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1.2.2
Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Liquid Liquid extraction involves the separation of a component (solute) from a liquid mixture using another insoluble or partially miscible solvent. The separation depends on the distribution of solute between the two phases based on its physico-chemical characteristics. The two phase are solvent rich phase (extract) and residual liquid phase (raffinate). (e.g.) (i) separation of acetic acid from acid-water mixture using isopropyl ether as solvent. (ii) Separation of dioxane from water dioxane solution using benzene as solvent.
1.2.3
Solid-Liquid/Gas Leaching: This is a process of separating a soluble solute from a solid mixture by contacting it with a solvent. (e.g.) (i) Separation of oil from oil seeds using hexane. (ii) Separation of sugar from sugar beets using hot water. (iii) Removal of copper from its ore using sulfuric acid. Adsorption: Adsorption involves contact of solid with either a liquid or a gaseous mixture in which a specific substance from the mixture concentrates on the solid surface. (e.g.) (i) Removal of color from solutions using activated carbon. (ii) Removal of moisture from air by silica gel. Desorption: It is the reverse of adsorption operation. Drying: Drying refers to the removal of moisture from a substance. . (e.g.) (i)Removal of water from a cloth, wood or paper. (ii)Removal of water from solution (Manufacture of spray dried milk.) Crystallization: The process of forming solid particles within a homogenous phase is called crystallization. (e.g.) (i) The homogenous phase could be a vapor as in the formation of snow (ii) the formation of crystals of sugar from a concentrated sugar solution.