balaji&balaji FRICTION

1) Introduction 2) Static friction Solved Problems

3) Kinetic friction Solved Problems

4) Exercises 5) Assessment test

Introduction When one surface slides over another or has a tendency to, a force parallel to the interface acts on the two surfaces which resists the sliding. This force is called friction. This force is due to the roughness of the surfaces, the tiny bumps and valleys in a surface that prevent one surface from smoothly sliding over the other and inter molecular attractive forces between the surfaces.

These are forces between the molecules of one body and those of another, so friction is ultimately electromagnetic in nature. The normal reaction is also the result of all the electromagnetic forces between the molecules at the surface of one body with those of another. In fact, if one body exerts a force F on another , the component perpendicular to the surface of contact is called the normal reaction and the component parallel to the surfaces is called friction.

Friction opposes motion You have heard that many times. You have to be careful how you understand that. Lets say you are standing still, and then you start to walk. You have accelerated in the forward direction.

What is the force that accelerated you forwards? If you are tempted to say, My foot! , keep in mind that we need an external force to accelerate an object. An object cannot act on itself.
Your feet can push on the rest of your body and accelerate it, but if I considered your entire body as one system, then we need an external force to accelerate its center of mass.

There is only one external force in the horizontal direction: friction. hence, it must be acting in the forward direction. How can that be? Lets consider another example. A car accelerates forward. What is the force that provided this acceleration? If you are tempted to say, Why, the engine!, imagine the same car out in space, drifting along. You hit the accelerator, the wheels spin, you go nowhere. Your engine is not much good. Put the same car on a frictionless surface ( a lake of ice ), the wheels spin, you go nowhere. Put the car on a road with plenty of friction, then watch it go. Friction is the external force that accelerates the car forward. It must then point in the forward direction. How can that be? To understand these two examples, you must look not at the objects as a whole, but at the two surfaces where the friction acts:

When you walk, you place your foot on the ground and push backwards. The foot tends to slide backward. The ground exerts an opposing frictional force, in the forward direction. Friction opposes the relative sliding of two surfaces in contact.

In the case of the wheel too, you can see that the bottom surface of the wheel tends to slide backwards along the road when we accelerate. The road resists this with friction, which acts forwards on the wheel. Of course, the reaction to this is the backward acting frictional force on the road.
There is much more to the acceleration of a car. What happens when we hit the brakes? The car is now decelerating. Which means that the frictional force on the wheels is now backwards. However, the wheels are still spinning forwards, since the car is still moving forwards. Im afraid you will have to wait till the chapter on Rigid Body Dynamics for the full explanation. In the meantime, ponder over it.

We need an external force to accelerate. We use Newtons 3rd law, cleverly pushing the floor back so it pushes us forward. A flat floor can only push us forward if there is friction. Moral of this story: Friction opposes the relative sliding of two surfaces against one another, it does not oppose motion.

Static friction Place a book on a table. What is the force of friction that is acting on the book now?

Answer: Zero. If a force were acting on the book, it would be accelerating in the direction of the force. Now gently (gently!) push the book in one direction. It does not move. What is the force of friction now?

Answer: The frictional force must be equal to and opposite to the force exerted by you. Now increase the force you are exerting a little. The book stays put. what can you say about the frictional force now? Answer: Since the book does not have any acceleration, the frictional force is equal to the applied force, pointing in the opposite direction. Friction has adjusted itself to equal the external force. As you keep increasing the force, so does friction, up until a point, when the book suddenly moves. So we conclude that friction is able to adjust itself up to a maximum value. What are the factors that affect this maximum value? Lets call the maximum value fmax. This is the ceiling for friction under the given circumstances. Does fmax depend on the area of contact? Does it depend on the weight of the book? Does it depend on the quality of the surfaces (how polished or rough they are)?

Attach a spring scale to a block and pull gently. The reading on the scale tells you what force you are applying. Gently increase this force, and note its value when the block starts moving. Repeat the experiment several times to get an average value.

Repeat the experiment with the block lying on another side, with a different area of contact. We find the force required to start it moving is independent of the area of contact, as long as the surfaces in contact are similar. That is, fmax is independent of area of contact. Place another block of the same mass on top of this one. Repeat the experiment. You find that the force is approximately twice as large. Try out various weights on the book. You will find that fmax is proportional to the force of contact between the two surfaces (the normal reaction). fmax N The proportionality constant, denoted s, is a number that is dependent on the surfaces. It is called the coefficient of static friction. fmax = s N The smoother the two surfaces, the smaller is s . Remember that fmax is the maximum value that friction can have given the two surfaces and N, the force with which they are pressed together. The friction itself can have any value upto fmax. It will adjust itself to prevent any relative sliding of the surfaces. Hence, f s N Summary: Given two surfaces in contact, there is a number called the coefficient of static friction, which will enable us to calculate the maximum frictional force, or the ceiling for friction. The harder the two surfaces are pressed together, larger is N, hence larger is the maximum frictional force.

Examples 1) Hold a book against a wall by applying a force perpendicular to the wall

How is it that a perpendicular force is able to balance the weight of the book? Answer: It is the frictional force between the wall and the book that holds the book up. By pressing against it, we are increasing the normal reaction force R between book and wall:
f R F R f mg

This increases the maximum possible friction between wall and book. If it is higher than the weight of the book, then the frictional force becomes equal to the weight of the book, thereby balancing it. Lets say that s = 0.5 between the wall and the book. Lets say that the book weighs 100 N. [ N stands for newtons here, not normal reaction]. We need a frictional force of 100 N to hold it up. Which means that fmax has to be at least 100 N. fmax = 0.5 R, so R has to be at least 200 N. So F has to be at least 200 N, since F = R. Hence, we need to apply at least 200 n of force against the book. What if we apply more than 200 N ? f max will be more than 100 N. But the frictional force f will remain at 100 N, balancing the book.

2) You are a rock climber, climbing a chimney, which is a gap between two stone walls, with no hand holds or grips, but plenty of friction.

One method of negotiating the climb is to place yourself as shown in the pic above, and push against the walls with your feet and back so that you do not slide down. What you are doing is increasing the normal force between your back and the wall ( and that between your feet and the other wall ) so that the maximum friction value is raised. If it becomes more than your weight, then friction adjusts itself to equal your weight, so that you are in equilibrium. 3) You are standing in a moving bus, holding on to the cylindrical hand railing on top. The driver suddenly brakes. To prevent yourself from falling forwards, you grip the railing harder. Why? To prevent yourself from falling forwards, you need an external backward force exerted on you. The friction between your palm and the railing is that backward force. It acts since your hand tends to slide along the railing. if you grip hard, you are making the normal reaction large, hence raising the ceiling for friction. Now friction can adjust itself to the needed value. 4) You are holding a tube. Someone is trying to pull it, so that it slides through your grip. To prevent that, you tighten your grip. By increasing a force that is perpendicular to the tube (the normal reaction), you are able to increase a force that is parallel to it (the friction). 5)You are hanging from the hand of Sylvester Stallone over a deep deep ravine. Your hand is slipping. Stallone tightens the grip. He is increasing N so that Fmax is increased so that friction may adjust itself to a sufficiently

large value to prevent you from falling to your death. Unfortunately, due to your perspiring hands, s is small. So despite the bone -crushing force Sly is applying, Fmax remains too small and its Sayonara, babe! 5) Perform this simple experiment at home: take a smooth plank and place a smooth block or a book on it. Now slowly ( very very slowly) raise one end, keeping the other end fixed. Hold a protractor against the block so you can measure the angle at which it starts to slide. If the angle is , what is the coefficient of static friction s ?

KINETIC FRICTION It takes less force to start a body moving ( when there is friction) than to keep it moving. Once the two surfaces are sliding against each other what you have is a frictional force that is simply proportional to N. F = k N. Note that we do not have an inequality here. Things are simple now. No more self adjusting force. Also, for a given pair of surfaces, the coefficient of kinetic friction, denoted by k, is smaller than s. eg. What force is required to keep a 3 kg book moving at a constant velocity of 4 m/s on a table? The coefficient of kinetic friction is given as 0.2.
F Friction

The normal reaction is N = mg = 3 x 9.8 = 29.4 Newtons. The force of friction is , 29.4 x 0.2 = 5.88 Newtons. This is the force you need to apply to the book so that it moves at a constant velocity, no matter what the velocity is. Put a book or a block on a table and push gently until it starts to move. You will find that once Fmax= s N is reached, it starts to move, but with a jerk. Once it starts to move, the force of friction suddenly drops ( k < s ) and the force you are applying is more than the frictional force, so it is now accelerating. You cannot smoothly take it from rest to uniform motion. Pull a plug out from a socket by applying a steadily increasing force. Once it starts to move, it will come out fast. Can the coeff of kinetic friction be larger than the coeff of static friction for any pair of surfaces? Example 1. What is the force of friction if a 20 kg force making an angle of 300 with the vertical as shown keeps the 2 kg block moving with a constant velocity? What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?

Ans.

The force diagram is shown below.

20 N

f mg

In the y-direction: N + 20 cos (30) - mg = 0 zero] In the x-direction: 20 sin(30) - f = 0 [ since the acceleration in the x-direction is also zero] [since the acceleration in this direction is

From this, f = 10 newtons. From the first equation, N = 19.6 - 203 / 2 k = f / N = 10 / 2.28 = 4.39 Anything wrong with k turning out to be larger than 1?

Example 2 A 3 kg block slides down a 600 ramp. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.2. What is the acceleration of the block? Ans. The force diagram is shown below:
f N

mg

When solving problems involving inclined planes, it is usually better to use a coordinate system where one of the axes is along the incline and the other perpendicular to the incline.
y - axis

x-axis

The reason will become clear soon. In the y - direction: N - mg cos() = 0

[ is the angle that the incline makes with the horizontal] In the x-direction: mg sin() - f = ma In our example, = 600, mg = 3x9.8 = 29.4 newtons, so N = 14.7 newtons. This gives f = k N = 2.94 newtons. a = (25.5 - 2.94 ) / 3 = 7.52 m / s2.

Lets do the same problem in the usual coordinate system ( x- direction along the horizontal ) shown:
y-axis

x- axis

In this coordinate system, the acceleration of the block ( along the incline ) has two non zero components: a cos () in the x - direction and - a sin() in the y-direction. Similarly, N as well as f now have two non-zero components, as opposed to the previous coordinate system, where only one of their two components was non-zero. The equations are: x-direction: N sin () - f cos () = m a cos() N (3 / 2) - 0.2 N (1/2) = 3 a (1/2) y-direction: N cos () - mg + f sin () = - ma sin () N (1/2) - 29.4 + 0.2 N (3/2) = - 3a (3/2) we need to solve these two equations for N and a. You can see that with this coordinate system the equations are not only harder to set up, but are also harder to solve. We get the same answers upon solving them, of course.

An interesting problem:

The top block has a mass of 5 kg and the bottom block has the mass of 10 kg. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively, between any of the pairs of surfaces. A force of 100 N is applied to the bottom block as shown. If the blocks are initially at rest, what are their accelerations immediately after the force is applied? Ans. The free body force diagrams:
N1 f1 f2 W2 =100 N2 100 W1=50 N1 f1

Please take some time to understand the force diagrams. Make sure you understand where each force is coming from. The frictional force f1 acting on the top block is to the right because the bottom block tends to drag the top block along with it. The reaction force on the bottom block is to the left. N1 is the vertical force exerted by the bottom block on the top block ( and the corresponding reaction force). f2 is the force of friction that the floor exerts on the bottom block. If you are ever unsure of the direction of the frictional forces between two surfaces, look carefully at the surfaces in contact: friction opposes the relative sliding.

There are three possibilities here: the blocks do not move, the two blocks move as one, and two have different accelerations. Which case is it? In problems like this one, we have to consider each case separately. One of them will give us sensible answers and the other will give us nonsensical answers. Case 1: Does the blocks move in the first place? N2 = 150N, s=0.6, so fmax = 90N. The external force is 100N, so they do move. Case 2: They move as one. This assumption implies that the force of friction f1 has not reached fmax. So we cannot put f1 equal to 0.6 N1. The two blocks have the same acceleration, a. So treating them as one block, 100 - (0.4) (150) = 15 a. The total mass is 15 kg, the normal reaction force between the ground and the lower block N2 is 150 newtons. This gives us a = 40 / 15 = 2.67 m / s2. Every thing looks fine but before we move on to the next problem, we need to check if this answer is meaningful. If the acceleration of the top block is 2.67 m/s2, then the frictional force acting on it must be 5 x 2.67 = 13.33N. We should check if this is greater or less that fmax for the top block. fmax = 0.6 x 50 = 30N. The frictional force is in fact, less than fmax, hence our answer is consistent. Had it turned out otherwise, we would have to consider Case 3 to see if it gave a consistent answer. Just for the fun of it, lets examine Case 3: They have different accelerations. This means that there is relative sliding between the blocks, so f1 = k N1 = 0.4 x 50 = 20N This means that the bottom blocks acceleration is given by: 100 f1 f2 = 100 (0.4 x 150) 20 = 10 a a = 2 m/s2. The top blocks acceleration is given by: f1 = 5a giving a = 4 m/s2. This tells us that upon pulling the bottom block, the top block has a larger acceleration forward than the bottom block! This is not only nonsensical, but more importantly, it is inconsistent with the direction of the friction f1 that we assumed between the blocks.

Inertia The following experiment is often used to explain inertia:

A postcard is placed over a tumbler. A coin is placed over the card. The card is now smartly flicked away horizontally or simply pulled away fast. The coin drops into the tumbler. The teacher then asks the students why the coin dropped into the tumbler and did not move with the card. The students all chorus, Inertia!. The teacher nods, satisfied, and moves on to the next lesson. Here is another explanation: When you drag the card out slowly, the coin stays on the card, it does not drop into the glass. Let the coefficient of static friction between the card and the coin be s. The coins mass is m. The maximum value of static friction is therefore, s mg. When you pull the card, the friction on the coin drags it along with the card. f

If the cards acceleration is small, friction is able to provide the card the necessary acceleration so that it moves with the card. That is, it prevents relative sliding. If the cards acceleration is large, then friction, having a ceiling, is not able to give the coin the same acceleration. What is this threshold acceleration? Ans. s g The card then slides wrt the coin. Now kinetic friction takes over. The acceleration of the coin is k g. Since the cards acceleration is more than this, it moves out from under the coin fast. Let the time taken for the card to clear the glass be t. During t the coin moves k g t2. If this is less than the distance to the edge of the glass, it falls in. Otherwise, it falls outside the glass. So for the trick to work, t should be small, or in other words, the card should be made to clear the glass fast. Once the card has gone past the coin, the coin is in parabolic free fall.

Easy Problems 1) A 4 kg block rests on a floor. The coefficient of static friction s is 0.6. What horizontal force is required to move it? What force, acting at an angle of 450 will be required to pull it?
F

2) What force F is required to move this 4 kg block if it acts at an angle of 450 as shown? s = 0.6.
F

Is there an angle at which no matter how strong the applied force acts, the block will not move? 3) A 10 kg block is placed on an 450incline. s = 1.2. What force parallel to the incline is needed to start the block moving?

4) Given m = 12 kg, k = 0.4, what is F so that the block moves at a constant velocity?
F

5) The force required to keep a 10 kg block at constant speed is 5N. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between it and the floor? 6) A box with weight 220 N rests on the floor. The coefficient of static friction between the box and the floor is 0.41 and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.32. a) What is the minimum magnitude of the horizontal force required to push it with to start it moving? b) Once moving, what is the minimum horizontal force required to keep it moving with constant velocity? c) If we continued to apply the force required to start it moving, what would the acceleration be? Ans. a) 90 N b) 70 N c) 0.89 m/s2. 7) A book is held against a vertical wall by a horizontal force as shown. (static) is 0.8. If the mass of the book is 5 kg, what minimum force is required? What happens to the force of friction if we apply twice the required minimum force?

8) A horizontal force F of 12 N pushes a block weighing 5 N against a vertical wall The coefficient of static friction s between the wall and the block is 0.6 and the coefficient of kinetic friction k is 0.4. Assume that the block is not moving initially. Will it start moving? What is the force exerted by the block on the wall?
y x

Ans. No. 12i + 5j.

9) A 110g disk slides on the ice for 15 m before it stops. a) If its initial speed was 6.0 m/s, what is the coefficient of kinetic friction between disk and ice? Ans. 0.12. 10) A 3.5 kg block is pushed along the floor by a force F = 15N that makes an angle of 400 with the floor. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.25. What is the magnitude of the frictional force and the acceleration of the block? 11 N, rightward, 0.14 m/s2.

11) The block weighs 80 N. Incline is 200. s = 0.25, k = 0.15. What is the minimum force F along the incline as shown, that will prevent the block from slipping? What is the minimum F that will start the block moving up the incline? What value of F is required to keep the block moving up the incline at constant speed?

Ans. 8.6 N, 46 N, 39 N. 12) A box is pulled along a floor with constant velocity by exerting a force on it at an angle of 450 with the vertical. If the box weighs 750 N, and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15, what is the force used?

Ans. 138 N. 13) A body slides up an inclined plane forming an angle of 450 with the horizontal with an acceleration of g2 down along the incline. If its mass is m, what is the force of friction acting on it? Ans. Mg/2 down along the incline. 14) A 2 kg block slides down a 300 incline at a constant velocity. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction? 15) A 3 kg block is projected up an incline with the initial speed of 8 m/s as shown:

The incline makes a 450 angle with the horizontal. If the coeff of kinetic friction is 0.3, and the coefficient of static friction 0.6, then how far up along the incline does it move before coming to a stop? How long did it take to reach this point? 16) In the problem above, does the block slide back down? Or does it stay put once it comes to rest ? If it slides back down, how much time does it take to come back down to its starting point? What is its final velocity? 17)

Two blocks, A and B, are tied to each other via a string as shown. The top block is 8 kg and the lower one is 4 kg. They slide down a 300 incline. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the pairs of surfaces is 0.3, what is the acceleration of the blocks and what is the tension in the string? Do the problem for the case that the blocks are placed with the 8 kg block below the other. 18) The masses are 1 kg each, the angle of the incline with the horizontal is 300 and the surfaces are frictionless. Find the acceleration of the blocks and the tension in the string.

Ans.2.45 m/s2 , 7.35 N. 19) A 2 kg body slides over an inclined plane forming an angle of 450 with the horizon. The relationship between the distance s traveled by the body and the time t is described by the equation s = C t2, where C = 1.73 m/s2. What is the force of friction acting on the body? Ans. 10/2 N. 20) The masses are 1 kg each and the inclined planes form angles of 450 and 300 with the horizontal. What is the acceleration of the blocks?

Ans.1.02 m/s2. 21) A 2 kg block is given an initial velocity of 10 m/s up along a 450 incline. k = 0.4, s = 0.6 . How long does it slide up? Does it slide back down? If so, how long does it take to come back to its starting point?

22) The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.2. What is the acceleration of the block if it is a) sliding down the slope and b) it has been given an upward shove and it is still sliding up the slope? The makes 600 with the horizon. Ans. a)(53 - 1) m/s2 down the incline. b)(53 + 1) m/s2 down the incline.

23) A body slides over an inclined plane forming an angle of 450 with the horizon. After a distance of 36.4 cm the body acquires a velocity of 2 m/s. What is the coefficient of friction between the body and the incline? Ans. 0.2. 24) Equal weights, 1 kg each. No friction on the side of the table. Coefficient of friction between the block on top and the table top is 0.1. Find the acceleration of the weights and the tension in the cord. Ans. 4.4 m/s2, 5.4 N.

Moderately difficult problems 25) The lower block has the mass 20 kg and the upper block the mass 10 kg. Friction between the blocks is determined by s = 0.4, k = 0.2. The floor is frictionless.

What is the maximum force that can be applied to the top block so that the blocks move as one? What is the maximum force that can be applied to the bottom block so that they move as one? 26) The same problem as above, except that now there is friction between the bottom block and the floor: k = 0.1. 27) Two blocks sit on top of one another as shown. The coefficient of static friction between the top 2 kg block and the bottom 6 kg block is 0.6. There is no friction between the bottom block and the floor. A 10 N force is applied to the top block as shown. What happens? What is the force exerted by the bottom block on the top block? 28)In the above problem the applied force is increased to 20 N. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.5, then what are the initial accelerations of the blocks? 29) A force of 20 N is applied to the block on the left as shown. The block on the left has a mass of 2 kg and a k = 0.1 with the floor. The block on the right has a mass 4 kg and a k = 0.2 with the floor. What is their acceleration and what is the force between the blocks? 30) A 3 kg body is lowered onto a conveyer belt moving at a constant velocity of 2 m/s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the body and the belt is 0.2. How far along the belt will the body slide before it stops wrt the belt (that is it is finally moving with the belt at the same speed).

31)

40 30
0

The masses are in equilibrium. The masses shown are in kgs. If the coefficient of static friction between the 4 kg mass and the table is 1.0, what is the force of friction? What is the maximum mass that can hang in equilibrium?

32) A coin is placed on a phonograph record on a turntable, at a distance of 5 cm. The turntable is now set in rotation so it rotates at 78 rpm. The coin stays at the same point on the record. What can you say about the coefficient of friction between the coin and the record surface?

33)

What are the minimum and maximum accelerations that the wedge can be given to the right if the block on it were not to move? s = 0.2, k = 0.1. What if there were no friction?

34) A road is banked at an angle so that cars moving at 40 km / h can round a turn of radius of curvature 100 m. What is ? If a car were to negotiate this curve at a speed of 20 km / h, what should the minimum coefficient of static friction between the wheels and the ground be so the car does not slip? 35) A car of mass 400 kg goes around a turn of radius of curvature 10 m. If s = 0.6 between the tyres and the road, what is the maximum speed with which the car can safely negotiate the turn?

36) A 10 kg box rests on the bed of a truck. If s = 0.5, what is the maximum acceleration that the truck can have without the box sliding? If k = 0.4, and the truck starts from rest and maintains a steady acceleration of 8 m/s2, how long will the box take to slide 2m?

37) What minimum force F is required to hold a 2 kg book against a wall if s = 0.6 ? What is the value of friction if 2F were exerted against the book?

F 45

38) With what minimum acceleration must a train move so that a 20 kg block placed against its front surface does not slip down? s = 0.4.

What will happen if the train were to move with a larger acceleration? What is the value of the frictional force under these conditions? 39) For what range of accelerations will the 10 kg box shown not slide? The front surface of the train has a slope of 2. s = 0.4.

40) A 6 kg box and a 2 kg box are connected by a string passing over a pulley on a 600-300-900 wedge as shown. If = 0.2, what is the acceleration of the boxes?

41) A road with a radius of curvature 10m is banked so that vehicles moving at 10 m/s can safely negotiate the turn. If s = 0.4, what are the maximum and minimum speeds with which vehicles can safely make the turn?

42) A 5 kg block rests on top of a 10 kg block as shown. When a force of 20 N is applied to the lower block, they move as one, with no relative sliding. If there is no friction between the floor and the lower block, what is the force of friction on the top block?

Ans. 20/3 N. 43) A balloon of mass 1600 kg is descending at constant speed. How much mass must be thrown out if it is to ascend at constant speed? Assume that the buoyancy force acting on it is (1200 x 9.8 ) N and that the force of air friction is taken to be of the same magnitude when it goes up and down. Ans. 800 kg. 44) What is the minimum force F that has to be applied to the 4 kg block so that it does not slide down the side of the bigger 10 kg block? s = 0.4 between the blocks. The floor is frictionless.
F

45) A 2 kg block slides down a 300 incline inside an elevator that has a downward acceleration of 4 m/s2. If the incline is 2m long and the block starts from rest in the elevator frame, how long does it take to reach the bottom of the incline?

46) A 2 kg block rests on the inclined surface of a 450 wedge of mass 10 kg. s = 1.2 between the block and the wedge. What is the maximum force F with which you can pull the wedge so that the block does not slide down the incline? The floor is frictionless.

47) What is the angular velocity with which a cylindrical drum must rotate about its axis if a block is to stay stuck to its side without slipping down? s = 0.6. R = 2m.

48) The blocks A,B and C weigh 3 kg, 4kg and 8 kg respectively. The coefficient of sliding friction between any two surfaces is 0.25. A is held at rest by a massless rigid rod fixed to the wall, while B and C are connected by a massless cord passing over a fixed massless pulley. Find the force P needed to pull C at a constant speed. (IIT 78)

A B C

49) Two blocks A and B are connected by a string and a spring. The string passes over a frictionless pulley fixed to a stationary block C.
B

The coefficient of sliding friction between the surfaces is 0.2, the mass of A is 2 kg, the masses are moving with uniform speed. What is the mass of B and what is the energy stored in the spring? k = 1960 N/m. (IIT 82) 50) A spinning sphere is placed at the corner shown. Its mass is 4 kg. What are the frictional forces acting on it if between the surfaces is 0.3?

300

Difficult problems 51) A 2 kg block slides down an incline onto a conveyor belt which is moving at 2 m/s. If the block reaches the belt at a speed of 6 m/s and = 0.4, how far will it slide along the belt before it stops sliding with respect to the belt?

If the blocks are being released at the top every 2 seconds, how far apart are they at the far right end of the belt, when they have stopped sliding? 52) The angle of the incline is 600. The block on the incline is 10 kg, has k = 0.4 with wedge. The wedge has the mass 20 kg. The vertically hanging mass is 4 kg, has the same kinetic friction coefficient with the side of the wedge. What is the acceleration of the wedge?

53) A 40 N force is applied to the top block. What are the accelerations of the blocks? From the bottom up, the blocks have the masses 4 kg, 2 kg and 1kg. The coefficient of static friction between the blocks is 0.2 and the kinetic coefficient is 0.1. There is no friction between the floor and the bottom block.

54) A spinning cylinder of mass 6 kg is placed against a corner as shown. The coefficient of friction between it and the wall (or floor) is 0.2. What are the frictional forces experienced by the cylinder?

55) A block of mass m slides back and forth without friction from one end to the other of a semi-circular cut in a square wedge.

If the wedge has the mass M, what is the minimum static friction coefficient between wedge and floor so that it does not move? 56) The pulleys and ropes are massless. The block on the incline weighs 8 kg and the one on the floor 2 kg. The 300 wedge weighs 10 kg. What is

the acceleration of the 2 kg block if a) all surfaces are frictionless b) if the coefficient of friction between all pairs of surfaces is 0.2?

57) A circular tube of radius 2 cm is held at an angle of inclination of 300. A 1 kg cylinder of the same radius slides down inside it. If k = 0.2, how long does it take to slide 20 cm? For simplicity, assume that the pressure exerted by the cylinder on the part of the tube that supports its weight is uniform

58) A hollow drum in the shape of a frustrum rotates about its axis with the minimum angular velocity 1 required to keep a block of mass 1 kg from sliding down its side. s = 0.4. The wall makes an angle of 300 with the vertical. The block is initially at a level where the radius is 2m. At what angular velocity 2 will it start to slide up? If it is disturbed so that it starts to slide if the angular velocity is maintained at 2, then how long will it take to slide up to the level where R = 4m? k = 0.2.

59) A rope of length L and mass m lies on a table with just the length of rope hanging in order to cause the rope to slide from the table. is given. What fraction of the length hangs from the table at this point?

How long will it take the entire rope to slide off the table? Make any reasonable assumptions. 60) A 5 kg weight and a 10 kg weight hang from a pulley. The pulley is weightless, the rope is massless, the coefficient of static friction between rope and pulley is 0.4. What is the acceleration of the blocks?

Assessment 1) The jaws of a vice clamp down on and exert 200N of force each on a rectangular copper block. If the coefficient of static friction between the block's surface and the jaw's surface is 0.6, what force must I apply to pull the block out? Neglect the weight of the block.

2) A reluctant cow, of mass 400 kg, stands on hoofs that are 25 cm2 in area each. If the coefficient of static friction between the hoofs and the floor is 0.6, with what force would you have to tug on its tail to make it moove? 3) A 4 kg block slides down a 300 wedge which is accelerating to the right as shown at 5 m/s2. If the block started from rest wrt the wedge, how long will it take to slide 1m along the incline? = 0.2.

4) A 40 N force is applied to the middle block as shown. If the coefficient of static friction between the blocks is 0.3 and the coeff of kinetic friction is 0.2, what happens? The blocks are initially at rest. The masses shown are in kg, the floor is frictionless.
1 2 3

5) A 60 kg student climbs a ladder that is leaning against a wall at an angle of 450. The wall is frictionless, s between ladder and floor is 0.4. At what height is the student when the ladder starts slipping? The ladder is massless.