Natural

Study
Guide

Natural

Study Guide
Version 4.1.3

Edited by D. D. Hamilton
WH&O International

A Division of Meristem Systems Corporation

Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA

Other Publications by WH&O International

Natural Developers Handbook
Natural Tips & Techniques
Advanced Natural Study Guide
Natural Editors
Inside ADABAS
Introduction to PREDICT
Natural CONSTRUCT Study Guide
Natural CONSTRUCT Applications Development Users Guide
Natural CONSTRUCT Tips & Techniques

5th Edition

Copyright 1989-2005 by WH&O International

All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
It is illegal under Federal and International Copyright Laws and subject to
statutory damages, to copy, reproduce or transmit all of part of this work in any
form or by means electronically or mechanically, including, but not limited to
photocopying, printing, electronic information storage and retrieval systems on
magnetic tape and/or disk or other media, without written permission from the
publisher, WH&O International, Wellesley, MA 02482.
ISBN: 1-878960-00-8
ADABAS, Natural, PREDICT, SUPER Natural, and CONSTRUCT are registered trademarks of Software AG.
IBM, TSO, CICS, and DB2 are registered trademarks of International Business Machines.

Natural Study Guide

Table of Contents
Course Introduction .....................................................................................1
What About ADABAS?................................................................................5
Chapter 1 Introduction to Natural
Development Facilities and Common Menus........................................................... 11
Natural Commands and Statements ........................................................................... 14
Natural Object Types..................................................................................................... 14
Natural Libraries ............................................................................................................ 15
The Editor Work Areas ................................................................................................. 15
Natural Development Modes....................................................................................... 16
Natural Command Summary ...................................................................................... 17

Chapter 2 Data Definition

General Concepts ........................................................................................................... 19
Defining File Views ....................................................................................................... 22
Defining User Variables ................................................................................................ 31
Redefining Variables ..................................................................................................... 34

The Data Area Editor............................................................................................. 36

Defining User Variables within the Data Editor ....................................................... 46
Redefining Variables in the Data Editor ..................................................................... 56
Filler Notation ................................................................................................................ 58

The RESET Statement ............................................................................................ 66

Data Editor Command Summary................................................................................ 67

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Natural Study Guide

Chapter 3 Using the Program Editor

Program Comments............................................................................................... 71
Program Editor Commands ................................................................................. 72
Additional Help Notes .......................................................................................... 97
Split Screen Mode .................................................................................................. 98
Program Editor Profile ........................................................................................ 101
Program Editor Help ........................................................................................... 103

Chapter 4 Accessing the Data Base

The FIND Statement ............................................................................................ 115
FIND System Variables ............................................................................................... 122
FIND SORTED.............................................................................................................. 123

The READ Statement........................................................................................... 124

READ LOGICAL.......................................................................................................... 124
READ PHYSICAL ........................................................................................................ 128

The HISTOGRAM Statement ............................................................................. 128

Loop Processing ................................................................................................... 130
Nested Database Loops............................................................................................... 130

The WHERE Clause of the FIND and READ Statements .............................. 135
FINDWITHWHERE............................................................................................. 135
READWHERE .......................................................................................................... 137
Natural System Variables and the WHERE ............................................................. 137

The GET Statement .............................................................................................. 137

Choosing an Efficient Access Path .................................................................... 139

Chapter 5 Basic Report Writing

The Basic DISPLAY Statement........................................................................... 143
Positioning Text and Variables .................................................................................. 146

The SKIP Statement ............................................................................................. 148

The NEWPAGE Statement ................................................................................. 149
The WRITE Statement ......................................................................................... 157
Positioning Text and Variables with a WRITE Statement...................................... 159

The PRINT Statement.......................................................................................... 163

DISPLAY Positioning .................................................................................................. 167

Chapter 6 Basic Mapping

The Basic INPUT Statement ............................................................................... 171
Specifying Field Attributes ......................................................................................... 175
Cursor Positioning ....................................................................................................... 177

The REINPUT Statement .................................................................................... 178

Expanding the REINPUT Message............................................................................ 180
Notes on REINPUT...................................................................................................... 184

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iii

Chapter 7 Conditional Statements and Processing Loops

The IF Statement................................................................................................... 185
The DECIDE ON Statement ............................................................................... 187
The DECIDE FOR Statement.............................................................................. 189
The ESCAPE Statement....................................................................................... 195
The FOR Statement .............................................................................................. 197
The ACCEPT and REJECT Statements ............................................................. 198
The LIMIT Statement........................................................................................... 201

Chapter 8 Array Processing

Defining User Variable Arrays................................................................................... 205
Using User Variable Arrays........................................................................................ 212
Working With Data Base Arrays ............................................................................... 217
Using Data Base Arrays .............................................................................................. 225

Chapter 9 Natural Math Basics

The ADD Statement............................................................................................. 237
The SUBTRACT Statement ................................................................................. 240
The MULTIPLY Statement ................................................................................. 242
The DIVIDE Statement........................................................................................ 244
The COMPUTE Statement.................................................................................. 247
Notation Comment ...................................................................................................... 250

Natural Mathematical Functions ....................................................................... 251

Array Arithmetic.......................................................................................................... 251
Performance Considerations ...................................................................................... 255

Chapter 10 Modifying the Data Base

Defining a Logical Transaction .................................................................................. 257

The STORE Statement ......................................................................................... 259

The DELETE Statement....................................................................................... 261
The UPDATE Statement ..................................................................................... 262
Record Hold.................................................................................................................. 264

Chapter 11 Building Natural Applications

Natural Subroutines ............................................................................................ 272
Internal Subroutines .................................................................................................... 274
External Subroutines ................................................................................................... 275

Natural Subprograms.......................................................................................... 279

Non-Natural Subprograms......................................................................................... 282

Invoking Programs .............................................................................................. 282

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Chapter 12 Batch Processing

Reading Work Files.............................................................................................. 287
Writing Work Files............................................................................................... 289
Printing in Batch................................................................................................... 291
The FORMAT Statement..................................................................................... 292

Chapter 13 Extensions on Reporting

Title and Trailer Lines ................................................................................................. 293
Default Titles................................................................................................................. 293
Special Processing at Top and Bottom of Page ........................................................ 297

Break Processing .................................................................................................. 299

Retaining Values from the Previous Record ............................................................ 301
Providing Record Counts ........................................................................................... 301
Other Statistical Functions.......................................................................................... 302
Handling Arithmetic Overflow.................................................................................. 302
Note on Coding System Functions ............................................................................ 303
Multiple Break Processing .......................................................................................... 303
Numeric Edit Masks .................................................................................................... 305
Alphanumeric Edit Masks .......................................................................................... 309
Date Format Edit Masks.............................................................................................. 310
Date Arithmetic ............................................................................................................ 311
Time Format Edit Masks............................................................................................. 312
T* and P* Positioning Notation.................................................................................. 313
Edit Masks and T* Notation ....................................................................................... 315

Chapter 14 Additional Topics

Error Handling ..................................................................................................... 319
FORMAT Statement and Parameters................................................................ 321
The COMPRESS Statement................................................................................. 329
The SEPARATE Statement ................................................................................. 330
The EXAMINE Statement ................................................................................... 332
The SORT Statement............................................................................................ 334
Using PF and PA Keys ........................................................................................ 338
COPYCODE .......................................................................................................... 341

DDMs ......................................................................................................... 345

INDEX ....................................................................................................... 349
Resources Section .................................................................................... 355

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11

Chapter 1
Introduction to Natural
Natural provides a set of integrated tools which allow creation, maintenance, and
documentation of on-line and batch environment. It has two main components. The first
is a program development environment complete with a program editor, data area
editor, map editor, compiler, and library maintenance subsystem. The second is the
powerful database-oriented programming language for maintaining data on ADABAS
databases. (There are versions for accessing VSAM files and DB2 databases as well as
other database platforms).
During this course, you will use the development facilities of Natural to code, test,
modify, and store Natural programs and other Natural objects in an on-line environment.

Menus
First well take a look at the menus you will see when you log onto Natural. If you do not
know how to LOGON to Natural from your terminal, ask your Course Supervisor for
help. Your first menu welcomes you to the Natural Applications Development System.
The first menu you will see after logging onto Natural is the Main Menu (Figure 1.2). Try
getting into Natural from your terminal and confirm that the screen appears as in Figure
1.2. If it does not, ask your Course Supervisor to help you.
If this is the screen (Figure 1.1) you see when logging into Natural, just type menu on
the MORE line and press [ENTER].

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Natural Study Guide

MORE
12:34:56

Friday, April

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P R O D U C T

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Figure 1.1 Natural HELLO Menu

12:34:56
User STUDENT

***** Natural *****

- Development Functions Code
C
E
R
D
X
L
S
?
.
Code .. _

Function

2005-04-01
Library CLASSLIB
Mode Reporting
Work area empty

Create Object
Edit Object
Rename Object
Delete Object
Execute Program
List Object(s)
List Subroutines Used
Help
Exit
Type .. _
Name .. ________________________________

Command ===>
Enter-PF1---PF2---PF3---PF4---PF5---PF6---PF7---PF8---PF9---PF10--PF11--PF12--Help Menu Exit
Canc

Figure 1.2 - Applications Development System Main Menu

Development Facilities is the only Function addressed in this Study Guide. Until you
gain a better understanding of Natural. Help is the only other Function you should
attempt to use. Upon completion of the course, the Example Libraries would be an
interesting adjunct to the course materials.

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13

Introduction to Natural

12:34:56
User STUDENT

***** Natural *****

- Main Menu -

2005-04-01
Library CLASSLIB

Function
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

Development Functions
Development Environment Settings
Maintenance and Transfer Utilities
Debugging and Monitoring Utilities
Example Libraries
Other Products
Help
Exit Natural Session

Command ===>
Enter-PF1---PF2---PF3---PF4---PF5---PF6---PF7---PF8---PF9---PF10--PF11--PF12--Help
Exit
Canc

Figure 1.3 - Applications Development System Main Menu

Development Environment Settings provide a convenient method of tuning your

Natural session to individual tastes. Maintenance and Transfer Utilities are used to
move programs and data between libraries or into or out of Natural. Debugging
provides an interactive facility for tracking program execution providing facilities for
interrupting processing to evaluate the current state of the program.
Mark the Development Functions option with an X and press the [ENTER] key. This
will invoke the Development Functions menu, Figure 1.4.
12:34:56
User STUDENT

***** Natural *****

- Development Functions Code
C
E
R
D
X
L
S
?
.
Code .. _

Function

2005-04-01
Library CLASSLIB
Mode Reporting
Work area empty

Create Object
Edit Object
Rename Object
Delete Object
Execute Program
List Object(s)
List Subroutines Used
Help
Exit
Type .. _
Name .. ________________________________

Command ===>
Enter-PF1---PF2---PF3---PF4---PF5---PF6---PF7---PF8---PF9---PF10--PF11--PF12--Help Menu Exit
Canc

Figure 1.4 - Development Facilities Menu

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Natural Study Guide

Natural objects are discussed later in this section. They can be created, updated, renamed,
deleted, and listed in the process of developing an application system. All of these
facilities, as well as others, are available from this Development Facilities menu. Youll
look at these different facilities later in the course. Return to the Main Menu by either
typing . (a period) in the CODE field or pressing the [PF3] key. Then terminate your
Natural session by typing . in the Exit Natural Session field or pressing the [PF3] key
while on the Main Menu.

Natural Commands and Statements

Natural Commands may be used to invoke the functions of the Development
Environment directly instead of using the menus. Each menu has, near the bottom of
each screen, the prompt Command ===>. You may type in any valid Natural Command
here, for example, the EDIT command enables you to invoke one of the object editors
directly, without selecting the EDIT option from the Development Facilities menu (Figure
1.3). You could type EDIT followed by any valid Command parameter (see end of this
chapter for a list of parameters) into the Command line on the menu (Figure 1.1) to
bypass the Development Facilities menu altogether.

Natural Object Types

There are four major classes of object in Natural: programs, data areas, screens or maps,
and descriptions. Each class of object has its own editor. The program and data area
classes contain more than one object type each. The program class includes programs,
subprograms, subroutines, helproutines, and copycode object types. The data area class
includes the global data, local data, and parameter data object types. The map class
actually includes map and helptext objects (even though they are all stored as map object
types).
Program object types contain the program instructions that determine the actions
taken by the computer when the application is executed.

 Data area object types are used by the programs to hold the data on which they are
operating.

 Map objects define screen and report layouts as well as validation rules for input
data.

 Description objects enable you to record documentation on the programs that you
develop.
We will use programs, data areas, and maps exclusively in this course. Descriptions are
covered in WH&Os Introduction to PREDICT, and will not be discussed otherwise herein.
A minimum amount of time is spent on the Map Editor in this study guide; you may
consider the WH&Os Advanced Natural Study Guide which deals in greater detail with
maps, windows, and on-line applications in general.

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Introduction to Natural

15

Objects (modules) of the three main types (programs, data areas and maps) can exist in
both source and object forms. The source is the form that is readable to a programmer
and is manipulated by using the appropriate editor.
Before the object or modules of any of these types can be used as part of an application, it
must be compiled into object form. This double meaning of object can be understood if
you keep clear in your mind the general concept of an object as a readable source that
you can manipulate and the object form as an object which has been compiled into a
computer readable form for execution.

Natural Libraries
Natural Libraries are where you store the objects you have created or modified. If you do
not store them in a library, they will be lost when you end your Natural session. The
Natural system supports many libraries, each identified by a library name, up to 8
characters long. You identify the library you want to work with by typing a LOGON
command specifying the library name. Natural will then connect you to the specified
library. Natural stores the contents of its libraries on an ADABAS file called the Natural
System File.
You can only work on one library at a time. All objects that you read into an editor will
be read from your current library. Both the source and object form of objects are stored in
the same library. To access another library you must type another LOGON command to
disconnect from your current library and connect to the new library.

The Editor Work Areas

When you create or modify an object, such as a program or data area, you do so in the
Editor Work Area. This is an area of the computers main storage in which the object is
held while being manipulated. To modify an object you must first invoke the appropriate
editor and then read the object from the Natural library into the editor work area. When
you have completed the modification, you should save the altered source back into the
Natural library. Otherwise, it will be lost when you end your Natural session or when
you read other source into the editor work area.
There is only one editor work area per user and it is shared by all the editors. Each user
connected to Natural has his/her own editor work area and so will not be affected by the
actions of other users at different terminals.
Using Natural On-Line
You will use Natural on-line when you are developing programs using the Development
Environment. The resulting programs may be either interactive or batch programs. An
end user who wishes to run interactive production applications written in Natural will
connect his/her terminal to Natural in the same way as you did just now.

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Natural Study Guide

However, instead of being taken into the Development System Main menu as you were,
the user will normally be transferred to the first Natural program they wish to use. This
will probably be an application menu program.
The exact way that the user is transferred into Natural will depend on how Natural has
been set up at your installation. Your Natural Administrator will be able to tell you how
things are done at your site.
In an interactive environment all commands and parameters are read from the terminal
and all output is directed to the terminal. Your users operate in an interactive mode
whereas you program on-line.
Using Natural in Batch
To run a Natural program in batch you must run a batch job that invokes the Natural
environment. Your installation should have standard JCL for doing this. The JCL will
actually EXEC Natural (that is, the Natural environment). Once Natural has started it,
will read commands and parameters from a SYSIN data set (which may be coded in-line).
The commands will cause Natural programs to be run and these programs may
themselves read parameters from the SYSIN data set.
In the batch environment all output is directed to SYSOUT data sets. Sequential OS data
sets may be read and written in batch.

Natural Development Modes

You can develop Natural programs in either Structured Mode or Report Mode.
Structured Mode is more for professional developers and programmers, whereas Report
Mode is used for developing small ad hoc reports. Structured Mode encourages you to
plan your development before you start coding and its syntax encourages the use of
structured design and coding techniques. This course will concentrate on Structured
Mode development.

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Introduction to Natural

Natural Command Summary

CATALL
CATALOG
CHECK
CLEAR
DELETE
EDIT
EXECUTE
FIN
GLOBALS
HELP
KEY
LIST
LOGOFF
LOGON
PURGE
READ
RENUMBER
RUN
SAVE
SCAN
SCRATCH
STOW

Re-catalog entire libraries.

Store compiled source on object library.
Syntax check source in work area.
Flushes the work area.
Deletes (from a menu) source modules or object modules or both.
Invokes editor for creating & modifying Natural source.
Executes a cataloged program.
Terminates a Natural session.
Sets Natural session parameters.
Invokes Naturals interactive help facility.
Sets PF and PA keys setting for the Natural session.
Lists Natural source modules.
Logs off current library.
Logs onto a development library.
Deletes one or more source modules.
Loads Natural source modules into the work area.
Renumbers source module in work area.
Compiles and executes source program from the work area.
Stores source module onto source library.
Search a library or program for a string of characters.
Deletes source and object modules from libraries.
If syntax check passes, stores source module on source library and
compiles and stores object module on object library.
UNCATALOG Deletes object module from object library.

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18

Natural Study Guide

There are a few more commands than appear on this list. Please refer the Software AGs
Natural Reference Manual or WH&Os Natural Developers Handbook for details on these and
other Natural Commands and their parameters. General syntax for commands and their
parameters:

command

global
parameter
local
program
subprogram
subroutine
helproutine
copycode
map

[module-name]

For example:

Command ===> edit local LDA0201

command

object
type

object
(module)
name

Natural Commands may be abbreviated. The command example can also be coded:

Command ===> e l LDA0201

Or, if the object was previously STOWed, the object type specification can be eliminated:

Command ===> e LDA0201

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349

INDEX
*COUNTER, 122, 129
*ERROR-LINE, 321
*ERROR-NR, 321
*NUMBER, 122, 129
*PAGE-NUMBER, 152
ACCEPT and REJECT statements, 198
add a new record, 260
ADD ROUNDED, 239
ADD ROUNDED GIVING, 239
ADD statement, 237
Alphanumeric Edit Masks, 311
AND Connection, 121
arithmetic operations, 255
arithmetic-expression, 247
Arrays, 205
arithmetic expressions as indexes, 214
C* notation, 218
Data Area Editor, 222
dimension, 215
Free Mode Initialization, 210
Initial Values, 210
Initial Values and Edit Mask, 210, 213
Multiple Value Field, 217
Periodic Group, 218
Arrays:. ARRAY3, ARRAY2,
ARRAY1
ASSIGN [ROUNDED, 111
ASSIGN statement, 111
AT BREAK block, 303
AT BREAK OF DEPT statement, 305
AT BREAK statement, 302

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AT END OF PAGE, 300

AT END OF PAGE statement, 299
AT TOP OF PAGE, 299
Attribute Definition, 174
basic search criteria, 116
Boolean operators, 119
Break processing, 301
CALL statement, 284
CALLNAT, 282
CHECK, 67
CLEAR, 70
CLEAR Clears the source work area., 67
column header, 33
comments, 71
COMPRESS
LEAVING NO SPACE, 331
WITH DELIMITER, 331
COMPRESS Statement, 331
COMPUTE With Order of Evaluation,
249
COMPUTE statement, 247
control break processing, 302
COPYCODE, 343
COUNT function, 306
D format (date) variables, 33
D format edit mask, 312
D format variables, 312
Data Area Editor, 222
Data area object types, 14
Data base arrays, 217
Data Definition Module, 22

350
Data Definition Modules, 4
Data Editor, 37
database variables, 19
Date Format Edit Masks, 312
DB
0, 347, 348
DECIDE FOR EVERY, 189
DECIDE FOR FIRST, 189
DECIDE FOR statement, 189
DECIDE ON FIRST, 188
DECIDE ON statement, 187
DECIDE ONVALUE OF, 187
default title, 143
default title line, 296
DEFINE SUBROUTINE, 274
Delete Object function, 109
DELETE Statement, 262
deletes a record, 262
Description objects, 14
Development Facilities, 12
Direction Indicator, 74
DISPLAY
Headers, 144
Positioning Text and Variables, 146
T notation, 146
DISPLAY statement, 143
DIVIDE GIVING, 245
DIVIDE GIVING ROUNDED, 246
DIVIDE statement, 244
edit mask, 33
Edit Mask, 53
Editor Work Area, 15
Empty Line Suppression, 329
END statement, 85
END TRANSACTION, 265
END-ALL, 336
END-BREAK, 302
END-ENDFILE, 290
END-FOR, 197
END-READ, 124
END-SUBROUTINE, 274
END-TOPPAGE, 299
END-WORK, 289
ESCAPE
BOTTOM, 195
TOP, 195
ESCAPE statement, 195
EXAMINE

Natural Study Guide

Parameters
ABSOLUTE, 334
DELETE, 334
FULL VALUE OF, 334
GIVING, 334, 335
INDEX, 334
LENGTH, 334
NUMBER returns the number of
occurrences of the string
found. It will not exceed if
FIRST is specified.
.i.EXAMINE
Parameters
GIVING
POSITION, 334
POSITION, 334
REPLACE WITH, 334
WITH DELIMITERS, 334
EXAMINE Statement, 334
Extended Field Edit, 53
external subroutine, 277
FETCH
parameters, 284
RETURN,, 285
FETCH statement, 284
Filler Notation, 58
FIND
*COUNTER, 122
*NUMBER, 122
Basic Search Criteria
operator, 116
Operators, 117
basic-search-criteria, 115
Logical Condition Criterion, 119
SORTED BY, 123
WITH clause, 116
FOR
END-FOR, 197
FOR statement, 197
FORMAT
logical printer, 294
Format Parameters, 326
Format Parameters, 323, 324, 325
FORMAT statement, 294
GEN, 67
GET statement, 137
Global Data Area, 21
hash sign, 21

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Study Guide Index

HISTOGRAM statement, 128
IF BREAK, 152
IF statement, 185
IFLINES LEFT, 157
IGNORE, 185
INCLUDE statement, 343
Incorporating from a DDM, 39
INIT, 32
INITIAL, 66
initial value, 32, 50
initial values, 32
Initial values, 210
INPUT
AD parameter, 175
AD= parameter, 173
attributes, 173
CD parameter, 176
color, 176
INPUT statement, 171, 178
insert, 83
insertion character, 307
Internal Sequence Number, 137
internal subroutine, 276
LEFT[JUSTIFIED, 296
level number, 34
LIMIT statement, 201
line sequence numbers, 133
LIST function, 105
LIST utility, 23
Local Data Area definition, 50
Local Data Areas, 21
lock on the record, 265
Logical Condition Criterion, 119
logical printer, 293
logical printer number, 294
Main menu, 11
major OR, 121
Map objects, 14
MASK definition, 338
MASK option, 338
minor OR, 121

MOVE [ROUNDED, 111

MOVE statement, 111
multi-dimensional table, 205
multiple reports, 143
Multiple Value Field, 27
Multiple Value fields, 49

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351
MULTIPLY GIVING, 243
MULTIPLY statement, 242
NATURAL Commands, 14, 17
NATURAL comment line, 71
NATURAL file definition, 42
NATURAL Libraries, 15
NATURAL Mathematical Functions,
251
NATURAL on-line, 15
NATURAL program, 284
NATURAL program in batch, 16
NATURAL SORT statement, 336
NATURAL stack, 285
NATURAL subprogram, 281
NATURAL Subroutine, 274
NATURAL System Functions, 304
NATURAL System Functions:, 304
NATURAL System Variables, 20
Negation, 121
NEWPAGE
IFLINES LEFT, 157
title, 157
NEWPAGE statement, 149
non-NATURAL subprogram, 284
Numeric Edit Mask, Floating Character,
310
Numeric Edit Mask, Zero Suppression,
308
Numeric Edit Mask, Zero Suppression,
Fixed Position Sign, 309
Numeric Edit Mask, Zero Suppression,
Floating Sign, 309
Numeric Edit Masks, 307
check protection, 310
floating currency symbol, 310
Inserted spaces, 309
object in NATURAL, 14
Object Type Indicator, 279
OLD, 303
ON ERROR statement, 321
one dimensional array, 206
OR Connection, 121
P*, 315
Parameter Data Area, 21, 281
Parentheses, 121
PERFORM statement, 274
Periodic Group, 27
Periodic Groups, 49

352
PRINT
compresses, 163
variables are output, 163
PRINT statement, 163
printer number, 293
Printing in Batch, 293
logical printers, 293
printer, 293
printer number, 293
processing loops, 130
Profile Maintenance, 101
Program Attention (PA) keys, 340
Program Comments, 71
Program Editor
CHECK, 95
Command Line, 70
copy function, 78
Delete, 79
Direction Indicator, 74
help information, 104
INSERT, 83
join, 89
MOVE, 82
PROFILE command, 101
Program Editor work area, 70
READ command, 94
SCAN, 90
SPLIT command, 88
Split Screen function, 98
STOW command, 94
top of the program, 87
X and Y markers; no other alphabetic
characters can be used for the
purpose. You will now copy the
marked range of lines to another
position using the, 77
Program Function (PF) keys, 340
Program object types, 14
PS parameter, 300
qualifying a variable, 131
READ, 67
END-READ, 125
READ LOGICAL
ENDING AT, 126
STARTING FROM, 125
READ PHYSICAL, 128
READ statement, 124
READ viewname LOGICAL, 124

Natural Study Guide

READ WORK FILE, 289
JCL DD statement, 289
ONCE, 289
work file, 289
READ WORK FILE n ONCE, 290
REDEFINE, 34
re-definition, 56
Re-definition, 34
REINPUT
MARK, 178
USING HELP, 178
WITH TEXT, 178
REINPUT statement, 178
REJECT, 198
REPEAT
UNTIL, 193
WHILE, 193
REPEAT statement, 193
repetition factors, 311
Report Mode, 16
report number, 143
RESET, 66
RESET INITIAL, 66
retrieving data from an ADABAS file,
115
RETRY statement, 322
RETURN, 285
ROUNDED, 111
SAVE, 67
SCAN option, 340
SEPARATE
GIVING NUMBER, 333
LEFT JUSTIFIED, 332
WITH DELIMITERS, 332
SEPARATE Statement, 332
SET KEY, 341
SET TYPE, 67
Single Value Initialization, 51, 213
SKIP statement, 148
SORT statement, 336
SORTED BY clause, 123
Split Screen Mode, 42
Statement Labels, 133
Statement Reference Number, 133
STORE Statement, 260
STOW, 67
STRUCT command, 132
Structured Mode, 16

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Study Guide Index

subprogram, 281
Subprogram
CALLNAT, 282
Parameter Data Area, 281
parameters, 282
Subroutine
internal subroutine, 277
SUBTRACT GIVING, 241
SUBTRACT ROUNDED, 241
SUBTRACT statement, 240
SUBTRACT Statement, 240
system variables, 19
T format (time) variables, 33
T Format Edit Mask, 314
T format variables, 314
T*, 315
tables, 205
three dimensions, 206
Time Format Edit Masks, 314
title line, 295
top of a new page, 299
transaction, 258
two dimensional array, 206
UNDERLINED, 296
update a record, 263
UPDATE Statement, 263
user-defined variables, 19, 31
User-defined variables, 19, 21
viewname, 115
WHEN NONE, 190
WHERE
*NUMBER and *COUNTER, 137
System Variable, 137
WHERE clause, 135
work file, 291
work files, 289
WRITE
next output line, 160
Positioning Text and Variables with a
WRITE Statement, 159
variable, 161
WRITE statement, 157
WRITE TITLE statement, 296
WRITE TRAILER statement, 297
WRITE WORK FILE
VARIABLE, 291
work file, 291
WRITE WORK FILE statement, 291

2005, WH&O International

353
Writing/Reading the Same Workfile,
292
X and Y markers, 77

WH&O
International

1-878960-00-8