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Geostatistics Workbook
E005 Rev. B
2002, 2001, 1994, and 1978 by MINTEC, inc. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from MINTEC, inc. All terms mentioned in this document that are known to be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies have been appropriately identified. MineSight is a registered trademark of MINTEC, inc. acQuire is a registered trademark of Metech Pty Ltd
Table of Contents
Page TOC-1
Table of Contents
Page TOC-2
Notes:
Page Intro-1
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. The following terms and conventions are used in the Mintec workbooks: Actions or keyboard input instructions - are printed in Times New Roman font, italics, embedded within arrow brackets and keys are separated with a + when used in combination, for example, to apply bold face to type is indicated by <ctrl+shift+b>. Button/Icon - are printed in bold with the initial letter capitalized, in Times New Roman font, for example Print, on a button, indicates an item you click on to produce a hard copy of a file; or polyline you need to edit. Menu Commands - are printed in Arial font, bold, with a vertical bar, as an example File I Open means access the File menu and choose Open. Parameters - are printed in Arial font, lower case, in bullet format, as an example, , the Query icon, is clicked on to determine which
Notes:
the project coordinate units (metric or imperial) the project type (3-D, GSM, BHS, SRV).
Select - highlight a menu list item, move the mouse over the menu item and click the mouse.
Questions or Comments?
Note: if you have any questions or comments regarding this training documentation, please contact the Mintec Documentation Specialist at (520) 795-3891 or via e-mail at market@mintec.com.
Page Intro-2
MineSight Overview
MineSight Overview
Learning Objectives When you have completed this section, you will know: A. The basic structure and organization of MineSight. B. The capabilities of each MineSight module. C. Ways to run MineSight programs. What Is MineSight? MineSight is a comprehensive software package for the mining industry containing tools used for resource evaluation and analysis, mine modeling, mine planning and design, and reserves estimation and reporting. MineSight has been designed to take raw data from a standard source (drillholes, underground samples, blastholes, etc.) and extend the information to the point where a production schedule is derived. The data and operations on the data can be broken down into the following logical groups. Digitized Data Operations Digitized data is utilized in the evaluation of a project in many ways. It can be used to define geologic information in section or plan, to define topography contours, to define structural information, mine designs and other information that is important to evaluate the ore body. Digitized data is used or derived in virtually every phase of a project from drillhole data through production scheduling. Any digitized data can be triangulated and viewed as a 3-D surface in MineSight. Drillhole Data Operations A variety of drillhole data can be stored in MineSight, including assays, lithology and geology codes, quality parameters for coal, collar information (coordinates and hole orientation), and down-the-hole survey data. Value and consistency checks can be performed on the data before it is loaded into MineSight. After the data has been stored in the system, it can be listed, updated, geostatistically and statistically analyzed, plotted in plan or section and viewed in 3-D. Assay data can then be passed on to the next logical section of MineSight which is compositing. Compositing Operations Composites are calculated by benches (for most base metal mines) or mineral seams (for coal mines) to show the commodity of interest on a mining basis. Composites can be either generated in MineSight or generated outside the system and imported. Composite data can be listed, updated, geostatistically and statistically analyzed, plotted in plan or section and viewed in 3-D. Composite data is passed on to the next phase of MineSight, ore body modeling. Modeling Operations Within MineSight, deposits can be represented by a computer model of one of two types. A 3-D block model (3DBM) is generally used to model base metal deposits, such as porphyry copper or other non-layered deposits. A gridded seam model (GSM) is used for layered deposits, such as coal or oil sands. In both models, the horizontal components of a deposit are divided into blocks that are usually related to a production unit. In a 3DBM, the deposit is also divided horizontally into benches, whereas in a Part#: E005 Rev B
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MineSight Overview
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. GSM the vertical dimensions are a function of the seam and interburden thicknesses. For each block in the model, a variety of items may be stored. Typically, a block in a 3DBM will contain grade items, geological codes, and a topography percent. Many other items may also be present. For a GSM, the seam top elevation and seam thickness are required. Other items, such as quality parameters, seam bottom, partings, etc. can also be stored. A variety of methods can be used to enter data into the model. Geologic and topographic data can be digitized and converted into codes for the model, or they can be entered directly as block codes. Solids can also be created in the MineSight 3-D graphical interface for use in coding the model directly. Grade data is usually entered through interpolation techniques, such as Kriging or inverse distance weighting. Once the model is constructed, it can be updated, summarized statistically, plotted in plan or section, contoured in plan or section, and viewed in 3-D. The model is a necessary prerequisite in any pit design or pit evaluation process. Economic Pit Limits & Pit Optimization This set of routines works on whole blocks from the 3-D block model, and uses either the floating cone or Lerchs-Grossmann technique to find economic pit limits for different sets of economic assumptions. Usually one grade or equivalent grade item is used as the economic material. The user enters costs, net value of the product, cutoff grades, and pit wall slope. Original topography is used as the starting surface for the design, and new surfaces are generated which reflect the economic designs. The designs can be plotted in plan or section, viewed in 3-D, and reserves can be calculated for the grade item that was used for the design. Simple production scheduling can also be run on these reserves. Pit Design The Pit Design routines are used to geometrically design pits that include ramps, pushbacks, and variable wall slopes to more accurately portray a realistic open pit geometry. Manually designed pits can also be entered into the system and evaluated. Pit designs can be displayed in plan or section, can be clipped against topography if desired, and can be viewed in 3-D. Reserves for these pit designs are evaluated on a partial block basis, and are used in the calculation of production schedules. Production Scheduling This group of programs is used to compute schedules for long-range planning based upon pushback designs (or phases), and reserves computed by the mine planning programs. The basic input parameters for each production period include mill capacity, mine capacity, and cutoff grades. Functions provided by the scheduling programs include:
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Calculation and reporting of production for each period, including mill production by ore type, mill head grades and waste Preparation of end-of-production period maps Calculation and storage of yearly mining schedules for economic analysis Evaluation of alternate production rates and required mining capacity
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Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Ways to Run MineSight Programs MineSight consists of a large group of procedures and programs designed to handle the tasks of mineral deposit evaluation and mine planning. Each procedure allows you to have a great amount of control over your data and the modeling process. You decide on the values for all the options available in each procedure. When you enter these values into a procedure to create a run file, you have a record of exactly how each program was run. You can easily modify your choices to rerun the program. To allow for easier use, the MineSight Compass menu system has been developed. Just select the procedure you need from the menu. Input screens will guide you through the entire operation. The menu system builds run files behind the scenes and runs the programs for you. If you need more flexibility in certain parts of the operations, the menus can be modified according to your needs, or you can use the run files directly. The MineSight 3-D graphical interface provides a Windows-style environment with a large number of easy-to-use, intuitive functions for CAD design, data presentation, area and volume calculations and modeling.
MineSight Overview
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MINESIGHT OVERVIEW
PCF
Drillhole Assays
Enter Scan Load Edit List Dump Rotate Add Geology Statistics Variograms Plot Collars Plot Sections Special Calculations 3-D Viewing and Interpretation Load Edit List Dump Add Geology Add Topography Statistics Variograms Variogram Validation Plot Sections Plot Plans Special Calculations Sort 3-D Viewing and Interpretation Initialize Interpolate Add Geology Add topography List Edit Statistics Reserves Special Calculations Plot Sections Plot Plans Contour Plots Sort 3-D Viewing & Solids Construction Creat Pit Optimization Model Run Pit Optimization Pit Optimization Reserves Pit Optimization Plots Run Pit Design Pit Design Reserves Pit Design Plots Reserves 3-D Views
Composites
Digitized Data
Digitize Load Edit List Dump Plot 3-D Viewing
Mine Model
Pit Designs
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MineSight Overview
MineSight Capacities
Drillholes No limit to the number of drillholes; only limited by the total number of assays in the system 99 survey intervals per drillhole 524,285 assay intervals per file 8,189 assay intervals per drillhole 99 items per interval Multiple drillhole files allowed (usually one is all that is required) Composites 524,285 assay intervals per file 8,189 composites per drillhole 99 items per composite interval Multiple composite files allowed (usually one is all that is required) Geologic Model 3-D block model limit of 1000 columns, 1000 rows and 400 benches Gridded seam model limit of 1000 columns, 1000 rows and 200 seams 99 items per block Multiple model files allowed (usually one is all that is required) Digitized Point Data 4,000 planes per file - either plan or section 20,000 features (digitized line segments) per plane 100,000 points per plane 99 features with the same code per plane and a unique sequence number Multiple files allowed Pit Optimization (Floating cone/Lerchs-Grossman programs) 600 row by 600 column equivalent (rows * columns < 360000) Multiple files are allowed Reserves 20 material classes 20 cutoff grades for each material class 10 metal grades Multiple reserves files allowed Slice Files for Interactive Planning and Scheduling 2,000,000 blocks containing one item (the number of blocks allowed drops as the number of items per block rises) Unlimited benches and sections 30 items per block
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MineSight Overview
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Blastholes 524,285 blastholes per file with standard File 12 8,189 blastholes per shot with standard File 12 4,194,301 blastholes per file with expanded limit File 12 1,021 blastholes per shot with expanded limit File 12 99 items per blasthole Multiple blasthole files allowed (usually one is all that is required)
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Introduction to Geostatistics
Objective: To make you familiar with the basic concepts of statistics, and the geostatistical tools available to solve problems in geology and mining of an ore deposit
Classical Statistics
Sample values are realizations of a random variable Samples are considered independent Relative positions of the samples are ignored Does not make use of the spatial correlation of samples
Geostatistics
Sample values are realizations of random functions Samples are considered spatially correlated Value of a sample is a function of its position in the mineralization of the deposit Relative position of the samples is taken under consideration.
Topics
Basic Statistics Data Analysis and Display Analysis of Spatial Continuity (variogram)
Basic Statistics
Definitions Statistics Geostatistics Universe Sampling Unit Support Population Random Variable
Statistics
The body of principles and methods for dealing with numerical data Encompasses all operations from collection and analysis of the data to the interpretation of the results
Geostatistics
Throughout this workbook, geostatistics will refer only to the statistical methods and tools used in ore reserve analysis
Universe
The source of all possible data (for example, an ore deposit can be defined as the universe; sometimes a universe may not have well defined boundaries)
Sampling Unit
Part of the universe on which a measurement is made (can be a core sample, channel sample, a grab sample etc.; one must specify the sampling unit when making statements about a universe)
Support
Characteristics of the sampling unit Refers to the size, shape and orientation of the sample (for example, drillhole core samples will not have the same support as blasthole samples)
Population
Like universe, population refers to the total category under consideration It is possible to have different populations within the same universe (for example, population of drillhole grades versus population of blasthole grades; sampling unit and support must be specified)
Random Variable
A variable whose values are randomly generated according to a probabilistic mechanism (for example, the outcome of a coin toss, or the grade of a core sample in a diamond drill hole)
F requency Distribution
Probability Density Function (pdf) Discrete: 1. f(xi) 0 for xiR (R is the domain) 2. f(xi) = 1 Continuous: 1.f(x) 0 2.f(x)dx = 1
F requency Distribution
Cumulative Density Function (cdf) Proportion of the population below a certain value: F(x) = P(Xx) 1. 0F(x) 1 for all x 2. F(x) is non decreasing 3. F(-)=0 and F()=1
Example
Assume the following population of measurements: 1, 7, 1, 3, 2, 3, 11, 1, 7, 5
PDF
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CDF
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Descriptive Measures
Measures of location: Mean Median Mode Min, Max Quartiles Percentiles
Mean
m = 1/n xi i=1,...,n Arithmetic average of the data values
Mean
What is the mean of the example population: 1, 7, 1, 3, 2, 3, 11, 1, 7, 5 m =?
Mean
m= (1+ 7+ 1+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 11+ 1+ 7+ 5)/10= = 41/10= = 4.1
Mean
What is the mean if we remove highest value?
Mean
m= (1+ 7+ 1+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 1+ 7+ 5)/9= = 30/9= = 3.33
Median
M = x(n+1)/2 if n is odd M = [x n/2+x(n/2)+1]/2 if n is even Midpoint of the data values if they are sorted in increasing order
Median
What is the median of example population? M=?
Median
Sort data in increasing order: 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 M=3
Other
Mode Minimum Maximum Quartiles Deciles Percentiles Quantiles
Mode
The value that occurs most frequently In our example: Mode=?
Mode
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 Mode = 1
Quartiles
Split data in quarters Q1 = 1st quartile Q3 = 3rd quartile In example: Q1=? Q3=?
Quartiles
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 Q1= 1 Q3= 6
Descriptive Measures
Measures of spread: Variance Standard Deviation Interquartile Range
Variance
S2 = 1/(n-1) (xi-m)2 i=1,...,n
Variance
Example:
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 M=4.1 S2= 1/9 {(1-4.1)2+ (1-4.1)2+ (1-4.1)2+ (2-4.1)2+ (3-4.1)2+ (3-4.1)2+ (5-4.1)2+ (7-4.1)2+ (7-4.1)2+ (11-4.1)2 } = = 1/9 (9.61+ 9.61+ 9.61+ 4.41+ 1.21+ 1.21+ 0.81+ 8.41+ 8.41+ 47.61) = = 100.9/9 = = 11.21
Variance
Remove high value:
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 M=3.33 S2= 1/8 {(1-3.33)2+ (1-3.33)2+ (1-3.33)2+ (2-3.33)2+ (3-3.33)2+ (3-3.33)2+ (5-3.33)2+ (7-3.33)2+ (7-3.33)2 = = 1/8 (5.43+ 5.43+ 5.43+1.769+ 0.109+ 0.109+ 2.789+ 13.469+ 13.469) = = 48/8 = =6
Standard Deviation
s = s2 Has the same units as the variable Never negative
Standard Deviation
Example: S2= 11.21 S = 3.348 S2 = 6 S =2.445
Interquartile Range
IQR = Q3 - Q1 Not used in mining very often
Descriptive Measures
Measures of shape: Skewness Peakedness (kurtosis) Coefficient of Variation
Skewness
Skewness = [1/n (xi-m)3] / s3 Third moment about the mean divided by the cube of the std. dev. Positive - tail to the right Negative - tail to the left
Skewness
Example:
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 M=4.1 Sk= 1/10 {(1-4.1)3+ (1-4.1)3+ (1-4.1)3+ (2-4.1)3+ (3-4.1)3+ (3-4.1)3+ (5-4.1)3+ (7-4.1)3+ (7-4.1)3+ (11-4.1)3 } = = 1/10 (-29.79-29.79-29.79-8.82-1.33 1.33+ 0.73+ 24.39+ 24.39+328.51) = = 277.2/10 = = 27.72
Skewness
Remove high value:
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 M=3.3 Sk= 1/10 {(1-3.3)3+ (1-3.3)3+ (1-3.3)3+ (2-3.3)3+ (3-3.3)3+ (3-3.3)3+ (5-3.3)3+ (7-3.3)3+ (7-3.3)3 } = = 1/10 (-12.17- 12.17- 12.17- 2.2- 0.03- 0.03+ 4.91+ 50.65+ 50.65) = = 67.44/9 = = 7.49
Positive Skewness
Peakedness
Peakedness = [1/n (xi-m)4] / s4 Fourth moment about the mean divided by the fourth power of the std. dev. Describes the degree to which the curve tends to be pointed or peaked Higher values when the curve is peaked Usefulness is limited
Coefficient of Variation
CV = s/m No units Can be used to compare relative dispersion of values among different distributions CV > 1 indicates high variability
Coefficient of Variation
In our example: CV = 3.348/4.1 =0.817 Remove high value: CV = 2.445/3.33=0.743
Normal Distribution
f(x) = 1 / (s 2) exp [-1/2 ((x-m)/s)2] symmetric, bell-shaped 68% of the values are within one std. dev. 95% of the values are within two std. dev.
Lognormal Distribution
Logarithm of a random variable has a normal distribution
f(x) = 1 / (x 2 ) e -u for x > 0, > 0 where u= (ln x - ) 2 / 2 2 = mean of logarithms = variance of logarithms
Conversion Formulas
Conversion formulas between the normal and lognormal distributions:
Lognormal to normal: = exp (+ 2 /2) 2 = 2 [exp( 2) - 1] Normal to lognormal: = log - 2 /2 2 = log [1 + (2 / 2)]
Three-Parameter LN Distribution Logarithm of a random variable plus a constant, ln (x+c) is normally distributed Constant c can be estimated by: c = (M2 - q1 q2 ) / (q1 + q2 + 2M)
Bivariate Distribution
Joint distribution of outcomes from two random variables X and Y: F(x,y) = Prob {Xx, and Yy} In practice, it is estimated by the proportion of pairs of data values jointly below the respective threshold values x, y.
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Statistical analysis
To organize, understand, and/or describe data To check for errors To condense information To uniformly exchange information
E rror Checking
Avoid zero for defining missing values Check for typographical errors Sort data; examine extreme values Plot sections and plan maps for coordinate errors Locate extreme values on map; Isolated? Trend?
Data Analysis and Display Tools Correlation Correlation Coefficient Linear Regression Data Location Maps Contour Maps Symbol Maps Moving Window Statistics Proportional Effect
Histograms Cumulative Frequency Tables Probability plots Scatter Plots Q-Q plots
Histograms
Visual picture of data and how they are distributed Bimodal distributions show up easily Outlier high grades Variability
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Histogram Plot
Min. data value = .0000 Max. data value = 3.7000 Std. Deviation = .450 C.V. = Coeff. of variation = Standard deviation / mean 2399 Intervals used out of 2412
Probability Plots
Shows if distribution is normal or lognormal Presence of multiple populations Proportion of outlier high grades
Probability Plot
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Scatter Plots
Simply an x-y graph of the data It shows how well two variables are related Unusual data pairs show up For skewed distributions, two scatter plots may be required to show both details near origin and overall relationship.
Scatter Plot
L inear Regression
y = ax + b a = slope, b = constant of the line a = r (y/x) b = my - amx
L inear Regression
Different ranges of data may be described adequately by different regressions Cu<5, Mo<0.5 y= 6.526x +0.127
L inear Regression
Q-Q Plots
Quantile-Quantile plots Straight line indicates the two distributions have the same shape 45-degree line indicates that mean and variance are the same.
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Q-Q plot
Covariance
Covxy= 1/n (xi-mx)(yi-my) i=1,...,n Where mx = mean of x values and my = mean of y values
y-my<0 mx
Covariance
It is affected by the magnitude of the data Values: Multiply x and y values by C, then covariance increases be C2.
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Covariance
C = 2097.5
Correlation
Three scenarios between two variables: Positively correlated Negatively correlated Uncorrelated
C=20.975
Correlation Coefficient
r = Covxy / xy r = 1, straight line, positive slope r = -1, straight line, negative slope r = 0, no correlation May be affected by a few outliers It removes the dependence on the magnitude of the data values.
Correlation Coefficient
= 0.99
Correlation Coefficient
Correlation Coefficient
= -0.03
= -0.97
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Correlation Coefficient
It measures linear dependence = -0.08
Contour Maps
Symbol Maps
Each grid location is represented by a symbol that denotes the class to which the value belongs Designed for the line printer Usually not to scale
Proportional Effect
Mean and variability are both constant Mean is constant, variability changes Mean changes, variability is constant Both mean and variability change
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Spatial continuity
H- scatter plots Plot the value at each sample location versus the value at a nearby location
Spatial continuity
A series of h-scatter plots for several separation distances can show how the spatial continuity decays with increasing distance. You can further summarize spatial continuity by calculating some index of the strength of the relationship seen in each h-scatter plot.
Spatial continuity
Moment of inertia
For a scatter plot that is roughly symmetric about the line x=y, the moment of inertia about this line can serve as a useful index of the strength of the relationship. = moment of inertia about x=y = average squared distance from x=y =1/n [1/2 (xi-yi)2] =1/2n (xi-yi)2
Moment of inertia
Variogram
Measures spatial correlation between samples
Y
(X-Y)/2
X-Y
(X,Y)
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Variogram
Function of distance Vector Depends on distance and direction
Variogram parameters
Range Sill Nugget Effect
Computation 1
For the first step (h=15), there are 4 pairs: 1. x1 and x2 , or .14 and .28 2. x2 and x3 , or .28 and .19 3. x3 and x4 , or .19 and .10 4. x4 and x5 , or .10 and .09 Therefore, for h=15, we get (15)=1/(2*4)[(x1-x2)2+(x2-x3)2+(x3-x4)2+(x4-x5)2 ] = 1/8 [ (.14-.28)2 + (.28-.19)2 + (.19-.10)2 + (.10-.09)2] = 0.125 [(-.14)2 + (.09)2 + (.09)2 + (.01)2 ] = 0.125 ( .0196 + .0081 + .0081 + .0001 ) = 0.125 ( .0359 ) (15) = 0.00448
Computation 2
For the second step (h=30), there are 3 pairs: 1. x1 and x3 , or .14 and .19 2. x2 and x4 , or .28 and .10 3. x3 and x5 , or .19 and .09 Therefore, for h=30, we get (30) = 1/(2*3) [(x1-x3)2 + (x2-x4) 2 + (x3-x5)2 ] = 1/6 [(.14-.19)2 + (.28-.10)2 + (.19-.09)2 ] = 0.16667 [(-.05)2 + (.18)2 + (.10)2 ] = 0.16667 ( .0025 + .0324 + .0100 ) = 0.16667 ( .0449 ) (30) = 0.00748
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Computation 3
For the third step (h=45), there are 2 pairs: 1. x1 and x4 , or .14 and .10 2. x2 and x5 , or .28 and .09 Therefore, for h=45, we get (45) = 1/(2*2) [(x1-x4 )2 + (x2-x5)2] = 1/4 [(.14-.10)2 + (.28-.09)2 ] = 0.25 [(.04)2 + (.19)2 ] = 0.25 ( .0016 + .0361 ) = 0.25 ( .0377 ) (45) = 0.00942
Computation 4
For the fourth step (h=60), there is only one pair: x1 and x5 . The values for this pair are .14 and .09, respectively. Therefore, for h=60, we get (60) = 1/(2*1) (x1 - x5 ) 2 = (.14-.09)2 = 0.5 (.05)2 = 0.5 ( .0025 ) (60) = 0.00125 If we take another step (h=75), we see that there are no more pairs. Therefore, the variogram calculation stops at h=60.
Class Size
Three possible options: Lag distance = 50 0-50, 51-100, 101-151 etc.. Lag = 50, tolerance = 25 0-75, 75-125, 125-175 etc.. Lag = 50, strict tolerance = 25 0-25, 25-75, 75-125 etc..
Variogram models
Spherical Linear Exponential Gaussian Hole-Effect
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Variogram Models
Variogram Models
Types of Anisotropy
Geometric same sill and nugget, different ranges Zonal same nugget and range, different sills
Anisotropy
Modeling Anisotropy
Geometric
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Modeling Anisotropy
Zonal
Calculate variograms in different directions Keeping nugget and sill the same, fit onedimensional models to the sample variograms in all directions Make a rose diagram of ranges and find the direction of the longest range If diagram looks like a circle, no anisotropy. If diagram looks like an ellipse, there is anisotropy. Use ellipse pattern in search parameters.
Rose diagram
45o 0o 90o
Variogram Contours
135o
Nested Structures
Variogram types
Normal Relative Logarithmic Covariance Function Correlograms Indicator Variograms Cross Variograms
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Relative Variogram
R (h) = (h) / [m(h) + c]2 c is a constant parameter used in the case of a three- parameter lognormal distribution. Pairwise Relative Variogram: PR (h) = 1/(2n) [(vi -vj ) 2 /((vi +vj )/2)2 ] vi and vj are the values of a pair of samples at locations i and j, respectively.
Logarithmic Variogram
Variogram using the logarithms of the data instead of the raw data y = ln x or y = ln (x + c) for 3-parameter lognormal Reduces or eliminates the impact of extreme data values on the variogram structure
Covariance Function Variograms C(h) = 1/N [vi vj - m-h . m+h ] v1 ,...,vn are the data values m-h is the mean of all the data values whose locations are -h away from some other data location. m+h is the mean of all the data values whose locations are +h away from some other data location. (h) = C(0) - C(h)
Correlograms
(h) = C(h) / ( -h . +h ) -h is the standard deviation of all the data values whose locations are -h away from some other data location: 2-h = 1/N (vi2 - m2-h ) +h is the standard deviation of all the data values whose locations are +h away from some other data location: 2+h = 1/N (vj 2 - m 2+h )
Indicator Variogram
1, if z(x) < zc i(x;zc) ={ 0, otherwise where: x is location, zc is a specified cutoff value, z(x) is the value at location x.
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Cross Variograms
CR (h) = 1/2n [u(xi)-u(xi+h)]2 * [v(xi)-v(xi+h)]2
Cross Validation
Predicts a known data point using an interpolation plan Only the surrounding data points are used to estimate this point, while leaving the data point out. Other names: Point validation, jack-knifing
Used to describe cross-continuity between two variables Necessary for co-kriging and probability kriging
Cross Validation
The least amount of average estimation error Either the variance of the errors or the weighted square error (or variance) is closest to the average kriging variance. The weighted square error (WSE) is given by the following equation: WSE = [(1/i 2) (ei)2 ] / (1/i2)
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T he Necessity of Modeling
Suppose we have the data set below It provides virtually no information about the entire profile
Deterministic Models
Depend on: Context of data Outside information (not contained in data)
Probabilistic Models
The variables of interest in earth science data are typically the end result of vast number of processes whose complex interactions cannot be described quantitatively. Probabilistic random function models recognize this uncertainty and provide tools for estimating values at unknown locations once some assumptions about the statistical characteristics of the phenomenon are made.
Probabilistic Models
In a probabilistic model, available sample data are viewed as the result of a random process. Data are not generated by a random process; rather, their complexity appears as random behavior
Random Variables
A random variable is a variable whose values are randomly generated according to some probabilistic mechanism. The result of throwing a die is a random variable. There are 6 equally probable values of this random variable: 1,2,3,4,5,6
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The set of outcomes and their corresponding probabilities is sometimes referred to as the probability distribution of a random variable. These probability distributions have parameters that can be summarized. Example: Min, Max etc
The complete distribution can not be determined from the knowledge of only a few parameters. Two random variables may have the same mean and variance but their distributions may be different.
The two most commonly parameters used in probabilistic approaches to estimation are the mean or expected value of the random variable and its variance.
Expected value
Expected value of a random variable is its mean or average outcome. = E(x) E(x) refers to expectation: E(x) = - x f(x) dx where f(x) is the probability density function of the random variable x.
Variance of a Random Variable The variance of a random variable is the expected squared difference from the mean of the random variable. 2 = E (x-)2 = - (x-)2 f(x) dx Std. dev. is
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Expected value
Example: Define R.V. L=outcome of throwing two dice and taking the larger of the two values. What is the expected value of L? E(L)=1/36 (1)+3/36 (2)+5/36 (3) +7/36(4)+9/36 (5)+11/36 (6) = = 4.47
Covariance
The dependence between two random variables is described by covariance Cov(x1 ,x2) = E {[x1 - E(x2)] [x2 - E(x2)]} = E(x1 x2) - [E(x1)] [E(x2)]
Independence
Random variables are considered independent if the joint probability density function satisfies: p(x1 ,x2 ,...,xn) = p(x1) p(x2) ... p(xn) i.e., probability of two event happening is the product of each events probability
Estimate is an outcome of a random variable that is created by a weighted linear combination of other random variables. Expected value and Variance (same definition as before)
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Random Functions
R.F. is a set of random variables that have some spatial locations and whose dependence on each other is specified by some probabilistic mechanism.
Parameters of R F
The set of realizations of a random function and their corresponding probabilities are often referred as the probability distribution Like the histograms of sample values, these probability distributions have parameters that summarize them
Random Functions
Parameters commonly used to summarize the behavior of the random function: Expected value Variance Covariance Correlogram Variogram
Reality vs Model
Reality: sample values summary statistics Model: possible outcomes with corresponding probabilities of occurrence parameters It is important to recognize the distinction between a model and the reality
L inear Estimators
all estimation methods involve weighted linear combinations: estimate = z* = wi z(xi) i = 1,...,n The questions: What are the weights, wi ? What are the values, z(xi) ?
Desirable Properties
Desirable properties of an estimator: Average error = 0 (unbiased) E (Z - Z * ) = 0 where Z * is the estimate and Z is the true value of the random variable Error variance (spread of errors) is small Var (Z - Z * ) = E (Z - Z * )2 = small Robust Question: How to calculate the weights so that they satisfy the required properties?
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Random Process Assumptions Strong stationarity Second order stationarity Intrinsic hypothesis
Stationarity
The independence of univariate and bivatiate probability laws from the location x is referred as stationarity. (They may depend on separation distance h)
Strong Stationarity
In order for a random function Z(x) to meet the strong stationarity requirement, the following properties must be satisfied: E[Z(x)] = m, m = finite and independent of x No gradual increase or decrease in grade for some specified direction (no drift). Var[Z(x)]= 2 , 2 = finite and independent of x Constant parameter value of the underlying density functions.
Intrinsic Hypothesis
The intrinsic hypothesis of order zero: E[Z(x)] = m, m = finite and independent of x E[Z(x+h)- Z(x)]2 = 2(h) = finite and independent of x (variogram function) We assume no drift , and the existence and the stationarity of the variogram only. If condition of no drift in a deposit cannot be satisfied, the intrinsic hypothesis of order one is invoked.
Intrinsic Hypothesis
Intrinsic hypothesis of order one: E[Z(x+h)-Z(x)]=m(h)=finite and independent of x E[Z(x+h)-Z(x)]2=2(h) = finite and independent of x The difference in the mean must be finite, independent of the support point x, and depend only on the separation distance h. In performing local estimation using ordinary kriging, the intrinsic hypothesis of order zero is invoked. Universal kriging may be employed under the first order hypothesis.
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En suring Unbiasednes s
Estimated value: Z* = i Z(xi) Estimated error: R* = Z*-Zo = iZ(xi) - Zo Average error: r = 1/n R* Set expected value of average error to zero: E{r} = E{1/n R*} = 1/n E{R*} = 0 To guarantee that E{r} = 0, make E{R*} = 0 E{R*} = E{i Z(xi) - Zo} = iE{Z(xi)} - E{Zo} Using the strong stationarity requirement: E{Z(xi)} = E{Zo} = E{Z} Therefore, E{R*} =iE{Z} - E{Z} = 0 => (i -1) E{Z} = 0 => i -1 = 0 => i =1
En suring Unbiasednes s
Sum of weights, wi = 1 Two limitations: The average error is not guaranteed to be zero, only the expected value The result is valid only if the linear combination belongs to the same statistical population
E stimation methods
Traditional: Polygonal Triangulation Inverse distance Geostatistical: Kriging
Polygonal
Assigns all weight to nearest sample. Advantages: Easy to understand Easy to calculate manually Fast Declustered global histogram Disadvantages: Discontinuous local estimates Edge effect No anisotropy No error estimation
T riangulation
Weight at each triangle is proportional to the area of the opposite sub triangle. Advantages: Easy to understand and calculate manually Fast Disadvantages: Not unique solution Only three samples receive weights Extrapolation? 3d? No anisotropy No error control
Inverse Distance
Each sample weight is inversely proportional to the distance between the sample and the point being estimated: z* = [ (1/dip) z(xi ) ] / (1/ dip) i = 1,...,n where z* is the estimate of the grade of a block or a point, z(xi) refers to sample grade, p is an arbitrary exponent, and n is the number of samples
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Inverse Distance
If p tends to zero =>local mean sample If p tends to => nearest neighbor method (polygonal) Traditionally, p = 2
Inverse Distance
Advantages: Easy to understand Easy to implement Flexible in adapting weights to different estimation problems Can be customized Disadvantages: Susceptible to data clustering p? No anisotropy No error control
Ordinary kriging
Definition: Ordinary kriging is an estimator designed primarily for the estimation of block grades as a linear combination of available data in or near the block, such that estimate is unbiased and has minimum variance.
Ordinary kriging
B.L.U.E. for best linear unbiased estimator. Linear because its estimates are weighted linear combinations of available data Unbiased since the sum of the weights adds up to 1 Best because it aims at minimizing the variance of errors.
Kriging Estimator
z* = wi z(xi ) i = 1,...,n where z* is the estimate of the grade of a block or a point, z(xi) refers to sample grade, wi is the corresponding weight assigned to z(xi), and n is the number of samples.
Kriging Estimator
Desirable Properties: Minimize 2 = F (w1, w2, w3,,wn) r = average error = 0 (unbiased) wi = 1
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E rror variance
Using R. F. model, you can express the error variance as a function of R.F. parameters: 2R= 2z + (i j Ci,j ) - 2 i C i,o where 2z is the sample variance Ci,j is the covariance between samples Ci,o is the covariance between samples and location of estimation. See Isaaks and Srivastava pg 281-284
E rror variance
2R= 2z + (i j Ci,j ) - 2 i C i,o Error increases as variance of data increases Error variance increases as data become more redundant Error variance decreases as data are closer to the location of estimation
Ordinary Kriging
Minimize error 2R= 2z + (i j Ci,j ) - 2 i C i,o i = 1 Use Lagrange method (Isaaks and Srivastava, pg 284-285). Result: Ci,o = (i Ci,j) + i = 1
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Kriging Variance
2ok = CAA - [(i CiA) + ] Data independent
Block Discretization
To be considered: Range of influence of the variogram used in kriging. Size of the blocks with respect to this range. Horizontal and vertical anisotropy ratios.
Advantages of kriging
Takes into account spatial continuity characteristics Built-in declustering capability Exact estimator Calculates the kriging variance for each block Robust
Disadvantages of kriging
computer required prior variography required more time consuming smoothing effect
Assumptions
No drift is present in the data (Stationarity hypothesis) Both variance and covariance exist and are finite. The mean grade of the deposit is unknown.
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E ffect of scale
E ffect of shape
Nugget Effect
E ffect of range
E ffect of Anisotropy
Search Strategy
Define a search neighborhood within which a specified number of samples is used
If anisotropy, use an ellipsoidal search Orientation of this ellipse is important If no anisotropy, search ellipse becomes a circle and the question of orientation is no longer relevant
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Search Strategy
Include at least a ring of drill holes with enough samples around the blocks to be estimated Dont extend the grades of the peripheral holes to the undrilled areas too far Increasing vertical search distance has more impact on number of samples available for a given block, than increasing horizontal search distance (in vertically oriented drillholes) Limit the number of samples used from each individual drillhole
Declustering
Clustering in high grade area:
Nave mean= (0+1+3+1+7+6+5+6+2+4+0+1)/ 12 = 3 Declustered mean= [(0+1+3+1+2+4+0+1) + (7+6+5+6)/4] /9 = =2
Declustering
Clustering in mean grade area:
Nave mean= (7+1+3+1+0+6+5+1+2+4+0+6)/ 12 = 3 Declustered mean= [(7+1+3+1+2+4+0+6) + (0+6+5+1)/4] /9 = =3
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Declustering
Clustering in low grade area:
Nave mean= (7+1+6+1+0+3+4+1+2+5+0+6)/ 12 = 3 Declustered mean= [(7+1+6+1+2+5+0+6) + (0+3+4+1)/4] /9 = =3.33
Declustering
Data with no correlation, do no need declustering (pure nugget effect model) If variogram model has a long range and low nugget, you may need to decluster.
Declustering
Cell declustering Polygonal
Cell Declustering
Each datum is weighted by the inverse of the number of data in the cell
Polygonal
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Cross Validation
To check how well the estimation procedure can be expected to perform. Temporarily discard the sample value at a particular location and then estimate the value at that location using the remaining values.
Cross validation
It may suggest improvements It compares, does not determine parameters Reveals weaknesses/shortcomings
Cross validation
Check: Histogram of errors Scatter plots of actual versus estimate
Cross validation
Remember: All conclusions are based on observations of errors at locations were we do not need estimates. We remove values that, after all, we are going to use.
Quantifying Uncertainty
One approach: Assume that the distribution of errors is Normal Assume that the ordinary kriging estimate provides the mean of the normal distribution Build 95 percent confidence intervals by taking 2 standard deviations either of the OK estimate
Quantifying Uncertainty
Kriging Variance 2ok = CAA - [(i CiA) + ] Advantages Does not depend on data It can be calculated before sample data are available (from previous/know variography) Disadvantages Does not depend on data If proportional effect exists, previous assumptions are not true
37
Quantifying Uncertainty
Quantifying Uncertainty
Other approach Incorporate the grade in the error variance calculation: Relative Variance = Kriging Variance /Square of Kriged Grade
Quantifying Uncertainty
Combined Variance = sqrt (local variance * kriging variance)
where local variance of the weighted average (2w ) is: 2w = w2i * (Z0- zi )2 i = 1, n (n>1) where n is the number of data used, wi are the weights corresponding to each datum, Z0 is the block estimate, and zi are the data values.
Quantifying Uncertainty
Relative Variability Index(RVI) = SQRT(Combined Variance) / Kriged Grade
Change of Support
N=4 M = 8.825
Change of Support
N = 16 M = 8.825
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Change of Support
>10 N = 2 = 50% M = 11.15
Change of Support
>10 N = 5 = 31% M =18.6
Change of Support
The mean above 0.0 cutoff does not change with a change in support The variance of block distribution decreases with larger support The shape of the distribution tends to become symmetrical as the support increases Recovered quantities depend on block size
Affine Correction
Assumptions: The distribution of block or SMU grades has same shape as the distribution of point or composite samples. The ratio of the variances, i.e., variance of block grades (or the SMU grades) over that of point grades is non-conditional to surrounding data used for estimation.
Kriges Relation
2p = 2b + 2 pb 2p = Dispersion variance of composites in the deposit (sill) 2b = Dispersion variance of blocks in the deposit 2 pb = Dispersion variance of points in blocks This is the spatial complement to the partitioning of variances which simply says that the variance of point values is equal to the variance of block values plus the variance of points within blocks.
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Calculation of A.C.
K2 = 2b / 2p 1
(from the variogram averaging): K2 = [ (D,D) - (smu,smu) ] / (D,D) = 1 - [ (smu,smu) / (D,D) ] 1 Affine correction factor, K = K2 1
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Change of Support (applications) Reconciliation between BH model and Exploration model: Calculate GT curves of exploration model Apply change of support from BH model to Exploration model Calculate the adjusted BH model GT curves. Compare GT curves of block estimates to GT of adjusted BH model estimates.
zp = the equivalent cutoff grade to be applied to the point (or composite) distribution m = mean of composite and SMU distribution p = square root of composite dispersion variance zsmu = the cutoff grade applied to the SMU m = mean of composite and SMU distribution smu = square root of SMU dispersion variance
41
Numeric Example
Let the mean of composites = 0.0445, and the specified cutoff grade zsmu = 0.055 If the ratio p / smu = 1.23, what is the equivalent cutoff grade? zp=1.23 (0.055) + 0.0445 (1 - 1.23) =0.0574 Therefore, the equivalent cutoff grade to be applied to the composite distribution is 0.0574.
Equivalent Cutoff
if the specified cutoff grade is less than the
mean, the equivalent cutoff grade becomes less than the cutoff if the specified cutoff grade is greater than the mean, the equivalent cutoff grade becomes greater than the cutoff.
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Simple Kriging
Z*sk = i [Z(xi ) - m] + m i = 1,...,n
Cokriging
Suitable when the primary variable has not been sampled sufficiently. Precision of the estimation may be improved by considering the spatial correlations between the primary variable and a better-sampled variable. Example: extensive data from blastholes as the secondary variable - Widely spaced exploration data as the primary variable.
Z*sk - estimate of the grade of a block or a point Z(xi ) - refers to sample grade i - corresponding simple kriging weights assigned to Z(xi ) n - number of samples m = E{Z(x)} - location dependent expected value of Z(x).
Cokriging
....................................... [Cov{dibj}] [1] [0] [Cov{didi}] ....................................... [Cov{bjbj}] [0] [1] [Cov{dibj}] ....................................... [ 1 ] [ 0 ] 0 0 ....................................... [ 0 ] [ 1 ] 0 0 ....................................... ..... ........... [8i] [Cov{x0di}] ..... ........... [*j] [Cov{x0bj}] x ..... = ........... 1 d ..... ........... 0 b ..... ...........
Cokriging-steps for Drill and Blasthole data Regularize blasthole data into a specified block size. Block size could be the same as the size of the model blocks to be valued, or a discreet sub-division of such blocks. A new data base of average blasthole block values is thus established. Variogram analysis of drillhole data. Variogram analysis of blasthole data. Cross-variogram analysis between drill and blasthole data. Pair each drillhole value with all blasthole values. Selection of search and interpolation parameters. Cokriging.
[Cov{didi}] = drillhole data (dhs) covariance matrix, i=1,n [Cov{bjbj}] = blasthole data (bhs) covariance matrix, j=1,m [Cov{dibj}] = cross-covariance matrix for dhs and bhs [Cov{x0di}] = drillhole data to block covariances [Cov{x0bj}] = blasthole data to block covariances [8i] = Weights for drillhole data [*j] = Weights for blasthole data d and b = Lagrange multipliers
Universal Kriging
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ORK matrix
Why Non-Linear
To overcome problems encountered with outliers To provide better estimates than those provided by linear methods To take advantage of the properties on nonnormal distributions of data and thereby provide more optimal estimates To provide answers to non-linear problems To provide estimates of distributions on a scale different from that of the data (the change of support problem)
Indicator Kriging
Suppose that equal weighting of N given samples is used to estimate the probability that the grade of ore at a specified location is below a cutoff grade. The proportion of N samples that are below this cutoff grade can be taken as the probability that grade estimated is below this cutoff grade. Indicator kriging obtains a cumulative probability distribution at a given location in a similar manner, except that it assigns different weights to surrounding samples using the ordinary Kriging technique to minimize the estimation variance.
Indicator Kriging
The basis of indicator kriging is the indicator function: At each point x in the deposit, consider the following indicator function of zc defined as: 1, if z(x) < zc i(x;zc ) = 0, otherwise where: x is location, zc is a specified cutoff value, z(x) is the value at location x.
44
Indicator Kriging
Examples: Separate continuous variables into categories: I(x) = 1 if k(x) 30, 0 if k(x) >30 Characterize categorical variables and differentiate types: I(x) = 1 for heterozygote, 0 for homozygote
Indicator Kriging (applications) Extreme values: Separate population to 1 and 0 based on outlier cutoff. Proceed then as though you are dealing with two spatially mixed populations.
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T he (A;zc) function
(A;zc ) = 1/AA i(x;zc ) dx [0,1]
E stimation of (A;zc)
(A;zc) proportion of grades z(x) below cutoff zc within panel A. (unknown since i(x;zc) known at only a finite number of points). (A;zc) = 1/n i(xj ;zc) j=1,...,n or (A;zc) = j i(xj ;zc) xj D j=1,...,N where n is the number of samples in the panel A, N is the number of samples in search volume D, j are the weights assigned to the samples, j = 1, and usually N >> n. Ordinary kriging is used to estimate (A;zc) from the indicator data i(xj ;zc). We use a random function model for i(xj ;zc), which will be designated by I(xj ;zc).
46
Indicator Variography
I(h;zc ) = 1/2 E [ I(x+h);zc ) - I(x;zc ) ]2
Order Relations
Advantages of MIK
It estimates the local recoverable reserves within each panel or block. It provides an unbiased estimate of the recovered tonnage at any cutoff of interest. It is non-parametric, i.e., no assumption is required concerning distribution of grades. It can handle highly variable data. It takes into account influence of neighboring data and continuity of mineralization.
Disadvantages of MIK
It may be necessary to compute and fit a variogram for each cutoff. Estimators for various cutoff values may not show the expected order relations. Mine planning and pit design using MIK results can be more complicated than conventional methods. Correlation between indicator functions of various cutoff values are not utilized. More information becomes available through the indicator cross variograms and subsequent cokriging. These form the basis of the Probability Kriging technique.
Change of Support
Function *(A;zc) and grade-tonnage relationship for each block is based on distribution point samples (composites). Selective mining unit (SMU) volume is much larger than sample volume, therefore, one must perform a volume-variance correction to the initial grade-tonnage curve of each block.
47
Affine Correction
Equation for affine correction of any panel or block is given by *v (A;z) = * (A;zadj) where zadj=adjusted cutoff grade = K(z - ma)+ma Use affine correction if: (2p -2b) /2 p 30%
Grade Zoning
Grade zoning is usually applied to control the extrapolation of grades into statistically different populations Often grade zones or mineralization envelopes correspond to different geologic units
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49
Geostatistics Overheads
Notes:
Page -50
Classical Statistics
Classical Statistics
Prior to this section you loaded the drillhole data to MineSight. If you are calculating statistics on the composites, you calculated the composites. In this section you can compute classical statistics on the assays and composites. This is not required for later work.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn:
How to calculate general statistics How to produce a histogram How to produce probability plots How to produce scatter plots How to calculate insitu statistics How to calculate proportional effect
Classical Statistics
The most commom statistical operations available within MineSight are:
Mean and standard deviation Histograms Cumulative frequency plots Correlations Cumulative probability plots
Analyze data to determine descriptive parameters Make inferences about an entire population based on samples
Some difficulties involved with the application of classical statistics to mineral projects are:
Mineral deposit data is generally not independent. It is for this reason that geostatistics was developed. Different geologic zones may have different statistical populations. Mixing zones may produce incorrect statistics. Different types of samples have different volumes and should be kept separate for analysis, e.g., drillhole assays and bulk samples.
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Classical Statistics
Notes:
Although samples may be equal in size, they may not have an equal volume of influence. Drilling tends to be closer spaced in higher grade areas so the statistics may be indicating a higher proportion of ore than actually exists.
General Statistics
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p40101.dat - Statistics (assays)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - Assay Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the items to be analyzed, an optional weighting item and associated multiplier, and an optional selection item for limiting the data to be analyzed. <Enter Cu as the base assay for cutoffs and also report the MO values. Weight the statistics by -AI- (the assay length)>. Panel 2 - Assay Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the basic statistical analysis parameters. A frequency interval of .1 will be used and all values below 0 will be ignored. Well report 40 frequency intervals in this example, and use cu as the run and report file extensions. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection for Assay Statistics This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There are also titling options for the resulting histogram plot; enter a title such as Assay statistics weighted by length. Panel 4 - 3D Coordinate Limits for Data Selection This panel provides the option of limiting the area of data selection, either through project coordinates or through the use of a boundary file. Panel 5 - Histogram Plot Attributes This panel provides options for setting up your histogram display and plot. Results and Histogram Plot The results of the statistical analysis are presented in the report file (rpt401.cu) in tabular form and as a symbolic histogram.
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Classical Statistics
Notes:
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Classical Statistics
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. There is also information provided regarding the number of intervals excluded based on the selection criteria input through the procedure panels:
Notes:
Finally, a plottable histogram is also generated; this can be plotted using the M122MF program, which is controlled with the MPLOT panel. The MPLOT panel can also be used to create deferred plot files from the histogram.
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Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Exercise 1 Use procedure p40201.dat to generate composite statistics. Use the same parameters as in the assays. Use item length as the weighting item. Compare histograms and statistics. Exercise 2 Generate composite statistics for those composites that have ALTR = 1 and 2 only. Hint: this can be done with a change to Panel 3. Exercise 3 Repeat the exercise for those composites that have ROCK = 1 and 2 only. Exercise 4 1. Generate lognormal composite data statistics for those composites that have ROCK =
Classical Statistics
Notes:
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Classical Statistics
Notes:
There is also information provided regarding the number of intervals excluded based on the selection criteria input through the procedure panels:
The MPLOT panel will come up, allowing you the option of plotting the resulting histogram. <Click the Exit button to exit without displaying the plot preview>. Exercise Generate composite Cu statistics within ALTR codes.
Probability Plots
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Page 1-6 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure p41201.dat - Probability Plot (Assays or Composites)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 Select File or Drillholes to Use <Select File 11 Assays to do the cumulative probability plot, and leave the First and last survey ref# windows blank to use all assays>. Panel 2 Parameters for Probability Plot <Enter Cu for the item to be plotted, with a minimum value of 0.01 and a maximum value of 10. Generate the first plot with lognormal transformation. Specify cu as the filename extension for both the run and report files>. There are also titling options for the resulting probability plot; enter a title such as CU probability plot - rock types 1 and 2. Panel 3 Optional Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There are also options for a selection item and/or boundary file for further data limiting. <Select ROCK item values 1 and 2 for plotting by using the RANGE command>. Panel 4 Optional Plot Files This panel provides inputs for the overlay of existing plot files. Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 Optional Plot Parameters This panel provides options for setting up your probability plot features. You can try out different parameters until you get a display you like. Results and Probability Plot The MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
Classical Statistics
Notes:
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Classical Statistics
Notes:
Exercise 1 Generate probability plots for those assays that have ALTR = 1 and 2 only. Hint: this can be done with a change to Panel 3. Exercise 2 Repeat the exercises using the composites. Exercise 3 Overlay the composite probability plot on the assay probability plot and compare. Hint: Output only the cumulative probability curve for composites and overlay it on the full assay probability plot.
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Classical Statistics
Notes:
Classical Statistics
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. analysis based on item values. You can also specify an optional boundary file in this panel. <Use the RANGE command to specify ROCK Types 1 and 2 only>. Panel 4 - Parameters for in-Situ Statistical Analysis <Specify the parameters of the 3-D grid for the statistical analysis of Cu. Also specify plot parameters for the selected slice to be plotted>.
Notes:
Results and Contour Data Plot The results of the in-situ statistical analysis are presented in the report file (rpt403.cu) in tabular form.
When you close the report file, the MPLOT panel will come up, giving you the opportunity to preview the contour data plot, send it to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. Page 1-10 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Classical Statistics
Notes:
Exercise Generate In-situ statistics for assays in elevation range 2500 to 3000.
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Classical Statistics
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. extension for both the run and report files. Leave the titling options blank for this exercise. Panel 2 - Bivariate Analysis - Scatter Graph and Q-Q Plot This panel provides input for the items to be analyzed; <enter CU for the y-axis, and MO for the x-axis of the plot. Specify zero as the minimum for both items, five as the maximum for CU, and 0.5 as the maximum for MO>. Panel 3 - Bivariate Analysis - Optional Plot Parameters This panel provides input for the basic plot parameters; <enter a title such as copper vs moly values, and specify a symbol type of 3 and pen number of 4. Specify a dashed linetype for both the best fit and 45 degree reference lines>. Panel 4 - Q-Q (Quantile-Quantile) Plot Options This scatter plot exercise does not use the Q-Q options; leave this panel blank. Panel 5 - Optional Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. You can also specify an optional boundary file and/or selection item in this panel. Use the RANGE command to specify ROCK Types 1 and 2 only. Results and Scatter Plot The report file shows a summary of correlation statistics for CU and MO grades.
Notes:
There are also symbol plots for the scatter plot and histograms for each of the specified analysis items.
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Classical Statistics
Notes:
When you close the Part #: E005 Rev. B report file, the MPLOT panel will come up, giving you the
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Classical Statistics
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. opportunity to preview the scatter plot, send it to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use.
Notes:
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. You can also specify an optional boundary file in this panel. Use the RANGE command to specify ROCK Types 1 and 2 only. Panel 4 - Parameters for in-Situ Statistical Analysis Specify the parameters of the 3-D grid for the statistical analysis of Cu. Also specify plot parameters for the selected slice to be plotted.
Classical Statistics
Notes:
Panel 5 - Generate Contours for Selected Level In this panel, <check the Contour Std Dev? box, use 0.1 as the minimum and 1.0 as the maximum, with a 0.1 contour increment. Specify three digits to the right of the decimal, pen number one, and a smoothing factor of zero. Accept the defaults for the rest of the panel>. Exit MPLOT Panel Plot the correlation between the std and mean. On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select Group Statistics, Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p41102.dat.> Panel 1 <Enter dat403.cu as the ASCII input file. Use std (min 0, max 1) for the y axis and the mean (min 0, max 0.8) for the x axis. Check the apply limits to input data and free format switches. Use cu as the file extensions for the run and report file 7.> Panel 2 <Std (y-axis) is the 4th column and mean (x-axis) is the 5th column in input ASCII DATA, therefore, enter 4 and 5 respectively.> Panel 3 <Enter a title (Mean vs. Std). Use a dash line for both best-fit and 45 degree line.> Panel 4 Leave this panel blank. Results and Scatter Plot Preview plot:
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Classical Statistics
Notes:
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Variograms
Variograms
Prior to this section you calculated the composites. In this section you can develop variograms of the composites. Following this, you can initialize the mine model and do Kriging.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn:
How to make an h-scatterplot Types of variograms within MineSight Procedure for creating variograms
The Variogram
In geostatistics, geologic samples such as assays or thickness values are not independent samples. Samples in proximity to one another are usually correlated to some degree. As the distance between samples increases this degree of correlation declines until the samples are far enough apart where they can be considered to be independent of one another. The variogram is a graph that quantifies the spatial correlation between geologic samples. It is a plot with the average squared assay difference between all pairs of samples h distance apart plotted along the y-axis (h), and the distance h plotted along the x-axis. Logically you would expect this squared difference (h) to increase as the distance h between the sample pairs increases. Once you reach a distance where the sample pairs are independent, the average squared difference is not related to the distance h anymore and the curve levels off. This distance where the samples are no longer correlated is called the range of the variogram and the value of (h) where it levels off is called the sill. Theoretically the sill is equal to the variance of samples. The distance over which the samples are correlated can be and usually is different in different directions. This is called Anisotropy and simply states that mineralization may be more continuous in one direction than another. Therefore, variograms are computed in different directions. At DISTANCE h=0 (i.e., 2 samples at the same location) the sample values should be identical. In reality they usually are not. This is described in geostatistics as the Nugget effect. Its value should be small if correct sampling and assaying procedures are used. Variogram Models The variogram model is the equation of a curve that best fits the variogram generated with your data. Variogram models (singel or nested) available in MineSight are:
Spherical Exponential
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Variograms
Notes:
Linear
H - Scatter Plots
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure p31101.dat - H-Scatter Plot>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - H-Scatter Plot This panel provides input for the file type and item to be analyzed, as well as some data selection parameters. <Select Cu as the item, using zero as the minimum grade and three as the maximum grade to be plotted. Specify cu as the filename extension for both the run and report files>. Panel 2 - H-Scatter Plot Parameters This panel provides the input for a number of plot parameters such as the plot title, symbol type and size. <Enter a title such as Rock type 1 and specify 3 as the symbol type, 0.05 as the symbol size, and 3 as the pen type>. Leave the rest of this panel blank. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There is also an optional selection item available for further data limiting. Select only ROCK item value 1 for plotting by using the RANGE command. Panel 4 - Coordinate Limits This panel allows you to limit the data further, either by specifying coordinates or a boundary file. Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 - Parameters to Determine Data Pairs This panel provides input for the data pair selection parameters. <Specify a Horizontal direction of 0 and a windowing angle of 90 degrees. Specify a vertical direction of -90 and a windowing angle of 15 degrees. Select 0 and 15 as the minimum and maximum pair distances, respectively>. Results and H-Scatter Plot The results of the data pair statistical analysis are presented in the report file (rpt311.cu) in tabular form. There are also symbolic plots for H-Scatter and frequency distribution histograms.
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Variograms
Notes:
Page 2-3
Variograms
Notes:
When you close the report file, the MPLOT panel will come up, giving you the opportunity to preview the H-Scatter data plot, send it to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use.
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Variograms
Notes:
Exercise Generate h-scatter plots for pairs 0-50m apart in different horizontal directions.
Variograms
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. Select only ROCK item value 1 by using the RANGE command. Panel 4 - 3D Coordinate Limits for Data Selection This panel allows you to limit the data further, either by specifying coordinates or a boundary file. Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 - Parameters for Multi-Directional Variograms This panel is used to enter the specific variogram parameters. Compute 4 normal variograms (4x1), starting at horizontal angle 0.0 with 45 degree increments and at a vertical angle 0.0. Use 10 intervals with 50m lag distance. Use 22.5 degree horizontal windowing angle and 10 degree vertical angle. Results and Variogram Plot In the report file (rpt303.001), a summary appears for each variogram calculated. The variogram value is under the column V(H). It is plotted along the y-axis on the graph. The distance h is under the column DISTANCE. It is plotted along the x-axis on the graph.
Notes:
Page 2-6
Variograms
Modeling Variograms
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p30002.dat Variogram Modeling>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - Variogram File Input This panel provides input for the MineSight variogram data file for modeling. Specify the file we just created, dat303.001. Results and Variogram Plot Program M300V1 will display on the screen a list of the 4 directional variograms plus the 2-D Global variogram and the 3-D Global variogram. <Click on 3-D Global and then on Exit Panel>.
Notes:
Exercise 1 Interactively fit a spherical variogram model to the experimental variogram by following these steps: 1. <Select New Model from menu. Part #: E005 Rev. B Page 2-7
Variograms
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. 2. Using the mouse, select Nugget location on y axis (Point 1). 3. Using the mouse, select Sill & Range Values which are defined by the second point that you specify. 4. Click right to display Model Parameter Values based on your selection>. Exercise 2 Interactively modify the spherical variogram model you just created by following these steps: 1. <Select Edit Model from the menu 2. Click on your Nugget Value (Point 1) and move it around with the mouse to a new location. Click right to store the new location. 3. Select Edit Model again. Click on your Sill/Range Value (Point 2) and move it around with the mouse to a new location. Click right to store the new location. 4. Select Edit Model and Fix Range 5. Point to the desired value for range on the X-axis (e.g., 500) and click. 6. Click on Point 2 and move it around. (Note that only the Sill Value is changing.) Click right to store the new Sill. 7. Select Edit Model and Fix Sill (Make sure Fix Range is off) 8. Point to the desired value for Sill on the y-axis (e.g., .1) and click. 9. Click on Point 2 and move it around. (Note that only the Range is changing.) Click right to store the new Range 10. Click on X to exit Variogram Modeling Program>. Exercise 3 Try an exponential model and compare the fit (visually) with the spherical. Exercise 4 Try to model the directional variogram at 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees. Exercise 5 If the directional variograms are difficult to model, add an absolute lag tolerance of 25. Dont use composite values above 3. Use extension 002. Exercise 6 Try a different horizontal angle increment (30). Use extension 003. Exercise 7 Try to compute variograms using different vertical angle orientations. Compare horizontal variograms to the vertical ones. Use extension 004. Exercise 8 Compute variograms using different variogram type options, such as correlogram. Use extension 005.
Notes:
Page 2-8
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Exercise 9 Run variograms (as in Exercise 5) for rock type 2. Use extension 006. Exercise 10 Run variograms for different windowing angles and/or band widths. Check reports and see how the number of pairs used changes.
Variograms
Notes:
Page 2-9
Variograms
Notes:
Exercise 1 Model the combined down-hole variogram. Pick up a nugget value. Exercise 2 Calculate and model a down-hole variogram for rock type 2. Pick up a nugget value. Exercise 3 Generate down-hole variograms using composite data.
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Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 1 - GNV2CN Parameters for Variogram Data Contouring This panel provides inputs for the source and destination files. Use the variogram data file generated for ROCK1 (dat303.002), and specify the output file pts303.002. <Check the box to Transform variogram values to percent of variance? and leave the rest of the panel blank>. Panel 2 - Setup Plot Parameters This panel provides input for the plot parameters; <enter the values shown in the following table>. Leave the remainder of the panel blank.
Variograms
Notes:
2750 5750
Pl ot Scal e (RF Scal e, eg, 1000=1:1000) Label Height for Grid Coordinates (CMs) Grid Spacing (Metres)
Panel 3 - Generate Contours from Variogram Data This panel provides input for the contouring parameters. <Use a minimum contour value of 10, maximum 100, with a contour increment of 10. Display no digits to the right of the decimal, using a pen number of four and smoothing factor of five. An annotation size of 0.5, frequency of 20 and a Max triangle size of 200 are appropriate, and dont check the box to overlay an ellipse>. Panel 4 - Pen Specification and Optional User Plot Files This panel provides inputs for the overlay of existing plot files. Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 Standard Title Box Set up This panel provides inputs for titling your plot. Fill in appropriate title block information. Results and Contour Plot The MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
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Variograms
Notes:
Exercise 1 Overlay an ellipse to the variogram contours using a 200m major axis and a 125m minor axis. What is the major axis orientation? Adjust lengths until the ellipse fits the contours. If you find an orientation for which you dont have variograms, rerun the variograms programs for the new orientation. Exercise 2 Repeat for rock type 2.
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Variograms
Notes:
Range (major) 70 (10 )
o
Rock typ e 1 2
Range (minor)
o
Model type
80 (45 )
o
Assume for the vertical axis the same ranges as the minor axis. If you use an exponential model, use three times the range as search distances in the interpolation programs. Panel 1 - Variogram Parameter File This panel provides input for the name of the variogram parameter file to set up and an optional description line. <Write the variogram parameters to the output file vario.rk1 and enter the description Variogram for rock type 1>. Panel 2 Variogram Parameters This panel provides entry for the variogram parameters: model type, nugget, sill, range, and direction of major axis. <Enter the values for Rock type 1 from the table above>, recalling that the sill in the table includes the nugget effect. Results The resulting variogram file will be brought up in the screen.
Exercise 1 Set up variogram parameter file for Rock Type 2. Exercise 2 Set up variogram parameters for both Rock Types 1 and 2 in the same file. Hint: specify the geology label as ROCK in the first panel.
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Variograms
Notes:
Page 2-14
Notes:
Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn how to use point validation for variogram evaluation
Interpolation Controls
There is a large range of parameters for controlling the point interpolation.
Search distance N-S, E-W, and by elevation 3-D ellipsoidal search Minimum and maximum number of composites to use Maximum distance to the nearest composite Use or omit geologic control Inverse distance powers and variogram parameters
Point interpolation program M524V1 outputs the results for each composite used to an ASCII file. These results are evaluated using program M525TS and the statistical summaries are output to the report file. In this case we will assume search parameters as indicated by the variograms. If a specific search scenario has been determined for the model interpolation, it should be used instead.
Point Validation
From the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p52401.dat - Point Validation>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - File and Area Selection This panel provides input for the composite file type, area specifications, and optional filename extensions. <Specify file 9, and accept the defaults for the rest of the panel>. Panel 2 - Point Interpolation This panel provides input for the item and search parameters to be used in interpolation. <Interpolate the CU item using a search distance of 210 meters in all directions and a minimum and maximum number composites of 3 and 15, respectively>. Panel 3 - Optional Ellipsoidal Search Parameters Ellipsoidal Search and use of anisotropic distances are optional. For this run, <enter Part #: E005 Rev. B Page 3-1
Notes:
major, minor, and vertical search distances of 210, 120, and 120, respectively. Enter MEDS for the rotation angle specification and check the box to Use anisotropic distances?> Panel 4 - Optional Data Selection This panel will only come up if you choose the anisotropic distances option on the previous panel. The angles for this example are ROT = 10, DIPN = 0 and DIPE = 0. Panel 5 - Optional Parameters <Enter the name of the previously prepared variogram parameter file (vario.rk1)>. If the variogram parameter file is not entered in this panel, you will be prompted to enter the variogram parameters on subsequent panels. Panel 6 - Optional Data Selection for Point Interpolation This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There is also an optional selection item and geologic matching item available for further data limiting. <Select only ROCK item value 1 for plotting by using the RANGE command, and specify ROCK as the geologic matching item>. Panel 7 - Optional IDW powers and Other Parameters <Use the default IDW powers for each case; generate a detailed report for case 3, using a 0.1 frequency interval and 40 intervals>. Results This section of the report shows summary statistics for actual composite grades versus the results from different interpolations.
This section of the report (on the next page) shows the statistics of the differences between actual and kriging values The histogram is the histogram of the errors.
Page 3-2
Notes:
This section of the report file (on the next page) shows correlation statistics between the actual and kriging values.
Page 3-3
Notes:
Exercise Modify the variogram parameter file. Use nugget of 0.02. Rerun the point validation procedure. Compare results (you should get a lower correlation and a higher standard error).
Page 3-4
Declustering
Declustering
Prior to this section you calculated the composites and sorted statistics. In this section you will use cell declustering technique to decluster the composite data. This is not required for later work.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn:
How to decluster composite values How to produce a histogram of declustered composite values
Declustering
There are two declustering methods that are generally applicable to any sample data set. These methods are the polygonal method and the cell declustering method. In both methods, a weighted linear combination of all available sample values is used to estimate the global mean. By assigning different weights to the available samples, one can effectively decluster the data set. In this section you will be using the cell declustering method which divides the entire area into rectangular regions called cells. Each sample received a weight inversely proportional to the number of samples that fall within the same cell. Clustered samples will tend to receive lower weights with this method because the cells in which they are located will also contain several other samples. The estimate one gets from the cell declustering method will depend on the size of the cells specified, If the cells are very small, then most samples will fall into a cell of its own and will therefore receive equal weights of 1. If the cells are too large, many samples will fall into the same cell, thereby causing artificial declustering of samples.
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Declustering
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Results The report file shows summary statistics for the original and the declustered samples.
Notes:
Exercise 1 Obtain declustered data using cell sizes 45 x 45 and 40 x 40. Exercise 2 Create a graph of the cell sizes vs mean values. The cell size that gives the lowest value should be the best choice. Exercise 3 Try declustering using Rock Type 1 only.
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 4 - Histogram Plot Attributes Set up the Histogram Plot Attributes as desired. Results and Histogram Plot The report file presents the declustered data analysis in tabular and symbolic histogram form.
Declustering
Notes:
Page 4-3
Declustering
Notes:
When you exit the report file, the MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
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Model Interpolation
Model Interpolation
Prior to this section you calculated and sorted the composites. You initialized the mine model and added any necessary geology. In this section you can use inverse distance weighting to add grades to the mine model. This is required before displaying the model, calculating reserves or creating pit designs.
Notes:
Learning Objective
In this section you will learn:
The types of interpolations available The use of controls on the interpolation How to interpolate grades with MineSight
Types of Interpolations
There are several methods of interpolation provided to you.
Polygonal assignment Inverse distance weighting Relative elevations Trend plane Gradients Kriging
Interpolation Controls There is a large range of methods for controlling the interpolation available.
Search distance N-S, E-W, and by elevation Minimum and maximum number of composites to use for a block Maximum distance to the nearest composite Use or omit geologic control
IDW Interpolation
On the MineSight CompassMenu tab and <select the Group 3D Deposit Modeling, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select the procedure p62001 IDW Interpolation.> Fill out the panels as described.
Page 5-1
Model Interpolation
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 1 - M620V1/V2 IDW Search Parameters This panel provides input for the composite files to use, the area to interpolate, and optional filename extensions. For this example, use model 15, composite file 9, and specify idl as the filename extension for both the run and report files. Panel 2 - M620V1/V2 IDW Search Parameters <Specify a 3-D search to use all composites within 210m horizontally (based on variograms) horizontally and 50m vertically of a block. Use an inverse distance power of 2, specify the closest composite is within 100 meters, and allow a minimum of 3 composites and a maximum of 16>. Panel 3 - Interpolation Control Items This panel lets you to specify the items and methods for interpolation. <Interpolate the CU and MO composites using inverse distance weighting to the model items CUID and MOID respectively. Also, interpolate the CU composites to the model item CUPLY using polygonal assignment. Store the distance to the nearest composite in item DISTP, and the maximum number of data in item NCMPI. Use the RESET option for this first interpolation pass; for multiple passes, use the OMIT option>. Panel 4 - Store Local Error This panel provides options for the stroage of local interpolation error values. Leave this panel blank for this example. Panel 5 - Optional Search Parameters Ellipsoidal Search and use of anistropic distances are optional. <Use an ellipsoidal search of 210 by 120 by 120. Enter MEDS for the rotation angle specification and check the box to Use anistropic distances?>. Panel 6 - Optional Data Selection This panel will only come up if you choose the anistropic distatncces option on the previous panel. The angles for this example are ROT = 10, DIPN = 0 and DIPE = 0. Panel 7 - Optional Geologic Codes This panel provides options for up to three block limiting items and two code matching items. Use only Rock Type 1 by specifying Rock as a block limiting item and entering the value 1 as the corresponding integer code. Also use ROCK as a code matching item. Panel 8 - Optional Data Selection Since we have already limited the interpolation through block and code matching, we can leave this panel blank. Results The results of the interpolation are saved to the model file 15; to view the results, create a model view in MineSight 3-D.
Notes:
Exercise
Rerun for Rock Type 2. Change search distances and use option omit. Change the following panels: Panel 1 - M620V1/V2 IDW Search Parameters <Change the filename extensions for both the run and report files to id2>. Page 5-2 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 2 - M620V1/V2 IDW Search Parameters <Specify a 3-D search to use all composites within 240m (based on variograms) horizontally and 50m vertically of a block>. Panel 3 - Interpolation Control Items Use the OMIT option for this second interpolation pass. Panel 5 - Optional Search Parameters <For this run, change the major, minor, and vertical search distances of 240, 180, and 180 respectively>s. Panel 6 - Optional Data Selection The angles for this example are ROT = 45, DIPN = 0 and DIPE = 0. Panel 7 - Optional Geologic Codes Use only Rock Type 2 by specifying ROCK as a block limiting item and entering the value 2 as the corresponding integer code. Again, the results for the interpolation of Rock type 2 can be checked by creating a Model View in MineSight 3-D.
Model Interpolation
Notes:
Ordinary Kriging
Ordinary kriging is an estimator designed primarily for the local estimation of block grades as a linear combination of the available data in or near the block, such that the estimate is unbiased and has minimum variance. It is a method that is often associated with the acronym B.L.U.E. for best linear unbiased estimator. Ordinary kriging is linear because its estimates are weighted linear combinations of the available data, unbiased since the sum of the weights is 1, and best because it aims at minimizing the variance of errors. The conventional estimation methods, such as inverse distance weighting method, are also linear and theoretically unbiased. Therefore, the distinguishing feature of ordinary kriging from the conventional linear estimation methods is its aim of minimizing the error variance.
On the MineSight CompassMenu tab, <select the Group 3D Deposit Modeling, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p62401.dat Ordinary Kriging>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - M624V1: Kriging Search Parameters This panel provides input for the model and composite files to use, the area to interpolate, and optional filename extensions. For this example, use model file 15, composite file 9, and specify kr1 as the filename extension for both the run and report Part #: E005 Rev. B Page 5-3
Model Interpolation
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. files. Panel 2 - M624V1: Kriging Search Parameters <Specify a 3-D search to use all composites within 210m (based on variograms) horizontally and 50m vertically of a block. Specify that the closest composite must be within 100 meters, and allow a minimum of 3 composites and a maximum of 16>. Panel 3 - Interpolation Control Items This panel allows you to specify the items and method for interpolation. Interpolate the CU composites using kriging to the model item CUKRG. Use the RESET option for this first interpolation pass; for multiple passes, use the OMIT option. Panel 4 - Optional Input Parameters/Composite Type Use this panel to specify the variogram parameter file (if used), and optional block discretization parameters. Specify the storage of the kriging variance in item CUKVR. Panel 5 - Variogram Parameters This panel provides entry for the variogram parameters: model type, nugget, sill, range, and direction of major axis. <Enter the values for Rock type 1 from the table in the Variograms section of the workbook,> recalling that the sill in the table includes the nugget effect. Panel 6 - Optional Search Parameters Ellipsoidal Search and use of anisotropic distances are optional. For this run, <enter major, minor, and vertical search distances of 210, 120, and 120, respectively. Enter MEDS for the rotation angle specification and check the box to Use anisotropic distances?> Panel 7 - Optional Data Selection This panel will only come up if you choose the anisotropic distances option on the previous panel. The angles for this example are ROT = 10, DIPN = 0 and DIPE = 0. Panel 8 - Optional Block Limiting and Geologic Matching This panel provides options for up to three block limiting items and two code matching items. Use only Rock Type 1 by specifying ROCK as a block limiting item and entering the value 1 as the corresponding integer code. Also use ROCK as a code matching item. Panel 9 - Optional Data Selection Since we have already limited the interpolation through block and code matching, we can leave this panel blank. The results of the interpolation are saved to the file 15 - you can check the results visually by creating a Model View in MineSight 3-D.
Notes:
Exercise
Repeat calculations for Rock Type 2. Use variograms calculated in Section 2. Change search distances as you did for IDW.
Page 5-4
Notes:
make a list of the composites used for interpolating a block, make a visual representation of your search parameters, and find out how small changes in search parameters affect your interpolation.
model EXP
nugget 0.007
Ranges 80/60/60
Page 6-1
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 6 Optional Limiting and Search Parameters This panel accepts a number of optional search parameters relating to block limiting, anisotropic distances and search ellipses. <Enter rock type 2, use geologic matching for rock type, enter en ellipsoidal search of 240m by 180m by 180m. Use MEDS rotation angles and turn on the anisotropic distances option.> Panel 7 Optional Data Selection <Define the ellipsoidal orientation. Enter 45 degrees for first rotation and 0 degrees for the other two.> Panel 8 Optional Composite Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values, and outlier definition options. Select all available data by leaving this panel blank. Panel 9 Input Parameters for ellipsoid generation. You can type in the names of the output files and objects. Leave blank for this exercise. Examine Results <Open file rpt624.dbg.> This is a list of the composites used:
Notes:
DIST 84.24 86.58 93.25 93.25 103.42 103.42 103.69 132.10 133.60 133.60 138.02 138.02 145.09 145.09 158.24 159.50
EAST 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2728.30 2618.80 2618.80 2618.80 2618.80 2618.80 2618.80 2618.80 2829.60 2829.60
NORTH 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5439.10 5558.90 5558.90 5558.90 5558.90 5558.90 5558.90 5558.90 5537.40 5537.40
ELEV 2435.0 2450.0 2465.0 2405.0 2390.0 2480.0 2480.0 2435.0 2420.0 2450.0 2465.0 2405.0 2390.0 2480.0 2435.0 2420.0
VALUE 0.6300 0.3700 0.3100 0.4700 0.6100 0.4100 0.7300 0.0100 0.0000 0.0100 0.0000 0.0100 0.0000 0.0000 0.3300 0.2300
DH 53 53 53 53 53 53 54 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 62 62
Block (75, 75) Calculated = 0.3906 Note all of the composites are well inside the 240m maximum search distance. Distances reported are adjusted by anisotropy. If you want to see the real distances, rerun procedure without the anisotropic option on. You should now notice that the order of the composites has changed. Exercise 2 <Rerun procedure. This time apply a max distance of 120m. Change the ellipsoidal search distances to 120x90x90.> What do you notice?
Page 6-2
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Exercise 3 <Rerun procedure. This time apply a max distance to the closest composite equal to 50m.> What do you notice? Exercise 4 <Rerun procedure. Change max distance to the closest composite back to 100m. This time apply max number of composites to be used equal to 7.> Check report and study results:
Notes:
DH 54 53 53 53 53 53 53
Exercise 5 <Rerun procedure using the outlier options from the last panel. Use an outlier value of 0.70. Use max distance for outliers equal to 75.> Open report:
DIST 84.20 85.52 89.38 89.38 95.47 95.47 EAST 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 NORTH 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 ELEV 2435.0 2450.0 2465.0 2405.0 2390.0 2480.0 VALUE 0.6300 0.3700 0.3100 0.4700 0.6100 0.4100 DH 53 53 53 53 53 53
It seems like there are no more composites available. <To add one more (7 total) increase max distance to 240m as well as the ellipsoidal searches to 240x180x180:
DH 53 53 53 53 53 53 61
Page 6-3
Notes:
Ellipsoidal Search
Exercise <Run procedure p624db.dat to build some ellipses and view them in MineSight 3-D.> Do not use octant/quadrant options. In MineSight 3-D, you can import ellipse as a MineSight object (import file ellips.msr). Adjust properties of object if needed.
Page 6-4
Notes:
Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn:
The types of interpolations available in point validation The use of controls on the interpolation How to interpolate point grades with MineSight
Inverse distance weighting (IDW) of power 1.0 IDW of power 1.5 IDW of power 2.0 IDW of power 2.5 IDW of power 3.0 Kriging
Interpolation Controls
There is a large range of parameters for controlling the point interpolation.
Search distance N-S, E-W, and by elevation 3-D ellipsoidal search Minimum and maximum number of composites to use Maximum distance to the nearest composite Use or omit geologic control Inverse distance powers and variogram parameters Page 7-1
Notes:
Point interpolation program M524V1 outputs the results for each composite used to an ASCII file. These results are evaluated using program M525TS and the statistical summaries are output to the report file.
Point Validation
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p52401.dat - Point Validation>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - File and Area Selection This panel provides input for the composite file to use, and for the area of the model to validate. <Select the composite file 9 and leave the rest of the panel blank>. Panel 2 - Point Interpolation This panel provides input for the validation item and search parameters. <Enter the Rock type 1 search parameter values for the CU item (210m horizontal, 50m vertical, 210m 3D). Use 3 as the minimum number of composites and 16 as the maximum.> Panel 3 - Optional Ellipsoidal Search Parameters Ellipsoidal Search and use of anisotropic distances are optional. For this run, <enter major, minor, and vertical search distances of 210, 120, and 120, respectively. Enter MEDS for the rotation angle specification and check the box to Use anisotropic distances? > Panel 4 - Optional Data Selection This panel will only come up if you choose the anisotropic distances option on the previous panel. The angles for this example are ROT = 10, DIPN = 0 and DIPE = 0. Panel 5 - Optional Parameters <Enter the name of the previously prepared variogram parameter file (vario.rk1)>. If the variogram parameter file is not entered in this panel, you will be prompted to enter the variogram parameters on subsequent panels. Panel 6 - Optional Data Selection for Point Interpolation This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There is also an optional selection item and geologic matching item available for further data limiting. <Select only ROCK item value 1 for plotting by using the RANGE command, and specify ROCK as the geologic matching item>. Panel 7 - Optional Parameters Use the default IDW powers for each case; generate a detailed report for case 3, using a 0.1 frequency interval and 40 intervals. Results This report (on the next page) shows summary statistics for actual composite grades versus the results from different interpolations.
Page 7-2
Notes:
This section of the report shows the statistics of the differences between actual and kriging values The histogram is the histogram of the errors.
Page 7-3
Notes:
This section of the report file shows correlation statistics between the actual and Kriging values.
This section of the report file shows correlation statistics between the actual and inverse distance values.
Exercise Change some of the search parameters and rerun the above procedure. What do you observe?
Page 7-4
Notes:
Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn:
How to calculate grade and tonnages above different cutoffs How to calculate grade and tonnages between cutoffs How to produce a histogram plot of model values How to generate reserves by bench or geological resources How to generate probability plots from the model
Model Statistics
From the MS Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p60801.dat - Statistics (Model)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis This panel is used to specify the model file for analysis - file 15 in this example. Panel 2 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the item(s) to be analyzed, along with optional weighting and selection items. For this example, <use CUID as the first (base) item; also enter the items CUKRG, CUPLY, and MOID. Weight the results by the TOPO item with a multiplier of 0.01>. Panel 3 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis This panel is used to enter the frequency analysis parameters; use a minimum of zero, and 40 intervals with an interval size of 0.1. <Enter cu1 as the filename extension for both the run and report files>. Panel 4 - Optional Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values.< Select ROCK item values 1 and 2 by using the RANGE command. Enter 16.2 as multiplier for resource calculation>. This is the Ktonnage/ block for our project. Panel 5 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides the opportunity to limit the data selection based on model parameters, as well as titling options. Let the area selection default to the entire model, but enter a title such as Inverse Distance Weighting. Panel 6 - Histogram Plot Attributes Set up the Histogram Plot Attributes as desired.
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Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Results and Histogram Plot This section of the report file (rpt608.cu1) shows the grade and tonnage of CUID, CUKRG, CUPLY and MOID values at specified cutoffs.
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This section of the report file shows the tonnage and grade of CUID values at each bench. The grade is reported at whatever the minimum value specified on Panel 3.
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When you close the report file, the MPLOT panel will come up, giving you the opportunity to preview the contour data plot, send it to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use.
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Exercise Generate model statistics for items from IDW, polygonal and Kriging methods separately. Use the same cutoff intervals. We will use the data output files from each run to make grade tonnage plots. Use filename extensions cui, cup, and cuk respectively.
Grade/Tonnage Plots
From the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure pgtplt.dat - Grade/Tonnage Plots>. Fill out the panel as described. Panel 1 Select Files or Parameters We will plot grade/tonnage curves from polygonal, IDW and kriging methods on the same graph. Specify the data files produced in the previous section for each of these options: dat608.cup, dat608.cui,and dat608.cuk. Differentiate between the curves with contrasting symbol and linetypes, and enter an appropriate title such as Polygonal vs IDW (+) vs Kriging (#). Results and Grade/Tonnage Plot The MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
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Results and Histogram Plot The plot is opened in program M122MF. <To exit, click the X>.
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Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Results and Histogram Plot This section of the report file shows the grade and tonnage of CUID values at user specified cutoffs. Note that the figures are for between the cutoffs. The results are presented in a tabular form and as a symbolic histogram. This section of the report file has a bench-by-bench breakdown of CUID values.
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When you exit the report file, the MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
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Model Correlations
<On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p61801.dat - Correlations (Model)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - 3-D Model Data Correlation Analysis This panel provides input for file selection, filename extensions, and titling options. <Select the 3D model file (file 15), and specify a filename extension of cu for both the run and report files>. Panel 2 - 3-D Model Data Correlation Analysis This panel provides input for model item selection and axis values. <Enter CUID for the y-axis and CUKRG for the x-axis of the plot. Use a minimum of zero and a maximum of three for both axes>. Panel 3 - 3D Model Data Correlation Analysis <Calculate the statistics for all benches by accepting the default values, and enter a title such as IDW vs Kriging>. Panel 4 - Optional Data Selection for Model Correlations This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There is also an option for a selection item for further data limiting. <Select only ROCK item value 1 by using the RANGE command>. Results and Correlation Plot This section of the report file (rpt618.cu) shows the summary of correlation statistics between CUID and CUKGR values.
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When you exit the report file, the MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
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Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Exercise Calculate the correlations between polygonal and Kriging grades. What do you observe?
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Probability Plots
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure p61901.dat - Probability Plot (Model)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - 3D Model Cumulative Probability Plot This panel provides input for file selection, area specification, and filename extensions. Select the 3D model file (file 15), and allow the rest of the panel to default. Panel 2 - 3D Model Cumulative Probability Plot This panel provides input for the model item and limits and titling options. <Select the item CUKRG, using a minimum value of zero and a maximum value of three. Enter a title such as Probability plot for kriging estimate>. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection for the Probability Plot This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There is also an option for a selection item for further data limiting. Select all model data by leaving this panel blank. Panel 4 - Pen Specification and Optional User Plot Files This panel provides the opportunity to overlay other plotfiles on this plot. Leave this panel blank for this exercise. Panel 5 - Optional Plot Parameters This panel provides input for various plot parameters; fill this panel out as desired. Results and Probability Plot The MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
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Exercise Create separate probability plots for Rock Types 1 and 2. Compare results.
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Model Calculations
Model Calculations
In this section you will calculate block values for item EQCU and store them in the model.
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Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn how to perform calculations using information stored in the model.
Model Calculations
<From the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure p61201.dat - User-Calcs (Model)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - Mine Model/Surface File Data Items to be Used This panel provides input for the model file type, area specification and filename extensions. <Specify file 15, and leave the rest of the panel blank.> Panel 2 - Mine Model/Surface File Data Items to be Used This panel provides input for the model items to use in the calculation. Since we will calculate EQCU values from values stored for CUID and MOID, we need to enter these three items. <Enter zeros for optional values to substitute for undefined values.> Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection for M612RP Calculations This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. You can also specify an optional boundary file in this panel. <Use the RANGE command to specify ROCK Types 1 and 2, and CUID values between 0 and 99.> Panel 4 - Define Special Project Calculations for M612RP In this panel the model calculation(s) are defined; if more than ten calculations are required, check the box at the bottom of the panel. For this exercise, we will <define EQCU = CUID + MOID * 5 and leave the box unchecked.> Panel 5 - Optional Storage of Items Back to the Model This panel provides input for specifying the item(s) in the model where the result is to be stored. For this exercise, well <store only the EQCU item.> The results are stored directly to the specified item in the model file. To check the results visually, simply create a Model View in MineSight 3-D.
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Model Calculations
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Quantifying Uncertainty
Quantifying Uncertainty
Prior to this section you calculated the distance to the closest composite and the Kriging variance.
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Learning Outcome
In this section, you will learn how to quantify your confidence in the results of the block model calculations. We will use different approaches:
distance to the closest composite, Kriging variance, combined Kriging variance, and Relative Variability Index.
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Quantifying Uncertainty
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 5 - Optional Storage of Items Back to the Model This panel provides input for specifying the item(s) in the model where the result is to be stored. For this exercise, well store only the ZONE item. Repeat the procedure for: Zone = 2 when DISTP = 40 to 57 Zone = 3 when DISTP = 57 to 77 Zone = 4 when DISTP >77 These values for ZONE will be used to define proven ore (ZONE =1 or 2), probable ore (ZONE =3) and possible ore (ZONE =4). Exercise Make a model view of item ZONE in MS2 to check the results of the code assignment.
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Kriging Variance
Make a model view of the item CUKVR as it was calculated by running procedure P62401.DAT. Use cutoffs of 0.039, 0.055 and 0.087 (quartiles).
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Quantifying Uncertainty
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Combined Kriging Variance Rerun the Kriging procedure for each rock type. Calculate combined variance instead of Kriging variance. Store in item CUKCV. Make a model view. Use cutoffs of 0.005, 0.010, and 0.021 (quartiles).
Relative Variability Index Rerun the Kriging procedure for each rock type. Calculate RVI instead of Combined variance. Store in item RVI. Make a model view. Use cutoffs of 0.22, 0.34, and 0.65 (quartiles). What do you notice?
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Quantifying Uncertainty
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Change of Support
Change of Support
Prior to this section you had the composite and 3-D model files initialized and loaded. You also calculated the classical statistics and the grade variograms of the composites.
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Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn:
What change of support means How to determine indicator cutoffs How to calculate block variance for different size blocks What is Kriges relationship of variance How to determine change of support correction factor How to do global change of support correction Change of support methods
Change of Support
The term support at the sampling stage refers to the characteristics of the sampling unit, such as the size, shape and orientation of the sample. For example, channel samples and diamond drillcore samples have different supports. At the modeling and mine planning stage, the term support refers to the volume of the blocks used for estimation and production. It is important to account for the effect of the support in our estimation procedures, since increasing the support has the effect of reducing the spread of data values. As the support increases, the distribution of data gradually becomes more symmetrical. The only parameter that is not affected by the support of the data is the mean. The mean of the data should stay the same even if we change the support.
Global Correction
There are some methods available for adjusting an estimated distribution to account for the support effect. The most popular ones are affine correction and indirect lognormal correction. All of these methods have two features in common: 1. They leave the mean of the distribution unchanged. 2. They change the variance of the distribution by some adjustment factor.
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Change of Support
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Exercise 1 Change block size to 10x10 and re-run the procedure. What change do you see in the block variance? Exercise 2 Change block discretization to 10x10x5 and see the effect on the block variances of 20x20 blocks. Exercise 3 If you have another variogram parameter file, try running the procedure with it. What do you observe? Page 11-2 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Change of Support
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Change of Support
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Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Results and Histogram Plot The report file presents the ASCII data analysis in tabular and symbolic histogram form. When you exit the report file, the MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel.
Change of Support
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Change of Support
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Results The report file (rpt508.lvc) contains a summary of the Volume-variance correction results.
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Exercise 1 Run stats on item CUBLK to look at the new distribution. Use extension AFF. Exercise 2 Run the Volume-Variance Correction using the indirect lognormal method. Use 0.72 for the coefficient of variation. (Store back to CUBLK, run statistics, use extension ILM.) Exercise 3 Combine all histograms in one plot: original data (plt402.cu) hermite polynomials transformation (plt402.blk) affine correction (plt402.aff), and indirect lognormal method (plt402.ilm) On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select the Group Plotting, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure anyplt.dat - Plot any USERF/DATAF. Fill out the panels as described. Plotting Panel Enter scale and x,y limits (plotting units, not project). Plotting files are USERF. Use appropriate shift commands. Results The plot should look like this: Page 11-6 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Change of Support
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Change of Support
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. run procedure psblkv.dat for this size of a block, you should get a block variance of 0.19157; therefore the correction factor should be 0.19157/0.17699 = 1.08. The average model grade for Rock Type 1 is 0.6917 and the c.v. is 0.5025. Results
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Exercise 1 Run stats on item CUKGG to lookat the new distribution. Exercise 2 Plot grade tonnage curves of CUKGG and CUKRG items to compare the original and adjusted grade distribution.
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Calculate indicators
In order to calculate the probability of each block to be above grade 1.2, we are going to assign indicator values to the composites: 0 if the grade is below 1.2, 1 if otherwise. This step requires that you have an additional item in file 9 to store the indicators with min =0, max =1 (or more) and precision = 1. <Select Group Composites, Operations Calculations. Run procedure p50801.dat User Calcs (Composites) Use item ROCKX. For benches 2540 to 2600 assign value zero to item ROCKX (use rock types 1 and 2). Then assign value ROCKX=1 for Cu>1.2>
Calculate probabilities
Assign the probability of occurrence of outlier grades to the blocks. This step requires that you have an additional item in file 15 to store the probabilities. The item should be initialized with min =0, max =1, precision = 0.01 or 0.001. Use Inverse Distance Weighting to assign the probabilities. <Select Group 3D-Modeling, Operations Calculations. Run procedure p62001.dat IDW interpolation Use the same search parameters used in previous runs. Add one more item to interpolate (CUIND using ROCKX). Interpolate only benches 24 to 28. Use OR1 and OR2 as extensions for run files and reports.>
Perform ORK
<Select Group 3D-Modeling, Operations Calculations. Run procedure p62401.dat Ordinary Kriging Use the same search parameters used in previous runs. Replace model item to interpolate to CUPLY. Interpolate only benches 24 to 28. Use OR1 and OR2 as extensions for run files and reports. Add the ORK options in the last panel (use item ROCKX from composite file and item CUIND from model).>
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Indicator Kriging
The basis of the technique is transforming the composite grades to a (0 or 1) function. All composite grades above cutoff can be assigned a code of 1 whereas all the composites below can be assigned a code of 0. Then a variogram can be formed from the indicators which can be used for Kriging the indicators. The resulting Kriging estimate represents the probability of each block having a grade value above the cutoff.
Assign Indicators
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select Group Composites, Operation Type Calculations. Run procedure p50801.dat -User-Calcs (comps) to assign indicators to item altrx.> Panel 1 Labels of Composite Items to use <Enter item altrx as the item to store the indicators.> Panel 2 Optional Data Selection <Enter a RANGE for the calculation on rock type 1 and 2 and cu grade 0 to 99.> Panel 3 Limits for Data Selection Leave this panel blank. Panel 4 Special Project Calculations <In this panel you need to assign an initial code of 0 to item altrx.Repeat the procedure, but this time enter a range for cu from 0.3 to 99, and use altrx =1.>
Variogram of Indicators
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select Group Composites, Operation type Calculation. Run Procedure p30302.dat-Variograms (comp).> Panel 1 Experimental Variograms for 3-D Composites <Enter ALTRX as the item to use. Create a normal variogram. Use extension alt.> Panel 2 Optional Variogram Parameters Leave this panel blank
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Panel 3 Optional Data Selection <Use both rock types.> Panel 4 3-D Coordinate Limits for Data Selection Leave this panel blank Panel 5 Parameters for Multi-Directional Variograms <Compute 4 normal variograms (4x1), starting at horizontal angle 0.0 with 45 degree increments and at a vertical angle of 0.0. Use 10 intervals with 50 m lag distance. Use 22.5 degree horizontal windowing angle and 10 degree vertical windowing angle.>
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Krige Indicators
On the MineSight Menu tab, <select Group 3D Deposit Modeling I Operations Type Calculations. Run procedure p62401.dat - Ordinary Kriging.> Panel 1 Files and Model Specification Area <Use extension alt.> Panel 2 Krige Search Parameters <Enter a search distance of 370m in the x and y directions as well as a maximum distance. Enter 50m in the z direction and a maximum 3D distance for closest composite of 100m. Specify a minimum of 3 composites and a maximum of 16 composites to interpolate a block.> Panel 3 Interpolation Control Items <Use composite item ALTRX to interpolate item CUIND.> Panel 4 Optional Input Parameters Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 Variogram Parameters <Use figures from previous exercise.> Panels 6, 7, 8 Leave those panels blank.
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Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn: How to determine indicator cutoffs How to calculate indicator variograms How to model indicator variograms How to determine indicator class means How to assign indicators to composite data How to setup indicator variogram parameter files How to calculate affine correction How to do multiple indicator Kriging run How to calculate indicator Kriging reserves
Overview
Multiple Indicator Kriging (M.I.K.) is a technique developed to overcome the problems with estimating local recoverable reserves. The basis of the technique is the indicator function which transforms the grades at each sampled location into a [0,1] random variable. The indicator variograms of these variables are estimated at various cutoff grades. The technique consists of estimating the distribution of composite data. The distribution is then corrected to account for the actual selective mining unit (SMU) size. This yields the distribution of SMU grades within each block. From that distribution, recoverable reserves within the block can be retrieved. Accumulation of recoverable reserves for these blocks over a volume gives the global recoverable reserves for that volume.
Uses of Indicators
Indicators can be used to:
deal with outliers model multiple populations estimate categories (descriptive or qualitative variables) estimate distributions estimate confidence intervals
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Incremental Statistics
<On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select Group Statistics, and the operation Calculation. Run procedure p40201.dat - Statistics (composites). Run statistics on item CU, using 100 increments of 0.02. Use extension IK1 for reports and run files. Check the option not to accumulate the intervals. Do that only for rock type 1.> Results:
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Cutoffs 0.42
0.56
0.68
0.78
0.88
0.98
1.12
1.30
1.46 1.66
Panel 3 Optional Data Selection Limit the data input to Rock Type 1 only. Panel 4 Optional Coordinate Limits You have the option of limiting the area of data selection. Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 Parameters for Multi-Directional Composite Variograms <Compute 2 indicator variograms (2x1), starting at horizontal angle 0.0 with 90 degree increments and at vertical angle 0.0. Use 10 intervals with 50m lag distance.> There will be a set of indicator variograms for each of the 10 cutoffs. There will also be a set of variograms for the grade item. This is the last set. In the report file, a summary Page 14-4 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. appears for each variogram calculated. This is a 3-D omni-directional variogram for the first indicator cutoff (IND1).
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Cutoff 0.42 0.56 0.68 0.78 0.88 0.98 1.12 1.30 1.46 1.66 Mean 0.1907 0.4802 0.6132 0.7241 0.8232 0.9199 1.0279 1.2050 1.3727 1.5539 Variogram type 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 Nugget 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 Sill-nugget 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.06 0.03 Range 75 75 63 63 57 51 41 41 41 32
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MIK Reserves
<On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select Group MIK, Operations Calculations. Run procedure p60801.dat - Statistics (model).> Panel 1 3-D Model Data Statistical Analysis <Use file 15.> Panel 2 Model Data Statistical Analysis Since MIK computes ore percent in each block, a second weighting item is necessary for MIK cutoffs greater than 0. <Use item CUPCT with items TOPO and PCT as weighting items (0.01 multipliers).> Panel 3 Model Data Statistical Analysis <Use 40 increments of 0.1. Use extension IK0.> Panel 4 Optional Data Selection <Enter 16.2 as multiplier for resource calculation.> This is the Ktonnage/block for our project. <Limit statistics on rock type 1.> Panel 5 Mine Model Statistical Analysis <Calculate the statistics for the whole model.> Panel 6 Histogram Plot Attributes Report:
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the plane must pass through the function value at the point in question (i.e., through the Z (grade) value), and the angles the plane makes with vectors or lines to all of the various points in the neighborhood must be minimized.
The angles are weighted by a function of how far or near the various neighboring points are from the point of interest. After the tangent planes are generated, block values are calculated from neighboring composites (now with gradients). User needs to specify how many neighbors are used in this calculation. The gradient information for each composite is evaluated at the block location and the calculation of the block value is weighted by the distance from the block to each composite. Exercise <Run procedure p62501.dat under Group 3D Modeling I Operation Calculations.> Try to use the same search parameters as in previous methods.
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