Q. 1- Explain Various Levels of SEI-CMM.

Mention any 5 Indian companies which qualified for the certification at highest level of SEI-CMM. ANSWER: Following Levels of SEI-CMM are:Level 1 - Characterized by chaos, periodic panics, and heroic efforts required by individuals to successfully complete projects. Few if any processes in place; successes may not be repeatable.
Level 2 - Software project tracking, requirements management, realistic planning, and configuration management processes are in place; successful practices can be repeated.

Level 3 - Standard software development and maintenance processes are integrated throughout an organization; a Software Engineering Process Group is in place to oversee software processes, and training programs are used to ensure understanding and compliance. Level 4 - Metrics are used to track productivity, processes, and products. Project performance is predictable, and quality is consistently high. Level 5 - The focus is on continuous process improvement. The impact of new processes and technologies can be predicted and effectively implemented when required. A List of CMM-5 Certified Companies in India Last Updated: June 16, 2008 By popular request we are compiling this list of CMM-5 Certified Software Service Companies in India Listed in no particular order. The purpose of this list is to quickly provide a list of potentical outsourcing companies, so companies that have located their staff and services to India are not considered. Please send corrections to: Cognizant Technology Solutions Infosys Technologies Limited Larsen & Turbo Infotech Limited Mastek Limited NIIT, Software Solutions Patni Computer Systems Limited Satyam Computer Services Limited. Sonata Software Limited Syntel Siemens Information Systems Limited., Tata Consultancy Services

Tata Elxsi Limited Tata Interactive Systems Wipro Technologies Software Paradigms International (SPI)

2) For what type of Software Projects is Spiral Model amenable. Justify your answer with an example.
Answer : Spiral Model This model can be considered as the model, which combines the strengths of various other models. Conventional software development processes do not take uncertainties 12 Software Engineering Concepts into account. Important software projects have failed because of unforeseen risks. The other models view the software process as a linear activity whereas this model considers it as a spiral process. This is made by representing the iterative development cycle as an expanding spiral. The following are the primary activities in this model: Finalising Objective: The objectives are set for the particular phase of the project. Risk Analysis: The risks are identified to the extent possible. They are analysed and necessary steps are taken. Development: Based on the risks that are identified, an SDLC model is selected and is followed. Planning: At this point, the work done till this time is reviewed. Based on the review, a decision regarding whether to go through the loop of spiral again or not will be decided. If there is need to go, then planning is done accordingly. In the spiral model, these phases are followed iteratively. Figure 1.7 depicts the Boehms Spiral Model (IEEE, 1988).

Figure 1.7: Spiral model

In this model Software development starts with lesser requirements specification, lesser risk analysis, etc. The radical dimension this model represents cumulative cost. The angular dimension represents progress made in completing the cycle. The inner cycles of the spiral model represent early phases of requirements analysis and after prototyping of software, the requirements are refined. In the spiral model, after each phase a review is performed regarding all products developed up to that point and plans are devised for the next cycle. This model is a realistic approach to the development of large scale software. It suggests a systematic approach according to classical life cycle, but incorporates it into iterative framework. It gives a direct consideration to technical risks. Thus, for high risk projects, this model is very useful. The risk analysis and validation steps eliminate errors in early phases of development.
3) What are the duties of team that is assigned the job of maintain the quality of the Software to be built? From which phase of SDLC does its role commence in a Software Project. Answer:

There are many important qualities of software products. Some of these qualities are applicable both to product and to the process used to produce the product. The user wants the software product to be reliable and user-friendly. The designer of the software wanted it to be maintainable, portable and extensible. In this unit, we will consider all these qualities.

Correctness
A program is functionally correct if it behaves according to the specification of the functions it should provide (called functional requirements specifications). It is common to use the term correct rather functionally correct; similarly, in this context, the term specification implies functional requirements specifications. We will follow this convention when the context is clear. Correctness is a mathematical property that establishes the equivalence between the software and its specification. Obviously, we can be more systematic and precise in assessing correctness depending on how rigorous we are in specifying functional requirements. Correctness can be assessed through a variety of methods, some stressing an experimental approach (e.g., testing), others stressing an analytic approach (e.g., formal verification of correctness). Correctness can also be enhanced by using appropriate tools such as high-level languages. Likewise, it can be improved by using standard algorithms or by using libraries of standard modules, rather than inventing new ones.

2.2.2 Reliability
Software Reliability may be defined as the ability of it to perform its required functions under stated conditions for a specified period of time.

Informally, software is reliable if the user can depend on it. The specialised literature on software reliability defines reliability in terms of statistical behaviour the probability that the software will operate as expected over a specified time. Correctness is an absolute quality; any deviation from the requirements makes the systems incorrect, regardless of how minor or serious are the consequences of the deviation. The notion of reliability is, on the other hand, relative; if the consequence of a software error is not serious, the incorrect software may still be reliable.

2.2.3 Robustness
Software robustness is the degree to which the software can function correctly in the presence of invalid inputs or stressful environmental conditions. Informally, a program is robust if it behaves reasonably even in circumstances that were not anticipated in the requirements specification for example, when it encounters incorrect input data or some hardware malfunction (say, a disk crash). A program that assumes perfect input and generates an unrecoverable run-time error as soon as the user inadvertently types an incorrect command would not be robust. It might be correct, though, if the requirements specification does not state what the action should be upon entry of an incorrect command. Obviously, robustness is a difficult-to-define quality; after all, if we could state precisely what we should do to make an application robust, we would be able to specify its reasonable behaviour completely. Thus, robustness would become equivalent to correctness.

2.2.4 User Friendliness, Verifiability and Maintainability

A software is said to be user friendly if it was designed with that primary objective and the same was met. 20 Software Quality Concepts and CASE Tools The process of evaluating software to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase is known as Software Verification and if it is possible to do the same, then we say that the software is verifiable. The ease with which a software system can be modified to correct faults, improve performance or other attributes, or adapt to a changed environment, is known as Software Maintainability.

2.2.5 Reusability
Reusability may be defined as the degree to which a software module can be used in more than one computer program or a software system. Reusability is akin to evolvability. In product evolution, we modify a product to build a new version of that same product. In product reuse, we use it perhaps with minor changes to build another product. Reusability appears to be more applicable to software components than to whole products but it certainly seems possible to build products that are reusable. A good example of a reusable product is the UNIX shell. The UNIX shell is a command language interpreter; that is, it accepts user commands and then executes. But it is designed to be used both interactively and in batch. The ability to start a new shell with a file containing a list of shell commands allows us to write programs scripts in the shell command language. We can view the program as a new product that uses the shell as a component. By encouraging standard interfaces, the UNIX environment in fact supports the reuse of any of its commands, as well as the shell, in building powerful utilities.

Scientific libraries are best known reusable components. Several large FORTRAN libraries have existed for many years. Users can buy these and use them to build their own product, without having to reinvent or recode well-known algorithms. Indeed, several companies are devoted to producing just such libraries.

2.2.6 Portability
The ease with which a software can be transferred from one hardware or software environment to another is known as Portability. Software is portable if it can run in different environments. The term environment can refer to a hardware platform or a software environment such as a particular operating system. With the proliferation of different processors and operating systems, portability has become an important issue for software engineers. More generally, portability refers to the ability to run a system on different hardware platforms. As the ratio of money spent on software versus hardware increases, portability gains more importance. Some software systems are inherently machine specific. For example, an operating system is written to control a specific computer, and a compiler produces code for a specific machine. Even in these cases, however, it is possible to achieve some level of portability. Again, UNIX is an example of an operating system that has been ported to many different hardware systems. Of course, the porting effort requires months of work. Still, we can call software as portable because writing the system from scratch for the new environment would require much more effort than porting it. For many applications, it is important to be portable across operating systems. Or, looked at another way, the operating system provides portability across hardware platforms.

2.2.7 Data Abstraction

Abstraction is a process whereby we identify the important aspects of a phenomenon and ignore its details. Thus, abstraction is a special case of separation of concerns wherein we separate the concern of the important aspects from the concern of the unimportant details. The programming languages that we use are abstractions built on top of the hardware. They provide us with useful and powerful constructs so that we can write (most) programs ignoring such details as the number of bits that are used to represent numbers or the addressing mechanism. This helps us concentrate on the problem to solve rather than the way to instruct the machine on how to solve it. The programs we write are themselves abstractions. For example, a computerised payroll procedure is an abstraction over the manual procedure it replaces. It provides the essence of the manual procedure, not its exact details. Data abstraction is a concept which encapsulates (collects) data structure and well defined procedure/function in a single unit. This encapsulation forms a wall which is 22 Software Quality Concepts and CASE Tools intended to shield the data representation from computer used. There are two requirements for data abstraction facilities in programming language. (i) Data structure and operations as operations as described is a single semantic unit. (ii) Data structure and internal representation of the data abstractions are not visible to the programmer. Rather, the programmer is presented with a well defined procedural interface. Today, most of the object oriented programming languages support this feature.

2.2.8 Modularity
Modularity may be defined as the degree to which a computer program is composed of discrete components such that a change to one component has minimal impact on other components.

A complex system may be divided into similar pieces called modules. A system that is composed of modules is called modular. The main benefit of modularity is that is allows the principle of separation of concerns to be applied in two phases: when dealing with the details of each module in isolation (and ignoring details of other modules); and when dealing with the overall characteristics of all modules and their relationship in order to integrate them into a coherent system. If the two phases are temporarily executed in the order mentioned, then we say that the system is designed bottom up; the converse denotes top-down design. Modularity is an important property of most engineering processes and products. For example, in the automobile industry, the construction of cars proceeds by assembling building blocks that are designed and built separately. Furthermore, parts are often reused from model to model, perhaps after minor changes. Most industrial processes are essentially modular, made out of work packages that are combined in a simple way (sequentially or overlapping) to achieve the desired result. We will emphasise modularity in the context of software design in the next chapter. Modularity, however, is not only a desirable design principle, but permeates the whole of software production. In particular, there are three goals that modularity tries to achieve in practice: capability of decomposing a complex system, composing it from existing modules, and of understanding the system in pieces. System Development Life cycle (SDLC)
What is a SDLC and why do we need that? System - an organized collection of independent tasks and processes that is designed to work together in order to accomplish specific objectives. The processes and tasks typically receive input(s) from and provide output(s) to other processes and tasks and even other systems. The tasks and processes may or may not be supported by automation

SDLC refers to a methodology for developing systems. It provides a consistent framework of tasks and deliverables needed to develop systems. The SDLC methodology may be condensed to include only those activities appropriate for a particular project, whether the system is automated or manual, whether it is a new system, or an enhancement to existing systems. The SDLC methodology tracks a project from an idea developed by the user, through a feasibility study, systems analysis and design, programming, pilot testing, implementation, and post-implementation analysis. Documentation developed during the project development is used in the future when the system is reassessed for its continuation, modification, or deletion.

SDLC Phases

Phases in SDLC are Planning, Analysis, Design, Implementation, and Maintenance/Sustainment/Staging Project planning, feasibility study: Establishes a high-level view of the intended project and determines its goals.

SDLC Planning Phase

Identify, analyze, prioritize, and arrange IS needs

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2005 by Prentice Hall

Systems analysis, requirements definition: Refines project goals into defined functions and operation of the intended application. Analyzes end-user information needs.

SDLC Analysis Phase

Study and structure system requirements

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2005 by Prentice Hall

Systems design: Describes desired features and operations in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudo code and other documentation.

Convert recommended solution to system specifications

Logical design: functional features described independently of computer platform

Physical design: logical specifications transformed to technologyspecific details

Implementation (Development): The real code is written here.

Code, test, install, and support the information system

Integration and testing: Brings all the pieces together into a special testing environment, then checks for errors, bugs and interoperability. Acceptance, installation, deployment: The final stage of initial development, where the software is put into production and runs actual business. Maintenance: What happens during the rest of the software's life: changes, correction, additions, moves to a different computing platform and more.

Systematically repair and improve the information system

Products and Deliverables