestkfruitkofkbenevolencekiskthis: kthekservicekofkone'skparents.kThekrichestkfruitkofkrighteousnesskiskthis:ktheko

beyingkone'skelderkbrothers.kThekrichestkfruitkofkwisdomkiskthis:kthek nowingkth osektwokthings,kandknotkdepartingkfromkthem.kThekrichestkfruitkofkproprietykiskt his:kthekorderingkandkadorningkthosektwokthings.kThekrichestkfruitkofkmusickiskt his:kthekrejoicingkinkthosektwokthings.kWhenktheykarekrejoicedkin,ktheykgrow.kGr owing,khowkcanktheykbekrepressed?kWhenktheykcomektokthiskstatekthatktheykcannotk bekrepressed,kthenkunconsciouslykthekfeetkbeginktokdancekandkthekhandsktokmove.' 28k

: % %% LikLoukI: Menciusksaid,k'Supposekthekcasekofkthekwholek ingdomktur ningkinkgreatkdelightktokankindividualktoksubmitktokhim.kTokregardkthekwholek in gdomkthuskturningktokhimkinkgreatkdelightkbutkaskakbundlekofkgrassk-konlykShunkw askcapablekofkthis.kHekconsideredkthatkifkonekcouldknotkgetkthekheartskofkhiskpa rentskhekcouldknotkbekconsideredkakman,kandkthatkifkhekcouldknotkgetktokankentir ekaccordkwithkhiskparents,khekcouldknotkbekconsideredkakson.kBykShun'skcompletel ykfulfillingkeverythingkbykwhichkakparentkcouldkbekserved,kGukSoukwaskbroughtkto kfindkdelightkinkwhatkwaskgood.kWhenkGukSoukwaskbroughtktokfindkthatkdelight,kth ekwholek ingdomkwasktransformed.kWhenkGukSoukwaskbroughtktokfindkthatkdelight,ka llkfatherskandksonskinkthek ingdomkwerekestablishedkinktheirkrespectivekduties.k Thiskiskcalledkgreatkfilialkpiety.'

k-kLikLoukII k 29k : % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'ShunkwaskbornkinkZhukFeng,kremovedktokFuk Xia,kandkdiedkinkMingkTiaok-kakmanknearkthekwildktribeskonkthekeast.kKingkWenkwa skbornkinkZhoukbykmountkQi,kandkdiedkinkBikYingk-kakmanknearkthekwildktribeskonk thekwest.kThosekregionskwerekdistantkfromkonekanotherkmorekthankakthousandkli,ka ndkthekagekofkthekoneksagekwaskposteriorktokthatkofkthekotherkmorekthankakthousa ndkyears.kButkwhenktheykgotktheirkwish,kandkcarriedktheirkprincipleskintokpracti cekthroughoutkthekMiddlekKingdom,kitkwaskli ekunitingkthektwokhalveskofkakseal.k Whenkwekexaminekthoseksages,kbothkthekearlierkandktheklater,ktheirkprincipleskar ekfoundktokbektheksame.' 30k

: %% LikLoukII: WhenkZikChankwaskchiefkministerkofkthekStatekofkZheng,kh ekwouldkconveykpeoplekacrosskthekZhenkandkWeikinkhiskownkcarriage.kMenciusksaid, k'Itkwask ind,kbutkshowedkthatkhekdidknotkunderstandkthekpracticekofkgovernment. kWhenkinkthekeleventhkmonthkofkthekyearkthekfoot-bridgeskarekcompleted,kandkthek carriage-bridgeskinkthektwelfthkmonth,kthekpeoplekhaveknotkthektroublekofkwading .kLetkakgovernorkconductkhiskrulekonkprincipleskofkequalkjustice,kand,kwhenkhekg oeskabroad,khekmaykcausekpeoplektokbekremovedkoutkofkhiskpath.kButkhowkcankhekco nveykeverybodykacrosskthekrivers?kItkfollowskthatkifkakgovernorkwillktryktokplea sekeverybody,khekwillkfindkthekdaysknotksufficientkforkhiskwor .' 31k

: LikLoukII: Menciusksaidktokthek ingkXuankofkQi,k'Whenkthekprincekre gardskhiskministerskaskhiskhandskandkfeet,khiskministerskregardktheirkprincekask theirkbellykandkheart;kwhenkhekregardskthemkaskhiskdogskandkhorses,ktheykregardk himkaskanotherkman;kwhenkhekregardskthemkaskthekgroundkorkaskgrass,ktheykregardk himkaskakrobberkandkankenemy.' k Thek ingksaid,k'Accordingktokthekruleskofkpropriety,kakministerk wearskmourningkwhenkhekhaskleftkthekservicekofkakprince.kHowkmustkakprincekbehav ekthatkhiskoldkministerskmaykthuskgokintokmourning?' k Menciuskreplied,'Thekadmonitionskofkakministerkhavingkbeenkfollo wed,kandkhiskadviceklistenedkto,ksokthatkblessingskhavekdescendedkonkthekpeople, kifkforksomekcausekhekleaveskthekcountry,kthekprinceksendskankescortktokconductk himkbeyondkthekboundaries.kHekalsokanticipateskwithkrecommendatorykintimationskh iskarrivalkinkthekcountryktokwhichkhekiskproceeding.kWhenkhekhaskbeenkgonekthree

kyearskandkdoesknotkreturn,konlykthenkatklengthkdoeskhekta ekbac khiskfieldskand kresidence.kThisktreatmentkiskwhatkiskcalledkak"thrice-repeatedkdisplaykofkconsi deration."kWhenkakprincekactskthus,kmourningkwillkbekwornkonkleavingkhiskservice .kNow-a-days,kthekremonstranceskofkakministerkareknotkfollowed,kandkhiskadviceki sknotklistenedkto,ksokthatknokblessingskdescendkonkthekpeople.kWhenkforkanykcaus ekhekleaveskthekcountry,kthekprincektriesktokseizekhimkandkholdkhimkakprisoner.k Hekalsokpusheskhimktokextremitykinkthekcountryktokwhichkhekhaskgone,kandkonkthek verykdaykofkhiskdeparture,kta eskbac khiskfieldskandkresidence.kThisktreatmentks howskhimktokbekwhatkwekcallk"akrobberkandkankenemy."kWhatkmourningkcankbekwornkf orkakrobberkandkankenemy?' : % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Whenkscholarskarekputktokdeathkwithoutkan ykcrime,kthekgreatkofficerskmaykleavekthekcountry.kWhenkthekpeoplekarekslaughter edkwithoutkanykcrime,kthekscholarskmaykremove.' 33k : % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Ifktheksovereignkbekbenevolent,kallkwillk bekbenevolent.kIfktheksovereignkbekrighteous,kallkwillkbekrighteous.' 34k 32k

: % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Actskofkproprietykwhichkareknotkreallykpr oper,kandkactskofkrighteousnesskwhichkareknotkreallykrighteous,kthekgreatkmankdo esknotkdo.' 35k

: % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Thosekwhok eepkthekMean,ktrainkupkthosekw hokdoknot,kandkthosekwhokhavekabilities,ktrainkupkthosekwhokhaveknot,kandkhencek menkrejoicekinkhavingkfatherskandkelderkbrotherskwhokarekpossessedkofkvirtuekand ktalent.kIfktheykwhok eepkthekMeankspurnkthosekwhokdoknot,kandktheykwhokhavekabi litieskspurnkthosekwhokhaveknot,kthenkthekspacekbetweenkthemk-kthoseksokgiftedka ndkthekungiftedk-kwillknotkadmitkankinch.' 36k

: % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'MenkmustkbekdecidedkonkwhatktheykwillkNOT kdo,kandkthenktheykarekablektokactkwithkvigourkinkwhatktheykoughtktokdo.' 37k : LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Whatkfuturekmiserykhavektheykandkoughtkth eyktokendure,kwhoktal kofkwhatkisknotkgoodkinkothers!' : % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'ZhongkNikdidknotkdokextraordinarykthings.

38k '

: % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,'Thekgreatkmankdoesknotkthin kbeforehandkof khiskwordskthatktheykmaykbeksincere,knorkofkhiskactionskthatktheykmaykbekresolut ek-kheksimplykspea skandkdoeskwhatkiskright.' 40k : % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Thekgreatkmankiskhekwhokdoesknotklosekhis kchild's-heart.' 41k

39k

: % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Theknourishmentkofkparentskwhenklivingkis knotksufficientktokbekaccountedkthekgreatkthing.kItkiskonlykinkthekperformingkth eirkobsequieskwhenkdeadkthatkwekhavekwhatkcankbekconsideredkthekgreatkthing.' 42k

: %

LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Theksuperiorkmankma eskhiskadvanceskinkwh atkhekisklearningkwithkdeepkearnestnesskandkbykthekproperkcourse,kwishingktokget kholdkofkitkaskinkhimself.kHavingkgotkholdkofkitkinkhimself,khekabideskinkitkcal mlykandkfirmly.kAbidingkinkitkcalmlykandkfirmly,khekreposeskakdeepkreliancekonki t.kReposingkakdeepkreliancekonkit,khekseizeskitkonkthekleftkandkright,kmeetingke verywherekwithkitkaskakfountainkfromkwhichkthingskflow.kItkiskonkthiskaccountkth atktheksuperiorkmankwishesktokgetkholdkofkwhatkhekisklearningkaskinkhimself.' 43k : % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Inklearningkextensivelykandkdiscussingkmi nutelykwhatkisklearned,kthekobjectkofktheksuperiorkmankiskthatkhekmaykbekablekto kgokbac kandksetkforthkinkbriefkwhatkiskessential.'

44k

: % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Neverkhaskhekwhokwouldkbykhiskexcellencek subduekmenkbeenkablektoksubduekthem.kLetkakprinceksee kbykhiskexcellencektoknour ishkmen,kandkhekwillkbekablektoksubduekthekwholek ingdom.kItkiskimpossiblekthatk anykonekshouldkbecomekrulerkofkthekpeoplektokwhomktheykhaveknotkyieldedktheksubj ectionkofkthekheart.' : %% LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Wordskwhichkareknotktruekarekinauspicious ,kandkthekwordskwhichkarekmostktrulykobnoxiousktoktheknamekofkinauspicious,karek thosekwhichkthrowkintokthekshadekmenkofktalentskandkvirtue.' 46k 45k

: ' LikLoukII: ThekdisciplekXuksaid,k'ZhongkNikoftenkpraisedkwater,ksay ing,k"0kwater!k0kwater!"kWhatkdidkhekfindkinkwaterktokpraise?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Therekiskakspringkofkwater;khowkitkgusheskout! kItkrestsknotkdayknorknight.kItkfillskupkeverykhole,kandkthenkadvances,kflowingk ontokthekfourkseas.kSuchkiskwaterkhavingkakspring!kItkwaskthiskwhichkhekfoundkin kitktokpraise.kButksupposekthatkthekwaterkhasknokspring.kInkthekseventhkandkeigh thkwhenkthekrainkfallskabundantly,kthekchannelskinkthekfieldskarekallkfilled,kbu tktheirkbeingkdriedkupkagainkmaykbekexpectedkinkakshortktime.kSokaksuperiorkmank iskashamedkofkakreputationkbeyondkhiskmerits.' 47k

: % LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Thatkwherebykmankdifferskfromktheklowerka nimalskiskbutksmall.kThekmasskofkpeoplekcastkitkaway,kwhileksuperiorkmenkpreserv ekit.kShunkclearlykunderstoodkthekmultitudekofkthings,kandkcloselykobservedkthek relationskofkhumanity.kHekwal edkalongkthekpathkofkbenevolencekandkrighteousness ;khekdidknotkneedktokpursuekbenevolencekandkrighteousness.' 48k

: %%% LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Yukhatedkthekpleasantkwine,kandklovedkgoo dkwords.kTangkheldkfastkthekMean,kandkemployedkmenkofktalentskandkvirtuekwithout kregardktokwherektheykcamekfrom.kKingkWenkloo edkonkthekpeoplekaskhekwouldkonkak mankwhokwaskwounded,kandkhekloo edktowardskthekrightkpathkaskifkhekcouldknotksee kit.kKingkWukdidknotkslightktheknear,kandkdidknotkforgetkthekdistant.kThekdu eko fkZhoukdesiredktokunitekinkhimselfkthekvirtueskofkthosek ings,kthosekfounderskof kthekthreekdynasties,kthatkhekmightkdisplaykinkhiskpracticekthekfourkthingskwhic hktheykdid.kIfkheksawkanykthingkinkthemknotksuitedktokhisktime,khekloo edkupkand kthoughtkaboutkit,kfromkdaytimekintoktheknight,kandkwhenkhekwaskfortunatekenough ktokmasterkthekdifficulty,kheksatkwaitingkforkthekmorning.' 49k

: %% LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Thektraceskofksovereignkrulekwerekextingu ished,kandkthekroyalkodeskceasedktokbekmade.kWhenkthosekodeskceasedktokbekmade,k thenkthekChunkQiukwaskproduced.kThekShengkofkJin,kthekTaokWukofkChu,kandkthekChu

nkQiukofkLukwerekboo skofktheksamekcharacter.kTheksubjectkofkthekChunkQiukwaskth ekaffairskofkHuankofkQikandkWenkofkJin,kandkitskstylekwaskthekhistorical.kConfuc iusksaid,k"ItskrighteouskdecisionskIkventuredktokma e."' 50k

: %% LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Thekinfluencekofkaksovereignksagektermina teskinkthekfifthkgeneration.kThekinfluencekofkakmereksagekdoesktheksame.kAlthoug hkIkcouldknotkbekakdisciplekofkConfuciuskhimself,kIkhavekendeavouredktokcultivat ekmykvirtuekbykmeanskofkotherskwhokwere.' 51k

: LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Whenkitkappearskproperktokta ekakthing,ka ndkafterwardsknotkproper,ktokta ekitkiskcontraryktokmoderation.kWhenkitkappearsk properktokgivekakthingkandkafterwardsknotkproper,ktokgivekitkiskcontraryktok ind ness.kWhenkitkappearskproperktoksacrificekone'sklife,kandkafterwardsknotkproper, ktoksacrificekitkiskcontraryktokbravery.' 52k

: %% LikLoukII: PangkMengklearnedkarcherykofkYi.kWhenkhekhadkacquiredkco mpletelykallktheksciencekofkYi,khekthoughtkthatkinkallkthek ingdomkonlykYikwasks uperiorktokhimself,kandksokhekslewkhim.kMenciusksaid,k'InkthiskcasekYikalsokwask tokblame.kGongkMengkYikindeedksaid,k"Itkwouldkappearkaskifkhekwereknotktokbekbla med,"kbutkhektherebykonlykmeantkthatkhiskblamekwaskslight.kHowkcankhekbekheldkwi thoutkanykblame?kThekpeoplekofkChangksentkZikZhuokRuktokma ekakstealthykattac ko nkWei,kwhichksentkYukGongkZhiktokpursuekhim.kZikZhuokRuksaid,k"To-daykIkfeelkunw ell,ksokthatkIkcannotkholdkmykbow.kIkamkakdeadkman!"kAtktheksamektimekhekas edkh iskdriver,k"Whokiskitkthatkiskpursuingkme?"kThekdriverksaid,k"ItkiskYukGongkSi," konkwhich,khekexclaimed,k"Ikshallklive."kThekdriverksaid,k"YukGongkSikiskthekbes tkarcherkofkWei,kwhatkdokyoukmeankbyksayingk'Ikshallklive?'"kYukreplied,k"YukGon gkSiklearnedkarcherykfromkYinkGongkTuo,kwhokagainklearnedkitkfromkme.kNow,kYinkG ongkTuokiskankuprightkman,kandkthekfriendskofkhiskselectionkmustkbekuprightkalso ."kWhenkYukGongkSikcamekup,kheksaid,k"Master,kwhykarekyouknotkholdingkyourkbow?" kYukansweredkhim,k"To-daykIkamkfeelingkunwell,kandkcannotkholdkmykbow."kOnkthisk Siksaid,k"IklearnedkarcherykfromkYinkGongkTuo,kwhokagainklearnedkitkfromkyou.kIk cannotkbearktokinjurekyoukwithkyourkownkscience.kThekbusinesskofkto-day,khowever ,kiskthekprince'skbusiness,kwhichkIkdareknotkneglect."kHekthenktoo khiskarrows,k noc edkoffktheirksteelkpointskagainstkthekcarriage-wheel,kdischargedkfourkofkth em,kandkreturned. 53k

: %% LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'IfkthekladykXikhadkbeenkcoveredkwithkakfi lthykhead-dress,kallkpeoplekwouldkhavekstoppedktheirknoseskinkpassingkher.kThoug hkakmankmaykbekwic ed,kyetkifkhekadjustkhiskthoughts,kfast,kandkbathe,khekmayksa crificektokGod.' 54k

: %%% LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Allkwhokspea kaboutktheknatureskofkthings ,khavekinkfactkonlyktheirkphenomenaktokreasonkfrom,kandkthekvaluekofkakphenomeno nkiskinkitskbeingknatural.kWhatkIkdisli ekinkyourkwisekmenkisktheirkboringkoutkt heirkconclusions.kIfkthosekwisekmenkwouldkonlykactkaskYukdidkwhenkhekconveyedkaw aykthekwaters,ktherekwouldkbeknothingktokdisli ekinktheirkwisdom.kThekmannerkink whichkYukconveyedkawaykthekwaterskwaskbykdoingkwhatkgavekhimknoktrouble.kIfkyour kwisekmenkwouldkalsokdokthatkwhichkgavekthemknoktrouble,ktheirk nowledgekwouldka lsokbekgreat.kTherekiskheavenksokhigh;ktherekarekthekstarsksokdistant.kIfkwekhav ekinvestigatedktheirkphenomena,kwekmay,kwhileksittingkinkourkplaces,kgokbac ktok theksolsticekofkakthousandkyearskago.' 55k

: % LikLoukII: ThekofficerkGongkHangkhavingkonkhandkthekfuneralkofkonek ofkhisksons,kthekMasterkofkthekRightkwentktokcondolekwithkhim.kWhenkthisknobleke

nteredkthekdoor,ksomekcalledkhimktokthemkandkspo ekwithkhim,kandksomekwentktokhi skplacekandkspo ekwithkhim.kMenciuskdidknotkspea kwithkhim,ksokthatkhekwaskdispl eased,kandksaid,k'Allkthekgentlemenkhavekspo enkwithkme.kTherekiskonlykMenciuskw hokdoesknotkspea ktokme,ktherebykslightingkme.' k % Menciuskhavingkheardkofkthiskremar ,ksaid,k'Accordingktokthekpre scribedkrules,kinkthekcourt,kindividualskmayknotkchangektheirkplacesktokspea kwi thkonekanother,knorkmayktheykpasskfromktheirkran sktokbowktokonekanother.kIkwask wishingktokobservekthiskrule,kandkZikAokunderstandskitkthatkIkwaskslightingkhimk -kisknotkthiskstrange?' 56k

: %% LikLoukII: Menciusksaid,k'Thatkwherebyktheksuperiorkmankiskdistingu ishedkfromkotherkmenkiskwhatkhekpreserveskinkhiskheartk-knamely,kbenevolencekand kpropriety.kThekbenevolentkmankloveskothers.kThekmankofkproprietykshowskrespectk tokothers.kHekwhokloveskotherskiskconstantlyklovedkbykthem.kHekwhokrespectskothe rskiskconstantlykrespectedkbykthem.kHerekiskakman,kwhoktreatskmekinkakperverseka ndkunreasonablekmanner.kTheksuperiorkmankinksuchkakcasekwillkturnkroundkuponkhim self,k"Ikmustkhavekbeenkwantingkinkbenevolence;kIkmustkhavekbeenkwantingkinkprop rietyk-khowkshouldkthiskhavekhappenedktokme?"kHekexamineskhimself,kandkiskspecia llykbenevolent.kHekturnskroundkuponkhimself,kandkiskspeciallykobservantkofkpropr iety.kThekperversitykandkunreasonablenesskofkthekother,khowever,karekstillktheks ame.kTheksuperiorkmankwillkagainkturnkroundkonkhimself,k"Ikmustkhavekbeenkfailin gktokdokmykutmost."kHekturnskroundkuponkhimself,kandkproceedsktokdokhiskutmost,k butkstillkthekperversitykandkunreasonablenesskofkthekotherkarekrepeated.kOnkthis ktheksuperiorkmanksays,k"Thiskiskakmankutterlyklostkindeed!kSincekhekconductskhi mselfkso,kwhatkisktherektokchoosekbetweenkhimkandkakbrute?kWhykshouldkIkgoktokco ntendkwithkakbrute?"kThuskitkiskthatktheksuperiorkmankhaskaklife-longkanxietykan dknotkonekmorning'skcalamity.kAsktokwhatkiskmatterkofkanxietyktokhim,kthatkindee dkbekhas.kHeksays,k"Shunkwaskakman,kandkIkalsokamkakman.kButkShunkbecamekankexam plektokallkthek ingdom,kandkhiskconductkwaskworthyktokbekhandedkdownktokafterkag es,kwhilekIkamknothingkbetterkthankakvillager."kThiskindeedkiskthekproperkmatter kofkanxietyktokhim.kAndkinkwhatkwaykiskhekanxiouskaboutkit?kJustkthatkhekmaybekl i ekShun:kthenkonlykwillkhekstop.kAsktokwhatktheksuperiorkmankwouldkfeelktokbeka kcalamity,ktherekisknoksuchkthing.kHekdoesknothingkwhichkisknotkaccordingktokpro priety.kIfktherekshouldkbefallkhimkonekmorning'skcalamity,ktheksuperiorkmankdoes knotkaccountkitkakcalamity.' 57k

: %% LikLoukII: YukandkJi,kinkankagekwhenkthekworldkwaskbeingkbroughtkba c ktokorder,kthricekpassedktheirkdoorskwithoutkenteringkthem.kConfuciuskpraisedk them.kThekdisciplekYan,kinkankagekofkdisorder,kdweltkinkakmeanknarrowklane,khavi ngkhisksinglekbamboo-cupkofkrice,kandkhisksinglekgourd-dishkofkwater;kotherkmenk couldknotkhavekenduredkthekdistress,kbutkhekdidknotkallowkhiskjoyktokbekaffected kbykit.kConfuciuskpraisedkhim.kMenciusksaid,k'Yu,kJi,kandkYankHuikagreedkinkthek principlekofktheirkconduct.kYukthoughtkthatkifkanykonekinkthek ingdomkwerekdrown ed,kitkwaskaskifkhekdrownedkhim.kJikthoughtkthatkifkanykonekinkthek ingdomksuffe redkhunger,kitkwaskaskifkhekfamishedkhim.kItkwaskonkthiskaccountkthatktheykwerek sokearnest.kIfkYukandkJi,kandkYanzi,khadkexchangedkplaces,keachkwouldkhavekdonek whatkthekotherkdid.kHereknowkinktheksamekapartmentkwithkyoukarekpeoplekfightingk -kyoukoughtktokpartkthem.kThoughkyoukpartkthemkwithkyourkcapksimplyktiedkoverkyo urkunboundkhair,kyourkconductkwillkbekallowable.kIfkthekfightingkbekonlykinkthek villagekorkneighbourhood,kifkyoukgoktokputkankendktokitkwithkyourkcapktiedkoverk yourkhairkunbound,kyoukwillkbekinkerror.kAlthoughkyoukshouldkshutkyourkdoorkinks uchkakcase,kyourkconductkwouldkbekallowable.' 58k

: % LikLoukII: ThekdisciplekGongkDuksaid,k'Throughoutkthekwholek ingdom keverybodykpronounceskKuangkZhangkunfilial.kButkyou,kMaster,k eepkcompanykwithkh im,kandkmoreoverktreatkhimkwithkpoliteness.kIkventurektokas kwhykyoukdokso.'

 Menciuskreplied,k'Therekarekfivekthingskwhichkarekpronouncedkink thekcommonkusagekofkthekagektokbekunfilial.kThekfirstkisklazinesskinkthekusekofk one'skfourklimbs,kwithoutkattendingktoktheknourishmentkofkhiskparents.kTheksecon dkiskgamblingkandkchess-playing,kandkbeingkfondkofkwine,kwithoutkattendingktokth eknourishmentkofkhiskparents.kThekthirdkiskbeingkfondkofkgoodskandkmoney,kandkse lfishlykattachedktokhiskwifekandkchildren,kwithoutkattendingktoktheknourishmentk ofkhiskparents.kThekfourthkiskfollowingkthekdesireskofkone'skearskandkeyes,ksoka sktokbringkhiskparentsktokdisgrace.kThekfifthkiskbeingkfondkofkbravery,kfighting kandkquarrellingksokasktokendangerkhiskparents.kIskZhangkguiltykofkanykonekofkth esekthings?kNowkbetweenkZhangkandkhiskfatherktherekarosekdisagreement,khe,ktheks on,kreprovingkhiskfather,ktokurgekhimktokwhatkwaskgood.kTokurgekonekanotherktokw hatkiskgoodkbykreproofskiskthekwaykofkfriends.kButksuchkurgingkbetweenkfatherkan dksonkiskthekgreatestkinjuryktokthek indness,kwhichkshouldkprevailkbetweenkthem. kMoreover,kdidknotkZhangkwishktokhavekinkhiskfamilykthekrelationshipskofkhusband kandkwife,kchildkandkmother?kButkbecausekhekhadkoffendedkhiskfather,kandkwasknot kpermittedktokapproachkhim,kheksentkawaykhiskwife,kandkdrovekforthkhiskson,kandk allkhisklifekreceivesknokcherishingkattentionkfromkthem.kHeksettledkitkinkhiskmi ndkthatkifkhekdidknotkactkinkthiskway,khiskwouldkbekonekofkthekgreatestkofkcrime s.kSuchkandknothingkmorekiskthekcasekofkZhang.' 59k

: %% LikLoukII: WhenkthekphilosopherkZengkdweltkinkWukCheng,ktherekcamek akbandkfromkYuektokplunderkit.kSomeoneksaidktokhim,k'Thekplundererskarekcomingkkwhyknotkleavekthis?'kZengkonkthiskleftkthekcity,ksayingktokthekmankinkchargekof kthekhouse,k'Doknotklodgekanykpersonskinkmykhouse,klestktheykbrea kandkinjurekth ekplantskandktrees.'kWhenkthekplundererskwithdrew,kheksentkwordktokhim,ksaying,k 'Repairkthekwallskofkmykhouse.kIkamkaboutktokreturn.'kWhenkthekplundererskretire d,kthekphilosopherkZengkreturnedkaccordingly.kHiskdisciplesksaid,k'Sincekourkmas terkwasktreatedkwithksokmuchksinceritykandkrespect,kforkhimktokbekthekfirstktokg okawaykonkthekarrivalkofkthekplunderers,ksokasktokbekobservedkbykthekpeople,kand kthenktokreturnkonktheirkretiring,kappearsktokusktokbekimproper.'kShenkYoukXingk said,k'Youkdoknotkunderstandkthiskmatter.kFormerly,kwhenkShenkYoukwaskexposedkto kthekoutbrea kofkthekgrass-carriers,ktherekwerekseventykdiscipleskinkourkmaster' skfollowing,kandknonekofkthemktoo kpartkinkthekmatter.' k % WhenkZikSikwasklivingkinkWei,ktherekcamekakbandkfromkQiktokplund er.kSomekoneksaidktokhim,k'Thekplundererskarekcomingk-kwhyknotkleavekthis?'kZikS iksaid,k'IfkIkgokaway,kwhomkwillkthekprincekhavektokguardkthekStatekwith?' k %% Menciusksaid,k'ThekphilosopherskZengkandkZikSikagreedkinkthekpri nciplekofktheirkconduct.kZengkwaskakteacherk-kinkthekplacekofkakfatherkorkelderk brother.kZikSikwaskakministerk-kinkakmeanerkplace.kIfkthekphilosopherskZengkandk ZikSikhadkexchangedkplaceskthekonekwouldkhavekdonekwhatkthekotherkdid.' 60k

: LikLoukII: ThekofficerkChuksaidktokMencius,k'Master,kthek ingksentk personsktokspykoutkwhetherkyoukwerekreallykdifferentkfromkotherkmen.' k % Menciusksaid,k'HowkshouldkIkbekdifferentkfromkotherkmen?kYaokand kShunkwerekjustktheksamekaskotherkmen.' 61k

: % LikLoukII: AkmankofkQikhadkakwifekandkakconcubine,kandklivedktogeth erkwithkthemkinkhiskhouse.kWhenktheirkhusbandkwentkout,khekwouldkgetkhimselfkwel lkfilledkwithkwinekandkflesh,kandkthenkreturn,kand,konkhiskwife'skas ingkhimkwit hkwhomkhekatekandkdran ,ktheykwereksurektokbekallkwealthykandkhonourablekpeople. kThekwifekinformedkthekconcubine,ksaying,k'Whenkourkgoodkmankgoeskout,khekisksur ektokcomekbac khavingkparta enkplentifullykofkwinekandkflesh.kIkas edkwithkwhomk hekatekandkdran ,kandktheykarekall,kitkseems,kwealthykandkhonourablekpeople.kAnd

kyetknokpeoplekofkdistinctionkeverkcomekhere.kIkwillkspykoutkwherekourkgoodkmank goes.' k % Accordingly,kshekgotkupkearlykinkthekmorning,kandkprivatelykfoll owedkwhereverkherkhusbandkwent.kThroughoutkthekwholekcity,ktherekwasknokonekwhok stoodkorktal edkwithkhim.kAtklast,khekcamektokthosekwhokwereksacrificingkamongkt hektombskbeyondkthekouterkwallkonkthekeast,kandkbeggedkwhatktheykhadkover.kNotkb eingksatisfied,khekloo edkabout,kandkwentktokanotherkpartyk-kandkthiskwaskthekwa ykinkwhichkhekgotkhimselfksatiated.kHiskwifekreturned,kandkinformedkthekconcubin e,ksaying,k'Itkwasktokourkhusbandkthatkwekloo edkupkinkhopefulkcontemplation,kwi thkwhomkourklotkiskcastkforklifek-kandknowkthesekarekhiskways!'kOnkthis,kalongkw ithkthekconcubinekshekreviledktheirkhusband,kandktheykweptktogetherkinkthekmiddl ekhall.kInkthekmeantimekthekhusband,k nowingknothingkofkallkthis,kcamekinkwithka kjauntykair,kcarryingkhimselfkproudlyktokhiskwifekandkconcubine. k % Inkthekviewkofkaksuperiorkman,kasktokthekwayskbykwhichkmenksee k forkriches,khonours,kgain,kandkadvancement,ktherekarekfewkofktheirkwiveskandkcon cubineskwhokwouldknotkbekashamedkandkweepktogetherkonkaccountkofkthem.

k-kWankZhangkI k 1k : WankZhangkI: WankZhangkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'WhenkShunkwentkintokth ekfields,khekcriedkoutkandkweptktowardskthekpityingkheavens.kWhykdidkhekcrykoutk andkweep?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Hekwaskdissatisfied,kandkfullkofkearnestkdesir e.' k % WankZhangksaid,k'Whenkhiskparentsklovekhim,kaksonkrejoiceskandkf orgetskthemknot.kWhenkhiskparentskhatekhim,kthoughktheykpunishkhim,khekdoesknotk murmur.kWaskShunkthenkmurmuringkagainstkhiskparents?' k Menciuskanswered,k'ChangkXikas edkGongkMingkGao,ksaying,k"Asktok Shun'skgoingkintokthekfields,kIkhavekreceivedkyourkinstructions,kbutkIkdoknotk n owkaboutkhiskweepingkandkcryingkoutktokthekpityingkheavenskandktokhiskparents."k GongkMingkGaokansweredkhim,k"Youkdoknotkunderstandkthatkmatter."kNow,kGongkMingk Gaoksupposedkthatkthekheartkofkthekfilialksonkcouldknotkbeksokfreekofksorrow.kSh unkwouldksay,k"Ikexertkmykstrengthktokcultivatekthekfields,kbutkIkamktherebykonl ykdischargingkmykofficekaskakson.kWhatkcanktherekbekinkmekthatkmykparentskdoknot klovekme?"kThekDikcausedkhiskownkchildren,knineksonskandktwokdaughters,kthekvari ouskofficers,koxenkandksheep,kstorehouseskandkgranaries,kallktokbekprepared,ktok servekShunkamidkthekchannelledkfields.kOfkthekscholarskofkthek ingdomktherekwere kmultitudeskwhokfloc edktokhim.kTheksovereignkdesignedkthatkShunkshouldksuperint endkthek ingdomkalongkwithkhim,kandkthenktoktransferkitktokhimkentirely.kButkbec ausekhiskparentskwereknotkinkaccordkwithkhim,khekfeltkli ekakpoorkmankwhokhaskno wherektokturnkto.kTokbekdelightedkinkbykallkthekscholarskofkthek ingdom,kiskwhat kmenkdesire,kbutkitkwasknotksufficientktokremovektheksorrowkofkShun.kThekpossess ionkofkbeautykiskwhatkmenkdesire,kandkShunkhadkforkhiskwiveskthektwokdaughtersko fkthekDi,kbutkthiskwasknotksufficientktokremovekhisksorrow.kRicheskarekwhatkmenk desire,kandkthek ingdomkwaskthekrichkpropertykofkShun,kbutkthiskwasknotksufficie ntktokremovekhisksorrow.kHonourskarekwhatkmenkdesire,kandkShunkhadkthekdignityko fkbeingksovereign,kbutkthiskwasknotksufficientktokremovekhisksorrow.kThekreasonk whykthekbeingkthekobjectkofkmen'skdelight,kwithkthekpossessionkofkbeauty,kriches ,kandkhonourskwereknotksufficientktokremovekhisksorrow,kwaskthatkitkcouldkbekrem ovedkonlykbykhiskgettingkhiskparentsktokbekinkaccordkwithkhim.kThekdesirekofkthe kchildkisktowardskhiskfatherkandkmother.kWhenkhekbecomeskconsciouskofkthekattrac tionskofkbeauty,khiskdesirekisktowardskyoungkandkbeautifulkwomen.kWhenkhekcomesk tokhavekakwifekandkchildren,khiskdesirekisktowardskthem.kWhenkhekobtainskoffice, khiskdesirekisktowardskhisksovereignk-kifkhekcannotkgetkthekregardkofkhisksovere

ign,khekburnskwithin.kButkthekmankofkgreatkfilialkpiety,ktokthekendkofkhisklife, khaskhiskdesirektowardskhiskparents.kInkthekgreatkShunkIkseekthekcasekofkonekwho sekdesirekatkfiftykyear'skwasktowardskthem.' 2k

: %'% WankZhangkI: WankZhangkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'ItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Inkmarryingkakwife,khowkoughtkakmanktokproceed?kHekmustkinformkhisk parents."kIfkthekrulekbekindeedkaskherekexpressed,knokmankoughtktokhavekillustra tedkitksokwellkaskShun.kHowkwaskitkthatkShun'skmarriagektoo kplacekwithoutkhiski nformingkhiskparents?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Ifkhekhadkinformedkthem,khekwouldknotkhavekbee nkablektokmarry.kThatkmalekandkfemalekshouldkdwellktogether,kiskthekgreatestkofk humankrelations.kIfkShunkhadkinformedkhiskparents,khekmustkhavekmadekvoidkthiskg reatestkofkhumankrelations,ktherebykincurringktheirkresentment.kOnkthiskaccount, khekdidknotkinformkthem!' k WankZhangksaid,k'AsktokShun'skmarryingkwithoutkinformingkhiskpar ents,kIkhavekheardkyourkinstructions;kbutkhowkwaskitkthatkthekDikYaokgavekhimkhi skdaughterskaskwiveskwithoutkinformingkShun'skparents?' k % Menciusksaid,k'ThekDikalsok newkthatkifkhekinformedkthem,khekcou ldknotkmarrykhiskdaughtersktokhim.' k %% WankZhangksaid,k'HiskparentsksetkShunktokrepairkakgranary,ktokwh ich,kthekladderkhavingkbeenkremoved,kGukSouksetkfire.kTheykalsokmadekhimkdigkakw ell.kHekgotkout,kbutkthey,knotk nowingkthat,kproceededktokcoverkhimkup.kXiangksa id,k"Ofkthekschemektokcoverkupkthekcity-formingkprince,kthekmeritkiskallkmine.kL etkmykparentskhavekhiskoxenkandksheep.kLetkthemkhavekhiskstorehouseskandkgranari es.kHiskshieldkandkspearkshallkbekmine.kHisklutekshallkbekmine.kHiskbowkshallkbe kmine.kHisktwokwiveskIkshallkma ekattendkforkmektokmykbed."kXiangkthenkwentkaway kintokShun'skpalace,kandktherekwaskShunkonkhiskcouchkplayingkonkhisklute.kHsiang ksaid,k"IkamkcomeksimplykbecausekIkwaskthin ingkanxiouslykaboutkyou."kAtktheksam ektime,khekblushedkdeeply.kShunksaidktokhim,k"Therekarekallkmykofficersk-kdokyou kunderta ekthekgovernmentkofkthemkforkme."kIkdoknotk nowkwhetherkShunkwaskignora ntkofkXiang'skwishingktok illkhim.' k % Menciuskanswered,k'Howkcouldkhekbekignorantkofkthat?kButkwhenkXi angkwasksorrowful,khekwaskalsoksorrowful;kwhenkXiangkwaskjoyful,khekwaskalsokjoy ful.' k Zhangksaid,k'Inkthatkcase,kthen,kdidknotkShunkrejoicekhypocritic ally?' k % % Menciuskreplied,k'No.kFormerly,ksomekoneksentkakpresentkofkakliv ekfishktokZikChankofkZhang.kZikChankorderedkhiskpond- eeperktok eepkitkinkthekpo nd,kbutkthatkofficerkcoo edkit,kandkreportedkthekexecutionkofkhiskcommission,ksa ying,k"WhenkIkfirstkletkitkgo,kitkembarrassed.kInkaklittlekwhile,kitkseemedktokb eksomewhatkatkease,kthenkitkswamkawaykjoyfully."kZikChankobserved,k"Itkhadkgotki ntokitskelement!kItkhadkgotkintokitskelement!"kThekpond- eeperkthenkwentkoutkand ksaid,k"WhokcallskZikChankakwisekman?kAfterkIkhadkcoo edkandkeatenkthekfish,khek says,k"Itkhadkgotkintokitskelement!kItkhadkgotkintokitskelement!"kThuskaksuperio rkmankmaykbekimposedkonkbykwhatkseemsktokbekaskitkoughtktokbe,kbutkhekcannotkbek entrappedkbykwhatkiskcontraryktokrightkprinciple.kXiangkcamekinkthekwaykinkwhich ktheklovekofkhiskelderkbrotherkwouldkhavekmadekhimkcome;kthereforekShunksincerel ykbelievedkhim,kandkrejoiced.kWhatkhypocrisykwaskthere?' : WankZhangkI: WankZhangksaid,k'Xiangkmadekitkhiskdailykbusinessktoksla ykShun.kWhenkShunkwaskmadeksovereign,khowkwaskitkthatkhekonlykbanishedkhim?' 3k

% Menciusksaid,k'Hekraisedkhimktokbekakprince.kSomeksupposedkthatk itkwaskbanishingkhim?' k WankZhangksaid,k'Shunkbanishedktheksuperintendentkofkwor sktokYo ukZhou;kheksentkawaykHuankDouktokthekmountainkChong;khekslewkthekprincekofkSankM iaokinkSankWei;kandkhekimprisonedkGunkonkthekmountainkYu.kWhenkthekcrimeskofktho sekfourkwerekthuskpunished,kthekwholek ingdomkacquiescedk-kitkwaskakcuttingkoffk ofkmenkwhokwerekdestitutekofkbenevolence.kButkXiangkwaskofkallkmenkthekmostkdest itutekofkbenevolence,kandkShunkraisedkhimktokbekthekprincekofkYoukBeik-kofkwhatk crimeskhadkthekpeoplekofkYoukBeikbeenkguilty?kDoeskakbenevolentkmankreallykactkt hus?kInkthekcasekofkotherkmen,khekcutkthemkoff;kinkthekcasekofkhiskbrother,khekr aisedkhimktokbekakprince.' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Akbenevolentkmankdoesknotklaykupkanger,knorkch erishkresentmentkagainstkhiskbrother,kbutkonlykregardskhimkwithkaffectionkandklo ve.kRegardingkhimkwithkaffection,khekwisheskhimktokbekhonourable:kregardingkhimk withklove,khekwisheskhimktokbekrich.kThekappointmentkofkXiangktokbekthekprinceko fkYoukBeikwasktokenrichkandkennoblekhim.kIfkwhilekShunkhimselfkwasksovereign,khi skbrotherkhadkbeenkakcommonkman,kcouldkhekhavekbeenksaidktokregardkhimkwithkaffe ctionkandklove?' k WankZhangksaid,k'Ikventurektokas kwhatkyoukmeankbyksayingkthatks omeksupposedkthatkitkwaskakbanishingkofkXiang?' k Menciuskreplied,k'XiangkcouldkdoknothingkinkhiskState.kThekSonko fkHeavenkappointedkankofficerktokadministerkitskgovernment,kandktokpaykoverkitsk revenuesktokhim.kThisktreatmentkofkhimkledktokitskbeingksaidkthatkhekwaskbanishe d.kHowkindeedkcouldkhekbekallowedkthekmeanskofkoppressingkthekpeople?kNeverthele ss,kShunkwishedktokbekcontinuallykseeingkhim,kandkbykthiskarrangement,khekcameki ncessantlyktokcourt,kaskisksignifiedkinkthatkexpression:k"Hekdidknotkwaitkforkth ekrenderingkofktribute,korkaffairskofkgovernment,ktokreceivekthekprincekofkYoukB ei. 4k

: %' WankZhangkI: XiankQiukMengkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Therekisktheksayin g,k"Akscholarkofkcompletekvirtuekmayknotkbekemployedkaskakministerkbykhisksovere ign,knorktreatedkaskaksonkbykhiskfather.kShunkstoodkwithkhiskfacektoktheksouth,k andkYao,katkthekheadkofkallkthekprinces,kappearedkbeforekhimkatkcourtkwithkhiskf acektoktheknorth.kGukSoukalsokdidktheksame.kWhenkShunksawkGukSou,khiskcountenanc ekbecamekdiscomposed.kConfuciusksaid,kAtkthisktime,kinkwhatkakperilouskcondition kwaskthek ingdom!kItskstatekwaskindeedkunsettled."k-kIkdoknotk nowkwhetherkwhatk iskhereksaidkreallyktoo kplace.' k %%% Menciuskreplied,k'No.kThesekareknotkthekwordskofkaksuperiorkman. kTheykarektheksayingskofkankuncultivatedkpersonkofkthekeastkofkQi.kWhenkYaokwask old,kShunkwaskassociatedkwithkhimkinkthekgovernment.kItkisksaidkinkthekCanonkofk Yao,k"Afterktwentykandkeightkyears,kthekHighlykMeritoriouskonekdeceased.kThekpeo plekactedkaskifktheykwerekmourningkforkakfatherkorkmotherkforkthreekyears,kandku pktokthekborderskofkthekfourkseaskeveryksoundkofkmusickwaskhushed."kConfuciusksa id,k"Therekareknotktwoksunskinktheks y,knorktwoksovereignskoverkthekpeople."kShu nkhavingkbeenksovereign,kand,kmoreover,kleadingkonkallkthekprincesktokobservekth ekthreekyears'kmourningkforkYao,ktherekwouldkhavekbeenkinkthiskcasektwoksovereig ns.' k % XiankQiukMengksaid,k'OnkthekpointkofkShun'sknotktreatingkYaokask akminister,kIkhavekreceivedkyourkinstructions.kButkitkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoe try,kUnderkthekwholekheaven,kEverykspotkisktheksovereign'skground;kTokthekborder skofkthekland,kEverykindividualkisktheksovereign'skminister;"k-kandkShunkhadkbec omeksovereign.kIkventurektokas khowkitkwaskthatkGukSoukwasknotkonekofkhiskminist

% Menciuskanswered,k'Thatkodekisknotktokbekunderstoodkinkthatkwayk -kitkspea skofkbeingklaboriouslykengagedkinktheksovereign'skbusiness,ksokasknotk tokbekablektoknourishkone'skparents,kaskifkthekauthorksaid,k"Thiskiskallktheksov ereign'skbusiness,kandkhowkiskitkthatkIkalonekamksupposedktokhavekability,kandka mkmadektoktoilkinkit?"kTherefore,kthosekwhokexplainkthekodes,kmayknotkinsistkonk onektermksokasktokdokviolencektokaksentence,knorkonkaksentenceksokasktokdokviole ncektokthekgeneralkscope.kTheykmustktrykwithktheirkthoughtsktokmeetkthatkscope,k andkthenkwekshallkapprehendkit.kIfkweksimplykta eksingleksentences,ktherekisktha tkinkthekodekcalledk"ThekMil ykWay,"k-k"Ofkthekblac -hairedkpeoplekofkthekremnan tkofkZhou,kTherekisknotkhalfkakonekleft."kIfkitkhadkbeenkreallykaskthuskexpresse d,kthenknotkankindividualkofkthekpeoplekofkZhoukwaskleft.kOfkallkwhichkakfilialk sonkcankattainkto,ktherekisknothingkgreaterkthankhiskhonouringkhiskparents.kAndk ofkwhatkcankbekattainedktokinkthekhonouringkone'skparents,ktherekisknothingkgrea terkthanktheknourishingkthemkwithkthekwholek ingdom.kGukSoukwaskthekfatherkofkth eksovereignk-kthiskwaskthekheightkofkhonour.kShunknourishedkhimkwithkthekwholek ingdomk-kthiskwaskthekheightkofknourishing.kInkthiskwaskverifiedktheksentimentki nkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Everkcherishingkfilialkthoughts,kThosekfilialkthoughtskbe camekankexamplektokafterkages."kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkHistory,k"Reverentlykp erformingkhiskduties,khekwaitedkonkGukSou,kandkwaskfullkofkvenerationkandkawe.kG ukSoukalsokbelievedkhimkandkconformedktokvirtue."kThiskiskthektruekcasekofktheks cholarkofkcompletekvirtueknotkbeingktreatedkaskaksonkbykhiskfather.' 5k

ers.' k

: WankZhangkI: WankZhangksaid,k'WaskitkthekcasekthatkYaokgavekthekthron ektokShun?' k %% Menciusksaid,k'No.kTheksovereignkcannotkgivekthekthronektokanoth er.' k 'Yesk-kbutkShunkhadkthekthrone.kWhokgavekitktokhim?' k % 'Heavenkgavekitktokhim,'kwaskthekanswer. k '"kHeavenkgavekitktokhim:"k-kdidkHeavenkconferkitskappointmentko nkhimkwithkspecifickinjunctions?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'No.kHeavenkdoesknotkspea .kItksimplykshowedkit skwillkbykhiskpersonalkconductkandkhiskconductkofkaffairs.' k "Itkshowedkitskwillkbykhiskpersonalkconductkandkhiskconductkofka ffairs"k-khowkwaskthis?' k Mencius'skanswerkwas,k'TheksovereignkcankpresentkakmanktokHeaven ,kbutkhekcannotkma ekHeavenkgivekthatkmankthekthrone.kAkprincekcankpresentkakman ktoktheksovereign,kbutkhekcannotkcausektheksovereignktokma ekthatkmankakprince.k Akgreatkofficerkcankpresentkakmanktokhiskprince,kbutkhekcannotkcausekthekprincek tokma ekthatkmankakgreatkofficer.kYaokpresentedkShunktokHeaven,kandkHeavenkaccep tedkhim.kHekpresentedkhimktokthekpeople,kandkthekpeoplekacceptedkhim.kThereforek Iksay,k"Heavenkdoesknotkspea .kItksimplykindicatedkitskwillkbykhiskpersonalkcond uctkandkhiskconductkofkaffairs."' k Zhangksaid,k'Ikpresumektokas khowkitkwaskthatkYaokpresentedkShun ktokHeaven,kandkHeavenkacceptedkhim;kandkthatkhekexhibitedkhimktokthekpeople,kan dkthekpeoplekacceptedkhim.' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Hekcausedkhimktokpresidekoverktheksacrifices,k andkallkthekspiritskwerekwellkpleasedkwithkthem;kthuskHeavenkacceptedkhim.kHekca usedkhimktokpresidekoverkthekconductkofkaffairs,kandkaffairskwerekwellkadministe

red,ksokthatkthekpeoplekreposedkunderkhim;kthuskthekpeoplekacceptedkhim.kHeavenk gavekthekthronektokhim.kThekpeoplekgavekitktokhim.kThereforekIksaid,k"Theksovere ignkcannotkgivekthekthronektokanother.kShunkassistedkYaokinkthekgovernmentkforkt wentykandkeightkyearsk-kthiskwaskmorekthankmankcouldkhavekdone,kandkwaskfromkHea ven.kAfterkthekdeathkofkYao,kwhenkthekthreekyears'kmourningkwaskcompleted,kShunk withdrewkfromktheksonkofkYaoktoktheksouthkofkSouthkriver.kThekprinceskofkthek in gdom,khowever,krepairingktokcourt,kwentknotktoktheksonkofkYao,kbutktheykwentktok Shun.kLitigantskwentknotktoktheksonkofkYao,kbutktheykwentktokShun.kSingersksangk notktheksonkofkYao,kbutktheyksangkShun.kThereforekIksaid,k"Heavenkgavekhimkthekt hrone."kItkwaskafterkthesekthingskthatkhekwentktokthekMiddlekKingdom,kandkoccupi edkthekseatkofkthekSonkofkHeaven.kIfkhekhad,kbeforekthesekthings,kta enkupkhiskr esidencekinkthekpalacekofkYao,kandkhadkappliedkpressurektoktheksonkofkYao,kitkwo uldkhavekbeenkankactkofkusurpation,kandknotkthekgiftkofkHeaven.kThisksentimentki skexpressedkinkthekwordskofkThekGreatkDeclaration:k"Heavenkseeskaccordingkaskmyk peopleksee;kHeavenkhearskaccordingkaskmykpeoplekhear."' 6k

: %' WankZhangkI: WankZhangkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Peopleksay,k"Whenkthek disposalkofkthek ingdomkcamektokYu,khiskvirtuekwaskinferiorktokthatkofkYaokandkS hun,kandkhektransmittedkitknotktokthekworthiestkbutktokhiskson."kWaskitkso?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'No;kitkwasknotkso.kWhenkHeavenkgavekthek ingdo mktokthekworthiest,kitkwaskgivenktokthekworthiest.kWhenkHeavenkgavekitktokthekso nkofkthekprecedingksovereign,kitkwaskgivenktokhim.kShunkpresentedkYuktokHeaven.k Seventeenkyearskelapsed,kandkShunkdied.kWhenkthekthreekyears'kmourningkwaskexpir ed,kYukwithdrewkfromktheksonkofkShunktokYangkCheng.kThekpeoplekofkthek ingdomkfo llowedkhimkjustkaskafterkthekdeathkofkYao,kinsteadkofkfollowingkhiskson,ktheykha dkfollowedkShun.kYukpresentedkYiktokHeaven.kSevenkyearskelapsed,kandkYukdied.kWh enkthekthreekyears'kmourningkwaskexpired,kYikwithdrewkfromktheksonkofkYuktokthek northkofkmountkQi.kThekprinces,krepairingktokcourt,kwentknotktokYi,kbutktheykwen tktokQi.kLitigantskdidknotkgoktokYi,kbutktheykwentktokQi,ksaying,k"Hekiskthekson kofkourksovereign;"ktheksingerskdidknotksingkYi,kbutktheyksangkQi,ksaying,k"Heki sktheksonkofkourksovereign.kThatkDankZhukwasknotkequalktokhiskfather,kandkShun's ksonknotkequalktokhis;kthatkShunkassistedkYao,kandkYukassistedkShun,kforkmanykye ars,kconferringkbenefitskonkthekpeoplekforkaklongktime;kthatkthusktheklengthkofk timekduringkwhichkShun,kYu,kandkYikassistedkinkthekgovernmentkwasksokdifferent;k thatkQikwaskable,kaskakmankofktalentskandkvirtue,kreverentlyktokpursuektheksamek coursekaskYu;kthatkYikassistedkYukonlykforkakfewkyears,kandkhadknotklongkconferr edkbenefitskonkthekpeople;kthatkthekperiodskofkservicekofkthekthreekwereksokdiff erent;kandkthatktheksonskwerekoneksuperior,kandkthekotherksuperiork-kallkthiskwa skfromkHeaven,kandkwhatkcouldknotkbekbroughtkaboutkbykman.kThatkwhichkiskdonekwi thoutkman'skdoingkiskfromkHeaven.kThatkwhichkhappenskwithoutkman'skcausingkiskfr omkthekordinancekofkHeaven.kInkthekcasekofkakprivatekindividualkobtainingkthekth rone,ktherekmustkbekinkhimkvirtuekequalktokthatkofkShunkorkYu;kandkmoreoverkther ekmustkbekthekpresentingkofkhimktokHeavenkbykthekprecedingksovereign.kItkwaskonk thiskaccountkthatkConfuciuskdidknotkobtainkthekthrone.kWhenkthek ingdomkiskposse ssedkbyknaturalksuccession,ktheksovereignkwhokiskdisplacedkbykHeavenkmustkbekli ekJiekorkZhou.kItkwaskonkthiskaccountkthatkYi,kYikYin,kandkZhoukGongkdidknotkobt ainkthekthrone.kYikYinkassistedkTangksokthatkhekbecameksovereignkoverkthek ingdo m.kAfterkthekdemisekofkTang,kTaikDingkhavingkdiedkbeforekhekcouldkbekappointedks overeign,kWaikBingkreignedktwokyears,kandkZhongkRenkfour.kTaikJiakwaskthenkturni ngkupsidekdownkthekstatuteskofkTang,kwhenkYikYinkplacedkhimkinkTongkforkthreekye ars.kTherekTaikJiakrepentedkofkhiskerrors,kwaskcontrite,kandkreformedkhimself.kI nkTongkbekcamektokdwellkinkbenevolencekandkwal kinkrighteousness,kduringkthosekt hreeekyears,klisteningktoktheklessonskgivenktokhimkbykYikYin.kThenkYikYinkagaink returnedkwithkhimktokBo.kZhoukGongknotkgettingkthekthronekwaskli ekthekcasekofkY ikandkthekthronekofkXia,korkli ekthatkofkYikYinkandkthekthronekofkYin.kConfucius ksaid,k"TangkandkYukresignedkthekthronektoktheirkworthykministers.kTheksovereign kofkXiakandkthosekofkYinkandkZhouktransmittedkitktoktheirksons.kThekprinciplekof krighteousnesskwasktheksamekinkallkthekcases."'

: ' WankZhangkI: WankZhangkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'PeopleksaykthatkYikYin ksoughtkankintroductionktokTangkbykhisk nowledgekofkcoo ery.kWaskitkso?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'No,kitkwasknotkso.kYikYinkwaskakfarmerkinkthek landskofkthekprincekofkXin,kdelightingkinkthekprincipleskofkYaokandkShun.kInkany kmatterkcontraryktokthekrighteousnesskwhichktheykprescribed,korkcontraryktokthei rkprinciples,kthoughkhekhadkbeenkofferedkthekthrone,khekwouldknotkhavekregardedk it;kthoughktherekhadkbeenkyo edkforkhimkakthousandkteamskofkhorses,khekwouldknot khavekloo edkatkthem.kInkanykmatterkcontraryktokthekrighteousnesskwhichktheykpre scribed,korkcontraryktoktheirkprinciples,khekwouldkneitherkhavekgivenknorkta enk aksinglekstraw.kTangksentkpersonskwithkpresentskofksil ktokentreatkhimktokenterk hiskservice.kWithkankairkofkindifferencekandkself-satisfactionkheksaid,k"Whatkca nkIkdokwithkthoseksil skwithkwhichkTangkinviteskme?kIskitknotkbestkforkmektokabi dekinkthekchannelledkfields,kandksokdelightkmyselfkwithkthekprincipleskofkYaokan dkShun?"kTangkthriceksentkmessengersktokinvitekhim.kAfterkthis,kwithkthekZhangek ofkresolutionkdisplayedkinkhiskcountenance,khekspo ekinkakdifferentkstyle,k"Inst eadkofkabidingkinkthekchannelledkfieldskandktherebykdelightingkmyselfkwithkthekp rincipleskofkYaokandkShun,khadkIknotkbetterkma ekthiskprincekakprincekli ekYaoko rkShun,kandkthiskpeoplekli ekthekpeoplekofkYaokorkShun?kHadkIknotkbetterkinkmyko wnkpersonkseekthesekthingskforkmyself?k"Heaven'skplankinkthekproductionkofkman i ndkiskthis:kthatktheykwhokarekfirstkinformedkshouldkinstructkthosekwhokareklater kinkbeingkinformed,kandktheykwhokfirstkapprehendkprincipleskshouldkinstructkthos ekwhokarekslowerktokdokso.kIkamkonekofkHeaven'skpeoplekwhokhavekfirstkapprehende d;kIkwillkta ekthesekprincipleskandkinstructkthiskpeoplekinkthem.kIfkIkdoknotkin structkthem,kwhokwillkdokso?"kHekthoughtkthatkamongkallkthekpeoplekofkthek ingdo m,kevenkthekprivatekmenkandkwomen,kifktherekwerekanykwhokdidknotkenjoyksuchkbene fitskaskYaokandkShunkconferred,kitkwaskaskifkhekhimselfkpushedkthemkintokakditch .kHektoo kuponkhimselfkthekheavykchargekofkthek ingdomkinkthiskway,kandktherefor ekhekwentktokTang,kandkpressedkuponkhimktheksubjectkofkattac ingkXiakandksavingk thekpeople.kIkhaveknotkheardkofkonekwhokbentkhimself,kandkatktheksamektimekmadek otherskstraight;khowkmuchklesskcouldkonekdisgracekhimself,kandktherebykrectifykt hekwholek ingdom?kThekactionskofktheksageskhavekbeenkdifferent.kSomekhavek eptkr emotekfromkcourt,kandksomekhavekdrawnknearktokit;ksomekhavekleftktheirkoffices,k andksomekhaveknotkdoneksok-kthatktokwhichkthosekdifferentkcourseskallkagreekisks implykthek eepingkofktheirkpersonskpure.kIkhavekheardkthatkYikYinksoughtkankintr oductionktokTangkbykthekdoctrineskofkYaokandkShun.kIkhaveknotkheardkthatkhekdidk sokbykhisk nowledgekofkcoo ery.kInkthek"InstructionskofkYi,"kitkisksaid,k"Heaven kdestroyingkJiekcommencedkattac ingkhimkinkthekpalacekofkMu.kIkcommencedkinkBo." ' 8k

7k

: WankZhangkI: WankZhangkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'SomeksaykthatkConfuciu s,kwhenkhekwaskinkWei,klivedkwithkthekulcer-doctor,kandkwhenkhekwaskinkQi,kwithk thekattendant,kQikHuan;kwaskitkso?' k %%%% Menciuskreplied,k'No;kitkwasknotkso.kThosekarekthekinventionskof kmenkfondkofkstrangekthings.kWhenkhekwaskinkWei,kheklivedkwithkYankChoukYou.kThe kwiveskofkthekofficerkMikandkZikLukwereksisters,kandkMiktoldkZikLu,k"IfkConfuciu skwillklodgekwithkme,khekmaykattainktokthekdignitykofkakhighknoblekofkWei."kZikL ukinformedkConfuciuskofkthis,kandkheksaid,k"ThatkiskaskorderedkbykHeaven."kConfu ciuskwentkintokofficekaccordingktokpropriety,kandkretiredkfromkitkaccordingktokr ighteousness.kInkregardktokhiskobtainingkofficekorknotkobtainingkit,kheksaid,k"T hatkiskaskordered."kButkifkhekhadklodgedkwithkthekattendantkQikHuan,kthatkwouldk neitherkhavekbeenkaccordingktokrighteousness,knorkanykorderingkofkHeaven.kWhenkC onfucius,kbeingkdissatisfiedkinkLukandkWei,khadkleftkthosekStates,khekmetkwithkt hekattemptkofkHwan,kthekMasterkofkthekHorse,kofkSong,ktokinterceptkandk illkhim. kHekassumed,khowever,kthekdresskofkakcommonkman,kandkpassedkbykSong.kAtkthatktim e,kthoughkhekwaskinkcircumstanceskofkdistress,kheklodgedkwithkthekcity-masterkCh

ang,kwhokwaskthenkakministerkofkZhou,kthekmarquiskofkChen.kIkhavekheardkthatkthe kcharacterskofkministerskaboutkcourtkmaykbekdiscernedkfromkthosekwhomktheykenter tain,kandkthosekofkstrangerkofficers,kfromkthosekwithkwhomktheyklodge.kIfkConfuc iuskhadklodgedkwithkthekulcer-doctor,kandkwithkthekattendantkQikHuan,khowkcouldk hekhavekbeenkConfucius?' 9k

: %' WankZhangkI: WankZhangkas edkMencius,k'SomeksaykthatkBaikLikXiksoldkh imselfktokakcattle- eeperkofkJinkforktheks inskofkfivekrams,kandkfedkhiskoxen,ki nkorderktokfindkankintroductionktokthekdu ekMukofkQink-kwaskthiskthekcase?' k %%% Menciusksaid,k'No;kitkwasknotkso.kThiskstorykwaskinventedkbykmen kfondkofkstrangekthings.kBaikLikXikwaskakmankofkYu.kThekpeoplekofkJin,kbykthekin ducementkofkakroundkpiecekofkjadekfromkChuikJi,kandkfourkhorseskofkthekQukbreed, kborrowedkakpassagekthroughkYuktokattac kGuo.kOnkthatkoccasion,kGongkZhikQikremo nstratedkagainstkgrantingktheirkrequest,kandkBaikLikXikdidknotkremonstrate.kWhen khek newkthatkthekdu ekofkYukwasknotktokbekremonstratedkwith,kand,kleavingkthatk State,kwentktokQin,khekhadkreachedkthekagekofkseventy.kIfkbykthatktimekhekdidkno tk nowkthatkitkwouldkbekakmeankthingktoksee kankintroductionktokthekdu ekMukofkQ inkbykfeedingkoxen,kcouldkhekbekcalledkwise?kButknotkremonstratingkwherekitkwask ofknokusektokremonstrate,kcouldkhekbeksaidknotktokbekwise?kKnowingkthatkthekdu e kofkYukwouldkbekruined,kandkleavingkhimkbeforekthatkevent,khekcannotkbeksaidknot ktokhavekbeenkwise.kBeingkthenkadvancedkinkQin,khek newkthatkthekdu ekMukwaskone kwithkwhomkhekwouldkenjoykakfieldkforkaction,kandkbecamekministerktokhim;kcouldk he,kactingkthus,kbeksaidknotktokbekwise?kHavingkbecomekchiefkministerkofkQin,khe kmadekhiskprincekdistinguishedkthroughoutkthek ingdom,kandkworthykofkbeingkhande dkdownktokfuturekages;kcouldkhekhavekdonekthis,kifkhekhadknotkbeenkakmankofktale ntskandkvirtue?kAsktoksellingkhimselfkinkorderktokaccomplishkallkthekaimskofkhis kprince,kevenkakvillagerkwhokhadkakregardkforkhimselfkwouldknotkdoksuchkakthing; kandkshallkweksaykthatkakmankofktalentskandkvirtuekdidkit?'

k-kWankZhangkII k 10k : %% WankZhangkII: Menciusksaid,k'BokYikwouldknotkallowkhiskeyesktokloo kon kakbadksight,knorkhiskearsktoklistenktokakbadksound.kHekwouldknotkservekakprince kwhomkhekdidknotkapprove,knorkcommandkakpeoplekwhomkhekdidknotkesteem.kInkaktime kofkgoodkgovernmentkhektoo koffice,kandkonkthekoccurrencekofkconfusionkhekretire d.kHekcouldknotkbearktokdwellkeitherkinkakcourtkfromkwhichkaklawlesskgovernmentk emanated,korkamongklawlesskpeople.kHekconsideredkhiskbeingkinktheksamekplacekwit hkakvillager,kaskifkhekwerektoksitkamidkmudkandkcoalskwithkhiskcourtkrobeskandkc ourtkcap.kInkthektimekofkZhoukhekdweltkonkthekshoreskofkthekNorthksea,kwaitingkt hekpurificationkofkthek ingdom.kThereforekwhenkmenknowkhearkthekcharacterkofkBok Yi,kthekcorruptkbecomekpure,kandkthekwea kacquirekdetermination. k '%` YikYinksaid,k"WhomkmaykIknotkserve?kMykservingkhimkma eskhimkmy ksovereign.kWhatkpeoplekmaykIknotkcommand?kMykcommandingkthemkma eskthemkmykpeop le."kInkaktimekofkgoodkgovernmentkhektoo koffice,kandkwhenkconfusionkprevailed,k hekalsoktoo koffice.kHeksaid,k"Heaven'skplankinkthekproductionkofkman indkiskthi s:kthatktheykwhokarekfirstkinformedkshouldkinstructkthosekwhokareklaterkinkbeing kinformed,kandktheykwhokfirstkapprehendkprincipleskshouldkinstructkthosekwhokare kslowerkinkdoingkso.kIkamkthekonekofkHeaven'skpeoplekwhokhaskfirstkapprehended;k Ikwillkta ekthesekprincipleskandkinstructkthekpeoplekinkthem."kHekthoughtkthatka mongkallkthekpeoplekofkthek ingdom,kevenkthekcommonkmenkandkwomen,kifktherekwere kanykwhokdidknotksharekinkthekenjoymentkofksuchkbenefitskaskYaokandkShunkconferr ed,kitkwaskaskifkhekhimselfkpushedkthemkintokakditchk-kforkhektoo kuponkhimselfk thekheavykchargekofkthek ingdom. k %%% HuikofkLiukXiakwasknotkashamedktokservekankimpurekprince,knorkd idkhekthin kitklowktokbekankinferiorkofficer.kWhenkadvancedktokemployment,khekdi

dknotkconcealkhiskvirtue,kbutkmadekitkakpointktokcarrykoutkhiskprinciples.kWhenk dismissedkandkleftkwithoutkoffice,khekdidknotkmurmur.kWhenkstraitenedkbykpoverty ,khekdidknotkgrieve.kWhenkthrownkintokthekcompanykofkvillagekpeople,khekwaskquit ekatkeasekandkcouldknotkbearktokleavekthem.kHekhadkaksaying,k"Youkarekyou,kandkI kamkI.kAlthoughkyoukstandkbykmyksidekwithkbreastkandkarmskbare,korkwithkyourkbod ykna ed,khowkcankyoukdefilekme?"kThereforekwhenkmenknowkhearkthekcharacterkofkHu ikofkLiukXia,kthekmeankbecomekgenerous,kandkthekniggardlykbecomekliberal. k %'% WhenkConfuciuskwaskleavingkQi,khekstrainedkoffkwithkhiskhandkth ekwaterkinkwhichkhiskricekwaskbeingkrinsed,ktoo kthekrice,kandkwentkaway.kWhenkh ekleftkLu,kheksaid,k"Ikwillksetkoutkby-and-by"k-kitkwaskrightkhekshouldkleavekth ekcountrykofkhiskparentskinkthiskway.kWhenkitkwaskproperktokgokawaykquic ly,khek didkso;kwhenkitkwaskproperktokdelay,khekdidkso;kwhenkitkwaskproperktok eepkinkre tirement,khekdidkso;kwhenkitkwaskproperktokgokintokoffice,khekdidksok-kthiskwask Confucius.' k Menciusksaid,'BokYikamongktheksageskwaskthekpurekone;kYikYinkwas kthekonekmostkinclinedktokta ekoffice;kHuikofkLiukXiakwaskthekaccommodatingkone; kandkConfuciuskwaskthektimeouskone.kInkConfuciuskwekhavekwhatkiskcalledkakcomple tekconcert.kAkcompletekconcertkiskwhenktheklargekbellkproclaimskthekcommencement kofkthekmusic,kandkthekringingkstonekproclaimskitskclose.kThekmetalksoundkcommen ceskthekblendedkharmonykofkallkthekinstruments,kandkthekwindingkupkwithkthekston ekterminateskthatkblendedkharmony.kThekcommencingkthatkharmonykiskthekwor kofkwi sdom.kThekterminatingkitkiskthekwor kofksageness.kAskakcomparisonkforkwisdom,kwe kmaykli enkitktoks ill,kandkaskakcomparisonkforksageness,kwekmaykli enkitktokstr engthk-kaskinkthekcasekofkshootingkatkakmar kakhundredkpaceskdistant.kThatkyoukr eachkitkiskowingktokyourkstrength,kbutkthatkyoukhitkthekmar kisknotkowingktokyou rkstrength.' 11k

: WankZhangkII: BeikGongkQikas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Whatkwaskthekarrange mentkofkdignitieskandkemolumentskdeterminedkbykthekHousekofkZhou?' k %%% Menciuskreplied,k'Thekparticularskofkthatkarrangementkcannotkbek learned,kforkthekprinces,kdisli ingkthemkaskinjuriousktokthemselves,khavekallkma dekawaykwithkthekrecordskofkthem.kStillkIkhaveklearnedkthekgeneralkoutlinekofkth em.kThekSonkofkHeavenkconstitutedkonekdignity;kthekGongkone;kthekHoukone;kthekBa ikone;kandkthekZikandkthekNankeachkonekofkequalkran k-kaltogetherkma ingkfivekde greeskofkran .kThekRulerkagainkconstitutedkonekdignity;kthekChiefkMinisterkone;k thekGreatkOfficerskone;kthekScholarskofkthekFirstkClasskone;kthosekofkthekMiddle kClasskone;kandkthosekofkthekLowestkClasskonek-kaltogetherkma ingksixkdegreeskof kdignity. k % 'TokthekSonkofkHeavenktherekwaskallottedkakterritorykofkakthousa ndkliksquare.kAkGongkandkakHoukhadkeachkakhundredkliksquare.kAkBaikhadkseventykl i,kandkakZikandkakNankhadkeachkfiftykli.kThekassignmentskaltogetherkwerekofkfour kamounts.kWherekthekterritorykdidknotkamountktokfiftykli,kthekchiefkcouldknotkha vekaccesskhimselfktokthekSonkofkHeaven.kHisklandkwaskattachedktoksomekHou-ship,k andkwaskcalledkakFukYong.kThekChiefkministerskofkthekSonkofkHeavenkreceivedkanka mountkofkterritorykequalktokthatkofkakHou;kakGreatkofficerkreceivedkaskmuchkaska kBai;kandkakscholarkofkthekfirstkclasskaskmuchkaskakZikorkakNan. k 'InkakgreatkState,kwherekthekterritorykwaskakhundredkliksquare,k thekrulerkhadktenktimeskaskmuchkincomekaskhiskChiefkministers;kakChiefkministerk fourktimeskaskmuchkaskakGreatkofficer;kakGreatkofficerktwicekaskmuchkaskakschola rkofkthekfirstkclass;kakscholarkofkthekfirstkclassktwicekaskmuchkaskonekofkthekm iddle;kakscholarkofkthekmiddlekclassktwicekaskmuchkaskonekofktheklowest;ktheksch olarskofktheklowestkclass,kandksuchkofkthekcommonkpeoplekaskwerekemployedkaboutk thekgovernmentkoffices,khadkforktheirkemolumentkaskmuchkaskwaskequalktokwhatkthe ykwouldkhavekmadekbyktillingkthekfields.kInkakStatekofktheknextkorder,kwherekthe

kterritorykwaskseventykliksquare,kthekrulerkhadktenktimeskaskmuchkrevenuekaskhis kChiefkminister;kakChiefkministerkthreektimeskaskmuchkaskakGreatkofficer;kakGrea tkofficerktwicekaskmuchkaskakscholarkofkthekfirstkclass;kakscholarkofkthekfirstk classktwicekaskmuchkaskonekofkthekmiddle;kakscholarkofkthekmiddlekclassktwicekas kmuchkaskonekofktheklowest;kthekscholarskofktheklowestkclass,kandksuchkofkthekco mmonkpeoplekaskwerekemployedkaboutkthekgovernmentkoffices,khadkforktheirkemolume ntkaskmuchkaskwaskequalktokwhatktheykwouldkhavekmadekbyktillingkthekfields.kInka ksmallkState,kwherekthekterritorykwaskfiftykliksquare,kthekrulerkhadktenktimeska skmuchkrevenuekaskhiskChiefkminister;kakChiefkministerkhadktwicekaskmuchkaskakGr eatkofficer;kakGreatkofficerktwicekaskmuchkaskakscholarkofkthekhighestkclass;kak scholarkofkthekhighestkclassktwicekaskmuchkaskonekofkthekmiddle;kakscholarkofkth ekmiddlekclassktwicekaskmuchkaskonekofktheklowest;kscholarskofktheklowestkclass, kandksuchkofkthekcommonkpeoplekaskwerekemployedkaboutkthekgovernmentkoffices,kha dktheksamekemolumentk-kaskmuch,knamely,kaskwaskequalktokwhatktheykwouldkhavekmad ekbyktillingkthekfields.kAsktokthosekwhoktilledkthekfields,keachkhusbandmankrece ivedkakhundredkmu.kWhenkthosekmukwerekmanured,kthekbestkhusbandmenkofkthekhighes tkclassksupportedkninekindividuals,kandkthosekran ingknextktokthemksupportedkeig ht.kThekbestkhusbandmenkofktheksecondkclassksupportedksevenkindividuals,kandktho sekran ingknextktokthemksupportedksix;kwhilekhusbandmenkofktheklowestkclasskonly ksupportedkfive.kTheksalarieskofkthekcommonkpeoplekwhokwerekemployedkaboutkthekg overnmentkofficeskwerekregulatedkaccordingktokthesekdifferences.' 12k

: % WankZhangkII: WankChangkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Ikventurektokas kthekp rincipleskofkfriendship.' k % % Menciuskreplied,k'Friendshipkshouldkbekmaintainedkwithoutkanykpr esumptionkonkthekgroundkofkone'sksuperiorkage,korkstation,korkthekcircumstancesk ofkhiskrelatives.kFriendshipkwithkakmankiskfriendshipkwithkhiskvirtue,kandkdoesk notkadmitkofkassumptionskofksuperiority.kTherekwaskMengkXian,kchiefkofkakfamilyk ofkakhundredkchariots.kHekhadkfivekfriends,knamely,kYuekZhengkQiu,kMukZhong,kand kthreekotherskwhoseknameskIkhavekforgotten.kWithkthosekfivekmenkXiankmaintainedk akfriendship,kbecausektheykthoughtknothingkaboutkhiskfamily.kIfktheykhadkthought kaboutkhiskfamily,khekwouldknotkhavekmaintainedkhiskfriendshipkwithkthem.kNotkon lykhaskthekchiefkofkakfamilykofkakhundredkchariotskactedkthus.kTheksamekthingkwa skexemplifiedkbyktheksovereignkofkaksmallkState.kThekdu ekHuikofkBiksaid,k"Iktre atkZikSikaskmykTeacher,kandkYankBankaskmykFriend.kAsktokWangkShunkandkChangkXi,k theykservekme."kNotkonlykhasktheksovereignkofkaksmallkStatekactedkthus.kTheksame kthingkhaskbeenkexemplifiedkbyktheksovereignkofkaklargekState.kTherekwaskthekdu ekPingkofkJinkwithkHaikTangk-kwhenkTangktoldkhimktokcomekintokhiskhouse,khekcame ;kwhenkhektoldkhimktokbekseated,kheksat;kwhenkhektoldkhimktokeat,khekate.kTherek mightkonlykbekcoarsekricekandksoupkofkvegetables,kbutkhekalwayskatekhiskfill,kno tkdaringktokdokotherwise.kHere,khowever,khekstopped,kandkwentknokfarther.kHekdid knotkcallkhimktoksharekanykofkHeaven'skplaces,korktokgovernkanykofkHeaven'skoffi ces,korktokparta ekofkanykofkHeaven'skemoluments.kHiskconductkwaskbutkakscholar' skhonouringkvirtuekandktalents,knotkthekhonouringkthemkproperktokak ingkorkakdu e.kShunkwentkupktokcourtkandksawktheksovereign,kwhoklodgedkhimkaskhiskson-in-law kinktheksecondkpalace.kTheksovereignkalsokenjoyedktherekShun'skhospitality.kAlte rnatelykhekwaskhostkandkguest.kHerekwasktheksovereignkmaintainingkfriendshipkwit hkakprivatekman.kRespectkshownkbykinferiorsktoksuperiorskiskcalledkgivingktokthe knoblekthekobservancekduektokran .kRespectkshownkbyksuperiorsktokinferiorskiskca lledkgivingkhonourktoktalentskandkvirtue.kThekrightnesskinkeachkcasekisktheksame .' : WankZhangkII: WankZhangkas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Ikventurektokas kwhatk feelingkofkthekmindkiskexpressedkinkthekpresentskofkfriendship?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Thekfeelingkofkrespect.' k 13k

'Howkiskit,'kpursuedkZhang,k'thatkthekdecliningkakpresentkiskacc ountedkdisrespectful?' k % Thekanswerkwas,k'Whenkonekofkhonourablekran kpresentskakgift,kto ksaykinkthekmind,k"Waskthekwaykinkwhichkhekgotkthiskrighteouskorknot?kIkmustk no wkthiskbeforekIkcankreceivekit"k-kthiskiskdeemedkdisrespectful,kandkthereforekpr esentskareknotkdeclined.' k ' WankZhangkas edkagain,k'Whenkonekdoesknotkta ekonkhimkinksokmany kexpresskwordsktokrefusekthekgift,kbutkhavingkdeclinedkitkinkhiskheart,ksaying,k "Itkwaskta enkbykhimkunrighteouslykfromkthekpeople,"kandkthenkassignsksomekother kreasonkforknotkreceivingkitk-kisknotkthiskakproperkcourse?' k % Menciusksaid,k'Whenkthekdonorkofferskitkonkakgroundkofkreason,ka ndkhiskmannerkofkdoingksokiskaccordingktokpropriety;kinksuchkakcasekConfuciuskwo uldkhavekreceivedkit.' k WankZhangksaid,k'Hereknowkiskonekwhokstopskandkrobskpeoplekoutsi dekthekgateskofkthekcity.kHekofferskhiskgiftkonkakgroundkofkreason,kandkdoesksok inkakmannerkaccordingktokproprietyk-kwouldkthekreceptionkofkitksokacquiredkbykro bberykbekproper?' k %%'% Menciuskreplied,k'Itkwouldknotkbekproper.kInk"ThekAnnouncementkt okKang"kitkisksaid,k"Whenkmenk illkothers,kandkrollkoverktheirkbodiesktokta ekth eirkproperty,kbeingkrec lesskandkfearlesskofkdeath,kamongkallkthekpeoplekthereka reknonekbutkdetestkthem"k-kthus,ksuchkcharacterskarektokbekputktokdeath,kwithout kwaitingktokgivekthemkwarning.kYinkreceivedkthiskrulekfromkXiakandkZhoukreceived kitkfromkYin.kItkcannotkbekquestioned,kandktokthekpresentkdaykiskclearlykac nowl edged.kHowkcankthekgriftkofkakrobberkbekreceived?' k % Zhangksaid,k'Thekprinceskofkthekpresentkdaykta ekfromktheirkpeop lekjustkaskakrobberkdespoilskhiskvictim.kYetkifktheykputkakgoodkfacekofkpropriet ykonktheirkgifts,kthenktheksuperiorkmankreceiveskthem.kIkventurektokas khowkyouk explainkthis.' k Menciuskanswered,k'Dokyoukthin kthat,kifktherekshouldkarisekaktr ulykroyalksovereign,khekwouldkcollectkthekprinceskofkthekpresentkday,kandkputkth emkallktokdeath?kOrkwouldkhekadmonishkthem,kandkthen,konktheirknotkchangingkthei rkways,kputkthemktokdeath?kIndeed,ktokcallkeverykonekwhokta eskwhatkdoesknotkpro perlykbelongktokhimkakrobber,kiskpushingkakpointkofkresemblancektokthekutmost,ka ndkinsistingkonkthekmostkrefinedkideakofkrighteousness.kWhenkConfuciuskwaskinkof ficekinkLu,kthekpeoplekstruggledktogetherkforkthekgamekta enkinkhunting,kandkhek alsokdidktheksame.kIfkthatkstrugglingkforkthekcapturedkgamekwaskproper,khowkmuch kmorekmaykthekgiftskofkthekprinceskbekreceived!' k Zhangkurged,k'ThenkarekwektoksupposekthatkwhenkConfuciuskheldkof fice,kitkwasknotkwithkthekviewktokcarrykhiskdoctrineskintokpractice?' k % 'Itkwaskwithkthatkview,'kMenciuskreplied, k AndkZhangkrejoined,k'Ifkthekpracticekofkhiskdoctrineskwaskhiskbu siness,kwhatkhadkhektokdokwithkthatkstrugglingkforkthekcapturedkgame?' k % Menciusksaid,k'Confuciuskfirstkrectifiedkhiskvesselskofksacrific ekaccordingktokthekregisters,kandkdidknotkfillkthemksokrectifiedkwithkfoodkgathe redkfromkeverykquarter.' k 'Butkwhykdidkheknotkgokaway?' k %% 'Hekwishedktokma ekaktrialkofkcarryingkhiskdoctrineskintokpracti

ce.kWhenkthatktrialkwasksufficientktokshowkthatktheykcouldkbekpractisedkandkthey kwerekstillknotkpractised,kthenkhekwentkaway,kandkthuskitkwaskthatkhekneverkcomp letedkinkanykStatekakresidencekofkthreekyears.kConfuciusktoo kofficekwhenkheksaw kthatkthekpracticekofkhiskdoctrineskwaskli ely;khektoo kofficekwhenkhiskreceptio nkwaskproper;khektoo kofficekwhenkhekwasksupportedkbykthekState.kInkthekcasekofk hiskrelationktokQikHuan,khektoo koffice,kseeingkthatkthekpracticekofkhiskdoctrin eskwaskli ely.kWithkthekdu ekLingkofkWeikhektoo koffice,kbecausekhiskreceptionkw askproper.kWithkthekdu ekXiaokofkWeikhektoo koffice,kbecausekhekwaskmaintainedkb ykthekState.' 14k

: % WankZhangkII: Menciusksaid,k'Officekisknotksoughtkonkaccountkofkpovert y,kyetktherekarektimeskwhenkoneksee skofficekonkthatkaccount.kMarriagekisknotken teredkintokforktheksa ekofkbeingkattendedktokbykthekwife,kyetktherekarektimeskwh enkonekmarrieskonkthatkaccount.kHekwhokta eskofficekonkaccountkofkhiskpovertykmu stkdeclinekankhonourableksituationkandkoccupykaklowkone;khekmustkdeclinekrichesk andkpreferktokbekpoor.kWhatkofficekwillkbekinkharmonykwithkthiskdecliningkankhon ourableksituationkandkoccupyingkaklowkone,kthiskdecliningkricheskandkpreferringk tokbekpoor?kSuchkankonekaskthatkofkguardingkthekgates,korkbeatingkthekwatchman's kstic .kConfuciuskwaskoncek eeperkofkstores,kandkhekthenksaid,k"Mykcalculationsk mustkbekallkright.kThatkiskallkIkhavektokcarekabout."kHekwaskoncekinkchargekofkt hekpublickfields,kandkhekthenksaid,k"Thekoxenkandksheepkmustkbekfatkandkstrong,k andksuperior.kThatkiskallkIkhavektokcarekabout."kWhenkonekiskinkaklowksituation, ktokspea kofkhighkmatterskiskakcrime.kWhenkakscholarkstandskinkakprince'skcourt, kandkhiskprincipleskareknotkcarriedkintokpractice,kitkiskakshamektokhim.' 15k

: WankZhangkII: WankZhangksaid,k'Whatkiskthekreasonkthatkakscholarkdoesk notkacceptkakstatedksupportkfromkakprince?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Hekdoesknotkpresumektokdokso.kWhenkakprinceklo seskhiskState,kandkthenkacceptskakstatedksupportkfromkanotherkprince,kthiskiskin kaccordancekwithkpropriety.kButkforkakscholarktokacceptksuchksupportkfromkanykof kthekprinceskisknotkinkaccordancekwithkpropriety.' k WankZhangksaid,k'Ifkthekprinceksendkhimkakpresentkofkgrain,kfork instance,kdoeskhekacceptkit?' k % 'Hekacceptskit,'kansweredkMencius. k 'Onkwhatkprinciplekofkrighteousnesskdoeskhekacceptkit?' k % 'Why,kthekprincekoughtktokassistkthekpeoplekinktheirknecessities .' k Zhangkpursued,k'Whykiskitkthatkthekscholarkwillkthuskacceptkthek prince'skhelp,kbutkwillknotkacceptkhiskpay?' k % Thekanswerkwas,k'Hekdoesknotkpresumektokdokso.' k 'Ikventurektokas kwhykhekdoesknotkpresumektokdokso.' k %% 'Evenkthek eeperskofkthekgates,kwithktheirkwatchmen'skstic s,kha vektheirkregularkofficeskforkwhichktheykcankta ektheirksupportkfromkthekprince.k Hekwhokwithoutkakregularkofficekshouldkreceivekthekpaykofkthekprincekmustkbekdee medkdisrespectful.' k Zhangkas ed,k'Ifkthekprinceksendskakscholarkakpresent,khekaccept skit;kIkdoknotk nowkwhetherkthiskpresentkmaykbekconstantlykrepeated.' k % %

Menciuskanswered,k'Therekwaskthekconductkofkthekdu ekMuktokZikSi .kHekmadekfrequentkinquirieskafterkZikSi'skhealth,kandksentkhimkfrequentkpresent skofkcoo edkmeat.kZikSikwaskdispleased;kandkatklength,khavingkmotionedktokthekme ssengerktokgokoutsidekthekgreatkdoor,khekbowedkhiskheadktokthekgroundkwithkhiskf acektoktheknorth,kdidkobeisancektwice,kandkdeclinedkthekgift,ksaying,k"Fromkthis ktimekforthkIkshallk nowkthatkthekprinceksupportskmekaskakdogkorkakhorse."kAndks okfromkthatktimekakservantkwasknokmoreksentkwithkthekpresents.kWhenkakprincekpro fessesktokbekpleasedkwithkakmankofktalentskandkvirtue,kandkcankneitherkpromotekh imktokoffice,knorksupportkhimkinkthekproperkway,kcankhekbeksaidktokbekpleasedkwi thkhim?' k Zhangksaid,k'Ikventurektokas khowktheksovereignkofkakState,kwhen khekwishesktoksupportkaksuperiorkman,kmustkproceed,kthatkhekmaykbeksaidktokdokso kinkthekproperkway?' k %% Menciuskanswered,k'Atkfirst,kthekpresentkmustkbekofferedkwithkth ekprince'skcommission,kandkthekscholar,kma ingkobeisancektwicekwithkhiskheadkbow edktokthekground,kwillkreceivekit.kButkafterkthiskthekstore eeperkwillkcontinuek toksendkgrain,kandkthekmasterkofkthek itchenktoksendkmeat,kpresentingkitkaskifkw ithoutkthekprince'skexpresskcommission.kZikSikconsideredkthatkthekmeatkfromkthek prince'skcaldron,kgivingkhimkthekannoyancekofkconstantlykdoingkobeisance,kwaskno tkthekwayktoksupportkaksuperiorkman.kTherekwaskYao'skconductktokShun:kHekcausedk hisknineksonsktokservekhim,kandkgavekhimkhisktwokdaughterskinkmarriage;khekcause dkthekvariouskofficers,koxenkandksheep,kstorehouseskandkgranaries,kallktokbekpre paredktoksupportkShunkamidkthekchannelledkfields,kandkthenkhekraisedkhimktokthek mostkexaltedksituation.kFromkthiskwekhavekthekexpression,k"Thekhonouringkofkvirt uekandktalentskproperktokak ingkorkakdu e."' 16k

: WankZhangkII: WankZhangksaid,k'Ikventurektokas kwhatkprinciplekofkrigh teousnesskiskinvolvedkinkakscholar'sknotkgoingktokseekthekprinces?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Akscholarkresidingkinkthekcitykiskcalledk"akmi nisterkofkthekmar et-placekandkwell,"kandkonekresidingkinkthekcountrykiskcalledk "akministerkofkthekgrasskandkplants."kInkbothkcaseskhekiskakcommonkman,kandkitki skthekrulekofkproprietykthatkcommonkmen,kwhokhaveknotkpresentedkthekintroductory kpresentkandkbecomekministers,kshouldknotkpresumektokhavekinterviewskwithkthekpr ince.' k WankZhangksaid,k'Ifkakcommonkmankiskcalledktokperformkanykservic e,khekgoeskandkperformskit;khowkiskitkthatkakscholar,kwhenkthekprince,kwishingkt okseekhim,kcallskhimktokhiskpresence,krefusesktokgo?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Itkiskrightktokgokandkperformkthekservice;kitk wouldknotkbekrightktokgokandkseekthekprince.kAnd,'kaddedkMencius,k'onkwhatkaccou ntkiskitkthatkthekprincekwishesktokseekthekscholar?' k % 'Becausekofkhiskextensivekinformation,korkbecausekofkhisktalents kandkvirtue,'kwaskthekreply. k % Ifkbecausekofkhiskextensivekinformation,'ksaidkMencius,k'suchka kpersonkiskakteacher,kandktheksovereignkwouldknotkcallkhimk-khowkmuchklesskmayka nykofkthekprinceskdokso?kIfkbecausekofkhisktalentskandkvirtue,kthenkIkhaveknotkh eardkofkanykonekwishingktokseekakpersonkwithkthosekqualities,kandkcallingkhimkto khiskpresence.kDuringkthekfrequentkinterviewskofkthekdu ekMukwithkZikSi,khekonek dayksaidktokhim,k"Anciently,kprinceskofkakthousandkchariotskhavekyetkbeenkonkter mskofkfriendshipkwithkscholarsk-kwhatkdokyoukthin kofksuchkankintercourse?"kZikS ikwaskdispleased,kandksaid,k"Thekancientskhaveksaid,k'Thekscholarkshouldkbekserv ed:'khowkshouldktheykhavekmerelyksaidkthatkhekshouldkbekmadekakfriendkof?"kWhenk ZikSikwaskthuskdispleased,kdidkheknotksaykwithinkhimself,k"Withkregardktokourkst

ations,kyoukareksovereign,kandkIkamksubject.kHowkcankIkpresumektokbekonktermskof kfriendshipkwithkmyksovereign!kWithkregardktokourkvirtue,kyoukoughtktokma ekmeky ourkmaster.kHowkcankyoukbekonktermskofkfriendshipkwithkme?"kThus,kwhenkakrulerko fkakthousandkchariotsksoughtktokbekonktermskofkfriendshipkwithkakscholar,khekcou ldknotkobtainkhiskwishk-khowkmuchklesskcouldkhekcallkhimktokhiskpresence!kThekdu ekChingkofkQi,konce,kwhenkhekwaskhunting,kcalledkhiskforesterktokhimkbykakflag. kThekforesterkwouldknotkcome,kandkthekdu ekwaskgoingktok illkhim.kWithkreference ktokthiskincident,kConfuciusksaid,k"Thekdeterminedkofficerkneverkforgetskthatkhi skendkmaykbekinkakditchkorkakstream;kthekbravekofficerkneverkforgetskthatkhekmay klosekhiskhead."kWhatkwaskitkinkthekforesterkthatkConfuciuskthuskapproved?kHekap provedkhisknotkgoingktokthekdu e,kwhenksummonedkbykthekarticlekwhichkwasknotkapp ropriatektokhim.' k Zhangksaid,k'MaykIkas kwithkwhatkakforesterkshouldkbeksummoned?' k %%% Menciuskreplied,k'Withkaks inkcap.kAkcommonkmankshouldkbeksummon edkwithkakplainkbanner;kakscholarkwhokhaskta enkoffice,kwithkonekhavingkdragonsk embroideredkonkit;kandkakGreatkofficer,kwithkonekhavingkfeathersksuspendedkfromk thektopkofkthekstaff.kWhenkthekforesterkwasksummonedkwithkthekarticlekappropriat ektoktheksummoningkofkakGreatkofficer,khekwouldkhavekdiedkratherkthankpresumekto kgo.kIfkakcommonkmankwereksummonedkwithkthekarticlekappropriatektoktheksummoning kofkakscholar,khowkcouldkhekpresumektokgo?kHowkmuchkmorekmaykwekexpectkthiskrefu salktokgo,kwhenkakmankofktalentskandkvirtuekisksummonedkinkakwaykwhichkiskinappr opriatektokhiskcharacter!kWhenkakprincekwishesktokseekakmankofktalentskandkvirtu e,kandkdoesknotkta ekthekproperkcoursektokgetkhiskwish,kitkiskaskifkhekwishedkhi mktokenterkhiskpalace,kandkshutkthekdoorkagainstkhim.kNow,krighteousnesskiskthek way,kandkproprietykiskthekdoor,kbutkitkiskonlyktheksuperiorkmankwhokcankfollowkt hiskway,kandkgokoutkandkinkbykthiskdoor.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Thek wayktokZhoukisklevelkli ekakwhetstone,kAndkstraightkaskankarrow.kThekofficersktr eadkit,kAndktheklowerkpeoplekseekit."' k % WankZhangksaid,k'WhenkConfuciuskreceivedkthekprince'skmessagekca llingkhim,khekwentkwithoutkwaitingkforkhiskcarriage.kDoingkso,kdidkConfuciuskdok wrong?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Confuciuskwaskinkoffice,kandkhadktokobservekit skappropriatekduties.kAndkmoreover,khekwasksummonedkonkthekbusinesskofkhiskoffic e.' 17k

: WankZhangkII: MenciusksaidktokWankZhang,k'Thekscholarkwhosekvirtuekisk mostkdistinguishedkinkakvillagekshallkma ekfriendskofkallkthekvirtuouskscholarsk inkthekvillage.kThekscholarkwhosekvirtuekiskmostkdistinguishedkthroughoutkakStat ekshallkma ekfriendskofkallkthekvirtuouskscholarskofkthatkState.kThekscholarkwho sekvirtuekiskmostkdistinguishedkthroughoutkthek ingdomkshallkma ekfriendskofkall kthekvirtuouskscholarskofkthek ingdom.kWhenkakscholarkfeelskthatkhiskfriendshipk withkallkthekvirtuouskscholarskofkthek ingdomkisknotksufficientktoksatisfykhim,k hekproceedsktokascendktokconsiderkthekmenkofkantiquity.kHekrepeatsktheirkpoems,k andkreadsktheirkboo s,kandkaskhekdoesknotk nowkwhatktheykwerekaskmen,ktokascerta inkthis,khekconsidersktheirkhistory.kThiskisktokascendkandkma ekfriendskofkthekm enkofkantiquity.' : % WankZhangkII: Thek ingkXuankofkQikas edkaboutkthekofficekofkhighkminis ters.kMenciusksaid,k'WhichkhighkministerskiskyourkMajestykas ingkabout?' k 'Arektherekdifferenceskamongkthem?'kinquiredkthek ing. k %% 'Therekare'kwaskthekreply.k'Therekarekthekhighkministerskwhokare knoblekandkrelativeskofkthekprince,kandktherekarekthosekwhokarekofkakdifferentks 18k

% Thek ingksaid,k'Ikbegktokas kaboutkthekhighkministerskwhokarekno blekandkrelativeskofkthekprince.' k % Menciuskanswered,k'Ifkthekprincekhavekgreatkfaults,ktheykoughtkt okremonstratekwithkhim,kandkifkhekdoknotklistenktokthemkafterktheykhavekdoneksok againkandkagain,ktheykoughtktokdethronekhim.' k %%% Thek ingkonkthiskloo edkmoved,kandkchangedkcountenance.kMenciusk said,k'LetknotkyourkMajestykbekoffended.kYoukas edkme,kandkIkdareknotkanswerkbut kaccordingktoktruth.' k %% Thek ing'skcountenancekbecamekcomposed,kandkhekthenkbeggedktokas kaboutkhighkministerskwhokwerekofkakdifferentksurnamekfromkthekprince.kMenciusk said,k'Whenkthekprincekhaskfaults,ktheykoughtktokremonstratekwithkhim;kandkifkhe kdoknotklistenktokthemkafterktheykhavekdonekthiskagainkandkagain,ktheykoughtktok leavekthekState.' k-kGaozikI 1k

urname.' k

: %% GaozikI: ThekphilosopherkGaoksaid,k'Man'sknaturekiskli ekthekqi-w illowk,kandkrighteousnesskiskli ekakcupkorkakbowl.kThekfashioningkbenevolencekan dkrighteousnesskoutkofkman'sknaturekiskli ekthekma ingkcupskandkbowlskfromkthekq i-willow.' k Menciuskreplied,k'Cankyou,kleavingkuntouchedktheknaturekofkthekw illow,kma ekwithkitkcupskandkbowls?kYoukmustkdokviolencekandkinjuryktokthekwillo w,kbeforekyoukcankma ekcupskandkbowlskwithkit.kIfkyoukmustkdokviolencekandkinjur yktokthekwillowkinkorderktokma ekcupskandkbowlskwithkit,konkyourkprincipleskyouk mustkinktheksamekwaykdokviolencekandkinjuryktokhumanitykinkorderktokfashionkfrom kitkbenevolencekandkrighteousness!kYourkwords,kalas!kwouldkcertainlykleadkallkme nkonktokrec onkbenevolencekandkrighteousnessktokbekcalamities.' 2k

: % GaozikI: ThekphilosopherkGaoksaid,k'Man'sknaturekiskli ekwaterkwh irlingkroundkinkakcorner.kOpenkakpassagekforkitktokthekeast,kandkitkwillkflowkto kthekeast;kopenkakpassagekforkitktokthekwest,kandkitkwillkflowktokthekwest.kMan' sknaturekiskindifferentktokgoodkandkevil,kjustkaskthekwaterkiskindifferentktokth ekeastkandkwest.' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Waterkindeedkwillkflowkindifferentlyktokthekea stkorkwest,kbutkwillkitkflowkindifferentlykupkorkdown?kThektendencykofkman'sknat urektokgoodkiskli ekthektendencykofkwaterktokflowkdownwards.kTherekareknonekbutk havekthisktendencyktokgood,kjustkaskallkwaterkflowskdownwards.kNowkbykstri ingkw aterkandkcausingkitktokleapkup,kyoukmaykma ekitkgokoverkyourkforehead,kand,kbykd ammingkandkleadingkitkyoukmaykforcekitkupkakhillk-kbutkareksuchkmovementskaccord ingktoktheknaturekofkwater?kItkiskthekforcekappliedkwhichkcauseskthem.kWhenkmenk arekmadektokdokwhatkisknotkgood,ktheirknaturekiskdealtkwithkinkthiskway.' : % GaozikI: ThekphilosopherkGaoksaid,k'Lifekiskwhatkwekcallknature!' k % Menciuskas edkhim,k'Dokyouksaykthatkbyknaturekyoukmeanklife,kjus tkaskyouksaykthatkwhitekiskwhite?'k'Yes,kIkdo,'kwaskthekreply. k % Menciuskadded,k'Iskthekwhitenesskofkakwhitekfeatherkli ekthatkof kwhiteksnow,kandkthekwhitenesskofkwhiteksnowkli ekthatkofkwhitekjade?'kGaokagain ksaidk'Yes.' 3k

 'Verykwell,'kpursuedkMencius.k'Isktheknaturekofkakdogkli ekthekn aturekofkankox,kandktheknaturekofkankoxkli ektheknaturekofkakman?' 4k

: % % GaozikI: ThekphilosopherkGaoksaid,k'Tokenjoykfoodkandkdelightkink colourskisknature.kBenevolencekiskinternalkandknotkexternal;krighteousnesskiskex ternalkandknotkinternal.' k Menciuskas edkhim,k'Whatkiskthekgroundkofkyourksayingkthatkbenev olencekiskinternalkandkrighteousnesskexternal?' k % Hekreplied,k'TherekiskakmankolderkthankI,kandkIkgivekhonourktokh iskage.kItkisknotkthatktherekiskfirstkinkmekakprinciplekofksuchkreverencektokage .kItkiskjustkaskwhenktherekiskakwhitekman,kandkIkconsiderkhimkwhite;kaccordingka skhekisksokexternallyktokme.kOnkthiskaccount,kIkpronouncekofkrighteousnesskthatk itkiskexternal.' k Menciusksaid,k'Therekisknokdifferencekbetweenkourkpronouncingkak whitekhorsektokbekwhitekandkourkpronouncingkakwhitekmanktokbekwhite.kButkiskther eknokdifferencekbetweenkthekregardkwithkwhichkwekac nowledgekthekagekofkankoldkh orsekandkthatkwithkwhichkwekac nowledgekthekagekofkankoldkman?kAndkwhatkiskitkwh ichkiskcalledkrighteousness?kThekfactkofkakman'skbeingkold?kOrkthekfactkofkourkg ivingkhonourktokhiskage?' k % Gaoksaid,k'Therekiskmykyoungerkbrother;kIklovekhim.kButkthekyoun gerkbrotherkofkakmankofkQinkIkdoknotklove:kthatkis,kthekfeelingkiskdeterminedkby kmyself,kandkthereforekIksaykthatkbenevolencekiskinternal.kOnkthekotherkhand,kIk givekhonourktokankoldkmankofkChu,kandkIkalsokgivekhonourktokankoldkmankofkmykown kpeople:kthatkis,kthekfeelingkiskdeterminedkbykthekage,kandkthereforekIksaykthat krighteousnesskiskexternal.' k % Menciuskansweredkhim,k'Ourkenjoymentkofkmeatkroastedkbykakmankof kQinkdoesknotkdifferkfromkourkenjoymentkofkmeatkroastedkbykourselves.kThus,kwhat kyoukinsistkonkta eskplacekalsokinkthekcasekofksuchkthings,kandkwillkyouksaykli ewisekthatkourkenjoymentkofkakroastkiskexternal?' 5k

: % GaozikI: ThekdisciplekMengkJikas edkGongkDu,ksaying,k'Onkwhatkgro undkiskitksaidkthatkrighteousnesskiskinternal?'kGongkDukreplied,k'Wekthereinkact koutkourkfeelingkofkrespect,kandkthereforekitkisksaidktokbekinternal.' k % Thekotherkobjected,k'Supposekthekcasekofkakvillagerkolderkthanky ourkelderkbrotherkbykonekyear,ktokwhichkofkthemkwouldkyoukshowkthekgreaterkrespe ct?'k'Tokmykbrother,'kwaskthekreply. k % 'Butkforkwhichkofkthemkwouldkyoukfirstkpourkoutkwinekatkakfeast? 'k'Forkthekvillager.' k % MengkJikargued,k'Nowkyourkfeelingkofkreverencekrestskonkthekone, kandknowkthekhonourkduektokagekiskrenderedktokthekotherk-kthiskiskcertainlykdete rminedkbykwhatkiskwithout,kandkdoesknotkproceedkfromkwithin.' k %'%` GongkDukwaskunablektokreply,kandktoldkthekconversationktokMenciu s.kMenciusksaid,k'Youkshouldkas khim,k"Whichkdokyoukrespectkmost,kyourkuncle,kor kyourkyoungerkbrother?"kHekwillkanswer,k"Mykuncle."kAs khimkagain,k"Ifkyourkyoun gerkbrotherkbekpersonatingkakdeadkancestor,ktokwhichkdokyoukshowkthekgreaterkres pect,ktokhimkorktokyourkuncle?"kHekwillksay,k"Tokmykyoungerkbrother."kYoukcankgo kon,k"Butkwherekiskthekrespectkdue,kaskyouksaid,ktokyourkuncle?"kHekwillkreplykt okthis,k"Ikshowkthekrespectktokmykyoungerkbrother,kbecausekofkthekpositionkwhich

khekoccupies,"kandkyoukcankli ewiseksay,k"Sokmykrespectktokthekvillagerkiskbecau sekofkthekpositionkwhichkhekoccupies.kOrdinarily,kmykrespectkiskrenderedktokmyke lderkbrother;kforkakbriefkseason,konkoccasion,kitkiskrenderedktokthekvillager."' k % MengkJikheardkthiskandkobserved,k'Whenkrespectkiskduektokmykuncl e,kIkrespectkhim,kandkwhenkrespectkiskduektokmykyoungerkbrother,kIkrespectkhim;k thekthingkiskcertainlykdeterminedkbykwhatkiskwithout,kandkdoesknotkproceedkfromk within.' k GongkDukreplied,k'Inkwinterkwekdrin kthingskhot,kinksummerkwekdr in kthingskcold;kandkso,konkyourkprinciple,keatingkandkdrin ingkalsokdependkonkw hatkiskexternal!' 6k

: %'` GaozikI: ThekdisciplekGongkDuksaid,k'ThekphilosopherkGaoksays,k"M an'sknaturekiskneitherkgoodknorkbad."kSomeksay,k"Man'sknaturekmaykbekmadektokpra ctisekgood,kandkitkmaykbekmadektokpractisekevil,kandkaccordingly,kunderkWenkandk Wu,kthekpeopleklovedkwhatkwaskgood,kwhilekunderkYukandkLi,ktheyklovedkwhatkwaskc ruel."kSomeksay,k"Theknaturekofksomekiskgood,kandktheknaturekofkotherskiskbad.kH encekitkwaskthatkunderksuchkaksovereignkaskYaoktherekyetkappearedkXiang;kthatkwi thksuchkakfatherkaskGukSouktherekyetkappearedkShun;kandkthatkwithkZhoukforktheir ksovereign,kandktheksonkofktheirkelderkbrotherkbesides,ktherekwerekfoundkQi,kthe kviscountkofkWei,kandkthekprincekBikGan.kAndknowkyouksay,k"Theknaturekiskgood."k Thenkarekallkthosekwrong?' k %% Menciusksaid,k'Fromkthekfeelingskproperktokit,kitkiskconstituted kforkthekpracticekofkwhatkiskgood.kThiskiskwhatkIkmeankinksayingkthatktheknature kiskgood.kIfkmenkdokwhatkisknotkgood,kthekblamekcannotkbekimputedktoktheirknatur alkpowers.kThekfeelingkofkcommiserationkbelongsktokallkmen;ksokdoeskthatkofksham ekandkdisli e;kandkthatkofkreverencekandkrespect;kandkthatkofkapprovingkandkdisa pproving.kThekfeelingkofkcommiserationkimplieskthekprinciplekofkbenevolence;ktha tkofkshamekandkdisli e,kthekprinciplekofkrighteousness;kthatkofkreverencekandkre spect,kthekprinciplekofkpropriety;kandkthatkofkapprovingkandkdisapproving,kthekp rinciplekofk nowledge.kBenevolence,krighteousness,kpropriety,kandk nowledgekarek notkinfusedkintokuskfromkwithout.kWekarekcertainlykfurnishedkwithkthem.kAndkakdi fferentkviewkisksimplykowingktokwantkofkreflection.kHencekitkisksaid,k"See kandk youkwillkfindkthem.kNeglectkandkyoukwillklosekthem."kMenkdifferkfromkonekanother kinkregardktokthemk-ksomekaskmuchkagainkaskothers,ksomekfivektimeskaskmuch,kandk somektokankincalculablekamountk-kitkiskbecausektheykcannotkcarrykoutkfullyktheir knaturalkpowers.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k"Heavenkinkproducingkman ind, kGavekthemktheirkvariouskfacultieskandkrelationskwithktheirkspecificklaws.kThese karekthekinvariablekruleskofknaturekforkallktokhold,kAndkallklovekthiskadmirable kvirtue."kConfuciusksaid,k"Thekma erkofkthiskodek newkindeedkthekprinciplekofkou rknature!"kWekmaykthuskseekthatkeverykfacultykandkrelationkmustkhavekitsklaw,kan dksincektherekarekinvariablekruleskforkallktokhold,ktheykconsequentlyklovekthisk admirablekvirtue.' 7k

: GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'Inkgoodkyearskthekchildrenkofkthekpeoplek arekmostkofkthemkgood,kwhilekinkbadkyearskthekmostkofkthemkabandonkthemselveskto kevil.kItkisknotkowingktokanykdifferencekofktheirknaturalkpowerskconferredkbykHe avenkthatktheykarekthuskdifferent.kThekabandonmentkiskowingktokthekcircumstances kthroughkwhichktheykallowktheirkmindsktokbekensnaredkandkdrownedkinkevil.kTherek nowkiskbarley.kLetkitkbeksownkandkcoveredkup;kthekgroundkbeingktheksame,kandkthe ktimekofksowingkli ewisektheksame,kitkgrowskrapidlykup,kand,kwhenkthekfullktimek iskcome,kitkiskallkfoundktokbekripe.kAlthoughktherekmaykbekinequalitieskofkprodu ce,kthatkiskowingktokthekdifferencekofktheksoil,kaskrichkorkpoor,ktokthekunequal knourishmentkaffordedkbykthekrainskandkdews,kandktokthekdifferentkwayskinkwhichk mankhaskperformedkhiskbusinesskinkreferencektokit.kThuskallkthingskwhichkarekthe ksamekink indkarekli ektokonekanother;kwhykshouldkwekdoubtkinkregardktokman,kask

: GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'ThektreeskofkthekNiukmountainkwerekoncekb eautiful.kBeingksituated,khowever,kinkthekborderskofkaklargekState,ktheykwerekhe wnkdownkwithkaxeskandkbillsk-kandkcouldktheykretainktheirkbeauty?kStillkthroughk thekactivitykofkthekvegetativeklifekdaykandknight,kandktheknourishingkinfluencek ofkthekrainkandkdew,ktheykwereknotkwithoutkbudskandksproutskspringingkforth,kbut kthenkcamekthekcattlekandkgoatskandkbrowsedkuponkthem.kTokthesekthingskiskowingk thekbarekandkstrippedkappearancekofkthekmountain,kandkwhenkpeopleknowkseekit,kth eykthin kitkwaskneverkfinelykwooded.kButkiskthisktheknaturekofkthekmountain?kAnd ksokalsokofkwhatkproperlykbelongsktokman;kshallkitkbeksaidkthatkthekmindkofkanyk mankwaskwithoutkbenevolencekandkrighteousness?kThekwaykinkwhichkakmankloseskhisk properkgoodnesskofkmindkiskli ekthekwaykinkwhichkthektreeskarekdenudedkbykaxeska ndkbills.kHewnkdownkdaykafterkday,kcankitk-kthekmindk-kretainkitskbeauty?kButkth erekiskakdevelopmentkofkitsklifekdaykandknight,kandkinkthekcalmkairkofkthekmorni ng,kjustkbetweenknightkandkday,kthekmindkfeelskinkakdegreekthosekdesireskandkave rsionskwhichkarekproperktokhumanity,kbutkthekfeelingkisknotkstrong,kandkitkiskfe tteredkandkdestroyedkbykwhatkta eskplacekduringkthekday.kThiskfetteringkta ingkp lacekagainkandkagain,kthekrestorativekinfluencekofktheknightkisknotksufficientkt okpreservekthekproperkgoodnesskofkthekmind;kandkwhenkthiskproveskinsufficientkfo rkthatkpurpose,ktheknaturekbecomesknotkmuchkdifferentkfromkthatkofkthekirrationa lkanimals,kandkwhenkpeopleknowkseekit,ktheykthin kthatkitkneverkhadkthosekpowers kwhichkIkassert.kButkdoeskthiskconditionkrepresentkthekfeelingskproperktokhumani ty?kTherefore,kifkitkreceivekitskproperknourishment,ktherekisknothingkwhichkwill knotkgrow.kIfkitklosekitskproperknourishment,ktherekisknothingkwhichkwillknotkde caykaway.kConfuciusksaid,k"Holdkitkfast,kandkitkremainskwithkyou.kLetkitkgo,kand kyouklosekit.kItskoutgoingkandkincomingkcannotkbekdefinedkasktoktimekorkplace."k Itkiskthekmindkofkwhichkthiskisksaid!' 9k

8k

: GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'Itkisknotktokbekwonderedkatkthatkthek ing kisknotkwise!kSupposekthekcasekofkthekmostkeasilykgrowingkthingkinkthekworld;kif kyoukletkitkhavekonekday'skgenialkheat,kandkthenkexposekitkforktenkdaysktokcold, kitkwillknotkbekablektokgrow.kItkiskbutkseldomkthatkIkhavekankaudiencekofkthek i ng,kandkwhenkIkretire,ktherekcomekallkthosekwhokactkuponkhimkli ekthekcold.kThou ghkIksucceedkinkbringingkoutksomekbudskofkgoodness,kofkwhatkavailkiskit?kNowkche ss-playingkiskbutkaksmallkart,kbutkwithoutkhiskwholekmindkbeingkgiven,kandkhiskw

ifkhekwerekaksolitarykexceptionktokthis?kTheksagekandkwekarektheksamekink ind.kI nkaccordancekwithkthiskthekscholarkLongksaid,k"Ifkakmankma ekhempenksandalskwith outk nowingktheksizekofkpeople'skfeet,kyetkIk nowkthatkhekwillknotkma ekthemkli ekbas ets."kSandalskarekallkli ekonekanother,kbecausekallkmen'skfeetkarekli ekon ekanother.kSokwithkthekmouthkandkflavoursk-kallkmouthskhavektheksamekrelishes.kY ikYakonlykapprehendedkbeforekmekwhatkmykmouthkrelishes.kSupposekthatkhiskmouthki nkitskrelishkforkflavourskdifferedkfromkthatkofkotherkmen,kaskiskthekcasekwithkd ogskorkhorseskwhichkareknotktheksamekink indkwithkus,kwhykshouldkallkmenkbekfoun dkfollowingkYikYakinktheirkrelishes?kInkthekmatterkofktasteskallkthekpeoplekmode lkthemselveskafterkYikYa;kthatkis,kthekmouthskofkallkmenkarekli ekonekanother.kA ndksokalsokitkiskwithkthekear.kInkthekmatterkofksounds,kthekwholekpeoplekmodelkt hemselveskafterkthekmusic-masterkKuang;kthatkis,kthekearskofkallkmenkarekli ekon ekanother.kAndksokalsokitkiskwithkthekeye.kInkthekcasekofkZikDu,ktherekisknokman kbutkwouldkrecognisekthatkhekwaskbeautiful.kAnykonekwhokwouldknotkrecognisekthek beautykofkZikDukmustkhaveknokeyes.kThereforekIksay,kMen'skmouthskagreekinkhaving ktheksamekrelishes;ktheirkearskagreekinkenjoyingktheksameksounds;ktheirkeyeskagr eekinkrecognisingktheksamekbeautyk-kshallktheirkmindskalonekbekwithoutkthatkwhic hktheksimilarlykapprove?kWhatkiskitkthenkofkwhichktheyksimilarlykapprove?kItkis, kIksay,kthekprincipleskofkourknature,kandkthekdeterminationskofkrighteousness.kT heksageskonlykapprehendedkbeforekmekthatkofkwhichkmykmindkapproveskalongkwithkot herkmen.kThereforekthekprincipleskofkourknaturekandkthekdeterminationskofkrighte ousnesskarekagreeablektokmykmind,kjustkaskthekfleshkofkgrasskandkgrain-fedkanima lskiskagreeablektokmykmouth.'

illkbent,ktokit,kakmankcannotksucceedkatkit.kChesskQiukiskthekbestkchess-playerk inkallkthek ingdom.kSupposekthatkhekiskteachingktwokmenktokplay.kThekonekgiveskt oktheksubjectkhiskwholekmindkandkbendsktokitkallkhiskwill,kdoingknothingkbutklis teningktokChesskQiu.kThekother,kalthoughkhekseemsktokbeklisteningktokhim,khaskhi skwholekmindkrunningkonkakswankwhichkhekthin skiskapproaching,kandkwishesktokben dkhiskbow,kadjustkthekstringktokthekarrow,kandkshootkit.kAlthoughkhekisklearning kalongkwithkthekother,khekdoesknotkcomekupktokhim.kWhy?kBecausekhiskintelligence kisknotkequal?kNotkso.' 10k

: % GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'Ikli ekfish,kandkIkalsokli ekbear'skpaws. kIfkIkcannotkhavekthektwoktogether,kIkwillkletkthekfishkgo,kandkta ekthekbear'sk paws.kSo,kIkli eklife,kandkIkalsokli ekrighteousness.kIfkIkcannotk eepkthektwokt ogether,kIkwillkletklifekgo,kandkchoosekrighteousness.kIkli eklifekindeed,kbutkt herekiskthatkwhichkIkli ekmorekthanklife,kandktherefore,kIkwillknotksee ktokposs esskitkbykanykimproperkways.kIkdisli ekdeathkindeed,kbutktherekiskthatkwhichkIkd isli ekmorekthankdeath,kandkthereforektherekarekoccasionskwhenkIkwillknotkavoidk danger.kIfkamongkthekthingskwhichkmankli esktherekwereknothingkwhichkhekli edkmo rekthanklife,kwhykshouldkheknotkusekeverykmeanskbykwhichkhekcouldkpreservekit?kI fkamongkthekthingskwhichkmankdisli esktherekwereknothingkwhichkhekdisli edkmorek thankdeath,kwhykshouldkheknotkdokeverythingkbykwhichkhekcouldkavoidkdanger?kTher ekarekcaseskwhenkmenkbykakcertainkcoursekmightkpreserveklife,kandktheykdoknotkem ploykit;kwhenkbykcertainkthingsktheykmightkavoidkdanger,kandktheykwillknotkdokth em.kTherefore,kmenkhavekthatkwhichktheykli ekmorekthanklife,kandkthatkwhichkthey kdisli ekmorekthankdeath.kTheykareknotkmenkofkdistinguishedktalentskandkvirtueko nlykwhokhavekthiskmentalknature.kAllkmenkhavekit;kwhatkbelongsktoksuchkmenkisksi mplykthatktheykdoknotklosekit.kHerekarekaksmallkbas etkofkricekandkakplatterkofk soup,kandkthekcasekiskonekinkwhichkthekgettingkthemkwillkpreserveklife,kandkthek wantkofkthemkwillkbekdeath;kifktheykarekofferedkwithkankinsultingkvoice,kevenkak tramperkwillknotkreceivekthem,korkifkyoukfirstktreadkuponkthem,kevenkakbeggarkwi llknotkstoopktokta ekthem.kAndkyetkakmankwillkacceptkofktenkthousandkzhong,kwith outkanykconsiderationkofkproprietykorkrighteousness.kWhatkcankthektenkthousandkc hungkaddktokhim?kWhenkhekta eskthem,kiskitknotkthatkhekmaykobtainkbeautifulkmans ions,kthatkhekmayksecurekthekserviceskofkwiveskandkconcubines,korkthatkthekpoork andkneedykofkhiskacquaintancekmaykbekhelpedkbykhim?kInkthekformerkcasekthekoffer edkbountykwasknotkreceived,kthoughkitkwouldkhaveksavedkfromkdeath,kandknowktheke molumentkiskta enkforktheksa ekofkbeautifulkmansions.kThekbountykthatkwouldkhave kpreservedkfromkdeathkwasknotkreceived,kandkthekemolumentkiskta enktokgetkthekse rvicekofkwiveskandkconcubines.kThekbountykthatkwouldkhaveksavedkfromkdeathkwaskn otkreceived,kandkthekemolumentkiskta enkthatkone'skpoorkandkneedykacquaintancekm aykbekhelpedkbykhim.kWaskitkthenknotkpossiblekli ewisektokdeclinekthis?kThiskisk akcasekofkwhatkiskcalledk"Losingkthekproperknaturekofkone'skmind."' 11kk

: % GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'Benevolencekiskman'skmind,kandkrighteousn esskiskman'skpath.kHowklamentablekiskitktokneglectkthekpathkandknotkpursuekit,kt oklosekthiskmindkandknotk nowktoksee kitkagain!kWhenkmen'skfowlskandkdogskareklo st,ktheyk nowktoksee kforkthemkagain,kbutktheyklosektheirkmind,kandkdoknotk nowk toksee kforkit.kThekgreatkendkofklearningkisknothingkelsekbutktoksee kforktheklo stkmind.' 12k

: GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'Herekiskakmankwhosekfourthkfingerkiskbent kandkcannotkbekstretchedkoutkstraight.kItkisknotkpainful,knorkdoeskitkincommodek hiskbusiness,kandkyetkifktherekbekanykonekwhokcankma ekitkstraight,khekwillknotk thin kthekwaykfromkQinktokChukfarktokgoktokhim;kbecausekhiskfingerkisknotkli ekt hekfingerkofkotherkpeople.kWhenkakman'skfingerkisknotkli ekthosekofkotherkpeople ,khek nowsktokfeelkdissatisfied,kbutkifkhiskmindkbeknotkli ekthatkofkotherkpeopl e,khekdoesknotk nowktokfeelkdissatisfaction.kThiskiskcalledk"Ignorancekofkthekre lativekimportancekofkthings."'

13k

: % GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'Anybodykwhokwishesktokcultivatekthektongk orkthekzi,kwhichkmaykbekgraspedkwithkbothkhands,kperhapskwithkone,k nowskbykwhat kmeansktoknourishkthem.kInkthekcasekofktheirkownkpersons,kmenkdoknotk nowkbykwha tkmeansktoknourishkthem.kIskitktokbeksupposedkthatktheirkregardkofktheirkownkper sonskiskinferiorktoktheirkregardkforkaktongkorkzi?kTheirkwantkofkreflectionkiske xtreme.' 14k

: %% GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'Therekisknokpartkofkhimselfkwhichkakmankd oesknotklove,kandkaskhekloveskall,ksokhekmustknourishkall.kTherekisknotkankinchk ofks inkwhichkhekdoesknotklove,kandksoktherekisknotkankinchkofks inkwhichkhekwil lknotknourish.kForkexaminingkwhetherkhiskwaykofknourishingkbekgoodkorknot,kwhatk otherkrulekisktherekbutkthis,kthatkhekdeterminekbykreflectingkonkhimselfkwhereki tkshouldkbekapplied?kSomekpartskofkthekbodykareknoble,kandksomekignoble;ksomekgr eat,kandksomeksmall.kThekgreatkmustknotkbekinjuredkforktheksmall,knorktheknoblek forkthekignoble.kHekwhoknourishesktheklittlekbelongingktokhimkiskaklittlekman,ka ndkhekwhoknourisheskthekgreatkiskakgreatkman.kHerekiskakplantation- eeper,kwhokn eglectskhiskwukandkjia,kandkcultivateskhisksourkjujube-trees;khekiskakpoorkplant ation- eeper.kHekwhoknourisheskonekofkhiskfingers,kneglectingkhiskshoulderskorkh iskbac ,kwithoutk nowingkthatkhekiskdoingkso,kiskakmankwhokresembleskakhurriedkw olf.kAkmankwhokonlykeatskandkdrin skiskcountedkmeankbykothers;kbecausekheknouris heskwhatkisklittlektokthekneglectkofkwhatkiskgreat.kIfkakman,kfondkofkhiskeating kandkdrin ing,kwereknotktokneglectkwhatkiskofkmorekimportance,khowkshouldkhiskmo uthkandkbellykbekconsideredkasknokmorekthankankinchkofks in?' 15k

: GaozikI: ThekdisciplekGongkDuksaid,k'Allkarekequallykmen,kbutksom ekarekgreatkmen,kandksomekareklittlekmenk-khowkiskthis?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Thosekwhokfollowkthatkpartkofkthemselveskwhich kiskgreatkarekgreatkmen;kthosekwhokfollowkthatkpartkwhichkisklittlekareklittlekm en.' k GongkDukpursued,k'Allkarekequallykmen,kbutksomekfollowkthatkpart kofkthemselveskwhichkiskgreat,kandksomekfollowkthatkpartkwhichkisklittlek-khowki skthis?' k % Menciuskanswered,k'Theksenseskofkhearingkandkseeingkdoknotkthin ,kandkarekobscuredkbykexternalkthings.kWhenkonekthingkcomeskintokcontactkwithkan other,kaskakmatterkofkcoursekitkleadskitkaway.kTokthekmindkbelongskthekofficekof kthin ing.kBykthin ing,kitkgetskthekrightkviewkofkthings;kbykneglectingktokthin ,kitkfailsktokdokthis.kThesek-ktheksenseskandkthekmindk-karekwhatkHeavenkhaskgiv enktokus.kLetkakmankfirstkstandkfastkinktheksupremacykofktheknoblerkpartkofkhisk constitution,kandkthekinferiorkpartkwillknotkbekablektokta ekitkfromkhim.kItkisk simplykthiskwhichkma eskthekgreatkman.'

16k

: % GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'TherekiskaknobilitykofkHeaven,kandktherek iskaknobilitykofkman.kBenevolence,krighteousness,kself-consecration,kandkfidelit y,kwithkunweariedkjoykinkthesekvirtues;kthesekconstitutektheknobilitykofkHeaven. kTokbekakgong,kakqing,korkakdakfu;kthiskconstitutesktheknobilitykofkman.kThekmen kofkantiquitykcultivatedktheirknobilitykofkHeaven,kandktheknobilitykofkmankcamek tokthemkinkitsktrain.kThekmenkofkthekpresentkdaykcultivatektheirknobilitykofkHea venkinkorderktoksee kforktheknobilitykofkman,kandkwhenktheykhavekobtainedkthat,k theykthrowkawaykthekotherk-ktheirkdelusionkiskextreme.kThekissuekisksimplykthis, kthatktheykmustklosekthatknobilitykofkmankaskwell.' 17k

: %%%

GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'Tokdesirektokbekhonouredkiskthekcommonkmi ndkofkmen.kAndkallkmenkhavekinkthemselveskthatkwhichkisktrulykhonourable.kOnlykt heykdoknotkthin kofkit.kThekhonourkwhichkmenkconferkisknotkgoodkhonour.kThosekwh omkZhaokthekGreatkennobleskhekcankma ekmeankagain.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkPoe try,k"Hekhaskfilledkuskwithkhiskwine,kHekhasksatiatedkuskwithkhiskgoodness."k"Sa tiatedkuskwithkhiskgoodness,"kthatkis,ksatiatedkuskwithkbenevolencekandkrighteou sness,kandkhekwhokisksoksatiated,kconsequently,kdoesknotkwishkforkthekfatkmeatka ndkfinekmilletkofkmen.kAkgoodkreputationkandkfar-reachingkpraisekfallktokhim,kan dkhekdoesknotkdesirekthekelegantkembroideredkgarmentskofkmen.' 18k

: % GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'Benevolenceksubdueskitskoppositekjustkask waterksubdueskfire.kThose,khowever,kwhoknow-a-dayskpractisekbenevolencekdokitkas kifkwithkonekcupkofkwaterktheykcouldksavekakwholekwaggon-loadkofkfuelkwhichkwask onkfire,kandkwhenkthekflameskwereknotkextinguished,kwerektoksaykthatkwaterkcanno tksubduekfire.kThiskconduct,kmoreover,kgreatlykencourageskthosekwhokareknotkbene volent.kThekfinalkissuekwillksimplykbekthis:ktheklosskofkthatksmallkamountkofkbe nevolence.' : %% GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'Ofkallkseedskthekbestkarekthekfivek indsk ofkgrain,kyetkifktheykbeknotkripe,ktheykareknotkequalktokthektikorkthekbai.kSo,k thekvaluekofkbenevolencekdependskentirelykonkitskbeingkbroughtktokmaturity.' 20k 19k

: % GaozikI: Menciusksaid,k'Yi,kinkteachingkmenktokshoot,kmadekitkakr ulektokdrawkthekbowktokthekfull,kandkhiskpupilskalsokdidktheksame.kAkmaster-wor man,kinkteachingkothers,kuseskthekcompasskandksquare,kandkhiskpupilskdoktheksame .' k-kGaozikII 21k

: % GaozikII: AkmankofkRenkas edkthekdisciplekWukLu,ksaying,k'Iskankob servancekofkthekruleskofkproprietykinkregardktokeating,korkeatingkmerely,kthekmo rekimportant?'kThekanswerkwas,k'Thekobservancekofkthekruleskofkproprietykiskthek morekimportant.' k % 'Iskthekgratifyingkthekappetitekofksex,korkthekdoingksokonlykacc ordingktokthekruleskofkpropriety,kthekmorekimportant?'kThekanswerkagainkwas,k'Th ekobservancekofkthekruleskofkproprietykinkthekmatterkiskthekmorekimportant.' k Thekmankpursued,k'Ifkthekresultkofkeatingkonlykaccordingktokthek ruleskofkproprietykwillkbekdeathkbykstarvation,kwhilekbykdisregardingkthosekrule skwekmaykgetkfood,kmustktheykstillkbekobservedkinksuchkakcase?kIfkaccordingktokt hekrulekthatkhekshallkgokinkpersonktokmeetkhiskwifekakmankcannotkgetkmarried,kwh ilekbykdisregardingkthatkrulekhekmaykgetkmarried,kmustkhekstillkobservekthekrule kinksuchkakcase?' k % WukLukwaskunablektokreplyktokthesekquestions,kandktheknextkdaykh ekwentktokZou,kandktoldkthemktokMencius.kMenciusksaid,k'Whatkdifficultykiskthere kinkansweringkthesekinquiries?kIfkyoukdoknotkadjustkthemkatktheirklowerkextremit ies,kbutkonlykputktheirktopskonkaklevel,kakpiecekofkwoodkankinchksquarekmaykbekm adektokbekhigherkthankthekpointedkpea kofkakhighkbuilding.kGoldkiskheavierkthank feathers;kbutkdoeskthatksayingkhavekreference,konkthekonekhand,ktokaksinglekclas pkofkgold,kand,konkthekother,ktokakwaggon-loadkofkfeathers?kIfkyoukta ekakcasekw herekthekeatingkiskofkthekutmostkimportancekandkthekobservingkthekruleskofkpropr ietykiskofklittlekimportance,kandkcomparekthekthingsktogether,kwhykstopkwithksay ingkmerelykthatkthekeatingkiskmorekimportant?kSo,kta ingkthekcasekwherekthekgrat ifyingkthekappetitekofksexkiskofkthekutmostkimportancekandkthekobservingkthekrul

eskofkproprietykiskofklittlekimportance,kwhykstopkwithkmerelyksayingkthatkthekgr atifyingkthekappetitekiskthekmorekimportant?kGokandkanswerkhimkthus,k"If,kbyktwi stingkyourkelderkbrother'skarm,kandksnatchingkfromkhimkwhatkhekiskeating,kyoukca nkgetkfoodkforkyourself,kwhile,kifkyoukdoknotkdokso,kyoukwillknotkgetkanythingkt okeat,kwillkyouksoktwistkhiskarm?kIfkbykgettingkoverkyourkneighbour'skwall,kandk draggingkawaykhiskvirginkdaughter,kyoukcankgetkakwife,kwhilekifkyoukdoknotkdokso ,kyoukwillknotkbekablektokgetkakwife,kwillkyouksokdragkherkaway?"' 22k

: GaozikII: JiaokofkCaokas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Itkisksaid,k"Allkmen kmaykbekYaoskandkShuns;"--kiskitkso?' k % Menciuskreplied,kItkis.' k Jiaokwentkon,k'Ikhavekheardkthatk ingkWenkwasktenkcubitskhigh,ka ndkTangknine.kNowkIkamkninekcubitskfourkincheskinkheight.kButkIkcankdoknothingkb utkeatkmykmillet.kWhatkamkIktokdoktokrealizekthatksaying?' k % Menciuskansweredkhim,k'Whatkhaskthisk-kthekquestionkofksizek-kto kdokwithkthekmatter?kItkallkliesksimplykinkactingkasksuch.kHerekiskakman,kwhosek strengthkwasknotkequalktokliftkakduc lingk-khekwaskthenkakmankofknokstrength.kBu tkto-daykheksays,k"Ikcankliftk3,000kcatties'kweight,"kandkhekiskakmankofkstrengt h.kAndkso,khekwhokcankliftkthekweightkwhichkWukHuokliftedkiskjustkanotherkWukHuo .kWhykshouldkakmankma ekakwantkofkabilityktheksubjectkofkhiskgrief?kItkiskonlykt hatkhekwillknotkdokthekthing.kTokwal kslowly,k eepingkbehindkhiskelders,kisktokp erformkthekpartkofkakyounger.kTokwal kquic lykandkprecedekhiskelders,kisktokviol atekthekdutykofkakyoungerkbrother.kNow,kiskitkwhatkakmankcannotkdok-ktokwal kslo wly?kItkiskwhatkhekdoesknotkdo.kThekcoursekofkYaokandkShunkwasksimplykthatkofkfi lialkpietykandkfraternalkduty.kWearkthekclotheskofkYao,krepeatkthekwordskofkYao, kandkdokthekactionskofkYao,kandkyoukwillkjustkbekakYao.kAnd,kifkyoukwearkthekclo theskofkJie,krepeatkthekwordskofkJie,kandkdokthekactionskofkJie,kyoukwillkjustkb ekakJie. k % Jiaoksaid,k'IkshallkbekhavingkankinterviewkwithkthekprincekofkZo u,kandkcankas khimktokletkmekhavekakhousektoklodgekin.kIkwishktokremainkhere,kan dkreceivekinstructionkatkyourkgate.' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Thekwaykofktruthkiskli ekakgreatkroad.kItkiskn otkdifficultktok nowkit.kThekevilkiskonlykthatkmenkwillknotksee kit.kDokyoukgokh omekandksearchkforkit,kandkyoukwillkhavekabundancekofkteachers.' 23k

: %' GaozikII: GongkSunkChoukas edkaboutkankopinionkofkthekscholarkGao, ksaying,k'Gaokobserved,k"ThekXiaokPankiskthekodekofkaklittlekman."' k Menciuskas ed,k'Whykdidkheksaykso?' k % 'Becausekofkthekmurmuringkwhichkitkexpresses,'kwaskthekreply. k Menciuskanswered,k'HowkstupidkwaskthatkoldkGaokinkdealingkwithkt hekode!kTherekiskakmankhere,kandkaknativekofkYuekbendskhiskbowktokshootkhim.kIkw illkadvisekhimknotktokdokso,kbutkspea ingkcalmlykandksmilingly;kforknokotherkrea sonkbutkthatkhekisknotkrelatedktokme.kButkifkmykownkbrotherkbekbendingkhiskbowkt okshootkthekman,kthenkIkwillkadvisekhimknotktokdokso,kweepingkandkcryingkthekwhi le;kforknokotherkreasonkthankthatkhekiskrelatedktokme.kThekdissatisfactionkexpre ssedkinkthekXiaokPankiskthekwor ingkofkrelativekaffection,kandkthatkaffectionksh owskbenevolence.kStupidkindeedkwaskoldkGao'skcriticismkonkthekode.' k Choukthenksaid,k'Howkiskitkthatktherekisknokdissatisfactionkexpr essedkinkthekKaikFeng?'

% Menciuskreplied,k'Thekparent'skfaultkreferredktokinkthekKaikFeng kisksmall;kthatkreferredktokinkthekXiaokPankiskgreat.kWherekthekparent'skfaultkw askgreat,knotktokhavekmurmuredkonkaccountkofkitkwouldkhavekincreasedkthekwantkof knaturalkaffection.kWherekthekparent'skfaultkwasksmall,ktokhavekmurmuredkonkacco untkofkitkwouldkhavekbeenktokactkli ekwaterkwhichkfretskandkfoamskaboutkakstonek thatkinterruptskitskcourse.kTokincreasekthekwantkofknaturalkaffectionkwouldkhave kbeenkunfilial,kandktokfretkandkfoamkinksuchkakmannerkwouldkalsokhavekbeenkunfil ial.kConfuciusksaid,k"Shunkwaskindeedkperfectlykfilial!kAndkyet,kwhenkhekwaskfif ty,khekwaskfullkofklongingkdesirekaboutkhiskparents."' 24k

: % GaozikII: SongkKengkbeingkaboutktokgoktokChu,kMenciuskmetkhimkinkS hikQiu.k'Master,kwherekarekyoukgoing?'kas edkMencius. k % Kengkreplied,k'IkhavekheardkthatkQinkandkChukarekfightingktogeth er,kandkIkamkgoingktokseekthek ingkofkChukandkpersuadekhimktokceasekhostilities. kIfkhekshallknotkbekpleasedkwithkmykadvice,kIkshallkgoktokseekthek ingkofkQin,ka ndkpersuadekhimkinktheksamekway.kOfkthektwok ingskIkshallksurelykfindkthatkIkcan ksucceedkwithkonekofkthem.' k % Menciusksaid,k'Ikwillknotkventurektokas kaboutkthekparticulars,k butkIkshouldkli ektokhearkthekscopekofkyourkplan.kWhatkcoursekwillkyoukta ektokt ryktokpersuadekthem?' k % Kengkanswered,k'Ikwillktellkthemkhowkunprofitablektheirkcourseki sktokthem.' k % 'Master,'ksaidkMencius,k'yourkaimkiskgreat,kbutkyourkargumentkis knotkgood.kIfkyou,kstartingkfromkthekpointkofkprofit,kofferkyourkpersuasivekcoun selsktokthek ingskofkQinkandkChu,kandkifkthosek ingskarekpleasedkwithkthekconsid erationkofkprofitksokasktokstopkthekmovementskofktheirkarmies,kthenkallkbelongin gktokthosekarmieskwillkrejoicekinkthekcessationkofkwar,kandkfindktheirkpleasurek inkthekpursuitkofkprofit.kMinisterskwillkservektheirksovereignkforkthekprofitkof kwhichktheykcherishkthekthought;ksonskwillkservektheirkfathers,kandkyoungerkbrot herskwillkservektheirkelderkbrothers,kfromktheksamekconsiderationk-kandkthekissu ekwillkbe,kthat,kabandoningkbenevolencekandkrighteousness,ksovereignkandkministe r,kfatherkandkson,kyoungerkbrotherkandkelder,kwillkcarrykonkallktheirkintercours ekwithkthiskthoughtkofkprofitkcherishedkinktheirkbreasts.kButkneverkhasktherekbe enksuchkakstatekofksociety,kwithoutkruinkbeingkthekresultkofkit.kIfkyou,kstartin gkfromkthekgroundkofkbenevolencekandkrighteousness,kofferkyourkcounselsktokthek ingskofkQinkandkChu,kandkifkthosek ingskarekpleasedkwithkthekconsiderationkofkbe nevolencekandkrighteousnessksokasktokstopkthekoperationskofktheirkarmies,kthenka llkbelongingktokthosekarmieskwillkrejoicekinkthekstoppingkfromkwar,kandkfindkthe irkpleasurekinkbenevolencekandkrighteousness.kMinisterskwillkservektheirksoverei gn,kcherishingkthekprincipleskofkbenevolencekandkrighteousness;ksonskwillkservek theirkfathers,kandkyoungerkbrotherskwillkservektheirkelderkbrothers,kinktheksame kwayk-kandkso,ksovereignkandkminister,kfatherkandkson,kelderkbrotherkandkyounger ,kabandoningkthekthoughtkofkprofit,kwillkcherishkthekprincipleskofkbenevolenceka ndkrighteousness,kandkcarrykonkallktheirkintercoursekuponkthem.kButkneverkhaskth erekbeenksuchkakstatekofksociety,kwithoutkthekStatekwherekitkprevailedkrisingkto kthekroyalksway.kWhykmustkyoukusekthatkwordk"profit."' 25k

: % GaozikII: WhenkMenciuskwaskresidingkinkZou,kthekyoungerkbrotherkof kthekchiefkofkRen,kwhokwaskguardiankofkRenkatkthektime,kpaidkhiskrespectsktokhim kbykakpresentkofksil s,kwhichkMenciuskreceived,knotkgoingktokac nowledgekit.kWhe nkhekwasksojourningkinkPingkLu,kChu,kwhokwaskprimekministerkofkthekState,ksentkh imkaksimilarkpresent,kwhichkhekreceivedkinktheksamekway.kSubsequently,kgoingkfro mkZouktokRen,khekvisitedkthekguardian;kbutkwhenkhekwentkfromkPingkLuktokthekcapi

talkofkQi,khekdidknotkvisitkthekministerkChu.kThekdisciplekWukLukwaskglad,kandks aid,k'Ikhavekgotkankopportunityktokobtainksomekinstruction.'kHekas edkaccordingl y,k'Master,kwhenkyoukwentktokRen,kyoukvisitedkthekchief'skbrother;kandkwhenkyouk wentktokQi,kyoukdidknotkvisitkChu.kWaskitknotkbecausekhekiskonlykthekminister?' k %%'% Menciuskreplied,k'No.kItkisksaidkinkthekBoo kofkHistory,k"Inkpre sentingkankofferingktokaksuperior,kmostkdependskonkthekdemonstrationskofkrespect .kIfkthosekdemonstrationskareknotkequalktokthekthingskofferedred,kweksaykthereki sknokoffering,kthatkis,ktherekisknokactkofkthekwillkpresentingkthekoffering."kTh iskiskbecausekthekthingsksokofferedkdoknotkconstitutekankofferingktokaksuperior. ' k %%% WukLukwaskpleased,kandkwhenksomekonekas edkhimkwhatkMenciuskmean t,kheksaid,k'ThekyoungerkofkRenkcouldknotkgoktokZou,kbutkthekministerkChukmightk havekgonektokPingkLu.' 26k

: % GaozikII: ChunkYukKunksaid,k'Hekwhokma eskfamekandkmeritoriouskser viceskhiskfirstkobjects,kactskwithkakregardktokothers.kHekwhokma eskthemkonlykse condarykobjects,kactskwithkakregardktokhimself.kYou,kmaster,kwerekran edkamongkt hekthreekchiefkministerskofkthekState,kbutkbeforekyourkfamekandkserviceskhadkrea chedkeitherktokthekprincekorkthekpeople,kyoukhavekleftkyourkplace.kIskthiskindee dkthekwaykofkthekbenevolent?' k Menciuskreplied,k'TherekwaskBokYik-khekabodekinkankinferiorksitu ation,kandkwouldknot,kwithkhiskvirtue,kservekakdegeneratekprince.kTherekwaskYikY ink-khekfivektimeskwentktokTang,kandkfivektimeskwentktokJie.kTherekwaskHuikofkLi ukXiak-khekdidknotkdisdainktokservekakvilekprince,knorkdidkhekdeclinekaksmallkof fice.kThekcourseskpursuedkbykthosekthreekworthieskwerekdifferent,kbutktheirkaimk waskone.kAndkwhatkwasktheirkonekaim?kWekmustkanswerk"Tokbekperfectlykvirtuous."k Andksokitkisksimplykafterkthiskthatksuperiorkmenkstrive.kWhykmustktheykallkpursu ektheksamekcourse?' k % Kunkpursued,k'Inkthektimekofkthekdu ekMukofkLu,kthekgovernmentkw askinkthekhandskofkGongkYi,kwhilekZikLiukandkZikSikwerekministers.kAndkyet,kthek dismembermentkofkLukthenkincreasedkexceedingly.kSuchkwaskthekcase,kakspecimenkho wkyourkmenkofkvirtuekarekofknokadvantagektokak ingdom!'kMenciusksaid,k'Thekprinc ekofkYukdidknotkusekBaikLikXi,kandktherebyklostkhiskState.kThekdu ekMukofkQinkus edkhim,kandkbecamekchiefkofkallkthekprinces.kRuinkiskthekconsequencekofknotkempl oyingkmenkofkvirtuekandktalentsk-khowkcankitkrestkwithkdismembermentkmerely?' k Kunkurgedkagain,k'Formerly,kwhenkWangkBaokdweltkonkthekQi,kthekp eoplekonkthekwestkofkthekYellowkRiverkallkbecameks ilfulkatksingingkinkhiskabrup tkmanner.kWhenkMiankJuklivedkinkGaokTang,kthekpeoplekinkthekpartskofkQikonkthekw estkbecameks ilfulkatksingingkinkhiskprolongedkmanner.kThekwiveskofkHuakZhoukand kQikLiangkbewailedktheirkhusbandsksoks ilfully,kthatktheykchangedkthekmannerskof kthekState.kWhenktherekiskthekgiftkwithin,kitkmanifestskitselfkwithout.kIkhavekn everkseenkthekmankwhokcouldkdokthekdeedskofkakworthy,kandkdidknotkrealizekthekwo r kofkone.kThereforektherekareknowknokmenkofktalentskandkvirtue.kIfktherekwere,k Ikshouldk nowkthem.' k %% Menciuskanswered,k'WhenkConfuciuskwaskchiefkministerkofkJusticek inkLu,kthekprincekcameknotktokfollowkhiskcounsels.kSoonkafterktherekwasktheksols titialksacrifice,kandkwhenkakpartkofkthekfleshkpresentedkinksacrificekwasknotkse ntktokhim,khekwentkawaykevenkwithoutkta ingkoffkhiskcapkofkceremony.kThosekwhokd idknotk nowkhimksupposedkitkwaskonkaccountkofkthekflesh.kThosekwhok newkhimksupp osedkthatkitkwaskonkaccountkofkthekneglectkofkthekusualkceremony.kThekfactkwas,k thatkConfuciuskwantedktokgokawaykonkoccasionkofksomeksmallkoffence,knotkwishingk tokdoksokwithoutksomekapparentkcause.kAllkmenkcannotkbekexpectedktokunderstandkt hekconductkofkaksuperiorkman.'

: GaozikII: Menciusksaid,k'Thekfivekchiefskofkthekprinceskwereksinne rskagainstkthekthreek ings.kThekprinceskofkthekpresentkdaykareksinnerskagainstkt hekfivekchiefs.kThekGreatkofficerskofkthekpresentkdaykareksinnerskagainstkthekpr inces.kTheksovereignkvisitedkthekprinces,kwhichkwaskcalledk"AktourkofkInspection ."kThekprinceskattendedkatkthekcourtkofktheksovereign,kwhichkwaskcalledk"Givingk akreportkofkoffice."kItkwaskakcustomkinkthekspringktokexaminekthekploughing,kand ksupplykanykdeficiencykofkseed;kandkinkautumnktokexaminekthekreaping,kandkassist kwherektherekwaskakdeficiencykofkthekcrop.kWhenktheksovereignkenteredkthekbounda rieskofkakState,kifktheknewkgroundkwaskbeingkreclaimed,kandkthekoldkfieldskwellk cultivated;kifkthekoldkwereknourishedkandkthekworthykhonoured;kandkifkmenkofkdis tinguishedktalentskwerekplacedkinkoffice:kthenkthekprincekwaskrewardedk-krewarde dkwithkankadditionktokhiskterritory.kOnkthekotherkhand,kif,konkenteringkakState, kthekgroundkwaskfoundkleftkwildkorkoverrunkwithkweeds;kifkthekoldkwerekneglected kandkthekworthykunhonoured;kandkifkthekofficeskwerekfilledkwithkhardktaxgatherer s:kthenkthekprincekwaskreprimanded.kIfkakprincekoncekomittedkhiskattendancekatkc ourt,khekwaskpunishedkbykdegradationkofkran ;kifkhekdidksokaksecondktime,kbekwas kdeprivedkofkakportionkofkhiskterritory;kifkhekdidksokakthirdktime,kthekroyalkfo rceskwereksetkinkmotion,kandkhekwaskremovedkfromkhiskgovernment.kThusktheksovere ignkcommandedkthekpunishment,kbutkdidknotkhimselfkinflictkit,kwhilekthekprincesk inflictedkthekpunishment,kbutkdidknotkcommandkit.kThekfivekchiefs,khowever,kdrag gedkthekprincesktokpunishkotherkprinces,kandkhencekIksaykthatktheykwereksinnersk againstkthekthreek ings. k %% Ofkthekfivekchiefskthekmostkpowerfulkwaskthekdu ekHuan.kAtkthek assemblykofkthekprinceskinkKuikQiu,khekboundkthekvictimkandkplacedkthekwritingku ponkit,kbutkdidknotkslaykitktoksmearktheirkmouthskwithkthekblood.kThekfirstkinju nctionkinktheirkagreementkwas,k"Slaykthekunfilial;kchangeknotktheksonkwhokhaskbe enkappointedkheir;kexaltknotkakconcubinektokbekthekwife."kTheksecondkwas,k"Honou rkthekworthy,kandkmaintainkthektalented,ktokgivekdistinctionktokthekvirtuous."kT hekthirdkwas,k"Respectkthekold,kandkbek indktokthekyoung.kBeknotkforgetfulkofkst rangerskandktravellers."kThekfourthkwas,k"Letknotkofficeskbekhereditary,knorklet kofficerskbekpluralists.kInkthekselectionkofkofficerskletkthekobjectkbektokgetkt hekproperkmen.kLetknotkakrulerkta ekitkonkhimselfktokputktokdeathkakGreatkoffice r."kThekfifthkwas,k"Followknokcroo edkpolicykinkma ingkemban ments.kImposeknokre strictionskonktheksalekofkgrain.kLetktherekbeknokpromotionskwithoutkfirstkannoun cingkthemktoktheksovereign."kItkwaskthenksaid,k"Allkwekwhokhavekunitedkinkthiska greementkshallkhereafterkmaintainkamicablekrelations."kThekprinceskofkthekpresen tkdaykallkviolatekthesekfivekprohibitions,kandkthereforekIksaykthatkthekprincesk ofkthekpresentkdaykareksinnerskagainstkthekfivekchiefs. k % 'Thekcrimekofkhimkwhokconniveskat,kandkaids,kthekwic ednesskofkh iskprincekisksmall,kbutkthekcrimekofkhimkwhokanticipateskandkexciteskthatkwic ed nesskiskgreat.kThekofficerskofkthekpresentkdaykallkgoktokmeetktheirksovereigns'k wic edness,kandkthereforekIksaykthatkthekGreatkofficerskofkthekpresentkdaykareks innerskagainstkthekprinces.' 28k

27k

: %%% GaozikII: ThekprincekofkLukwantedktokma ekthekministerkShenkcomman derkofkhiskarmy.kMenciusksaid,k'Tokemploykankuninstructedkpeoplekinkwarkmaykbeks aidktokbekdestroyingkthekpeople.kAkdestroyerkofkthekpeoplekwouldknotkhavekbeenkt oleratedkinkthektimeskofkYaokandkShun.kThoughkbykaksinglekbattlekyoukshouldksubd uekQi,kandkgetkpossessionkofkNankYang,kthekthingkoughtknotktokbekdone.' k % Shenkchangedkcountenance,kandksaidkinkdispleasure,k'Thiskiskwhat kI,kGukLi,kdoknotkunderstand.' k %% Menciusksaid,k'Ikwillklaykthekcasekplainlykbeforekyou.kThekterri torykappropriatedktoktheksovereignkisk1,000kliksquare.kWithoutkakthousandkli,khe

kwouldknotkhaveksufficientkforkhiskentertainmentkofkthekprinces.kThekterritoryka ppropriatedktokakHoukisk100kliksquare.kWithoutk100kli,khekwouldknotkhaveksuffici entkwherewithktokobservekthekstatutesk eptkinkhiskancestralktemple.kWhenkZhoukGo ngkwaskinvestedkwithkthekprincipalilykofkLu,kitkwaskakhundredkliksquare.kThekter ritorykwaskindeedkenough,kbutkitkwasknotkmorekthank100kli.kWhenkTaikGongkwaskinv estedkwithkthekprincipalitykofkQi,kitkwask100kliksquare.kThekterritorykwaskindee dkenough,kbutkitkwasknotkmorekthank100kli.kNowkLukiskfivektimesk100kliksquare.kI fkaktruekroyalkrulerkwerektokarise,kwhetherkdokyoukthin kthatkLukwouldkbekdimini shedkorkincreasedkbykhim?kIfkitkwerekmerelykta ingkthekplacekfromkthekonekStatek tokgivekitktokthekother,kakbenevolentkmankwouldknotkdokit;khowkmuchklesskwillkhe kdokso,kwhenkthekendkisktokbeksoughtkbykthekslaughterkofkmen!kThekwaykinkwhichka ksuperiorkmankserveskhiskprincekcontemplatesksimplykthekleadingkhimkinkthekright kpath,kandkdirectingkhiskmindktokbenevolence.' 29k

: %' GaozikII: Menciusksaid,k'Thosekwhoknow-a-dayskservektheirksovereig nsksay,k"Wekcankforkourksovereignkenlargektheklimitskofkthekcultivatedkground,ka ndkfillkhisktreasurieskandkarsenals."kSuchkpersonskareknow-a-dayskcalledk"Goodkm inisters,"kbutkancientlyktheykwerekcalledk"Robberskofkthekpeople."kIfkaksovereig nkfollowsknotkthekrightkway,knorkhaskhiskmindkbentkonkbenevolence,ktoksee ktoken richkhimkisktokenrichkakJie.kOrktheykwillksay,k"Wekcankforkourksovereignkformkal lianceskwithkotherkStates,ksokthatkourkbattleskmustkbeksuccessful."kSuchkpersons kareknow-a-dayskcalledk"Goodkministers,"kbutkancientlyktheykwerekcalledk"Robbers kofkthekpeople."kIfkaksovereignkfollowsknotkthekrightkway,knorkhaskhiskmindkdire ctedktokbenevolence,ktoksee ktokenrichkhimkisktokenrichkakJie.kAlthoughkakprince ,kpursuingkthekpathkofkthekpresentkday,kandknotkchangingkitskpractices,kwerektok havekthekthronekgivenktokhim,khekcouldknotkretainkitkforkaksinglekmorning.' 30k

: GaozikII: BaikGuiksaid,k'Ikwantktokta ekaktwentiethkofkthekproduce konlykaskthektax.kWhatkdokyoukthin kofkit?' k % Menciusksaid,k'YourkwaykwouldkbekthatkofkthekMo. k % 'Inkakcountrykofktenkthousandkfamilies,kwouldkitkdoktokhavekonly konekpotter?'kGuikreplied,k'No.kThekvesselskwouldknotkbekenoughktokuse.' k % Menciuskwentkon,k'InkMokallkthekfivek indskofkgrainkareknotkgrow n;kitkonlykproduceskthekmillet.kTherekareknokfortifiedkcities,knokedifices,knoka ncestralktemples,knokceremonieskofksacrifice;ktherekareknokprinceskrequiringkpre sentskandkentertainments;ktherekisknoksystemkofkofficerskwithktheirkvariousksubo rdinates.kOnkthesekaccountskaktaxkofkone-twentiethkofkthekproducekisksufficientk there.kButknowkitkiskthekMiddlekKingdomkthatkweklivekin.kTokbanishkthekrelations hipskofkmen,kandkhaveknoksuperiorkmenk-khowkcanksuchkakstatekofkthingskbekthough tkof?kWithkbutkfewkpotterskak ingdomkcannotksubsist;khowkmuchklesskcankitksubsis tkwithoutkmenkofkakhigherkran kthankothers?kIfkwekwishktokma ekthektaxationkligh terkthanktheksystemkofkYaokandkShun,kwekshallkjustkhavekakgreatkMokandkaksmallkM o.kIfkwekwishktokma ekitkheavier,kwekshallkjustkhavekthekgreatkJiekandktheksmall kJie.' 31k

: % GaozikII: BaikGuiksaid,k'Mykmanagementkofkthekwaterskisksuperiorkt okthatkofkYu.' k %%% Menciuskreplied,k'Youkarekwrong,kSir.kYu'skregulationkofkthekwat erskwaskaccordingktoktheklawskofkwater.kHekthereforekmadekthekfourkseasktheirkre ceptacle,kwhilekyoukma ekthekneighbouringkStatesktheirkreceptacle.kWaterkflowing koutkofkitskchannelskiskcalledkankinundation.kInundatingkwaterskarekakvastkwaste kofkwater,kandkwhatkakbenevolentkmankdetests.kYoukarekwrong,kmykgoodkSir.'

: GaozikII: Menciusksaid,k'Ifkakscholarkhaveknotkfaith,khowkshallkhe kta ekakfirmkholdkofkthings?' 33k

32k

: % GaozikII: ThekprincekofkLukwantingktokcommitkthekadministrationkof khiskgovernmentktokthekdisciplekYuekZheng, k % Menciusksaid,k'WhenkIkheardkofkit,kIkwasksokgladkthatkIkcouldkno tksleep.' k % GongkSunkChoukas ed,k'IskYuekZhengkakmankofkvigour?'kandkwaskans wered,k'No.' k % 'Iskhekwisekinkcouncil?'k'No.' k % 'Iskhekpossessedkofkmuchkinformation?'k'No.' k % 'Whatkthenkmadekyouksokgladkthatkyoukcouldknotksleep?'k'Hekiskak mankwhokloveskwhatkiskgood.' k Isktheklovekofkwhatkiskgoodksufficient?'k'Theklovekofkwhatkiskg oodkiskmorekthankaksufficientkqualificationkforkthekgovernmentkofkthek ingdom;kh owkmuchkmorekiskitksokforkthekStatekofkLu!kIfkakministerklovekwhatkiskgood,kallk withinkthekfourkseaskwillkcountk1000klikbutkaksmallkdistance,kandkwillkcomekandk layktheirkgoodkthoughtskbeforekhim.kIfkhekdoknotklovekwhatkiskgood,kmenkwillksay ,k"Howkself-conceitedkhekloo s?kHekisksayinqktokhimself,kIk nowkit."kTheklanguag ekandkloo skofkthatkself-conceitkwillk eepkmenkoffkatkakdistancekofk1,000kli.kWh enkgoodkmenkstopk1,000klikoff,kcalumniators,kflatterers,kandksycophantskwillkma ektheirkappearance.kWhenkakministerkliveskamongkcalumniators,kflatterers,kandksy cophants,kthoughkhekmaykwishkthekStatektokbekwellkgoverned,kiskitkpossiblekforki tktokbekso?' 34k

: GaozikII: ThekdisciplekChenksaid,k'Whatkwerekthekprincipleskonkwhi chksuperiorkmenkofkoldktoo koffice?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Therekwerekthreekcaseskinkwhichktheykacceptedk office,kandkthreekinkwhichktheykleftkit.kIfkreceivedkwithkthekutmostkrespectkand kallkpolitekobservances,kandktheykcouldksayktokthemselveskthatkthekprincekwouldk carryktheirkwordskintokpractice,kthenktheyktoo kofficekwithkhim.kAfterwards,kalt houghktherekmightkbeknokremissionkinkthekpolitekdemeanourkofkthekprince,kifkthei rkwordskwereknotkcarriedkintokpractice,ktheykwouldkleavekhim.kTheksecondkcasekwa skthatkinkwhich,kthoughkthekprincekcouldknotkbekexpectedkatkoncektokcarryktheirk wordskintokpractice,kyetkbeingkreceivedkbykhimkwithkthekutmostkrespect,ktheyktoo kofficekwithkhim.kButkafterwards,kifktherekwaskakremissionkinkhiskpolitekdemean our,ktheykwouldkleavekhim.kTheklastkcasekwaskthatkofktheksuperiorkmankwhokhadkno thingktokeat,keitherkmorningkorkevening,kandkwasksokfamishedkthatkhekcouldknotkm ovekoutkofkhiskdoor.kIfkthekprince,konkhearingkofkhiskstate,ksaid,k"Ikmustkfailk inkthekgreatkpoint,kthatkofkcarryingkhiskdoctrineskintokpractice,kneitherkamkIka blektokfollowkhiskwords,kbutkIkamkashamedktokallowkhimktokdiekofkwantkinkmykcoun try;"kthekassistancekofferedkinksuchkakcasekmightkbekreceived,kbutknotkbeyondkwh atkwasksufficientktokavertkdeath.' 35k

: GaozikII: Menciusksaid,k'Shunkrosekfromkamongkthekchannelledkfield s.kFukYuekwaskcalledktokofficekfromkthekmidstkofkhiskbuildingkframes;kJiaokGekfr omkhiskfishkandksalt;kGuankYikWukfromkthekhandskofkhiskgaoler;kSunkShukAokfromkh iskhidingkbyktheksea-shore;kandkBaikLikXikfromkthekmar et-place.kThus,kwhenkHeav enkiskaboutktokconferkakgreatkofficekonkanykman,kitkfirstkexerciseskhiskmindkwit

hksuffering,kandkhisksinewskandkboneskwithktoil.kItkexposeskhiskbodyktokhunger,k andksubjectskhimktokextremekpoverty.kItkconfoundskhiskunderta ings.kBykallkthese kmethodskitkstimulateskhiskmind,khardenskhisknature,kandksupplieskhiskincompeten cies.kMenkforkthekmostkpartkerr,kandkarekafterwardskablektokreform.kTheykarekdis tressedkinkmindkandkperplexedkinktheirkthoughts,kandkthenktheykarisektokvigorous kreformation.kWhenkthingskhavekbeenkevidencedkinkmen'skloo s,kandksetkforthkinkt heirkwords,kthenktheykunderstandkthem.kIfkakprincekhaveknotkaboutkhiskcourtkfami lieskattachedktoktheklawskandkworthykcounsellors,kandkifkabroadktherekareknotkho stilekStateskorkotherkexternalkcalamities,khisk ingdomkwillkgenerallykcomektokru in.kFromkthesekthingskwekseekhowklifekspringskfromksorrowkandkcalamity,kandkdeat hkfromkeasekandkpleasure.' 36k : % GaozikII: Menciusksaid,k'Therekarekmanykartskinkteaching.kIkrefuse ,kaskinconsistentkwithkmykcharacter,ktokteachkakman,kbutkIkamkonlyktherebykstill kteachingkhim.'

k-kJinkXinkI 1k

: %%% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Hekwhokhaskexhaustedkallkhiskmentalkconst itutionk nowskhisknature.kKnowingkhisknature,khek nowskHeaven.kTokpreservekone's kmentalkconstitution,kandknourishkone'sknature,kiskthekwayktokservekHeaven.kWhen kneitherkakprematurekdeathknorklongklifekcauseskakmankanykdouble-mindedness,kbut khekwaitskinkthekcultivationkofkhiskpersonalkcharacterkforkwhateverkissue;kthisk iskthekwaykinkwhichkhekestablisheskhiskHeaven-ordainedkbeing.' 2k

: %% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Therekiskankappointmentkforkeverything.kA kmankshouldkreceiveksubmissivelykwhatkmaykbekcorrectlykascribedkthereto.kTherefo re,khekwhokhaskthektruekideakofkwhatkiskHeaven'skappointmentkwillknotkstandkbene athkakprecipitouskwall.kDeathksustainedkinkthekdischargekofkone'skdutieskmaykcor rectlykbekascribedktokthekappointmentkofkHeaven.kDeathkunderkhandcuffskandkfette rskcannotkcorrectlykbeksokascribed.' 3k

: % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Whenkwekgetkbykourksee ingkandklosekbykou rkneglectingk-kinkthatkcaseksee ingkiskofkusektokgetting,kandkthekthingsksoughtk forkarekthosekwhichkarekinkourselves.kWhenktheksee ingkiskaccordingktokthekprope rkcourse,kandkthekgettingkiskonlykaskappointedk-kinkthatkcasektheksee ingkiskofk nokusektokgetting,kandkthekthingsksoughtkarekwithoutkourselves.' : %%% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Allkthingskarekalreadykcompletekinkus.kTh erekisknokgreaterkdelightkthanktokbekconsciouskofksinceritykonkself-examination. kIfkonekactskwithkakvigorouskeffortkatktheklawkofkreciprocity,kwhenkheksee skfor kthekrealizationkofkperfectkvirtue,knothingkcankbekcloserkthankhiskapproximation ktokit.' 5k : % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Tokactkwithoutkunderstanding,kandktokdoks okhabituallykwithoutkexamination,kpursuingkthekproperkpathkallktheklifekwithoutk nowingkitsknaturek-kthiskiskthekwaykofkmultitudes.' 4k

6k

: %% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Akmankmayknotkbekwithoutkshame.kWhenkonek iskashamedkofkhavingkbeenkwithoutkshame,khekwillkafterwardsknotkhavekoccasionkto kbekashamed.' 7k : %%

JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Theksensekofkshamekisktokakmankofkgreatki mportance.kThosekwhokformkcontrivanceskandkversatilekschemeskdistinguishedkforkt heirkartfulness,kdoknotkallowktheirksensekofkshamektokcomekintokaction.kWhenkone kdifferskfromkotherkmenkinknotkhavingkthisksensekofkshame,kwhatkwillkhekhavekink commonkwithkthem?' 8k

: % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekablekandkvirtuouskmonarchskofkantiqui tyklovedkvirtuekandkforgotktheirkpower.kAndkshallkankexceptionkbekmadekofkthekab lekandkvirtuouskscholarskofkantiquity,kthatktheykdidknotkdoktheksame?kTheykdelig htedkinktheirkownkprinciples,kandkwerekobliviouskofkthekpowerkofkprinces.kTheref ore,kifk ingskandkdu eskdidknotkshowkthekutmostkrespect,kandkobservekallkformsko fkceremony,ktheykwereknotkpermittedktokcomekfrequentlykandkvisitkthem.kIfktheykt huskfoundkitknotkinktheirkpowerktokpaykthemkfrequentkvisits,khowkmuchklesskcould ktheykgetktokemploykthemkaskministers?' 9k

: %% JinkXinkI: MenciusksaidktokSongkGoukJian,k'Arekyoukfond,kSir,kofktr avellingktokthekdifferentkcourts?kIkwillktellkyoukaboutksuchktravelling.kIfkakpr incekac nowledgekyoukandkfollowkyourkcounsels,kbekperfectlyksatisfied.kIfknokone kdokso,kbektheksame.' k GoukJianksaid,k'Whatkisktokbekdonektoksecurekthiskperfectksatisf action?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Honourkvirtuekandkdelightkinkrighteousness,kan dksokyoukmaykalwayskbekperfectlyksatisfied.kTherefore,kakscholar,kthoughkpoor,kd oesknotkletkgokhiskrighteousness;kthoughkprosperous,khekdoesknotkleavekhiskownkp ath.kPoorkandknotklettingkrighteousnesskgok-kitkiskthuskthatkthekscholarkholdskp ossessionkofkhimself.kProsperouskandknotkleavingkthekproperkpathk-kitkiskthuskth atkthekexpectationskofkthekpeoplekfromkhimkareknotkdisappointed.kWhenkthekmenkof kantiquitykrealizedktheirkwishes,kbenefitskwerekconferredkbykthemkonkthekpeople. kIfktheykdidknotkrealizektheirkwishes,ktheykcultivatedktheirkpersonalkcharacter, kandkbecamekillustriouskinkthekworld.kIfkpoor,ktheykattendedktoktheirkownkvirtue kinksolitude;kifkadvancedktokdignity,ktheykmadekthekwholek ingdomkvirtuouskaskwe ll.' 10k : %% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekmasskofkmenkwaitkforkak ingkWen,kandk thenktheykwillkreceivekakrousingkimpulse.kScholarskdistinguishedkfromkthekmass,k withoutkak ingkWan,krousekthemselves.' : % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'AddktokakmankthekfamilieskofkHankandkWei. kIfkhekthenkloo kuponkhimselfkwithoutkbeingkelated,khekiskfarkbeyondkthekmasskof kmen.' 12k : % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Letkthekpeoplekbekemployedkinkthekwaykwhi chkiskintendedktoksecurektheirkease,kandkthoughktheykbektoiled,ktheykwillknotkmu rmur.kLetkthemkbekputktokdeathkinkthekwaykwhichkiskintendedktokpreservektheirkli ves,kandkthoughktheykdie,ktheykwillknotkmurmurkatkhimkwhokputskthemktokdeath.' 13k 11k

: % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Underkakchief,kleadingkallkthekprinces,kt hekpeoplekloo kbris kandkcheerful.kUnderkaktrueksovereign,ktheykhavekankairkofkd eepkcontentment.kThoughkhekslaykthem,ktheykdoknotkmurmur.kWhenkhekbenefitskthem, ktheykdoknotkthin kofkhiskmerit.kFromkdayktokdayktheykma ekprogressktowardskwhat kiskgood,kwithoutk nowingkwhokma eskthemkdokso.kWhereverktheksuperiorkmankpasses kthrough,ktransformationkfollows;kwhereverkhekabides,khiskinfluencekiskofkakspir

itualknature.kItkflowskabroad,kabovekandkbeneath,kli ekthatkofkHeavenkandkEarth. kHowkcankitkbeksaidkthatkhekmendsksocietykbutkinkaksmallkway!' 14k

: %% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Kindlykwordskdoknotkenterksokdeeplykintok menkaskakreputationkfork indness.kGoodkgovernmentkdoesknotklaykholdkofkthekpeopl eksokmuchkaskgoodkinstructions.kGoodkgovernmentkiskfearedkbykthekpeople,kwhilekg oodkinstructionskareklovedkbykthem.kGoodkgovernmentkgetskthekpeople'skwealth,kwh ilekgoodkinstructionskgetktheirkhearts.' 15k

: % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekabilitykpossessedkbykmenkwithoutkhavi ngkbeenkacquiredkbyklearningkiskintuitivekability,kandkthek nowledgekpossessedkb ykthemkwithoutkthekexercisekofkthoughtkisktheirkintuitivek nowledge.kChildrenkca rriedkinkthekarmskallk nowktoklovektheirkparents,kandkwhenktheykarekgrownkaklitt le,ktheykallk nowktoklovektheirkelderkbrothers.kFilialkaffectionkforkparentskisk thekwor ingkofkbenevolence.kRespectkforkelderskiskthekwor ingkofkrighteousness.k Therekisknokotherkreasonkforkthosekfeelingsk-ktheykbelongktokallkunderkheaven.' 16k

: % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'WhenkShunkwasklivingkamidkthekdeepkretire dkmountains,kdwellingkwithkthektreeskandkroc s,kandkwanderingkamongkthekdeerkand kswine,kthekdifferencekbetweenkhimkandkthekrudekinhabitantskofkthosekremotekhill skappearedkveryksmall.kButkwhenkhekheardkaksinglekgoodkword,korksawkaksinglekgoo dkaction,khekwaskli ekakstreamkorkakriverkburstingkitskban s,kandkflowingkoutkin kankirresistiblekflood.' 17k : % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Letkakmanknotkdokwhatkhiskownksensekofkri ghteousnessktellskhimknotktokdo,kandkletkhimknotkdesirekwhatkhisksensekofkrighte ousnessktellskhimknotktokdesirek-ktokactkthuskiskallkhekhasktokdo.' 18k

: % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Menkwhokarekpossessedkofkintelligentkvirt uekandkprudencekinkaffairskwillkgenerallykbekfoundktokhavekbeenkinksic nesskandk troubles.kTheykarekthekfriendlesskministerkandkconcubine'skson,kwhok eepktheirkh eartskunderkaksensekofkperil,kandkusekdeepkprecautionskagainstkcalamity.kOnkthis kaccountktheykbecomekdistinguishedkforktheirkintelligence.' : % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Therekarekpersonskwhokservekthekprince;kt heykservekthekprince,kthatkis,kforktheksa ekofkhiskcountenancekandkfavour.kThere karekministerskwhoksee kthektranquillitykofkthekState,kandkfindktheirkpleasureki nksecuringkthatktranquillity.kTherekarekthosekwhokarekthekpeoplekofkHeaven.kThey ,kjudgingkthat,kifktheykwerekinkoffice,ktheykcouldkcarrykoutktheirkprinciples,kt hroughoutkthek ingdom,kproceedksoktokcarrykthemkout.kTherekarekthosekwhokarekgre atkmen.kTheykrectifykthemselveskandkotherskarekrectified.' 20k 19k

: % % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Theksuperiorkmankhaskthreekthingskinkwhic hkhekdelights,kandktokbekrulerkoverkthek ingdomkisknotkonekofkthem.kThatkhiskfat herkandkmotherkarekbothkalive,kandkthatkthekconditionkofkhiskbrotherskaffordskno kcausekforkanxiety;kthiskiskonekdelight.kThat,kwhenkloo ingkup,khekhasknokoccasi onkforkshamekbeforekHeaven,kand,kbelow,khekhasknokoccasionktokblushkbeforekmen;k thiskiskaksecondkdelight.kThatkhekcankgetkfromkthekwholek ingdomkthekmostktalent edkindividuals,kandkteachkandknourishkthem;kthiskiskthekthirdkdelight.kTheksuper iorkmankhaskthreekthingskinkwhichkhekdelights,kandktokbekrulerkoverkthek ingdomk isknotkonekofkthem.' 21k

: %

JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Widekterritorykandkaknumerouskpeoplekarek desiredkbyktheksuperiorkman,kbutkwhatkhekdelightskinkisknotkhere.kTokstandkinkth ekcentrekofkthek ingdom,kandktranquillizekthekpeoplekwithinkthekfourkseask-kthek superiorkmankdelightskinkthis,kbutkthekhighestkenjoymentkofkhisknaturekisknotkhe re.kWhatkbelongskbykhisknaturektoktheksuperiorkmankcannotkbekincreasedkbykthekla rgenesskofkhiskspherekofkaction,knorkdiminishedkbykhiskdwellingkinkpovertykandkr etirementk-kforkthiskreasonkthatkitkiskdeterminatelykapportionedktokhimkbykHeave n.kWhatkbelongskbykhisknaturektoktheksuperiorkmankarekbenevolence,krighteousness ,kpropriety,kandk nowledge.kThesekarekrootedkinkhiskheart;ktheirkgrowthkandkmani festationkarekakmildkharmonykappearingkinkthekcountenance,kakrichkfullnesskinkth ekbac ,kandkthekcharacterkimpartedktokthekfourklimbs.kThoseklimbskunderstandktok arrangekthemselves,kwithoutkbeingktold.' 22k

: %' JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'BokYi,kthatkhekmightkavoidkZhou,kwaskdwel lingkonkthekcoastkofktheknorthernkseakwhenkhekheardkofkthekrisekofk ingkWen.kHek rousedkhimselfkandksaid,k"WhykshouldkIknotkgokandkfollowkhim?kIkhavekheardkthatk thekchiefkofkthekWestk nowskwellkhowktoknourishkthekold."kTaikGong,ktokavoidkZho u,kwaskdwellingkonkthekcoastkofkthekeasternksea.kWhenkhekheardkofkthekrisekofk i ngkWen,kheksaid,k"WhykshouldkIknotkgokandkfollowkhim?kIkhavekheardkthatkthekchie fkifkthekWestk nowskwellkhowktoknourishkthekold."kIfktherekwerekakprincekinkthek ingdom,kwhok newkwellkhowktoknourishkthekold,kallkmenkofkvirtuekwouldkfeelkthat khekwaskthekproperkobjectkforkthemktokgatherkto.kAroundkthekhomesteadkwithkitskf ivekmau,kthekspacekbeneathkthekwallskwaskplantedkwithkmulberryktrees,kwithkwhich kthekwomenknourishedksil worms,kandkthuskthekoldkwerekablektokhaveksil ktokwear. kEachkfamilykhadkfivekbroodkhenskandktwokbroodksows,kwhichkwerek eptktoktheirkbr eedingkseasons,kandkthuskthekoldkwerekablektokhavekfleshktokeat.kThekhusbandmenk cultivatedktheirkfarmskofk100kmu,kandkthusktheirkfamilieskofkeightkmouthskwereks ecuredkagainstkwant.kThekexpression,k"ThekchiefkofkthekWestk nowskwellkhowktokno urishkthekold,"krefersktokhiskregulationkofkthekfieldskandkdwellings,khiskteachi ngkthemktokplantkthekmulberrykandknourishkthosekanimals,kandkhiskinstructingkthe kwiveskandkchildren,ksokasktokma ekthemknourishktheirkaged.kAtkfifty,kwarmthkcan notkbekmaintainedkwithoutksil s,kandkatkseventykfleshkisknecessaryktoksatisfykth ekappetite.kPersonsknotk eptkwarmknorksuppliedkwithkfoodkareksaidktokbekstarvedk andkfamished,kbutkamongkthekpeoplekofk ingkWen,ktherekwereknokagedkwhokwerekstar vedkorkfamished.kThiskiskthekmeaningkofkthekexpressionkinkquestion.' 23k

: %% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Letkitkbekseenktokthatktheirkfieldskofkgr ainkandkhempkarekwellkcultivated,kandkma ekthektaxeskonkthemklightk-ksokthekpeop lekmaykbekmadekrich.kLetkitkbekseenktokthatkthekpeoplekusektheirkresourceskofkfo odkseasonably,kandkexpendktheirkwealthkonlykonkthekprescribedkceremoniesk-ksokth eirkwealthkwillkbekmorekthankcankbekconsumed.kThekpeoplekcannotklivekwithoutkwat erkandkfire,kyetkifkyouk noc katkakman'skdoorkinkthekdus kofkthekevening,kandkas kforkwaterkandkfire,ktherekisknokmankwhokwillknotkgivekthem,ksuchkiskthekabunda ncekofkthesekthings.kAksagekgovernskthek ingdomksokasktokcausekpulsekandkgrainkt okbekaskabundantkaskwaterkandkfire.kWhenkpulsekandkgrainkarekaskabundantkaskwate rkandkfire,khowkshallkthekpeoplekbekotherkthankvirtuous?' 24k

: % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Confuciuskascendedkthekeasternkhill,kandk Lukappearedktokhimksmall.kHekascendedkthekTaikmountain,kandkallkbeneathkthekheav enskappearedktokhimksmall.kSokhekwhokhaskcontemplatedktheksea,kfindskitkdifficul tktokthin kanythingkofkotherkwaters,kandkhekwhokhaskwanderedkinkthekgatekofkthek sage,kfindskitkdifficultktokthin kanythingkofkthekwordskofkothers.kTherekiskanka rtkinkthekcontemplationkofkwater.kItkisknecessaryktokloo katkitkaskfoamingkinkwa ves.kTheksunkandkmoonkbeingkpossessedkofkbrilliancy,ktheirklightkadmittedkevenkt hroughkankorificekilluminates.kFlowingkwaterkiskakthingkwhichkdoesknotkproceedkt illkitkhaskfilledkthekhollowskinkitskcourse.kThekstudentkwhokhasksetkhiskmindkon kthekdoctrineskofktheksage,kdoesknotkadvancektokthemkbutkbykcompletingkoneklesso

nkafterkanother.' 25k

: %% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Hekwhokriseskatkcoc -crowingkandkaddresse skhimselfkearnestlyktokthekpracticekofkvirtue,kiskakdisciplekofkShun.kHekwhokris eskatkcoc -crowing,kandkaddresseskhimselfkearnestlyktokthekpursuitkofkgain,kiska kdisciplekofkZhi.kIfkyoukwantktok nowkwhatkseparateskShunkfromkZhi,kitkisksimply kthis:kthekintervalkbetweenkthekthoughtkofkgainkandkthekthoughtkofkvirtue.' 26k

: %% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'ThekprinciplekofkthekphilosopherkYangkwas k"Eachkonekforkhimself."kThoughkhekmightkhavekbenefitedkthekwholek ingdomkbykplu c ingkoutkaksinglekhair,khekwouldknotkhavekdonekit.kThekphilosopherkMokloveskall kequally.kIfkbykrubbingksmoothkhiskwholekbodykfromkthekcrownktokthekheel,khekcou ldkhavekbenefitedkthek ingdom,khekwouldkhavekdonekit.kZikMokholdskakmediumkbetwe enkthese.kBykholdingkthatkmedium,khekisknearerkthekright.kButkbykholdingkitkwith outkleavingkroomkforkthekexigencykofkcircumstances,kitkbecomeskli ektheirkholdin gktheirkonekpoint.kThekreasonkwhykIkhatekthatkholdingktokonekpointkiskthekinjury kitkdoesktokthekwaykofkrightkprinciple.kItkta eskupkonekpointkandkdisregardskakh undredkothers.' : % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekhungrykthin kanykfoodksweet,kandkthek thirstykthin ktheksamekofkanykdrin ,kandkthusktheykdoknotkgetkthekrightktastekof kwhatktheykeatkandkdrin .kThekhungerkandkthirst,kinkfact,kinjurektheirkpalate.kA ndkiskitkonlykthekmouthkandkbellykwhichkarekinjuredkbykhungerkandkthirst?kMen'sk mindskarekalsokinjuredkbykthem.kIfkakmankcankpreventkthekevilskofkhungerkandkthi rstkfromkbeingkanykevilsktokhiskmind,khekneedknotkhavekanyksorrowkaboutknotkbein gkequalktokotherkmen.' : % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'HuikofkLiukXiakwouldknotkforkthekthreekhi ghestkofficeskofkStatekhavekchangedkhiskfirmkpurposekofklife.' 29k : % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Akmankwithkdefinitekaimsktokbekaccomplish edkmaykbekcomparedktokonekdiggingkakwell.kTokdigkthekwellktokakdepthkofkseventytwokcubits,kandkstopkwithoutkreachingkthekspring,kiskafterkallkthrowingkawaykthe kwell.' 30k 28k 27k

: %% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Benevolencekandkrighteousnesskwereknatura lktokYaokandkShun.kTangkandkWukmadekthemktheirkown.kThekfivekchiefskofkthekprinc eskfeignedkthem.kHavingkborrowedkthemklongkandknotkreturnedkthem,khowkcouldkitkb ek nownktheykdidknotkownkthem?'

: %' %% JinkXinkI: GongkSunkChouksaid,k'YikYinksaid,k"Ikcannotkbeknearkandk seekhimksokdisobedientktokreason,"kandktherewithkhekbanishedkTaikJiaktokTong.kTh ekpeoplekwerekmuchkpleased.kWhenkTaikJiakbecamekvirtuous,khekbroughtkhimkbac ,ka ndkthekpeoplekwerekagainkmuchkpleased.kWhenkworthieskarekministers,kmayktheykind eedkbanishktheirksovereignskinkthiskwaykwhenktheykareknotkvirtuous?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'IfktheykhavektheksamekpurposekaskYikYin,ktheyk may.kIfktheykhaveknotktheksamekpurpose,kitkwouldkbekusurpation.' 32k : ' JinkXinkI: GongkSunkChouksaid,k'Itkisksaid,kinkthekBoo kofkPoetry,k "Hekwillknotkeatkthekbreadkofkidleness!"kHowkiskitkthatkwekseeksuperiorkmenkeati ngkwithoutklabouring?'

31k

% Menciuskreplied,k'Whenkaksuperiorkmankresideskinkakcountry,kifki tsksovereignkemploykhiskcounsels,khekcomesktoktranquillity,kwealthkandkglory.kIf kthekyoungkinkitkfollowkhiskinstructions,ktheykbecomekfilial,kobedientktoktheirk elders,ktrue-hearted,kandkfaithful.kWhatkgreaterkexamplekcanktherekbekthankthisk ofknotkeatingkthekbreadkofkidleness?' 33k

: JinkXinkI: Thek ing'skson,kDian,kas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Whatkiskth ekbusinesskofkthekunemployedkscholar?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Tokexaltkhiskaim.' k Tienkas edkagain,k'Whatkdokyoukmeankbykexaltingkthekaim?' k %% Thekanswerkwas,k'Settingkitksimplykonkbenevolencekandkrighteousn ess.kHekthin skhowktokputkaksinglekinnocentkpersonktokdeathkiskcontraryktokbenev olence;khowktokta ekwhatkonekhasknotkakrightktokiskcontraryktokrighteousness;kth atkone'skdwellingkshouldkbekbenevolence;kandkone'skpathkshouldkbekrighteousness. kWherekelsekshouldkhekdwell?kWhatkotherkpathkshouldkhekpursue?kWhenkbenevolencek iskthekdwelling-placekofkthekheart,kandkrighteousnesskthekpathkofktheklife,kthek businesskofkakgreatkmankiskcomplete.' 34k

: % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Supposingkthatkthek ingdomkofkQikwerekoff ered,kcontraryktokrighteousness,ktokChenkZhong,khekwouldknotkreceivekit,kandkall kpeoplekbelievekinkhim,kaskakmankofkthekhighestkworth.kButkthiskiskonlykthekrigh teousnesskwhichkdeclineskakdishkofkricekorkakplatekofksoup.kAkmankcankhaveknokgr eaterkcrimeskthanktokdisownkhiskparentskandkrelatives,kandkthekrelationskofksove reignkandkminister,ksuperiorskandkinferiors.kHowkcankitkbekallowedktokgivekakman kcreditkforkthekgreatkexcellenceskbecausekhekpossesseskaksmallkone?' : JinkXinkI: TaokYingkas ed,ksaying,k'Shunkbeingksovereign,kandkGaokY aokchiefkministerkofkjustice,kifkGukSoukhadkmurderedkakman,kwhatkwouldkhavekbeen kdonekinkthekcase?' k % Menciusksaid,k'GaokYaokwouldksimplykhavekapprehendedkhim.' k 'ButkwouldknotkShunkhavekforbiddenksuchkakthing?' k % 'Indeed,khowkcouldkShunkhavekforbiddenkit?kGaokYaokhadkreceivedk theklawkfromkakproperksource.' k 'InkthatkcasekwhatkwouldkShunkhavekdone?' k %% 'Shunkwouldkhavekregardedkabandoningkthek ingdomkaskthrowingkawa ykakworn-outksandal.kHekwouldkprivatelykhavekta enkhiskfatherkonkhiskbac ,kandkr etiredkintokconcealment,klivingksomekwherekalongktheksea-coast.kTherekhekwouldkh avekbeenkallkhisklife,kcheerfulkandkhappy,kforgettingkthek ingdom.' 36k 35k

: % JinkXinkI: Mencius,kgoingkfromkFanktokQi,ksawkthek ingkofkQi'sksonk atkakdistance,kandksaidkwithkakdeepksigh,k'One'skpositionkalterskthekair,kjustka sktheknurturekaffectskthekbody.kGreatkiskthekinfluencekofkposition!kArekweknotka llkmen'sksonskinkthiskrespect?' k Menciusksaid,k'Thekresidence,kthekcarriageskandkhorses,kandkthek dresskofkthek ing'skson,karekmostlyktheksamekaskthosekofkotherkmen.kThatkhekloo sksokiskoccasionedkbykhiskposition.kHowkmuchkmorekshouldkakpeculiarkairkdistingu

ishkhimkwhosekpositionkiskinkthekwidekhousekofkthekworld!k'WhenkthekprincekofkLu kwentktokSong,khekcalledkoutkatkthekDiekShikgate,kandkthek eeperksaid,k"Thiskisk notkourkprince.kHowkiskitkthatkhiskvoicekisksokli ekthatkofkourkprince?"kThiskwa skoccasionedkbyknothingkbutkthekcorrespondencekofktheirkpositions.' 37k

: %% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Tokfeedkakscholarkandknotklovekhim,kiskto ktreatkhimkaskakpig.kToklovekhimkandknotkrespectkhim,kisktok eepkhimkaskakdomest ickanimal.kHonouringkandkrespectingkarekwhatkexistkbeforekanykofferingkofkgifts. kIfktherekbekhonouringkandkrespectingkwithoutkthekrealitykofkthem,kaksuperiorkma nkmayknotkbekretainedkbyksuchkemptykdemonstrations.' 38k : % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekbodilykorganskwithktheirkfunctionskbe longktokourkHeaven-conferredknature.kButkakmankmustkbekaksagekbeforekhekcanksati sfykthekdesignkofkhiskbodilykorganization.' 39k

: % JinkXinkI: Thek ingkXuankofkQikwantedktokshortenkthekperiodkofkmour ning.kGongkSunkChouksaid,k'Tokhavekonekwholekyear'skmourningkiskbetterkthankdoin gkawaykwithkitkaltogether.' k % Menciusksaid,k'Thatkiskjustkaskifktherekwerekonektwistingkthekar mkofkhiskelderkbrother,kandkyoukwerekmerelyktoksayktokhimk"Gently,kgently,kifkyo ukplease."kYourkonlykcoursekshouldkbektokteachksuchkankonekfilialkpietykandkfrat ernalkduty.' k % Atkthatktime,kthekmotherkofkonekofkthek ing'sksonskhadkdied,kand khisktutorkas edkforkhimkthatkhekmightkbekallowedktokobservekakfewkmonths'kmourn ing.kGongkSunkChoukas ed,k'Whatkdokyouksaykofkthis?' k %% Menciuskreplied,k'Thiskiskakcasekwherekthekpartykwishesktokcompl etekthekwholekperiod,kbutkfindskitkimpossiblektokdokso.kThekadditionkofkevenkaks inglekdaykiskbetterkthanknotkmourningkatkall.kIkspo ekofkthekcasekwherektherekwa sknokhindrance,kandkthekpartykneglectedkthekthingkitself.' 40k

: JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Therekarekfivekwayskinkwhichktheksuperior kmankeffectskhiskteaching.kTherekareksomekonkwhomkhiskinfluencekdescendskli ekse asonablekrain.kTherekareksomekwhosekvirtuekhekperfects,kandksomekofkwhosektalent skhekassistskthekdevelopment.kTherekareksomekwhosekinquirieskhekanswers.kThereka reksomekwhokprivatelykcultivatekandkcorrectkthemselves.kThesekfivekwayskarekthek methodskinkwhichktheksuperiorkmankeffectskhiskteaching.' 41k

: % JinkXinkI: GongkSunkChouksaid,k'Loftykarekyourkprincipleskandkadmir able,kbutktoklearnkthemkmaykwellkbekli enedktokascendingkthekheavensk-ksomething kwhichkcannotkbekreached.kWhyknotkadaptkyourkteachingksokasktokcauseklearnerskto kconsiderkthemkattainable,kandksokdailykexertkthemselves!' k %% Menciusksaid,k'Akgreatkartificerkdoesknot,kforktheksa ekofkakstu pidkwor man,kalterkorkdokawaykwithkthekmar ing-line.kYikdidknot,kforktheksa ekof kakstupidkarcher,kchargekhiskrulekforkdrawingkthekbow.kTheksuperiorkmankdrawskth ekbow,kbutkdoesknotkdischargekthekarrow,khavingkseemedktokleapkwithkitktokthekma r ;kandkhektherekstandskexactlykinkthekmiddlekofkthekpath.kThosekwhokarekable,kf ollowkhim.' 42k : %% JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Whenkrightkprincipleskprevailkthroughoutk thek ingdom,kone'skprincipleskmustkappearkalongkwithkone'skperson.kWhenkrightkpr

incipleskdisappearkfromkthek ingdom,kone'skpersonkmustkvanishkalongkwithkone'skp rinciples.kIkhaveknotkheardkofkone'skprincipleskbeingkdependentkforktheirkmanife stationkonkotherkmen.' 43k

: % JinkXinkI: ThekdisciplekGongkDuksaid,k'WhenkGengkofkTangkmadekhiska ppearancekinkyourkschool,kitkseemedkproperkthatkakpolitekconsiderationkshouldkbe kpaidktokhim,kandkyetkyoukdidknotkanswerkhim.kWhykwaskthat?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Ikdoknotkanswerkhimkwhokquestionskmekpresuming konkhisknobility,knorkhimkwhokpresumeskonkhisktalents,knorkhimkwhokpresumeskonkh iskage,knorkhimkwhokpresumeskonkserviceskperformedktokme,knorkhimkwhokpresumesko nkoldkacquaintance.kTwokofkthosekthingskwerekchargeablekonkGengkofkTang.' 44k

: % % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Hekwhokstopskshortkwherekstoppingkiskac n owledgedktokbeknotkallowable,kwillkstopkshortkinkeverything.kHekwhokbehaveskshab bilyktokthosekwhomkhekoughtktoktreatkwell,kwillkbehavekshabbilyktokall.kHekwhoka dvanceskwithkprecipitationkwillkretirekwithkspeed.' 45k

: % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Inkregardktokinferiorkcreatures,ktheksupe riorkmankisk indktokthem,kbutknotkloving.kInkregardktokpeoplekgenerally,khekiskl ovingktokthem,kbutknotkaffectionate.kHekiskaffectionatektokhiskparents,kandklovi nglykdisposedktokpeoplekgenerally.kHekisklovinglykdisposedktokpeoplekgenerally,k andk indktokcreatures.' 46k

: % JinkXinkI: Menciusksaid,k'Thekwisekembracekallk nowledge,kbutktheyk arekmostkearnestkaboutkwhatkiskofkthekgreatestkimportance.kThekbenevolentkembrac ekallkinktheirklove,kbutkwhatktheykconsiderkofkthekgreatestkimportancekisktokcul tivatekankearnestkaffectionkforkthekvirtuous.kEvenkthekwisdomkofkYaokandkShunkdi dknotkextendktokeverything,kbutktheykattendedkearnestlyktokwhatkwaskimportant.kT heirkbenevolencekdidknotkshowkitselfkinkactskofk indnessktokeverykman,kbutktheyk earnestlykcultivatedkankaffectionkforkthekvirtuous.kNotktokbekablektok eepkthekt hreekyears'kmourning,kandktokbekverykparticularkaboutkthatkofkthreekmonths,korkt hatkofkfivekmonths;ktokeatkimmoderatelykandkswillkdownktheksoup,kandkatktheksame ktimektokinquirekaboutkthekpreceptknotktoktearkthekmeatkwithkthekteeth;ksuchkthi ngskshowkwhatkIkcallkankignorancekofkwhatkiskmostkimportant.

k-kJinkXinkII k 47k : % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Thekoppositekindeedkofkbenevolentkwaskthe k ingkHuikofkLiang!kThekbenevolent,kbeginningkwithkwhatktheykcarekfor,kproceedkt okwhatktheykdoknotkcarekfor.kThosekwhokarekthekoppositekofkbenevolent,kbeginning kwithkwhatktheykdoknotkcarekfor,kproceedktokwhatktheykcarekfor.' k GongkSunkChouksaid,k'Whatkdokyoukmean?' k Menciuskanswered,k'Thek ingkHuikofkLiang,kforkthekmatterkofkterr itory,ktorekandkdestroyedkhiskpeople,kleadingkthemktokbattle.kSustainingkakgreat kdefeat,khekwouldkengagekagain,kandkafraidklestktheykshouldknotkbekablektoksecur ekthekvictory,kurgedkhisksonkwhomkheklovedktillkheksacrificedkhimkwithkthem.kThi skiskwhatkIkcallk"beginningkwithkwhatktheykdoknotkcarekfor,kandkproceedingktokwh atktheykcarekfor."' 48k : %%% JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Inkthek"SpringkandkAutumn"ktherekareknokr ighteouskwars.kInstanceskindeedktherekarekofkonekwarkbetterkthankanother.k"Corre

ction"kiskwhenktheksupremekauthoritykpunisheskitsksubjectskbykforcekofkarms.kHos tilekStateskdoknotkcorrectkonekanother.' 49k

: %% JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'ItkwouldkbekbetterktokbekwithoutkthekBoo kofkHistorykthanktokgivekentirekcreditktokit.kInkthek"CompletionkofkthekWar,"kIk selectktwokorkthreekpassageskonly,kwhichkIkbelieve.k"Thekbenevolentkmankhasknoke nemykunderkheaven.kWhenkthekprincekthekmostkbenevolentkwaskengagedkagainstkhimkw hokwaskthekmostkthekopposite,khowkcouldkthekbloodkofkthekpeoplekhavekflowedktill kitkfloatedkthekpestleskofkthekmortars?"' 50k

: %'%% JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Therekarekmenkwhoksayk"Ikamks ilfulkatkma rshallingktroops,kIkamks ilfulkatkconductingkakbattle!"kTheykarekgreatkcriminals .kIfkthekrulerkofkakStateklovekbenevolence,khekwillkhaveknokenemykinkthek ingdom .kWhenkTangkwaskexecutingkhiskwor kofkcorrectionkinktheksouth,kthekrudektribesko nktheknorthkmurmured.kWhenkhekwaskexecutingkitkinkthekeast,kthekrudektribeskonkt hekwestkmurmured.kTheirkcrykwask"Whykdoeskhekma ekusklast?"kWhenk ingkWukpunishe dkYin,khekhadkonlykthreekhundredkchariotskofkwar,kandkthreekthousandklife-guards .kThek ingksaid,k"Doknotkfear.kLetkmekgivekyoukrepose.kIkamknokenemyktokthekpeop le!"kOnkthis,ktheykbowedktheirkheadsktokthekearth,kli ekthekhornskofkanimalskfal lingkoff.k"Royalkcorrection"kiskbutkanotherkwordkforkrectifying.kEachkStatekwish ingkitselfktokbekcorrected,kwhatkneedkisktherekforkfighting?' 51k : % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Akcarpenterkorkakcarriage-ma erkmaykgivek akmankthekcirclekandksquare,kbutkcannotkma ekhimks ilfulkinkthekusekofkthem.' 52k

: JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Shun'skmannerkofkeatingkhiskparchedkgrain kandkherbskwaskaskifkhekwerektokbekdoingksokallkhisklife.kWhenkhekbecameksoverei gn,kandkhadkthekembroideredkrobesktokwear,ktheklutektokplay,kandkthektwokdaughte rskofkYaoktokwaitkonkhim,khekwaskaskifkthosekthingskbelongedktokhimkaskakmatterk ofkcourse.' 53k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'FromkthisktimekforthkIk nowkthekheavykcon sequenceskofk illingkakman'sknearkrelations.kWhenkakmank illskanother'skfather,k thatkotherkwillk illkhiskfather;kwhenkakmank illskanother'skelderkbrother,kthatk otherkwillk illkhiskelderkbrother.kSokhekdoesknotkhimselfkindeedkdokthekact,kbut ktherekiskonlykankintervalkbetweenkhimkandkit.' 54k : %% JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Anciently,kthekestablishmentkofkthekfront ier-gateskwasktokguardkagainstkviolence.kNowadays,kitkisktokexercisekviolence.' 55k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Ifkakmankhimselfkdoknotkwal kinkthekright kpath,kitkwillknotkbekwal edkinkevenkbykhiskwifekandkchildren.kIfkhekorderkmenka ccordingktokwhatkisknotkthekrightkway,khekwillknotkbekablektokgetkthekobediencek ofkevenkhiskwifekandkchildren.' 56k : % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Akbadkyearkcannotkprovekthekcausekofkdeat hktokhimkwhosekstoreskofkgainkareklarge;kankagekofkcorruptionkcannotkconfoundkhi mkwhosekequipmentkofkvirtuekiskcomplete.' 57k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Akmankwhokloveskfamekmaykbekablektokdecli nekakStatekofkakthousandkchariots;kbutkifkhekbeknotkreallykthekmanktokdoksuchkak

thing,kitkwillkappearkinkhiskcountenance,kinkthekmatterkofkakdishkofkricekorkakp latterkofksoup.' : %%% JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Ifkmenkofkvirtuekandkabilitykbeknotkconfi dedkin,kakStatekwillkbecomekemptykandkvoid.kWithoutkthekruleskofkproprietykandkd istinctionskofkright,kthekhighkandktheklowkwillkbekthrownkintokconfusion.kWithou tkthekgreatkprincipleskofkgovernmentkandktheirkvariouskbusiness,ktherekwillknotk bekwealthksufficientkforkthekexpenditure.' : % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Therekarekinstanceskofkindividualskwithou tkbenevolence,kwhokhavekgotkpossessionkofkaksinglekState,kbutktherekhaskbeenknok instancekofkthekthrone'skbeingkgotkbykonekwithoutkbenevolence.' 60k 59k 58k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Thekpeoplekarekthekmostkimportantkelement kinkaknation;kthekspiritskofktheklandkandkgrainkarektheknext;ktheksovereignkiskt heklightest.kThereforektokgainkthekpeasantrykiskthekwayktokbecomeksovereign;ktok gainktheksovereignkiskthekwayktokbecomekakprincekofkakState;ktokgainkthekprincek ofkakStatekiskthekwayktokbecomekakgreatkofficer.kWhenkakprincekendangerskthekalt arskofkthekspiritskofktheklandkandkgrain,khekiskchanged,kandkanotherkappointedki nkhiskplace.kWhenktheksacrificialkvictimskhavekbeenkperfect,kthekmilletkinkitskv esselskallkpure,kandktheksacrificeskofferedkatktheirkproperkseasons,kifkyetkther ekensuekdrought,korkthekwaterskoverflow,kthekspiritskofktheklandkandkgrainkarekc hanged,kandkotherskappointedkinktheirkplace.' 61k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Aksagekiskthekteacherkofkakhundredkgenera tionsk-kthiskisktruekofkBokYikandkHuikofkLiukXia.kThereforekwhenkmenknowkbearkth ekcharacterkofkBokYi,kthekcorruptkbecomekpure,kandkthekwea kacquirekdeterminatio n.kWhenktheykhearkthekcharacterkofkHuikofkLiukXia,kthekmeankbecomekgenerous,kand kthekniggardlykbecomekliberal.kThosektwokmadekthemselveskdistinguishedkakhundred kgenerationskago,kandkafterkakhundredkgenerations,kthosekwhokhearkofkthem,kareka llkarousedkinkthiskmanner.kCouldksuchkeffectskbekproducedkbykthem,kifktheykhadkn otkbeenksages?kAndkhowkmuchkmorekdidktheykaffectkthosekwhokwerekinkcontiguitykwi thkthem,kandkfeltktheirkinspiringkinfluence!' : %% JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Benevolencekiskthekdistinguishingkcharact eristickofkman.kAskembodiedkinkman'skconduct,kitkiskcalledkthekpathkofkduty.' 63k 62k

: %'% JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'WhenkConfuciuskwaskleavingkLu,kheksaid,k" Ikwillksetkoutkby-and-by;"k-kthiskwaskthekwaykinkwhichktokleavekthekStatekofkhis kparents.kWhenkhekwaskleavingkQi,khekstrainedkoffkwithkhiskhandkthekwaterkinkwhi chkhiskricekwaskbeingkrinsed,ktoo kthekrice,kandkwentkawayk-kthiskwaskthekwaykin kwhichktokleavekakstrangekState.' 64k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Thekreasonkwhyktheksuperiorkmankwaskreduc edktokstraitskbetweenkChenkandkCaikwaskbecausekneitherkthekprinceskofkthektimekn orktheirkministersksympathizedkorkcommunicatedkwithkhim.' 65k

: % JinkXinkII: MokQiksaid,k'GreatlykamkIkfromkanythingktokdependkuponkf romkthekmouthskofkmen.' k %%%'%` Menciuskobserved,k'Therekisknokharmkinkthat.kScholarskarekmoreke xposedkthankothersktoksufferkfromkthekmouthskofkmen.kItkisksaid,kinkthekBoo kofk

Poetry,k"Mykheartkiskdisquietedkandkgrieved,kIkamkhatedkbykthekcrowdkofkmeankcre atures."kThiskmightkhavekbeenksaidkbykConfucius.kAndkagain,k"Thoughkhekdidknotkr emovektheirkwrath,kHekdidknotkletkfallkhiskownkfame."kThiskmightkbeksaidkofk ing kWen.' : % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Anciently,kmenkofkvirtuekandktalentskbykm eanskofktheirkownkenlightenmentkmadekotherskenlightened.kNowadays,kitkisktried,k whilektheykarekthemselveskinkdar ness,kandkbykmeanskofkthatkdar ness,ktokma ekot herskenlightened.' 67k 66k

: % % JinkXinkII: MenciusksaidktokthekdisciplekGao,k'Therekarekthekfootpat hskalongkthekhills;kifksuddenlyktheykbekused,ktheykbecomekroads;kandkif,kasksudd enlyktheykareknotkused,kthekwildkgrasskfillskthemkup.kNow,kthekwildkgrasskfillsk upkyourkmind.' 68k

: % JinkXinkII: ThekdisciplekGaoksaid,k'ThekmusickofkYukwaskbetterkthank thatkofk ingkWen.' k Menciuskobserved,k'Onkwhatkgroundkdokyouksaykso?' k % Andkthekotherkreplied,k'Becausekatkthekpivotkthek nobkofkYu'skbe llskisknearlykwornkthrough.' k Menciusksaid,k'Howkcankthatkbekaksufficientkproof?kArekthekrutsk atkthekgatekofkakcitykmadekbykaksinglektwo-horsedkchariot?' 69k

: %% JinkXinkII: WhenkQikwasksufferingkfromkfamine,kChenkZhenksaidktokMen cius,k'Thekpeoplekarekallkthin ingkthatkyou,kMaster,kwillkagainkas kthatkthekgra narykofkTangkbekopenedkforkthem.kIkapprehendkyoukwillknotkdoksokaksecondktime.' k %%% Menciusksaid,k'Tokdokitkwouldkbektokactkli ekFengkFu.kTherekwask akmankofkthatknamekinkJin,kfamouskforkhisks illkinkseizingktigers.kAfterwardskhe kbecamekakscholarkofkreputation,kandkgoingkoncekoutktokthekwildkcountry,khekfoun dkthekpeoplekallkinkpursuitkofkaktiger.kThektigerktoo krefugekinkakcornerkofkakh ill,kwhereknokonekdaredktokattac khim,kbutkwhenktheyksawkFengkFu,ktheykrankandkm etkhim.kFengkFukimmediatelykbaredkhiskarms,kandkdescendedkfromkthekcarriage.kThe kmultitudekwerekpleasedkwithkhim,kbutkthosekwhokwerekscholarsklaughedkatkhim.' 70k

: JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Forkthekmouthktokdesireksweetktastes,kthe keyektokdesirekbeautifulkcolours,kthekearktokdesirekpleasantksounds,ktheknosekto kdesirekfragrantkodours,kandkthekfourklimbsktokdesirekeasekandkrestk-kthesekthin gskareknatural.kButktherekiskthekappointmentkofkHeavenkinkconnexionkwithkthem,ka ndktheksuperiorkmankdoesknotksaykofkhiskpursuitkofkthem,k"Itkiskmyknature."kThek exercisekofklovekbetweenkfatherkandkson,kthekobservancekofkrighteousnesskbetween ksovereignkandkminister,kthekruleskofkceremonykbetweenkguestkandkhost,kthekdispl aykofk nowledgekinkrecognisingkthektalented,kandkthekfulfillingkthekheavenlykcou rsekbyktheksagek-kthesekarekthekappointmentkofkHeaven.kButktherekiskankadaptatio nkofkourknaturekforkthem.kTheksuperiorkmankdoesknotksay,kinkreferencektokthem,k" ItkiskthekappointmentkofkHeaven."' 71k : JinkXinkII: HaokShengkBukHaikas ed,ksaying,k'WhatksortkofkmankiskYue kZheng?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Hekiskakgoodkman,kakrealkman.'

'Whatkdokyoukmeankbyk"Akgoodkman,"k"Akrealkman?"' k % Thekreplykwas,k'Akmankwhokcommandskourkli ingkiskwhatkiskcalledk akgoodkman.kHekwhosekgoodnesskiskpartkofkhimselfkiskwhatkiskcalledkrealkman.kHek whosekgoodnesskhaskbeenkfilledkupkiskwhatkiskcalledkbeautifulkman.kHekwhosekcomp letedkgoodnesskiskbrightlykdisplayedkiskwhatkiskcalledkakgreatkman.kWhenkthiskgr eatkmankexerciseskaktransformingkinfluence,khekiskwhatkiskcalledkaksage.kWhenkth eksagekiskbeyondkourk nowledge,khekiskwhatkiskcalledkakspirit-man.kYuekZhengkisk betweenkthektwokfirstkcharacters,kandkbelowkthekfourklast.' 72k

: %% JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Thosekwhokarekfleeingkfromkthekerrorskofk MoknaturallykturnktokYang,kandkthosekwhokarekfleeingkfromkthekerrorskofkYangknat urallykturnktokorthodoxy.kWhenktheyksokturn,ktheykshouldkatkoncekandksimplykbekr eceived.kThosekwhoknowadayskdisputekwithkthekfollowerskofkYangkandkMokdoksokaski fktheykwerekpursuingkakstraykpig,ktheklegkofkwhich,kafterktheykhavekgotkitktoken terkthekpen,ktheykproceedktoktie.' 73k

: %% JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Therekarekthekexactionskofkhempen-clothka ndksil ,kofkgrain,kandkofkpersonalkservice.kThekprincekrequireskbutkonekofkthese katkonce,kdeferringkthekotherktwo.kIfkhekrequirektwokofkthemkatkonce,kthenkthekp eoplekdiekofkhunger.kIfkhekrequirekthekthreekatkonce,kthenkfatherskandksonskarek separated.' : %% JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Thekpreciouskthingskofkakprincekarekthree :kthekterritory,kthekpeople,kthekgovernmentkandkitskbusiness.kIfkonekvaluekaskmo stkpreciouskpearlskandkjade,kcalamitykisksurektokbefallkhim.' : % JinkXinkII: PenkChengkKuokhavingkobtainedkankofficialksituationkinkQ i,kMenciusksaid,k'Hekiskakdeadkman,kthatkPenkChengkKuo!' k % PenkChengkKuokbeingkputktokdeath,kthekdiscipleskas ed,ksaying,k' Howkdidkyouk now,kMaster,kthatkhekwouldkmeetkwithkdeath?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Hekwaskakman,kwhokhadkaklittlekability,kbutkha dknotklearnedkthekgreatkdoctrineskofktheksuperiorkman.kHekwaskjustkqualifiedktok bringkdeathkuponkhimself,kbutkforknothingkmore.' 76k 75k 74k

: %% JinkXinkII: WhenkMenciuskwentktokTang,khekwasklodgedkinkthekUpperkpa lace.kAksandalkinkthekprocesskofkma ingkhadkbeenkplacedktherekinkakwindow,kandkw henkthek eeperkofkthekplacekcamektokloo kforkit,khekcouldknotkfindkit.kOnkthis,k somekonekas edkMencius,ksaying,k'Iskitkthuskthatkyourkfollowerskpilfer?' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Dokyoukthin kthatktheykcamekherektokpilferkthe ksandal?' k %% Butkyou,kMaster,khavingkarrangedktokgiveklessons,kdoknotkgokbac ktokinquirekintokthekpast,kandkyoukdoknotkrejectkthosekwhokcomektokyou.kIfktheyk comekwithkthekmindktoklearn,kyoukreceivekthemkwithoutkanykmorekado.' 77k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Allkmenkhaveksomekthingskwhichktheykcanno tkbear;kextendkthatkfeelingktokwhatktheykcankbear,kandkbenevolencekwillkbekthekr esult.kAllkmenkhaveksomekthingskwhichktheykwillknotkdo;kextendkthatkfeelingktokt hekthingskwhichktheykdo,kandkrighteousnesskwillkbekthekresult.kIfkakmankcankgive

kfullkdevelopmentktokthekfeelingkwhichkma eskhimkshrin kfromkinjuringkothers,khi skbenevolencekwillkbekmorekthankcankbekcalledkintokpractice.kIfkhekcankgivekfull kdevelopmentktokthekfeelingkwhichkrefusesktokbrea kthrough,korkjumpkover,kakwall ,khiskrighteousnesskwillkbekmorekthankcankbekcalledkintokpractice.kIfkhekcankgiv ekfullkdevelopmentktokthekrealkfeelingkofkdisli ekwithkwhichkhekreceivesktheksal utation,k"Thou,"k"Thou,"khekwillkactkrighteouslykinkallkplaceskandkcircumstances .kWhenkakscholarkspea skwhatkhekoughtknotktokspea ,kbykguilekofkspeechksee ingkt okgainksomekend;kandkwhenkhekdoesknotkspea kwhatkhekoughtktokspea ,kbykguilekofk silenceksee ingktokgainksomekend;kbothkthesekcaseskarekofkakpiecekwithkbrea ingk throughkakneighbour'skwall.' 78k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Wordskwhichkareksimple,kwhilektheirkmeani ngkiskfar-reaching,karekgoodkwords.kPrincipleskwhich,kaskheld,karekcompendious,k whilektheirkapplicationkiskextensive,karekgoodkprinciples.kThekwordskofktheksupe riorkmankdoknotkgokbelowkthekgirdle,kbutkgreatkprincipleskarekcontainedkinkthem. kThekprinciplekwhichktheksuperiorkmankholdskiskthatkofkpersonalkcultivation,kbut kthek ingdomkisktherebyktranquillized.kThekdiseasekofkmenkiskthis:kthatktheykneg lectktheirkownkfields,kandkgoktokweedkthekfieldskofkothers,kandkthatkwhatktheykr equirekfromkotherskiskgreat,kwhilekwhatktheyklaykuponkthemselveskisklight.' 79k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'YaokandkShunkwerekwhatktheykwerekbyknatur e;kTangkandkWukwereksokbykreturningktoknaturalkvirtue.kWhenkallkthekmovements,ki nkthekcountenancekandkeverykturnkofkthekbody,karekexactlykwhatkiskproper,kthatks howskthekextremekdegreekofkthekcompletekvirtue.kWeepingkforkthekdeadkshouldkbekf romkrealksorrow,kandknotkbecausekofkthekliving.kThekregularkpathkofkvirtuekiskto kbekpursuedkwithoutkanykbend,kandkfromknokviewktokemolument.kThekwordskshouldkal lkbeknecessarilyksincere,knotkwithkanykdesirektokdokwhatkiskright.kTheksuperiork mankperformsktheklawkofkright,kandktherebykwaitsksimplykforkwhatkhaskbeenkappoin ted.' 80k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Thosekwhokgivekcounselktokthekgreatkshoul dkdespisekthem,kandknotkloo katktheirkpompkandkdisplay.kHallskseveralktimeskeigh tkcubitskhigh,kwithkbeamskprojectingkseveralkcubits;kthese,kifkmykwisheskwerekto kbekrealized,kIkwouldknotkhave.kFoodkspreadkbeforekmekoverktenkcubitsksquare,kan dkattendantskandkconcubinesktokthekamountkofkhundreds;kthese,kthoughkmykwisheskw erekrealized,kIkwouldknotkhave.kPleasurekandkwine,kandkthekdashkofkhunting,kwith kthousandskofkchariotskfollowingkafterkme;kthese,kthoughkmykwisheskwerekrealized ,kIkwouldknotkhave.kWhatktheykesteemkarekwhatkIkwouldkhaveknothingktokdokwith;kw hatkIkesteemkarekthekruleskofkthekancients.kWhykshouldkIkstandkinkawekofkthem?' 81k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'Toknourishkthekmindktherekisknothingkbett erkthanktokma ekthekdesireskfew.kHerekiskakmankwhosekdesireskarekfewk-kinksomekt hingskhekmayknotkbekablektok eepkhiskheart,kbutktheykwillkbekfew.kHerekiskakmank whosekdesireskarekmanyk-kinksomekthingskhekmaykbekablektok eepkhiskheart,kbutkth eykwillkbekfew.' 82k : % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'ZengkXikwaskfondkofksheep-dates,kandkhisk son,kthekphilosopherkZeng,kcouldknotkbearktokeatksheep-dates.'kGongkSunkChoukas ed,ksaying,k'Whichkiskbest,kmincedkmeatkandkbroiledkmeat,korksheep-dates?' k Menciusksaid,k'Mincekandkbroiledkmeat,ktokbeksure.' k GongkSunkChoukwentkon,k'ThenkwhykdidkthekphilosopherkZengkeatkmi ncekandkbroiledkmeat,kandkwouldknotkeatksheep-dates?' k %%

Menciuskanswered,k'Forkmincekandkbroiledkmeatktherekiskakcommonk li ing,kwhilekthatkforksheep-dateskwaskpeculiar.kWekavoidkthekname,kbutkdoknotka voidktheksurname.kTheksurnamekiskcommon;ktheknamekiskpeculiar.' 83kk

: %' JinkXinkII: WankZhangkas ed,ksaying,k'Confucius,kwhenkhekwaskinkChen ,ksaid:k"Letkmekreturn.kThekscholarskofkmykschoolkarekambitious,kbutkhasty.kThey karekforkadvancingkandkseizingktheirkobject,kbutkcannotkforgetktheirkearlykways. "kWhykdidkConfucius,kwhenkhekwaskinkChen,kthin kofkthekambitiouskscholarskofkLu? ' k '% Menciuskreplied,k'Confuciusknotkgettingkmenkpursuingkthektruekme dium,ktokwhomkhekmightkcommunicatekhiskinstructions,kdeterminedktokta ekthekarde ntkandkthekcautiously-decided.kThekardentkwouldkadvancektokseizektheirkobject;kt hekcautiously-decidedkwouldk eepkthemselveskfromkcertainkthings.kItkisknotktokbe kthoughtkthatkConfuciuskdidknotkwishktokgetkmenkpursuingkthektruekmedium,kbutkbe ingkunablektokassurekhimselfkofkfindingksuch,khekthereforekthoughtkofktheknextkc lass.' k 'Ikventurektokas kwhatksortkofkmenktheykwerekwhokcouldkbekstyled k"Thekambitious?"' k % 'Such,'krepliedkMencius,k'askQinkZhang,kZengkXi,kandkMukPi,kwere kthosekwhomkConfuciuskstyledk"ambitious."' k 'Whykwerektheykstyledk"ambitious?"' k '%% Thekreplykwas,k'Theirkaimkledkthemktoktal kmagniloquently,ksayin g,k"Thekancients!"k"Thekancients!"kButktheirkactions,kwherekwekfairlykcomparekth emkwithktheirkwords,kdidknotkcorrespondkwithkthem.kWhenkhekfoundkalsokthatkhekco uldknotkgetksuchkaskwerekthuskambitious,khekwantedktokgetkscholarskwhokwouldkcon siderkanythingkimpurekaskbeneathkthem.kThosekwerekthekcautiously-decided,kakclas sknextktokthekformer.'kZhangkpursuedkhiskquestioning,k'Confuciusksaid,k"Theykare konlykyourkgoodkcarefulkpeoplekofkthekvillageskatkwhomkIkfeelknokindignation,kwh enktheykpasskmykdoorkwithoutkenteringkmykhouse.kYourkgoodkcarefulkpeoplekofkthek villageskarekthekthieveskofkvirtue."' k 'Whatksortkofkpeoplekwerektheykwhokcouldkbekstyledk"Yourkgoodkca refulkpeoplekofkthekvillages?"' k % Menciuskreplied,k'Theykarekthosekwhoksay,k"Whykarektheyksokmagni loquent?kTheirkwordskhaveknotkrespectktoktheirkactionskandktheirkactionskhavekno tkrespectktoktheirkwords,kbutktheyksay,k"Thekancients!kThekancients!kWhykdokthey kactksokpeculiarly,kandkareksokcoldkandkdistant?kBornkinkthiskage,kwekshouldkbek ofkthiskage,ktokbekgoodkiskallkthatkiskneeded."kEunuch-li e,kflatteringktheirkge nerationk-ksuchkarekyourkgoodkcarefulkmenkofkthekvillages.' k WankZhangksaid,k'Theirkwholekvillagekstyleskthosekmenkgoodkandkc areful.kInkallktheirkconductktheykarekso.kHowkwaskitkthatkConfuciuskconsideredkt hemkthekthieveskofkvirtue?' k Menciuskreplied,k'Ifkyoukwouldkblamekthem,kyoukfindknothingktoka llege.kIfkyoukwouldkcriticisekthem,kyoukhaveknothingktokcriticise.kTheykagreekwi thkthekcurrentkcustoms.kTheykconsentkwithkankimpurekage.kTheirkprincipleskhaveka ksemblancekofkright-heartednesskandktruth.kTheirkconductkhaskaksemblancekofkdisi nterestednesskandkpurity.kAllkmenkarekpleasedkwithkthem,kandktheykthin kthemselv eskright,ksokthatkitkiskimpossiblektokproceedkwithkthemktokthekprincipleskofkYao kandkShun.kOnkthiskaccountktheykarekcalledk"Thekthieveskofkvirtue."kConfuciusksa id,k"Ikhatekaksemblancekwhichkisknotkthekreality.kIkhatekthekdarnel,klestkitkbek confoundedkwithkthekcorn.kIkhatekglib-tonguedness,klestkitkbekconfoundedkwithkri

ghteousness.kIkhateksharpnesskofktongue,klestkitkbekconfoundedkwithksincerity.kI khatekthekmusickofkChang,klestkitkbekconfoundedkwithkthektruekmusic.kIkhatekthek reddishkblue,klestkitkbekconfoundedkwithkvermilion.kIkhatekyourkgoodkcarefulkmen kofkthekvillages,klestktheykbekconfoundedkwithkthektrulykvirtuous."kTheksuperior kmanksee sksimplyktokbringkbac kthekunchangingkstandard,kand,kthatkbeingkcorrect ,kthekmasseskarekrousedktokvirtue.kWhenktheykareksokaroused,kforthwithkperversit ieskandkglossedkwic ednesskdisappear.' 84k

: % JinkXinkII: Menciusksaid,k'FromkYaokandkShunkdownktokTangkwerek500ky earskandkmore.kAsktokYukandkGaokYao,ktheyksawkthosekearliestksages,kandksok newk theirkdoctrines,kwhilekTangkheardktheirkdoctrineskasktransmitted,kandksok newkth em.kFromkTangktok ingkWenkwerek500kyearskandkmore.kAsktokYikYin,kandkLaikZhu,kth eyksawkTangkandk newkhiskdoctrines,kwhilek ingkWenkheardkthemkasktransmitted,kan dksok newkthem.kFromk ingkWenktokConfuciuskwerek500kyearskandkmore.kAsktokTaikGo ngkWangkandkSankYikSheng,ktheyksawkWen,kandksok newkhiskdoctrines,kwhilekConfuci uskheardkthemkasktransmitted,kandksok newkthem.kFromkConfuciuskdownwardskuntilkn ow,ktherekarekonlyk100kyearskandksomewhatkmore.kThekdistancekinktimekfromktheksa gekisksokfarkfromkbeingkremote,kandksokveryknearkatkhandkwasktheksage'skresidenc e.kInkthesekcircumstances,kiskthereknokonektoktransmitkhiskdoctrines?kYea,kiskth ereknokonektokdokso?'