Ancient Naukratis: Excavations at a Greek Emporium in Egypt. Part I: The Excavations at Kom Ge'if Author(s): Albert Leonard, Jr.

Reviewed work(s): Source: The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Vol. 54, Ancient Naukratis: Excavations at a Greek Emporium in Egypt. Part I: The Excavations at Kom Ge'if (1997), pp. vvii+ix-xxii+1-375+377-415 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3768560 . Accessed: 23/10/2012 07:57
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ANCIENT Excavations at a Greek

NAUKRATIS in

Emporium

Egypt

PartI The Excavations at Kom Ge'if

by Albert Leonard, Jr.

with

contributions

by

Andrea Brian

S. Chisholm, Jeanne

J. Brewer, Douglas Patricia Crawford, Curtin, Joanne and David S. Reese Hourston-Wright,

Berlin,

American

Schools

of

Oriental

Research

ANCIENT EXCAVATIONS AT A

NAUKRATIS GREEK EMPORIUM IN EGYPT

PartI The Excavations at Kom Ge'if

By Albert Volume Leonard, Jr.

1 in the Ancient Naukratis William

The Ancient

Naukratis series. series is edited by D. E. Coulson

Co-directors,

Albert Leonard, Jr. Naukratis Project

Volumes in this series already published are: Vol. 2, Part I The Survey at Naukratis, by William D. E. Coulson Vol. 3 The Tomb Chamber of Hsw the Elder: The Inscribed Material at Kom El-Hisn I: Illustrations, by D. P. Silverman Vol. 6 Greek Painted Pottery from Naukratis in Egyptian Museums, by Marjorie S. Venit

This volume has been published with the assistance of the Provost's Author Support Fund of the University of Arizona.

American

?1997 Schools of Oriental Research

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Leonard, Albert. Ancient Naukratis / by Albert Leonard, Jr. : with contribu? tions by Andrea Berlin . . . [et al.]. cm. ? (Annual of the American Schools of Ori? p. ental Research : v. 54) Includes bibliographical references. Contents: V. 1. The excavations at Naukratis. Pt. 1. The ex? cavations at Kom Ge'if ? ISBN 0-7885-0392-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Naucratis (Extinct city) 2. Excavations (Archaeol? (Extinct city). I. Berlin, Andrea. ogy)?Egypt?Naucratis II. Title. III. Series. 1997 DT73.N3L46 97-28045 932?dc21 CIP

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. ?

Contents Preface. List of Figures. List of Plates. List of Tables. Abbreviations. Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. A History of the Excavations in the Northwest Excavations Excavations Excavations Excavations in the Southeast in the Northeast in the North at Naukratis/Kom Area, Area, Area, Albert Albert Albert Ge'if, Jr. Jr. Jr. Andrea Berlin. Albert Leonard, Jr. . . . ix xiii xvii xxi xxii 1 36 85 113 116 136 286 309 Curtin, Jeanne 324 347 350 Jr. 352 361 375

Leonard, Leonard, Leonard, Jr.

Area,

Albert

Leonard,

The Pottery from the Northwest Miscellaneous Material Culture, The The Carbonized Human Plant Remains, in the South

and North Albert Patricia Mound,

Areas,

Leonard, Crawford.

Jr.

Burials

A. Joanne

Chapter Chapter Appendix

10. 11.

Hourston-Wright, The Animal Bones The Fish Bones,

and Brian S. Chisholm. and Shells, David S. Reese.

Field Pottery

Douglas J. Brewer. Fabric Types, Albert Leonard,

Bibliography. Plates.

Preface

Project has been concentrated in the north and the sites of El-Barnugi by This area contains the ancient city of Naukratis (modern Kom was the first and only city in which the Historian Herodotus, The work of the Naukratis in an area bounded

in the western Kom el-Hisn Ge'if),

Nile

Delta,

specifically (see fig. 1.1). to the Greek

in the south

which. according Greek merchants were allowed to early a number of other sites dating from Pharaonic settle. The area also contains through later Roman little is known of these sites and their state of preservation. times. Unfortunately, Indeed, the process was passed at has been so serious in the Delta that a resolution of decay and modern encroachment the Second International Congress to survey work of Egyptologists held at Grenoble, 1979, France, in September the Naukratis has involved: in the Delta. Accordingly, Project sites within an approximate 30 km area to the north and west of Naukratis the environs

giving top priority 1) A survey of all ancient in order to learn more about visible remains,

and cultivation modern

of the city. Such a survey has assessed the character of the the state of site preservation, and the extent of intrusions made by modern settlements at the site of Naukratis based on now Coulson 1996: 2) a program of excavation (see and backed techniques of the Ancient Naukratis at the southern details by an interdisciplinary support staff. series is divided into two volumes. The first describes the

excavation

This volume

results of the excavation Ge'if; both the second volume

end of the ancient

the excavations

city at a mound within the village of Kom to the northeast of that village in an area known to

Petrie and local farmers Because the details

as Kom Hadid.

of the stratigraphy at Naukratis had been debated for almost a century, the in the South Mound at Kom Ge'if was to present first the maximum ver? strategy of our excavations tical exposure of the archaeological soils still extant between the rising ground water and the sebakhinscarred surface of the ancient periods site. Then, that were still preserved areas in an attempt (horizontal) phase was conducted after we had produced at Naukratis, we would direct to elucidate a clear understanding of the historical our emphasis to the clearing of larger of occupation by each chronorepresented emporium.

logical/historical Excavation

the type(s) in the life of the inhabitants of this famous according to a modified

method of (balk/debris) "Wheeler-Kenyon" excavation tailored to meet the particular (Dever and Lance 1978; Seger 1971) that was specifically in the Nile Delta. At Naukratis all archaeological of excavation excavation was done by the problems excavation team and volunteers under strict supervision field and square supervisors. by experienced The of already-excavated soils, the washing of pottery, and guarding of excavation areas. Our gafir, Mr. Ahmed Shehab Mousa, the local antiquities guard, provided immeasurable help in securing qualified people to help us in this respect. The basis of our recording system is the Locus, defined simply as any three dimensional entity encountered device more during the excavation process. Loci can be either artificial (a procedural termed a probe), or they may be authentic as a wall, pit, soil lens, or floor). Occa? (such commonly a device that is restricted to artifactual sionally a Locus will carry a "Point P" suffix (Locus XXXX.P) and ecofactual ciation material of that material to the asso? directly on a floor or surface, and is used to call attention to the floor/surface. Also used is a "Point One" suffix (Locus XXXX.l), which such occupation surfaces. system is the "pottery bag," which represents the specific material three-dimensional to entity and in that regard may be considered the first 10 cm below found use of local labor was limited to the removal

is used as a control

collecting The basic unit of our excavation from a precisely-recorded,

when

collected

Preface

AASOR

54

as one Locus and on the basis (Seger 1971: 16). A pottery bag may be excavated of subsequent to another Locus, but it always remains intact and cannot be study be reassigned subdivided. of contamination in a pottery bag automatically Any suspicion reassigns it to the latest of the Loci under consideration, or to Top-soil. A typical pottery bag from our excavations might be recorded as "N.I.492.40," which stands for Naukratis, Field I (Kom the excavation This will have been the fortieth 492, Bag 40. Ge'if), Area/Square in Area 492, and that was assigned to be part of Northwest Phase 8B. are all at? phase, all than sherds as well

be a mini-Locus

bag assigned during to Locus 49214, a Locus that is considered (or reassigned) Artifacts (e.g., pottery, glass, coins) as well as ecofacts (e.g., bone, shell, soil samples) tached to an individual pottery bag so that if that bag is reassigned during the interpretive culture will remain Ceramic artifacts other

(and move) together. as other objects of material culture are assigned a Material Culture Number as the (MC#) sequentially in a given square. They are also tied to the recording of the pottery bag but, excavation progresses since the numbers are assigned in the square notebook, there may be more than one MC#27 but there will only be one MC#27 to Locus 31514. The from Area/Square 315?that from pottery bag N.I.315.38 which is assigned

of the material

therefore, presents the first of the two-part final report on our excavations present volume, at the ancient city of Naukratis, the work in the "South Mound" in the modern village of specifically Chapter 1, written solely by the present author, attempts to put the work of the Naukratis in the context of the previous excavations of the site. It should now be read and interpretations Project I and the Foundation in conjunction with Richard Sullivan's "Psammetichus of Naukratis" (Coulson that this chapter was written. Chapters 2 and supply interpretation for the ex? through 5, also by the present author, describe the stratigraphy cavations in the four major areas of the South Mound. the interpretations are those of the Although 1996: 177-95) author, their formulation was assisted in order. did much vation to put this material done by an exceptionally by the fine stratigraphical eye of Cynthia Johnson-Romy these chapters are based on the meticulous Ultimately cadre of volunteers who exca? which was unavailable to me at the time Kom Ge'if.

dedicated

work of Andrea

Chapter and who joined us late in the study phase our project, but whose scholarship breathed new life into the publication 7, dealing with miscellaneous process. Chapter personality pieces of the material culture, is not intended to be the last word on these pieces but rather an attempt to present them in a manner in which others might make use of them in future research. Chapter 8 is the study of the carbonized by a flotation system designed and plant remains that were collected Berlin constructed

and field supervisors. staff members and specialists.

The Locus Summaries

and faithfully recorded by area/square to each chapter reflect the work of many of the appended Areas, is the 6, on the pottery from the North and Northwest

in the field by Julie Hansen. She and Patricia Crawford sorted most of the samples that of Antiquities, after which Craw? were allowed to be sent to the U.S. by the Egyptian Organization which records and examines ford brought the analysis through to the point of completion. Chapter 9, finds its genesis in the work the human remains from the cemetery that covered the South Mound, of Jeanne Hourston-Wright and Joanne Curtin who excavated and stabilized the burials themselves, an exemplary field report of their work. This work was subsequently and who produced expanded the basis of the chapter that appears in this volume. the help of Brian Chisholm producing through contact with over the years, the author has been unable to reestablish numerous attempts Despite these authors editing and so their report is produced here as it was originally in format. The Human Remains by the author for consistency submitted Catalogue with (HRC) a minimum appended of to

1997

Preface

xi

that chapter represents the in-field work of Hourston-Wright which the material was removed from the field for stabilization ument has been modified and edited

and Curtin

and records

and conservation

by the author, often through the suggestions produced in its tabular form by Jeff Kramer. Chapter 10, on the animal bones and shells excavated at Kom Ge'if, represents only the smallest portion of the assistance and expertise that David Reese has Because David was not able to work with the been given to the Naukratis Project since its inception. shells by which all field a series of sample cards of distinctive were made (usually by Joanne Curtain and other Simon Fraser University identifications students). we were able to obtain these cards of Antiquities, the kindness of the Egyptian Organization Through shell material on site, the author made during our "division" and David was finally able to handle the shells that he had previously been able In the study of the animal bones, David was equally hamto work with only through photographs. of the total sample (and that randomly selected) was allowed to pered since only a small percentage us at the division. to thank all of those who labored at Kom Finally, the author would like to take this opportunity that so much "good archaeology" was done in the constant face of extreme Ge'if. I find it incredible dust, innumerable fleas, Halazoned heat, continual flies, omnipresent water, tepid Tang, miserably relimited shower facilities, closely cramped quarters, constant sickness, and extremely of the canal to the field toilets. Such strength reflects a dedication to a project that leapings I have never experienced in the future, a cold Stella awaits us as our just elsewhere. Surely, somewhere reward. dundant meals, nocturnal

the groups by (by them). This docof David Reese, and

The awarded 1977

season preliminary by the Smithsonian

of the Naukratis Institution,

Project, funded by a Research and Development grant was conducted during a three week period in December

and January 1978. The four excavation were funded by matchand study seasons (1980-1983) for the Humanities. The author wishes to acknowledge Endowment the ing grants from the National Endowment's continued of the project. Matching the Graduate funds were provided support by School and the College of Liberal Arts at the University of Minnesota, by the Social Sciences and Research Council Humanities of Canada, the University of Missouri-Columbia, Carleton College, the College of St. Catherine, Gustavus (CA), Sunnyvale used in the field. Co-directors and by private Adolphus individuals. RCA, in Inc, the 3H Industries Honeywell College, Inc. provided much of the computer hardware

charge and the present author, then at the University vations at Kom Ge'if and Kom Hadid. The Center

of the project were William of the survey project from 1980-1983

of Minnesota who was in University as well as the soundings at sites within the survey area, of Missouri-Columbia, who was in charge of the exca?

D. E. Coulson,

Attiya was also provided by many Egyptian officials: Ahmed el-Sawy, former Director General of the tian Antiquities Hashem el-Alfy and Ibrahim Amir, former Chief Inspectors Organization, West and South Delta Inspectorates Youssef el-Gheriani and Doreya Said, former respectively, tors of the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria, Dia abu Ghazi, former Director General of

Naukratis to the invaluable Research Project is indebted help provided by the American in Egypt and by its directors at the time of fieldwork, Paul Walker and Robert Wenke. Mme. Habachi from her desk in the Cairo office also provided many helpful suggestions. Assistance Egyp? of the Direc? Egyp-

Prefai

AASOR

54

tian Museums, Museum zation

and Mohammed

Mohsem

and Mohammed

Saleh,

former

Directors

of the Egyptian

in Cairo. were Faten

Inspectors assigned to the Naukratis Abdel Halim, Sabry Taha Hassanein,

the antiquities guard at Kom Ge'if, Ahmed Shehab to Abdel Monem, mayor of the municipality. of this manuscript was greatly The preparation

Project by the Egyptian Antiquities Organiand Adly Roshdy Amin. Thanks also go to Mousa, and his family for help and kindness and assisted

by a Research Grant from the National in 1990, and by several Small Grants awarded by the University of for the Humanities Endowment was was done by the author, while most of the object photography Arizona. Most site photography our project photographer. were drawn in the done by the late Duane Bingham, Pottery illustrations who were supervised Susan Osgood who, literally, drew hundreds field by a number of volunteers by Each sherd was checked against its drawing by the author in the field and any errors his. Pottery drawings were inked primarily by Cynthia Johnson-Romy assisted, in the later years, by Lois Kane and Kate Mackay. Much of the artwork for this volume was destroyed by nature from the original (in-field) in 1989. The ensuing chore of recreating illustrations pencil drawings in the appearance of this volume. All plate layout was initially done by the caused considerable delay of sherds herself. are solely author in the later stages by Lois Kane and Kate Mackay often working at the suggestion of Andrea Berlin. The author wishes to offer special thanks to Jeff Kramer and Kate Mackay who have of the final draft of this manuscript. been especially helpful in the production but assisted Albert Tucson, Leonard, Arizona Jr. 1997

The Excavation Director Field Directors

Staff Albert Leonard, Jr. Cynthia Johnson-Romy James W. Rehard Jan M. Sanders Mike Arwe Meg Miller Duane Bingham' Gayle Wever Gerald W. Johnson Susan Osgood Gerald W. Johnson Christopher Loring Cathleen Villas Julie Hansen A. Joanne Curtin Jeanne Hourston Wright

Core Drilling Computer Project EAO Inspectors

John Gifford Alden Arndt Adlu Roshdy Amin Faten Abdel Halim Sabry Taha Hassanein

Area Supervisors Photographer Conservator Surveyor Artist Balloon Photogrammetry Geology Paleobotany Physical Anthropology

Post-Seasons

Study Staff Patricia Crawford David S. Reese Brian S. Chisholm Andrea Berlin

Floral Analyses Faunal/Marine Analyses Physical Anthropology Ceramics Analyses Project Consultants

Art/History Science Historian 'Deceased

Bernard Bothmer George Rapp, Jr. Richard Sullivan'

List

ofFigures 1 in Coul? Map of the Egyptian Nile Delta showing the location of Naukratis/Kom Ge'if (John Huffstot son and Leonard 1981b: 39, fig. 1). Plan of Petrie's excavations at Naukratis (Petrie 1886: pl. XL). Plan of Petrie's excavations north of the Great Temenos (Petrie 1886: pl. XLI). Gardner's plan of the excavations at Naukratis (Gardner 1888: pl. IV). Plan of Petrie's Great Temenos (Petrie 1886: pl. XLII). Hogarth's site plan of his first season of work (1899) at Naukratis (Hogarth 1898/99: pl. II). Hogarth's plan of his 1899 excavations in the northern part of ancient Naukratis (Hogarth 1898/99: pl. III). Hogarth's plan of his 1903 season of excavation in what he felt was the Hellenion of the ancient city by Herodotus (Hogarth 1905: 113, fig. 1). of present-day Naukratis and its environs with the lake formed in the depression of the earlier excavations. Kom Ge'if and the South Mound are visible at the bottom of the photograph (composite balloon photos by G. W. Johnson in Coulson and Leonard 1981a: pl. 4). Composite drawing indicating the approximate relation of the modern topography to the structures found by the earlier excavators (G. W. Johnson in Coulson, Leonard and Wilke 1982: fig. 5). Balloon photograph showing Areas 1 and 2 of the (1980) excavations in the South Mound (G W. mentioned Photomosaic Johnson in Coulson and Leonard 1981a: pl. 46, fig. 2). Plan of the South Mound showing individual excavation areas (G. W. Johnson and C. Johnson-Romy). Plan of Naukratis showing the location of the 1980 excavation Fields I and II (G W. Johnson in Coul? son and Leonard 1981a: 34, fig. 3). 2 General plan of the area excavated in the northwest corner of the South Mound in 1981 and 1982 The 1980 soundings (1 and 2) were situated south of and the location of the 1983 Probes (A-D). Probe B west of Room 4. Plan of architectural phase NW 1 (earliest) showing "Wall" 1026 in Sounding 1 and the cornering of Walls 2044 and 2045 in Sounding 2. South balks of the Northwest Building areas. Temporary east balk of Sounding 1 (equals the western 1.50 m of NW Area 492) drawn during exca? vation to illustrate the fact that Locus 1008 and Locus 1009 are equivalent to Locus 49238, upon was built. which Wall 1007/49204 and contemporary Sounding Plan of architectural phase NW 2 showing Sounding 1 Wall 1023-1024 m ASL on Locus 1025 and 2035 respectively. 2 Wall 2030 both of which were founded at 4.90-4.91 phase NW 3. phase NW 4. Plan of architectural phase NW 5. North balks of the Northwest Building areas. Plan of architectural Plan of architectural Plan of architectural Plan of architectural phase NW 6. phase NW 7. Plan of architectural phase NW 8. Plan of NW Hiatus phase A. Plan of NW Hiatus phase B. Plan of NW Hiatus phase C. Plan of architectural phase NW 9.

Chapter 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9

1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13

Chapter 2.1

2.2 2. 3 2. 4

2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16

xm

List ofFigures

AASOR

54

Chapter 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 Chapter 4.1 4.2 Chapter 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Chapter 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25

3 Area 12: Plan of SE 6 tombs. Area 15: Plan of SE 6 tombs. Area 12: Plan of SE 4 tombs. Area 15: Plan of SE 4 tombs. Area 12: Plan of SE 2 tombs. Area 15: Plan of SE 2 tombs. Area 12: Final top plan showing SE 1 walls. Area 15: Final top plan showing SE 1 walls. Balks of SE Area 12. Balks of SE Area 15. 4 Northeast Northeast 5 Area 316: Plan of phase N2. Phase Nl was encountered below Surface 31629P in the southwestern corner of the square. The outline of the upper, N3 features are indicated in hatching. Balks of North Area 316. Areas 315 and 316: Plan of phase N 3. Balks of North Area 315. 6 Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from Pottery from f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest f Northwest Phase IB. Phases IB and 1C. Phases 2A and 2B. Phase 2B. Phase 2B. Phases 2B and 3A. Phases 3A and 3B. Phase 3B. Phases 3B and 4A. Phase 4B. Phase 4B. Phase 4B. Phases 4B and 4B/5. Phase 6B. Phase 6C. Phases 6B, 7, and 7B. Phase 7B. Phases 7D and 8A. Phase 8A. Phases 8 and 6C-8. Phase 8B. Phase 8B. Hiatus A and B. Hiatus A and B. Hiatus A and B. Area 66: Final top plan. Area 88: Final top plan.

1998

List of Figures

6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47 6.48 6.49 6.50 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.54 6.55 6.56 6.57 6.58 6.59 6.60 6.61 6.62 6.63 6.64 6.65 6.66 6.67 6.68 Chapter 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5

Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest

Hiatus A. Hiatus A. Hiatus A. Hiatus A and B. Hiatus A and B. Hiatus B and C. Hiatus B. Hiatus B. Hiatus C. Hiatus C. Hiatus C. Hiatus C and Phase 9A. Phase 9. Phase 9A. Phase 9. Phases 9, 9A, and Hiatus C. Phase 9A. Phase 10. Phase 9. Phase 10A. Phase 10. Phase 10. Phase 10. Phase 10. Phase 10. Phase 10. Phase 10. Phase 10.

Pottery from Kom Ge'if Northwest Phase 10. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phases 1 and 2. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phase 2. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phase 2. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phase 2. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phase 2. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phases 2 and 3. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phase 3. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phase 3. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phase 3. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phase 3. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phase 3. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phases 3 and 5. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phase 5. Pottery from Kom Ge'if North Phase 5. 7 Profile of a fragment of a local, terracotta lamp. NW Profile of a fragment of a local, terracotta lamp. NW Rhodian amphora handle with stamp. NW Hiatus A, Rhodian amphora handle with stamp. NW Phase 3B, Knidian amphora handle with stamp. South Mound Phase 8A, Locus 49149. Phase 8A, Locus 49150. Locus 49233. MC#79 Locus 2020. MC#88. surface. MC#202a. MC#85. MC#202b.

List ofFigures

AASOR

54

7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 Chapter 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4

Knidian amphora handle with stamp. NW Phase 2B, Locus 2022. MC#87. Fragment of a terracotta mortar or baking tile. Northeast Area, topsoil Locus 8801. MC#37. Terracotta brazier or lamp, from Field II. Fragment of a moldmade, terracotta bowl depicting the Egyptian god Bes (in relief). Northwest Locus 1019. MC#85. Tiny fragment of Gnathian ("West Slope") Ware from NW3B, Locus 1019. Fragments of faience plates, cups, and small dishes, from the South Mound. Fragments of faience plates, cups, and small dishes, from the South Mound. Carved, limestone plaque depicting a cobra (Agathos Daimon?) on one face and an unknown the other. NW Hiatus C, Locus 49136. MC#118. Rim from a white, marble dish. North Area Phase 3, Locus 31615. MC#67 Rim from a black, basalt dish. Northwest Area Phase 8B, Locus 49214. MC#136. Rim from a green, diorite dish. Northwest "topsoil" Locus 49156. MC#101. Earring consisting 8 Cultivated emmer. Plants: a, b, c: Emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum); d, e, f: Spikelet forks of of flat pieces of copper connected by gold wire. Southeast Area,

scene on

Phase 5, Locus 1542.

Cultivated Plants: a: Barley (Hordeum vulgare); b: Lentil (Lens culinaris); c, d: Grape (Vitis vinifera); e: Fig (Ficus carica or F. sycomorus). Plants: a, b, c, d: Darnel (Lolium cf. temulentum); e: Scorpion tail (Scorpiurus muNon-Cultivated ricatus); f: Clover (Trifolium sp.); g: Medick (Medicago sp.); h: Goosefoot (Chenopodium murale). Non-Cultivated h: Cyperaceae. Plants: a, b, c: Boraginaceae; d: Polygonaceae; e: Caryophyllaceae; f, g: Compositae;

Chapter 9.1 9.2

9 A tripolar graph of the results of stable-carbon isotopic analysis. A comparison of dental age and skeletal age for infants and children.

List

of Plates

Frontispiece L R Chapter 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 M. Arwe traces the elusive pattern of a mudbrick wall (A. Leonard, Jr.). North and east balks of Area 2 (1980) showing close lamination of loci (A. Leonard, Jr.). 2 The western flanks of the South Mound prior to the beginning of excavation in Areas 1 and 2. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.). Area 1 (foreground) and Area 2 during the course of excavation. Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.). The bottom of the sounding in Area 2 showing the cornering of N-S Wall 2045, and E-W Wall 2044, just before the excavation area began to fill with water. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.). The bottom of the sounding in Area 2 just as the excavation area began to fill with water. Brick(s) of N-S Wall 2045 is visible. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.). East balk of Area 1 showing the base of a small terracotta vessel (MC#36) imbedded in the mudbrick of Locus 1022 in NW Phase 2A. For the drawing of the vessel, see fig. 6.3:5. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.). Mudbrick Wall 1016 of NW Phase 3A in Area 1 being measured and drawn by C. Johnson-Romy. Note the proximity of the wall to the surface of the modern road cutting. Photo from the south (A. Leonard, Jr.). North (working) balk of Area 1, showing Phase 3A beaten clay Surface 1019 situated upon Phase 2 debris Layer 1020. Phase 3A Wall 1016 (on which the scale is placed) was founded on Surface 1019. Photo from the south (A. Leonard, Jr.). North and east balk of Area 2. Tags in the north balk (from bottom to top) indicate the position of: Wall 2030 and courses of the same wall that were dug as Locus 2039 (Phase 2A); Debris Locus 2034 (= Locus 2022) and 2031 (Phase 2B); Pottery-rich debris Layers 2004 and 2020 (Phase 3B); detritus Layer 2003 underlying the small (E-W) Wall 2002 (Phase 4A); and finally Topsoil (Locus 2001). 2.8b. 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 Photo from the south (A. Leonard, Jr.). Detail of above. N-S Wall 49013 bisected for the removal of intrusive Burial 49016. onard, Jr.). N-S Wall 49013

2.6

2.7

2.8a

Photo from the northwest

(A. Le?

(with tags) cut by the removal of intrusive Burial 49016. Individual bricks of lower courses are visible beyond the point of the trowel. Photo from the East Balk (A. Leonard, Jr.). Phase 6, E-W screen Wall 49135 (left) shown butting against N-S Wall 49107. E-W Wall 4910349003 is visible in the lower right corner. Photo from the northeast (A. Leonard, Jr.). Building, Phase 7 and following. Wall 49204 in foreground with scale in door? Wall 49206 (with step) behind Wall 49211 closes Room 4 to the south (right). Photo from the way. west (A. Leonard, Jr.). The westward extension of the Northwest Building forming Room 3 (on right) and Room 4 on the left. Visible N-S walls (from the right/west): 49107, 49206 (with threshold), and the badly damaged Wall 49204 at the far left. N-S Wall 50202/49013 closes the top of the photo. Bi-pod photograph West end of Northwest (D. Bingham). Northwest Building Rooms 3 and 4 as they appeared in NW Phases 7 and 8. Scale on Surface 49235 in Room 3 (NW Phase 8); Surface 49238 in Room 4. Note NW Phase 7, Wall 49211 closing Room 4 on the south. Photo from the north balk (A. Leonard, Jr.). Room 2 looking toward the east, showing "stub" Wall 49133 (NW Phase 8B) built upon Surface 49149 and its make-up (NW Phase 8A). This surface, on which the scale is placed, was cut on the south (right) by a "fire pit" (Locus 49152) in NW Phase 8A, that was dug against the northern face of Wall 49135 that was originally constructed in NW Phase 6C. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.).

2.13

2.14

2.15

List of Plates

AASOR

54

2.16

2.17a 2.17b 2.18

Southwest corner of the Northwest Building in NW Phase 7 and subsequent phases. Scale on Surface 49238. On the right, beyond E-W Wall 49211, the step and threshold (Phases 7 and 8) lead into Room 3. Photo from the southwest (A. Leonard, Jr.). Room 4 from the west. Wall 49204 in the extreme foreground. Scale on Surface 49238, Wall 49206 with step, behind and to the right of the scale, leading to Room 3. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.). Wall 49107 (upper left) with Room 3 (center) and Wall 49206 with step down to Room 4. Photo from the Northwest (A. Leonard, Jr.). Area 491 probe excavation placed against N-S Wall 49107 (rear of photo), north of E-W Wall 49135 (left of photo) in order to determine the relationship between these walls and the ephemeral, NW Phase 7C E-W Wall 49138, that is visible on the right. The tagged northern balk of the probe is shown in Plate 18 below. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.). Temporary north balk against eastern face of Wall 49107 (left) showing its relationship to the small Wall 49138 (tagged at the center of the photo) that formed the eastern limits of a tiny "bin" at the western end of Room 2 in NW Phases 7 and 8. Note (in the lower left): the NW Phase 6B surface, Locus 49146P has been incorrectly tagged as "Locus 49136P" and should be read as 49146P, as it is to the right of the picture. Photo from the south (A. Leonard, Jr.).

2.19

Chapter 3.1

3 stabilizes infant Burial 1239 in SE 4b, Tomb 1258 (Type V) while, in the Jeanne Hourston-Wright Sanders excavates SE 3, detritus Locus 1229. Between the two excavators are the foreground, Jan remains of SE 4a, Tomb 1250 (also Type V). Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.). Infant Burial 1239 in SE 4b, Tomb 1258. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.). Eastern half of Area 12 showing SE 4 tombs dug into SE 3 Detritus 1229, which is considered to rep? resent the slumped, upper courses of ("Great Temenos") Wall 1271. Tomb 1248 (Type V) extends into the east balk (at the top of the photo), and Tombs 1224 (Type III) and Tomb 1249 (Type V) can be seen in the right foreground. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.). SE 4 Tomb 1245 (Type V) sectioned in the east balk of Area 12. Adult Burial 1264 is visible on the tomb floor (pedestal). The tomb had been dug into detritus Locus 1229 upon which the arrow is placed. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.). Partially excavated Burial 1264 (Tomb 1245) extending Photo from the top of the balk (A. Leonard, Jr.). into the excavation area from the east balk.

3.2 3.3

3.4

3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

SE 7b, Tomb 1223 (Type II) built upon SE 7b, detritus Locus 1233. Photo from the north (A. Le? onard, Jr.). Tomb 1207, a Type I tomb of SE Phase 4c, during excavation. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.). of SE Phase 4 burials (Type III Tomb 1224 and Type V Tomb 1249) dug The close juxtoposition into detritus Locus 1229, which is thought to represent the slumped upper courses of Wall 1254, the for the architecture encountered by Petrie and Hogarth. Photo from the east (A. Le? onard, Jr.). Southeast corner of Area 12 showing probe excavated to the level of ground water. South balk shows SE 2 Tomb 1251 (Type I) that had been built built upon SE 1 Locus 1251, which is interpreted as the upper courses of ("Great Temenos") Wall 1271. Rising ground water can be seen filling the probe in the right foreground. Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.). Cluster of bones (Locus 1573, SE 6) found in mudbrick detritus Locus 1539/1542 (SE 5). Possibly of burial(s) from a destroyed tomb in the area. SE 6, Tomb (then being excavated as representing part best candidate "Wall") 1506 is visible to the right. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.). stabilizes bone cluster Locus 1573 prior to its removal from the excavation Jeanne Hourston-Wright area. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.). SE Phase 2a Tomb 1561 (Type V) built in a deep pit that had been dug into a layer of mudbrick detritus which is considered to represent the collapse or slump of the upper courses of ("Great Temenos") Wall 1555. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.).

3.9

3.10

3.11 3.12

1998

List of Plates

3.13

Infant Burial 1551 (complete) in SE Phase 2b Tomb 1547 (Type III). Tomb 1547 was built directly upon SE 2a Tomb 1561, in the same pit that had been dug into Locus 1555. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.). View of the south balk of Area 15, with SE Phase 2, Tomb 1543 (containing Burial 1569) partially in balk. In front (north) of it is SE Phase 2a Tomb 1553 (unopened). Arrow rests on SE Phase 1, Locus which is considered to be the best candidate for evidence of Petrie's "Great Temenos." 1555/1565 Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.). Looking down on Burial 1569 in SE Phase 2, Tomb 1543 (Type V) after it had been excavated. Arrow rests on Locus 1555/1565 of SE Phase 1. Photo from the south balk (A. Leonard, Jr.). The south balk of Area 15 after the removal of Tomb 1543. Unexcavated Tomb 1553 still remains in front (north) of it; while to the right (west) Tomb 1557 can be seen protruding from the balk. Arrow rests on Locus 1555/1565 ("Great Temenos") of SE 1. Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.). A cluster of human bones in SE Phase 3 Locus 1537/1538 that represents the cursary burial of a rather large adult (sex unobtainable) and a young child. Photo from the Southeast (A. Leonard, Jr.). Firedbrick and mudbrick Tomb 1558 (Type V, SE Phase 2b). Above an (unexcavated) primary burial on the floor of this tomb, a layer of sand had been spread (Locus 1567, see arrow) upon (and into) which a group of at least four, secondary burials (an adult male and three or four children) had been interred. Some of these can be seen in the photograph. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.).

3.14

3.15 3.16

3.17 3.18

Chapter 4.1 4.2

4 Area 66 showing rectangular Tomb 6605 and associated stone paving. To the right (South) can be seen Tombs 6604 and 6606. Photo from the West (A. Leonard, Jr.). Area 66 with Tomb 6605 in the foreground and Tomb 6604 in the upper left corner. A probe in the Northwest corner of the square (below the arrow) was to produce a second, lower series of burials including Tombs 6614 and 6615. Photo from the East (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Chapter 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

5 Morris Weiss (left) and John GifFord (right) analyse the material from the core that was drilled in the North Area (A. Leonard, Jr.). Sieving the soil matrix from the core sample from the North Area (A. Leonard, Jr.). Areas 315 and 316 after excavation. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.). Preparing Areas 315 and 316 for excavation. The South Balk (at left) has been trimmed back in "steps" in order to minimize contamination from above, as well as to regularize the illicit digging of the sebakhin. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.). Areas 315 and 316. The arrow is placed on North Phase 3 Wall 31504, the upper courses of which were removed by the digging of the sebakhin, but which are still visible in the trimmed South Balk. Parallel to, and contemporary with, Wall 31504 is Wall 31603 to the right beyond the communal balk. (A. Leonard, Jr.). Wall 31504 (arrow) of North Phase 3 with a succession of tip-lines against it. Traces of the upper courses of the wall, removed by the sebakhin, can be seen in the balk. Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.). North-South Wall 31603 (arrow) of North Phase 3, founded directly upon Wall 31628 of North Phase 2. See probe at the right of photograph. Photo from the west (A. Leonard. Jr.). North-South Wall 31603 (arrow) of North Phase 3 with the upper courses that were destroyed by the sebakhin visible in the South Balk. In the probe to the right (west) of the wall, the lower (North Phase North-South 2) Wall 31628 can be seen. Above the probe, and to the right of Wall 31603, as Wall 31606) is visible. Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.). an intrusive tomb (dug Photo from the Northeast

5.5

5.6

5.7 5.8

xx

List of Plates

AASOR

54

Chapter 7.1.a,b 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12.a,b 7.13 7.l4.a,b 7.15 7.16 7.17.a,b 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22.a,b

7 Fragments of a terracotta plaque depicting Papposilenos(?) carrying a jar. NW Phase 3b, Locus 2020. MC#65 (D. Bingham). Fragments of a terracotta plaque depicting the same scene as pl. 7.1(?). NW Phase 3b, Locus 2020. MC#65A (D. Bingham). Terracotta foot or boot. NW Phase 8b, Locus 49214. MC#76 (D. Bingham). Fragment of an imported, terracotta lamp. NW Phase 2b, Locus 1020 (D. Bingham). Fragment of a local, terracotta lamp. NW Phase 8a, Locus 49150. MC#202a (D. Bingham). Fragment of a local, terracotta lamp. NW Phase 8a, Locus 49149. MC#85 (D. Bingham). Fragment of a local, terracotta lamp. NW Phase 8a, Locus 49150. MC#202b (D. Bingham). Nozzle of a local, terracotta lamp. NW Phase 10, Locus 49201. MC#74 (D. Bingham). Fragment of terracotta potter's wheel(?). N Phase 1, Locus 31629. MC#136 (D. Bingham). Fragment of a terracotta mortar or baking tile. Northeast Area, topsoil Locus 8801. MC#37 ham). Terracotta brazier or lamp, from Field II (D. Bingham). Fragment of a moldmade, terracotta bowl depicting the Egyptian Northwest Area, Locus 2020. MC#85 (D. Bingham). (D. Bing?

god Bes and a column

(in relief).

Tiny fragment of Gnathian ("West Slope") Ware from NW3b, Locus 1018 (D. Bingham). Small, faience amulet depicting the Egyptian god Bes. NW Phase lc, Locus 2036. MC#64a (D. Bing? ham). Small, faience amulet depicting a crocodile or Oxyrhynchos fish. NW Phase 2b, Locus 1020. MC#28 (D. Bingham). Discoidal, faience bead with an "X" impressed on one surface. NW Phase 2a, Locus 2035. MC#46 (D. Bingham). Carved, limestone plaque depicting a cobra (Agathos Daimon?) on one face and an unknown scene on the other. From NW Hiatus C, Locus 49136. MC#118 (D. Bingham). Small fragment of a mosaic floor from the Southeast Area surface. MC#77 (D. Bingham). Limestone slab with tool and cutting marks. From Petrie's claimed Ptolemaic rebuilding of the "Great Temenos" (?) MC#47 (D. Bingham). Fragment of a limestone block or slab with tool and cutting marks. From Petrie's claimed Ptolemaic rebuilding of the "Great Temenos" ? MC#85 (D. Bingham). mortarium fragments from topsoil loci in the Northeast Area, Square 88. MC#30 Ptolemaic(?) (D. Bingham). Bronze coin of Ptolemy III. Obverse (left) depicts Alexander reverse (right) shows eagle with closed wings on thunderbolt III wearing elephant-skin headdress; with cornucopia in front. MC#42

7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 Chapter 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8

(D. Bingham). Bronze fishhook(P). MC#34 (D. Bingham). Earring with bronze discs suspended from a central, triangular piece on bronze and gold wires. From Locus 1542. MC#60 and 151 (D. Bingham). Iron Nails from a variety of loci in the South Mound. Iron Nails from a variety of loci in the South Mound. 9 An example of corbeled tomb construction. An example of slab tomb construction. Burial 1253. Prominent bilateral Steida's processes on talar bones. Burial 1253. Ankylosed third, fourth, and fifth lumbar vertebrae. Burial 1256. Cribriform lesions of both orbits. Burial 1230. Bifurcated sternal end of right rib. Burial 1562. Deciduous upper left central incisor with carious incisal notch and hypoplastic labial surface. Burial 1562. Geminated deciduous mandibular left lateral incisor. enamel on

List

of Tables 2 NW Building Phase Identifications. NW Area 482: Stratigraphic Sequence of Loci Deposition NW Area 490: Stratigraphic Sequence of Loci Deposition NW Area 491: Stratigraphic Sequence of Loci Deposition NW Area 492: Stratigraphic Sequence of Loci Deposition NW Area 502: Stratigraphic 3 Period II Tomb Types in the Southeast Area Correlation of Tomb Type and Age/Gender of Occupant(s) Spatial Distribution of Tomb Types in the Southeast Area Wall Construction in the Southeast Area SE Area 12: Stratigraphic SE Area 15: Stratigraphic 5 Wall Construction Wall Construction in the North Area Phase 2 in the North Area Phase 3 in the North Area Phase 4 Sequence of Loci Deposition Sequence of Loci Deposition Sequence of Loci Deposition Sequence of Loci Deposition Sequence of Loci Deposition

Chapter 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Chapter 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Chapter 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Chapter 6.1

Wall Construction North Area 316: Stratigraphic North Area 315: Stratigraphic 6 Naukratis Areas

Kom Ge'if: Diagnostic

Ceramic and Stratigraphic

Summary for the Northwest

and North

Chapter 7.1 Chapter 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Chapter 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4

7 South Mound 8 Carbonized Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions 9 Age and Sex Distribution of the Kom Ge'if Burials Cranial and Mandibular Measurements and Indices Infracranial Measurements and Indices, Burial 1253 Human Remains Catalog Macrobotanical Remains from Naukratis Lithic Profile

of Wheat Samples of Lentil Samples of Grape Seeds of Darnel Grains

List ASL

of Abbreviations above sea level

Ste^^^yptt^BK:

M. Arwe traces the elusive pattern (A. Leonard, Jr.).

of a mudbrick

wall

North and east balks ofArea 2 (1980) ination ofloci (A. Leonard, Jr.).

showing close Um-

Chapti A at

er

One

History Naukratis/Kom

of

the

Excavations Ge'if

Albert

Leonard,

Jr.

Of most

the ancient

widely c. 480-420 Psammetichus

to the origins of the city of Naukratis, the two longest and literary references discussed are those of Strabo (c. 64/63 B.C-A.D. and Herodotus 21) (traditionally, events that took place during the reign of Pharaoh Psamtik/ Strabo described B.c). I, who ruled c. 664-610 B.C:

For in the time of Psammetichos (who lived at the time of Kyaxares the Mede) the Milesians, with thirty ships, put in at the Bolbontine mouth, and then, disembarking, fortified with a wall the above mentioned settlement [Milesian Teichos]; but in time they sailed up into the Sai'tic Nome, defeated a city called Inaros in a naval fight and founded Naukratis, not far above Schedia. Strabo 17.1.18 (C801-802) (translated by H. L. Jones) Herodotus detailed the actions of the Pharaoh Ahmose/Amasis, who ruled c. 570-526 B.C:

Amasis liked the Greeks and granted them a number of privileges, of which the chief was the gift of Naucratis as a commercial headquarters for any who wished to settle in the country. He also made grants of land upon which Greek traders, who did not want to live permanently in Egypt, might erect altars and temples. Of these latter the best known and most used?and also the largest?is the Hellenium; it was built by the joint efforts of the Ionians of Chios, Teos, Phocaea, and Clazomenae, of the Dorians of Rhodes, Cnidos, Halikarnassus, and Phaselis, and of the Aeolians of Mytilene. It is to these states that the temple belongs, and it is they who have the right of appointing the officers in charge of the port. Other cities claim a share in the Hellenium, but without any justification; the Aeginetans, however, did build a temple of Zeus on their own initiative, the Samians one in honor of Hera, and the Milesians another in honor of Apollo. In the old days Naucratis was the only port in Egypt, and anyone who brought a ship into any of the other mouths of the Nile was bound to state on oath that he did so of necessity and then proceed to the Canopic mouth; should contrary winds prevent him from doing so, he had to carry his freight to Naucratis in barges all round the Delta, which shows the exclusive privilege the port enjoyed. Herodotus, The Histories 11.178-179 (translated by A. de Selincourt) It has been toward half-century archaeological 99; Hogarth, as Athenaeus' dotus' the goal of reconciling these two literary accounts and explaining an apparent in the date of the initial Greek presence at Naukratis that much of the 1898/ such

contradiction

at the site has been directed (Petrie 1886; Gardner 1888; Hogarth exploration Lorimer and Edgar 1905). Other texts have been brought into the discussion, reference at the site as early as 688 (XV. 18) to a temple of Aphrodite that Pharaoh Necho II (who reigned c. 610-595 B.C.) had dedicated B.C,

or Hero? to

statement

his corselet

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

Fig 1.1. Map of the Egyptian Nile Delta showing the location of NaukratisIKom Ge'if (John Huffstot in Coulson and Leonard 1981b: 39, fig. 1).

the Milesian statements topic. W. M.

Apollo by Strabo

in the temple and Herodotus

of Branchidae

{The Histories

11.159;

Petrie

1886:

11),

but the on the

are the two main sources

that have driven

the scholarship

E Petrie

and

the Excavations

of 1884-1885

in Cairo, and Flinders Petrie, directed by statuettes that he had purchased Sir William of Naukratis both on the Peutinger map and in the Geographia of Ptolemy, the position guided by of ancient Naukratis with the series of large mounds at the modern village the emporium identified The site is located c. 80 km southeast of Kom Ge'if (fig. 1.1; Petrie 1886: 1-11; 1904: 142-43). In 1884 near the ancient city of Alexandria at the there had been considerable destruction day, area represented by the mounds had been dug away fertilizer (sebakh) in their fields. In spite phosphate of the modern to excavate Canopic branch of the Nile. Already by Petrie's of the c. 950 x 580 m site, and about one-third by the local farmers (sebakhin) for use as a highof this early destruction, however, Petrie was able to identify the architectural remains as the and an open area that he identified Petrie

a tremendously large area of the site. in the northern part of the site allowed Excavations a Temenos of the Dioskouri, of Apollo, of a Temenos

of for a Temenos architecture) (without (figs. 1.2 and 1.3), as well as ceramic evidence palaestra To the south of these structures Petrie found the remains of a Hera and a Temenos of Aphrodite. a huge, further to the south, he claimed to have uncovered faience scarab factory (fig. 1.4) while, as open air structure that he called the "Great Temenos" (figs. 1.2 and 1.5) and which he identified as the combined the Hellenion described by Herodotus effort of nine East Greek cities built to serve the resident Greeks as a place of assembly and a rallying point in times of danger.

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis IKom Ge'if

THE NAU

SITE KRATIS. SCALE Tfo

OF

? * ? ? I ' ' ' .

> ? .? t ?? ?? i ? ?? I.' i !

i '?. . i ?: i ?i . ' ?

i , J * ', i -t , , , i , , ' ? !

!: ?' ? ?. ??? ' ' I l f ' ' ?' , * j? i i i , < I Il ,i ; ^j' < , ' < ' , '

/ v

V ill

& qe Gaief.

of

?1 Fig. 1.2. Plan of Petrie's excavations at Naukratis (Petrie 1886: pl. XL).

wms.p.jLU.

Lines ofthe system roads of withthe Canal(?) parallel

QJL-3

^jnY^if"!

^^aBOH^D -*a4rT*

withthe Great Temenos Lines of parallel ofthe system roads

Fig. 1.3.

Plan of Petrie s excavations north ofthe

Great Temenos (Petrie 1886: pl. XLI).

PTOLEMAiCj WflUHNG

Fig. 1.4.

Gardners plan ofthe excavations at Naukratis

(Gardner 1886: pl. IV).

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

Fig. 1.5. Plan of Petrie's Great menos (Petrie 1886: pl. XLII). Since identification so much of the

Te?

discussion

and date of the various

ancient Naukratis has centered concerning buildings excavated at the site, it will be helpful as the Temenos but, when

on

the

correct

to review briefly

the basis for each of Petrie's assignations. Petrie had originally believed that the part of the site now known be "unpromising of Roman pottery" ground owing to the abundance a limestone encountered thrown column

of Apollo would local diggers retrieved

base and a fragment of a voluted After he capital, he decided to dig there. a stretch of mudbrick wall, we are told that "a trench was cleared, and all of the earth when this trench was about ten or twelve feet wide, the earth from the east the west, of artificial and so the trench soil above was steadily moved the undisturbed Nile mud.'

to the westward; against

side was banked

turning every fragment as this, Petrie produced a roughly rectangular of mudbrick walling. Based on the presence he determined that this structure was the Temenos by Herodotus. In the midst plan) stone) in which

over the ground, maneuvers such Through (c. 87 x 47 m) space only scantily defined by a few stubs of "hundreds" of bowls dedicated to Apollo,7 however, of the Milesian Apollo (fig. 1.3) that was recorded

eastward

Apollo end of the reign of Psamtik/Psammetichus been destroyed c. 440 B.C. and its remains (marble)

of the temenos, stood a Temple of Apollo on any (not indicated facing westward, Petrie confidently An earlier (lime? two, distinct chronological distinguished phases. I had been founded on an artificial mound of earth sometime toward the Temple I c. 620 had been B.C leveled (Petrie 1886: 5-60). in order to form This building had the basis for the later

Apollo Temple II. Both temples were said to have been of the Ionic order (Petrie 1886: 13).9 To the north of these remains, Petrie encountered architecture that was even less easily traced than of Apollo, consisting of an assortment of walls of varying thickness that defined an openarea c. 40 x 50 m (Petrie 1886: 16). There was no trace of a structure air, quasi-trapezoidal the "temenos wall" as had been the case in the Temenos of Apollo and, in fact, only a single fragment (a small chip from a white limestone column) was found there (Petrie 1886:

the Temenos to-the within

architectural

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis IKom Ge'if

16, pl. XXXV:

688).

Nevertheless,

Petrie

identified

these

remains

as the Temenos

of the Dioscouri

on a number of inscribed dedications the majority of which had (fig. 1.3), basing his interpretation been found in a sandy layer beneath the structure's western wall (Petrie 1886: pl. XXXV). In the open space between Temenos of the Dioscuri of the newly identified and the Temenos a few dedications to the goddess Hera, suggesting to him the possibility that Apollo, Petrie discovered a precinct encountered, South dedicated however, to her had existed could at one time in the immediate area. None of the walls that he be associated with such a structure (fig. 1.3; Petrie 1886: 16). of Apollo had been the lay a large, open area that Petrie conjectured its plan was quite irregular, and the traces of its enclosure walls were palaestra of the town. Although rather scant, Petrie appealed to an inscribed block of marble found elsewhere on the site that men? of the Temenos a palaestra dedicated to Apollo (Petrie 1886: 35, pl. XXX: 4; Gardner 1888: 60). Approxi? m to the south of this palaestra, several dedications to Aphrodite were found in and near mately 200 the building that Petrie had identified as a scarab factory (Petrie 1886: 36-37). These inscriptions, tioned combined sufficient area. with an (unillustrated) "piece of fretwork, apparently a band around a Doric column" were to suggest to him that, at one time, a temenos to that goddess had also existed in this general Herodotus did not record a Temple of Aphrodite at the site, it will be recalled that Although

a temple to this goddess played a prominent (XV. 18; Gardner 1888: 9). part in the story of Athenaeus In spite of Petrie's plans showing areas inhabited or utilized by members of various trades (copper smelters, silver workers, potters, and possibly iron mongers; fig. 1.3), he simply did not have enough time to investigate much of the actual town. In fact, he noted that most of his knowledge concerning the town had been obtained through the work of the sebakhin from whom he had purchased objects on a daily basis (Petrie 1886: 35). Rather than working in the town, Petrie had concentrated most of his remaining efforts on clearing the building that he had termed the "Great Temenos," paying special attention to its gateway and to the large block of chambers that he had encountered within it (Petrie 1886: 35). As reconstructed that covered by Petrie, the Great Temenos was a tremendous (c. 260 x 230 m) monument an area comprising almost one third of the ancient city (fig. 1.2), and consisting of three units: a mudbrick temenos wall within which stood two independent structures major in one section to a height of 15 m in width and preserved wall, averaging (fig. 1.5). The temenos an area in which Petrie estimated between 9 m, enclosed and 60,000 50,000 people could have asarchitectural sembled wall, either Petrie noted or for protection Within this great enclosure (Petrie 1886: 16, 24-25). two large buildings (1886: 24), but he recorded only one of them on his plan, the "Great Mound" c. 55 x (1886: pl. XL). This was a remarkable mudbrick entity measuring for discourse

so-called

of a series of rooms that were said to have been entered at a height of 5 m above 55 m and consisting level. The plan of this building, which Petrie saw paralleled at Tanis (Petrie 1890: pl. 44), led ground him to identify the "Great Mound" as the storehouse of the Hellenion. West of this storehouse, be? lay a second mudbrick building of similar size, that differed from the first in having its entrances at ground level. Unfortunately, it is difficult to determine exactly how much of this second structure Petrie actually excavated since he offered no plan of it. He simply referred course to it as "destroyed" in contrast to the Great of destruction" (Petrie 1886: 24-25). Mound, which was described as being "in the tween it and the entrance to the temenos,

Petrie considered the dating of the Great Temenos to be problematic, he reasoned that Although if the structure was the Hellenion mentioned that it should have been built at least as by Herodotos,

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

Petrie early as the other religious structures in the city (Petrie 1886: 6). In support of this hypothesis, of the Great to similarities between the size of the bricks in the original portions called attention of the bricks from an (unspecified) structure at the neigh? Temenos at Naukratis and the dimensions (Petrie 1886: 26, 89). boring site of Kom Afrin [Kom Firin] that he dated to the 26th Dynasty a section of the western wall of the temenos had of this complex, was un? been damaged, necessitating major repairs to the entryway. The exact date of this destruction between "the defeat of Apries (570 B.C.) and the second Petrie allowed a date sometime certain, but At some point Persian 1886: invasion II (Philadelphus) who, we are told, had 26). structure in the entryway (Petrie 1886: 6, 8, 26?27, and a large (18 x 100 m) limestone-faced in the mor? slabs was found, only their impression none of these limestone In actuality, pl. XLII). core of the building. The dating of these which had at one time bonded them to the mudbrick tar, bricks but also on four foundation of the individual repairs was based not only on the dimensions built deposits, one of which was found beneath each corner of the structure, below a few inches of lightyellow desert sand (Petrie 1886: 6, 28). In addition to the repairs made to the temenos wall, Ptolemy at the mini? his new entryway with a sculptural program consisting, II was said to have embellished and the "note" pre? mum, of two white marble rams and a red granite sphinx (Petrie 1886: 27-28, noted the presence of what he termed Petrie also briefly ceding page 1; Gardner 1888: 13-14). "lesser structures" which that had been built against the inner side of the north wall of the temenos, and deities (fig. 1.5) that had been con? he suggested might have been chapels to local Egyptian 1886: 34). the Ptolemaic period (Petrie during of Ptolemy's entryway to the Roman period when, after an appar? Petrie assigned the destruction "stone by stone for (the) large structure was dismantled ent phase of neglect and decay, the limestone it to have happened B.C.)," believing He credited the repair of the temenos to Ptolemy (345 "most likely at the later time" (Petrie in the history

structed

we are then being built on the mounds" (Petrie 1886: 9). This first century A.D. destruction, of the Great Temenos the partial filling of the chambers of the storehouse was accompanied told, by of the reign This desecration was placed at the beginning in order to turn them into private dwellings. as late as the second century Petrie also claimed to have discovered of Augustus, dwellings although A.D. in some of the chambers of the storehouse (Petrie 1886: 9, 32-33). houses Petrie saw the final chapter of the history of these Roman houses in the large piles of lime-slag that in several parts of the ancient city (the "slag heaps" on fig. 1.2), hypothesizing that he discovered of facade of the Ptolemaic the limestone entryway (at one time removed by the Roman inhabitants times (Petrie 1886: 10, 32). the city) had been robbed subsequently, Although during post-Roman no specific date was offered for the floruit of this lime-slaking activity, Petrie did mention the presence of a Coptic chapel on top of "the great mound" that appears to have been the last recorded use of the until "twenty or thirty years" before Petrie's time, southern part of the ancient city of Naukratis when part of the area was turned into a cemetery, a portion of which Petrie claimed to have removed at the hands of the sebakhin (at his own expense) in order to prevent its desecration of the Great Temenos to evaluate more of the area (Petrie 1886: 9, 34). E. A. Gardner and 1885, the Excavations of 1885-1886 E. A. Gardner he moved Delta. on With and F. Griffith to initiate Gardner at Kom Ge'if of in order to plan at Tell of the and to allow him

In November strategy Defeneh

Petrie assembled before

for renewed (ancient

excavation

a program in charge,

excavation

Daphne)

in the eastern

the continuation

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis lKom Ge'if

work

got off to a good start, and soon two hundred workers were in their employ; al? Petrie's help, a work force of between one hundred twenty though Gardner did admit that, without that he was able to "keep under supervision" and one hundred fifty was the maximum by himself at Naukratis (Gardner 1888: 10).17 of the area that began his work at the northern end of the site with a re-examination he corner of the enclosure, Petrie had termed the Temenos of the Dioscouri. Here, in the northwest Gardner discovered formed mudbrick pillar bases (or the lower portions plaster-faced, a "portico" at the front of a small (c. 8 x 10 m), single-room of the northern wall of the little temple Sections (fig. 1.4). of its eastern or southern walls. Gardner described of the pillars themselves) that oriented toward the building were also found, but no trace

west

this building as a peculiar variation of the in antis temple in which the antae extended beyond the row of columns thereby forming a type On the inner cella walls traces of painted plaster had survived. of pronaos (Gardner 1888: 30-31). meander patterns and stars within squares executed in red, blue, and yellow on a included Designs remained hard white "above Second by making an appeal to the absolute plaster. As for the date of the structure, Mr. Petrie's datum," Gardner declared the temple to have been almost contemporary Temple of Apollo, i.e. the middle of the fifth century B.C. (Gardner 1888: 31-32). Gardner had been shown distance with the

a fragment of stone bearing the inscription ieron a local farmer claimed to have found to the south of the Temenos of Apollo, in the area that had been identified by Petrie as the palaestra of the ancient city (Gardner 1888: 13). in this area produced a few dedications His subsequent excavation to the goddess Hera, which perof this walled space from palaestra to the Temenos of Hera, suaded Gardner to alter the identification factory in the southern part of the city to Aphrodite had been found in association potsherds (fig. with an assortment of walls and a fragment of a Doric column during the previous season (Gardner In spite of the fact that "numerous large trenches" had been dug there 1888: 12; Petrie 1886: 16-17). to by Petrie, it was actually "some men digging on their own account" that produced the dedications 1.4), where inscribed with dedications that suggested to Gardner where his excavations should be concentrated. Aphrodite Clearing this area for a period of over three months, he uncovered three phases of a small temple that he attributed to 1888: 33-37). To the east (front?) of this newly found temple stood a mudbrick (Gardner Aphrodite altar with both stairs leading up to it from the west (temple) side (Gardner 1888: 36). Associated with the altar and the steps were the remains of burnt offerings (Gardner 1888: 12). In spite of the fact that Gardner was able to produce a surprisingly detailed (for 1885!) stratithe original construction of which Herodotus had assigned in and around Petrie's scarab Gardner also excavated to the Samians.

Early in the season, Dios Apotropaiou, which

graphical section of the successive temple as well as to plot the relationship stages of his Aphrodite of the temple to the rest of the temenos, still remained. The many major chronological problems construction of the earliest (Phase 1) temple was dated c. 600 B.C. primarily on the similarity in ab? solute levels between it and the Temenos of Apollo situated nearly a quarter of a mile to the north the temple had been destroyed and its contents and fur? Subsequently over a wide area with pieces of the same object having been found in widely nishings As with the Temenos of Apollo, this destruction was attributed to separated parts of the temenos. the Persian invasion. This provided Gardner with a terminus post quem for the construction of the (Gardner 33-34). were scattered second phase of the Aphrodite (c. 400 B.C.), in order century a date that was further temple, to parallel events in the Temple narrowed of Apollo. to the close The third of the fifth phase of the 1888:

10

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Aphrodite the reign Temenos"

date (c. 300 B.C.), more specifically temple was said to have been of Ptolemaic of the earliest Ptolemies who had been been active also in redecorating Petrie's 1888: 36-37). (Gardner

during "Great

In the southern altered

that the digging of the sebakhin had severely part of the city, Gardner discovered of the mound, and he noted specifically the appearance that the walls of the Great Temenos

had almost while

in that area was not completely excavation in vain for, However, completely disappeared. for a grand avenue leading up to the Hellenion from the canal, he encountered some searching six feet below the surface the lower portion of a granite sphinx dating to the Ptolemaic period. Three of the statue were eventually which allowed Gardner to restore all but the face of recovered, pieces the creature. orate avenue Elsewhere it was never stated whether this statue had originally been part of an elab? Unfortunately, of sphinxes or was simply an isolated statue (Gardner 1888: 13-14). on the site, in the northeastern section of the mound, Gardner encountered a section

of walling that was large enough to be posited for a while to be the city wall of Naukratis. Con? nected to this large wall Gardner noted some "very large and solid buildings," which he thought to date to the pre-Ptolemaic period (Gardner 1888: 14). Neither the wall itself nor any of the associated or illustrated, but it is tempting to associate these walls complex of buildings was further discussed with Temenos" later dug by Hogarth part of the "Northeastern the Hellenion mentioned Herodotus (see below). by and considered by him to have been

In summary, it may be stated that both Petrie and Gardner believed that their combined archae? and Strabo. They work at Naukratis had done much to reconcile the accounts of Herodotus ological believed was the stratigraphy can be summarized relations mited with that one of their strongest pieces of evidence associated with the scarab factory as follows. The Rhodes, a fact that could to support an early Greek presence at Naukratis in the southern part of the city. Their argument had been a Greek enterprise engaged in commercial by the numerous errors that had been com-

factory be demonstrated

In addition, when attempting to render Egyptian the fact by the scarab-makers hieroglyphs. of Amasis, but that the scarabs produced in this factory bore the names of many of the predecessors none of them displayed his name, would present a very odd situation when one considered his reputed generosity toward the Greeks. Therefore it was argued that the scarab factory must have flourished be? claimed had actually fore, and gone out of use by, the time of Amasis the pharaoh who Herodotus Greek presence given the site to the Greeks. In order further to support their case for a pre-Amasis, at the site, Petrie and Gardner called attention to the more than two feet of burnt material containing Greek and not Egyptian" that had been encountered below the scarab that was "distinctly that "on an average" two feet of accumulation Since Petrie considered represented a time-span factory. this would produce a date of c. 620 B.C for the actual arrival of the Greeks. of half a century, material D. G. Hogarth Petrie's neither and the Excavations seventh century of 1899 B.C (fig. 1.6) Greek arrival at Naukratis was

and Gardner's

nor universally accepted. (1895) agreed with the seventh immediately B.C. dating, while Hirschfeld (1887) and Millet (1893), relying more on the literary tradition century both preferred a date during the reign of Amasis as re? than the results of archaeological excavation, In February of 1899, therefore, fifteen years after Gardner had left Naukratis, corded by Herodotus. arrived at the site hoping to provide anD. G. Hogarth (assisted by C. C. Edgar and C. D. Edmonds) to the several questions about the ancient city's early history that he felt had been left unanof more than one hundred swered by the previous excavations. Work began with the assistance swers crowd of sebakhin?diggers for (use as) irregular scouts" from whom plus "a miscellaneous were purchased between fifty and one hundred small objects a day (Hogarth 1898/99: 27). workers,

date for the original Scholars such as Joubin

KUM

OA'IF

NAUKRATIS

Fig. 1.6.

Hogarth's site plan of his first season ofwork

(1899)

at Naukratis

(Hogarth 1898199:

pl. II).

12

Albert leonard,

Jr.

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54

of the site, during which Hogarth noted that illicit digging by the inspection sebakhin had reduced Petrie's Great Temenos to a "cornfield" (1898/99: he decided to pursue 26-27), in what he felt to be a very promising area in the northern part of the site, to the east of excavation After an initial As in the re-excavation of any site, the first order by the earlier excavators. of business was to tie their work into what had been dug previously and, in attempting this, problems The datum points of the earlier excavators had disappeared, surfaced immediately. and the walls of the temene discovered the structures be no more excavated than with any certainty. In fact, Hogarth could by them could not be identified to note that "roughly speaking our 'Northeastern area' marched with the Dioscuri and Apollo enclosures, and of about half the area which combined of Hera'" (Hogarth and Mr. Gardner re-named the Temenos 1898/99: 28).

specific edge of Petrie's he called the 'Palaestra' eastern This

to link his work with that of Petrie and Gardner inability (except in this most general way) excavation is a very important to keep in mind when comparing the plans of the individual point 27 seasons. wall of the Temple of the Dioskouri, Hogarth bits of architecture, he did find pieces of a red granite door jamb only patchy although when whole, would have measured over 3 m in length and 1 m in depth (Hogarth 1898/99: northward from the line of the southern

Working encountered which, 30),

size and stature had once stood in this area. Substantial that a building of considerable suggesting mudbrick walls found nearby (features #34, #37 and possibly #8) may originally have formed part of this building (fig. 1.7; Hogarth 1898/99: Further to the north, aided in part by the digging of 31). the sebakhin, tures #9-17, and displayed Hogarth #19?28, (1898/99: #30-33) 34, corridor some #28) excavated a more coherent sandstone of which complex of rooms (fea? blocks in their construction a white to Ho?

background. garth that they represented a sequence which piece of architecture, however,

incorporated floors bearing striped patterns in red, blue, and possibly yellow upon plastered Some of these walls appeared to have been founded at different levels, indicating

of temples. The question of which god should be associated with was problematic since the names of a variety of deities had been to Aphrodite were said to have been especially frequent Dedications found inscribed on potsherds. the "gods of the Greeks" were found in the around the Room 3, while a series of sherds mentioning area between features #3 and #34

1898/99: 38, pl. III). (fig. 1.7), a distance of over 30 m (Hogarth The possibility that Aphrodite (this one and the building may have had two temples at Naukratis identified by Gardner over a quarter of a mile to the south) did not bother Hogarth given the demonstrable of the goddess at the site. popularity In describing these architectural remains, the use of the terms "enclosure wall" and "great enclo? often making it difficult to sure wall" increased in frequency 1898/99: 33-37), (especially Hogarth the southern end of determine which area had been enclosed by which walls. Because he considered rather than Greek and since he felt that Petrie's "Great Temenos" had the city to have been Egyptian been the fortress of a native Egyptian garrison, Hogarth proposed that his newly excavated "North? with the Hellenion To Hogarth this eastern Temenos" should be identified described by Herodotos. had been a sacred complex that had flourished during three periods: dating of the site by the Greeks in the first half of the sixth century B.C. through (1898/99: D. 35, 37). and after the Excavation of 1903 from the initial settlement period the early Ptolemaic

G. Hogarth In 1903,

an absence

what

he felt would

be the last season

in order to conduct of four years, Hogarth to Naukratis returned of excavation ever to be conducted at the site (Hogarth, et al.

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis IKom Ge'if

13

KUM

GA'IF

- NAUKRATIS

?em*n?

at

extmme

north

Fig. 1.7. pl. III).

Hogarth's plan ofhis

1899 excavations

in the northern part of ancient Naukratis

(Hogarth 1898199:

1905:

105).

In the mean time, there?under

discovered

a round-top stele originally less than certain circumstances?in

to the goddess Neith. Because temple dedicated tant role in many of the hypotheses concerning ethnic composition are presented here: (as well as separation)

had been by Pharaoh Nectanebo the precinct of an otherwise unknown this slab of black granite has played such an impor? the ancient city, especially those dealing with the the relevant portions of the inscription

erected

of its inhabitants,

He (Nectanebo) poured a libation to his father, the lord of eternity [Osiris], in the mansion of Neith. Then his majesty said: "Let there be given one in ten (of) gold, of silver, of timber, of worked wood, of everything coming from the Sea of the Greeks, of all the goods that are reckonned to the king's domain in the town named Hent; and one in ten (of) gold, of silver, of all the things that come into being in Pi-emroye, called Naucratis, on the banks of the Anu, that are reckoned offering for my mother Neith for all time . . ." (lines 8-10). to the King's domain, to be a divine

The first goal was Hogarth had two primary goals for this final (his second) season at Naukratis. to clarify the nature of Petrie's Great Temenos, especially by probing for foundation deposits that might indicate which pharaoh had constructed its massive wall (Hogarth 1898/99: 45; Hogarth, et al. 1905:

14

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

110).

The second

believed (Hogarth

at the northern end of the site where he goal was to expand his previous excavations that he had found the structure that should be associated with the celebrated "Hellenion" 1898/99: 42-45).

to have been the non-Greek struck by what he considered character of the Hogarth southern part of the ancient city. In fact, neither he nor any of the large number of sebakhin who dug in this area daily had found "anything but Egyptian remains" south of the line between grid squares had been absence of "Greek" remains in this area was noted by Petrie in a letter to he firmly stated that he had found "nothing but Egyptian south of (the) AphroHogarth dite" temple dug by Gardner (Hogarth 1898/99: 41). To summarize, Hogarth felt that he had dis? him "Greek") end of the site associated with structures at the northern covered a great temenos (to 7 and 8, and a similar in which Hellenic that had produced and other remains of a cultic nature. To him, this pottery, dedications, Temenos" was the Hellenion of "Northeastern described by Herodotus. Away from this concentration end of the site, "far from the region where Greek things Greek religious buildings, at the southern (were) found at the farther side of the remains of an Egyptian quarter" lay the remains of Petrie's to Hogarth represented the remains of the native section of the town com? and most probably positioned, to impress and intimidate plete with a huge Egyptian fort constructed, the foreign traders living at the other end of the town. As for the date of this fortress, Hogarth felt I and later restored by Ptolemy Philadelphus I that it was most probably founded by Psammetichus Great Temenos, which As to whether the Egyptian section of the town was already in existence 1898/99: 41-43). (Hogarth when the Greeks arrived at the site, and as to the date when that hallmark event took place, Hogarth noted that nothing in his work or that of Petrie and Gardner produced any Greek remains that must be earlier to settle than c. 570 B.C Also, since he did not think that Amasis would have allowed the Greeks on a site that did not already possess an Egyptian garrison, he believed that the fort (Great of the city most probably dated to the reign of Psammeti? and the entire southern Temenos) part chus I (Hogarth 1898/99: 45-46). During the 1903 season, Hogarth's work in the northern part of the site was concentrated prima? of an extension (c. 35 m wide) eastward from the work that he had begun there rily on the excavation a north-south, in 1899 (fig. 1.8). Here he encountered mudbrick wall (feature #67) over 8 m wide and c. 40 m long, parallel to the thick western wall (feature #34) that he had discovered this as the eastern wall of the Hellenion season. He identified and, guided previous location "in the mud" and the dimensions of its bricks, he dated construction two east-west tures #10-11, during the both by its this new wall to the first period of

on the site (Hogarth, et al. 1905: 114). Within the protection afforded by this great wall, the line of rooms discovered in 1899 (fea? series of "rooms" continued (approximately)

and #19-20), and Hogarth felt that this architecture could be dated to either #14-16, of two periods: an earlier group of rooms (features #57, #59, #61, #64, and #65) that belonged to the early fifth century B.C, and a later group (features #10, #56, #58, #60, #62, and #63) that could be (on a thick bed of sand) that had been carried out early in the Ptolemaic assigned to a reconstruction et al. 1905: 114) just as had been done to the structures to situated immediately period (Hogarth, of material (Ptolemaic, above early fifth century, above that the west. Such a tripartite relationship of the earliest Greeks at the site c. 570 B.C.) was about as close to a real archaeological stratigraphy In the at Naukratis et al. 1905: 113, 115-16). as was proposed by the early excavators (Hogarth, southern part of this area, the sebakhin had found the base of a ceramic vessel that bore an inscrip? et al. 1905: 114 and 116: No. 6). Could this as the name "Herodotus" tion reconstructed (Hogarth, have been left at the site by that famous visitor from Halicarnassos, one of the nine cities that joined

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis!Kom

Ge'if

15

Fig. 1.8. Hogarth's plan ofhis 1903 season of excavation in what he felt was the Hellenion ancient city mentioned by Herodotus (Hogarth 1905: 113, fig. 1).

ofthe

and . . . the largest" of all the temene at Naukratis? Hogarth felt that it did (1905: 116, fig. 2, no. 6; Herodotus, The Histories 11.178). Convinced that he had found the famous Hellenion of Herodotus, to Hogarth then proceeded based on the findspots of inscribed sherds, assign individual groups of rooms to specific divinities and he vaguely labeled his plan with their names: Dioscuri, Herakles, Aphrodite, Apollo (?), Arte? et al. 1905: 113, fig. I).32 The evidence for these mis, and the Gods of the Greeks (fig. 1.8; Hogarth,

their efforts to build what had been described

as "the best known

16

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

individual ment

bits, appears that may bear the name of that goddess (1905: 112 and incomplete inscription finding an even larger expanse of open space on the 117, no. 8). Likewise, the caption "Apollo?" occupied This area was assigned to the god on the basis of four sherds (with only a letter or two plan (fig. 1.8). to publish." Perhaps this was because they each) that Hogarth himself did not consider "worthwhile of a single, had not been excavated by him but had been acquired from a group of children, who had found them as they "raked over the rubbish heaps in the center of the site" (1905: 118). In Hogarth's the work of the 1903 season had proven without doubt that the mind, therefore, to do with Petrie's 'Great Temenos' at all . . . but rather was had "nothing the Greek quarter, in fact not to be found in another Temenos at the north end of the Mounds?in et al. 1905: 110; and 1898/99: the Egyptian" 42). (Hogarth, corner of the Great Temenos on what he Because he had been unable to locate the northwestern Hellenion of Herodotus roughly made" plans of Petrie, Hogarth was forced to attack the area in than an archaeological excavation. a manner that might today seem more like military maneuvers These included making "wide casts for it from various sides" and digging "a series of pits pushed up et al. 1905: 111). In spite of these efforts, not only was he unable to disfrom the north" (Hogarth, described as the "somewhat cover a corner third of what of the temenos, had been claimed but he could by Petrie not find any walls greater in width than c. 5 m: a mere for the enclosure wall of the structure. Instead, he found

For instance, however, is often quite tenuous. assignments, of the caption "Artemis?" across a c. 16m maze of architectural

the rationale

behind

the place? to have been the

only a "much ruined complex of buildings," parts of which he described simply as having "the charwith the paucity The extensiveness of his digging in this area, combined acter of a dwelling house." that of the architectural finds, however, finally forced Hogarth to conclude Mr. Petrie was mistaken in the nature of certain masses of construction, which exist on three sides of the area called by him the "Great Temenos" and that these represent not a solid wall of brickwork, but an aggregate of house remains, piled up around a lower area, wherein lay the Egyptian temples and public buildings, of which one contained the Nectanebo Stela, and another was excavated by Mr. Petrie himself and regarded as a Greek fort. This area was, in fact, the central area of the town, Pi-emro (Hogarth, Hogarth went et al. 1905: lll).36 that not only was there

on to conclude

nothing answering to the Hellenion in this part of the mounds, but no Great Temenos at all. Probably there existed here small precincts of Egyptian deities (to one of which the Ptolemaic pylon explored by Mr. Petrie gave access), surrounded by a high ring of mud-brick houses (Hogarth, et al. 1905: 112). of the but also with the very existence, not only with the interpretation, Having thus dispensed by Petrie as covering almost the entire southern third of the ancient city, large structures published of Herodotus should be equated with the that the Hellenion was even more firmly convinced Hogarth that he had excavated in the northern part of the city. structure(s) As for the date of the earliest convinced Greek settlement at Naukratis, by Petrie's and Gardner's seventh century of the archaeolog? contribution at the site had provided a "destructive by urging the inconclusiveness ical evidence" (1898/99: 45). Edgar, in particular, stressed the paucity of imports in that area, claiming that "not a single scrap of early Greek pottery was to be found south of the Temple of Aphrodite" that the hieroglyphically-challenged 1898/99: (i.e. 48). He also contended (in Hogarth foreigners non-Egyptians) who had operated the scarab factory need not have been Greeks but, instead, he Hogarth was less than completely In fact, he felt that their work B.C. hypothesis.

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis IKom Ge'if

17

This substitution of Phoeni? (1898/99: 48-49). preferred to identify them (mainly) as Phoenicians cians for Greeks as the fabricants of the scarabs removed any need for a major Hellenic presence at Naukratis prior to the reign of Amasis, by which time most scholars agreed that the factory had ceased operation. Research The veracity Moves of Herodotus' statements would seem to have been upheld.

to the

Library

Following of the initial mined

at Naukratis, the discussion of the nature and date Hogarth's final season of excavation Greek arrival at Naukratis moved from the field to the library. A succesion of scholars

reports for material to support a variety of views, and the pendulum swung back and forth between the late seventh century B.C. (the reign of Psammetichus), and the first half of the sixth century B.C. (the reign of Amasis) for the initial Greek presence at the site. In 1908, H. Prinz published a very detailed examination of the (mostly ceramic) finds from the four seasons Apollo Hera, various of excavation at Naukratis of the Dioscuri, in which he retained Petrie's identification Temenos of the Temenos of and his Temenos but he opted architectural as well as Gardner's of Aphrodite and Temenos of although he did not assign the

the excavation

for Hogarth's northern location of the Hellenion, as Hogarth had done (1908: Taf. I). Prinz clusters to specific Greek divinities Petrie's and Gardner's dating of the earliest Greek material (and hence their concluded by defending initial arrival) at the site to the last decades of the seventh century B.C. (1908: 1?6). in the work

The artifactual evidence was also emphasized "the general concensus of archaeological opinion seventh century dating" (1924: 181). His method

that were available tery from Naukratis each pottery style with one of the individual cities he considered to have been a "final reorganization" 1924: 180-81). A more evidence

of E. R. Price who felt that by his day . . . had . . . completely veered round in favor of a was to identify and isolate the specific styles of pot? to him in British collections. He then attempted to identify named as having participated by Herodotus of Naukratis during the reign of Amasis what (Price

who argued that both the literary approach was taken by E. Gjerstad (1934), integrated as well as the archaeological material were important and that both resources should be given equal value in any study of the subject. In reviewing the literary evidence, Gjerstad dismissed all but the two main literary sources, Herodotus and Strabo, and proceeded to reconcile the two reports by of the following the mouth of the Nile means lowed tioned would the Greeks The Milesians (as described by Strabo) founded a fortress at interpretation: and, at some later date, when Amasis alduring the reign of Psammetichos the Milesians (and the other groups of Greeks that were men? there. In such a view, no matter how early one at the site

to settle at Naukratis,

sailed up the Nile and settled by Herodotus) date the founding of the town by Egyptians the earliest Greek presence (as Pi-emro), would have been during the reign of Amasis (Gjerstad 1934: 68-69). (as Naukratis)

In reviewing the archaeological evidence, Gjerstad began with the premise that the southern part of the site had been the Egyptian of Pi-emro and that it had pre-dated the Greek town/garrison in the northern part of the city (1934: 6). He then turned his attention settlement to an examination of the chronological evidence provided by the finds from the "Greek quarter" of the site, concentratof Apollo. correlations ing especially on the material from Petrie's Temenos Through painstaking he isolated four, successive each of which had (I through IV) within the Apollo temenos, temples several sub-phases a study (1934: pl. X). by integrating Gjerstad then checked this "stratigraphy" of the individual and sculptural styles into the new architectural framework that he had pottery types

18

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

created.

This

exercise

more than to assign the lower end of the scale. Such a date would during the reign of Amasis In 1937, R. M. Cook 1934:

him of the accuracy of his work, and he felt that one could do no a date for Apollo Temple I between 600 and 570 B.C, with a preference toward convinced support Herodotus' account of the arrival of the Greeks

681-84). (Gjerstad felt that it was necessary to challenge the (then) widely-held view that Naukratis had been founded in the middle of the seventh century B.C and that c. 565 B.C, at the behest of strong nationalist elements in the Egyptian government, Amasis had founded or reorganized in order to concentrate, Naukratis and thereby control, the Greeks (1937: 227). In summarizing the four years of excavation that "no stratigraphy was possible" thereby directly opposing Gjerstad's labors, which he dismissed simply as "an unsuccessful attempt to recover a useful stratigraphy" (1937: 228, n. 6; see also 1933/34: 86, n. 2). To Cook, it was the or the stratification, that would ultimately unravel the mystery of the pottery, not the architecture date of the founding of Naukratis. the time that Cook wrote, knowledge of the development and By of early Greek ceramics had advanced relevant to the present chronology considerably. Especially of Payne's Necrocorinthia study was the appearance (Payne 1931: the Greek settlement at Naukratis had been founded c. 615-610 became an important (East) Greek community to the city, Cook felt that Herodotus what 236). Amasis did at Naukratis; 1937: (1937: 225). Cook esp. p. 25) B.C, after which concluded that it immediately taken by Amasis with that (and unreliable), concluding when it was . . . (that he did at the site, he had come to the conclusion

As for the actions

regards "it is not known it)" (Cook When

had been

too vague nor if he did anything,

in 1959, an interesting reversal had occured. Knowl? Gjerstad returned to the controversy of Greek ceramics had advanced to the point where pottery was no longer dependent on the date edge of the founding of Naukratis for its early chronology but could, itself, be used to contribute a date presence at that site (Gjerstad 1959: 159). In addition to a review of the archi? tectural arguments offered in his earlier article (1934) and an assessment of the status of the dating of Greek pottery, Gjerstad also brought to this discussion his expertise in the Cypriote sculpture that had been found at the site, especially those pieces found in association with the first phase of the Apollo of the reign of Amasis (c. 570/65-555 B.C; 1959: 164). temple, which he dated near the beginning Based on the archaeological artifactual (pottery and sculpture), (his reworking of Petrie's stratigraphy), and literary (especially Herodotus), evidence he concluded that (the use of the omega), philological the initial date of the Greek emporium at Naukratis could not have been earlier than c. 570 B.C In 1970, dictions M. M. Austin the sources, have created between succinctly between summarized the situation both past and present, "the contrathese and the archaeological evidence, and between the excava? in the whole discussion" confusion (1970: 58, n. 3). His wide-ranging, for the initial Greek

tors themselves,

but very detailed and well-documented examination of the literary and archaeological evidence for the entire spectrum of relations between Greece and Egypt during the Archaic Period led him to the the initial "establishment" conclusions of the Greeks at Naukratis. The only following concerning ancient literary source that deserved to be taken seriously was Herodotus. since the archae? However, indicated that there was a Greek presence at the site ological evidence (imported pottery) definitely in the latter years of the seventh century B.C, he must have "compressed around the figure of Amasis different stages of the growth of Naukratis" 24 [quote], and 32). He felt strongly (Austin 1970: 23, that the Greek quarter was in the northern section of the city, physically separate and distinct from the quarter, the latter being identified by the massive brick fortress built to "overawe" (1970: 28). foreigners that Petrie had identified as his Great Temenos Egyptian the Greek

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis fKom Ge'if

19

of the present project was going into the field, the revised edition This volume not only showed how The Greeks Overseas was published. indispensible much our knowledge had increased since the book originally appeared in 1964, but it also demonat Naukratis by Petrie almost the remains first uncovered strated how far we had come in interpreting In 1980, as the first field season of Boardman's At the southern end at ancient Naukratis. a century earlier. Boardman assumed a two-part settlement von Bissing) might have been an Egyptian store? which (following was the Petrie's Great Temenos, house dating to the end of the seventh century B.C. To the north was the Greek enclave with their temene and imported pottery that As for the as early as 640 B.C. perhaps placed it the northern (i.e. Greek) Hogarth) of the status of the city of a reorganization temples, proved their presence at the site at least by 620 B.C and location of the elusive Hellenion, Boardman (following section carried that it was part of the city, tentatively suggesting out during the reign of Amasis (1980: 119-20). and Hogarth had been carried out with the best of

of Petrie, Gardner the excavations Although it had, nevertheless, to the best archaeological method of their day, left intentions and according many questions unanswered, questions that could not be solved by the library research of Prinz, Price, von Bissing, reanalysis of the earlier work had Gjerstad, Cook, and so many others. Boardman's brought this phase of the investigation In addition to such basic question Naukratis, many other religious structures, of the commercial about as far as it could and in what as when,

remained. important questions the earlier excavators had examined

go. capacity the Greeks had first arrived at By focusing so much of their energies on the little of the domestic sector and almost none

of the mercantile our knowledge character of ancient Consequently, quarter. the very facet of its early history that made it unique, was sparse at best. Furthermore, Naukratis, almost all effort had been concentrated on the archaic city to the neglect (and almost total exclusion) of the later Hellenistic It had been obvious and Roman periods. that the major impediment to our ability to understand the for the site. Such a sequence was the lack of a true stratigraphic sequence for decades questions as the exact date of the Greek foun? chronological the later history of the city through Hellenistic and Roman times, as well or destruction. As has been demonstrated, a century of library-based atand publications could be derived of the earlier excava? only through further to such crucial

at Naukratis emporium offered to provide answers dations, and also elucidate as its final abandonment

a stratigraphy by appealing to the notes tempts to reconstruct tors had reached its limits. It was felt that further information fieldwork. The Naukratis 1977-1978 and 1980-1983 attention

51 to the need for additional fieldwork at

Project:

as early as 1937, Cook had called Actually, Naukratis and its environs, when he wrote that

the future lies with the archaeologists . . . A careful survey of the Delta, if it is possible, might decide whether there were other Greek settlements besides Naukratis and Tell Defenneh, and if so, when they flourished. Perhaps more work could be done at Naukratis; certainly more could be done on the finds from Naukratis. But Egypt is remote for Hellenic specialists, and Egyptologists not unnaturally neglect Greek intrusions It was with in the late Saite period (Cook 1937: 236). that renewed fieldwork would be able to answer of the many ques? as well as with a view tosome the hope

tions still extant concerning Naukratis (Kom Ge'if) and its early history, wards fulfilling at least some of Cook's suggestions, that the present Naukratis Project was conceived. The field strategy was simple: to combine the "vertical" control offered by renewed excavation at

20

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

from a pedestrian "horizontally" survey of its environs. It was felt that through a program of excavation strict stratigraphical following principles at Naukratis, the site in the area that was best-known and archaeologically, it would be historically Naukratis sites yardstick by which the lesser known and yet-to-be-discovered possible to develop a chronological in the area could be integrated into a history of cultural development in this segment of the western Nile Delta. After the initial 1977-1978 season, the survey was directed by W. D. E. Coulson and the at Kom Ge'if and Kom Hadid was directed by the present author. excavation The 1977-1978 The 1978, co-directors Season

with

information

that would

be derived

in order conduct

excavation The

of the project made an initial visit to Kom Ge'if during the winter of 1977a brief survey and to arrange the necessary logistical matters for the renewed at Naukratis and extended survey work in its environs. that has taken

and neighboring west Delta sites over the place at Naukratis de? century since Petrie's day has truly been phenomenal. Contrary to the most recently published when of Naukratis that the site was covered by low vegetation 1976: 609-10), (Shenouda scription was actually completely under wa? we began our work, we found that the area of the early excavations destruction ter (fig. 1.9). The rapid increase in the water table of the Delta, the high rainfall during the winter to turn the area into a lake, said months, and the presence of a small canal nearby had all combined that the presence of this by the villagers to be about 5 m deep. It was both obvious and disheartening of the early sanctuaries for an un? and temene so important preclude any re-examination to the south of the lake, a large and scholarship. of the previous excavation However, derstanding c. 100 x 50 m mound still stood to a height of c. 5 m above the streets of the modern village of Kom lake would Rough calculations, suggested that this mound examination Ge'if. area of Petrie and Hogarth, equating the modern lake with the excavation was located within the area of Petrie's Great Temenos (fig. 1.10). A brief a of the summit of the mound (referred to hereafter as the South Mound) produced of the sides of the a close inspection its western face, had exposed sections of contiguous in our therefore, was the most obvious area for excavation in date), while of Naukratis. area for excavation recent was the that local

varied assemblage of potsherds (mostly Ptolemaic mound revealed that the sebakhin, digging along mudbrick renewed walling. The South Mound, of the ancient

was the most promising fact that it was still capped by traces of what appeared to be a relatively residents told us had gone out of use at the end of the last century. It was was part of the (then) "modern" cemetery described by Petrie as overlying that he had utilized Petrie

emporium investigation the case that the South Mound Supporting

of the Great in developing his interpretation that he had excavated this cemetery had given the impression 1979: 154). totally (after the but Hogarth had used a cemetery of the graves were removed by the families involved), contents corner of Petrie's Great his attempts to find the northwestern mound in this area to guide him during Temenos (Petrie 1886: 34).56 the South Mound at Kom Ge'if became the area in which we hoped to develop of our excavation and sur? For these reasons, the stratigraphy-based

cemetery possible that this cemetery the archaeological deposits Temenos and Leonard (Coulson

corpus of ceramics that would form the backbone to reexamine the temples and temene in the northern part the opportunity vey strategies. Regrettably, of the city had been lost when the lake had formed, but it appeared that we would be able to examine equated Petrie's with Great Temenos, the Hellenion structure the enigmatic described by Herodotus. that both he and Gardner believed should

be

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis IKom Ge'if

21

KOM

GEIF

(Naukratis]

Fig. 1.9. Photomosaic of present-day Naukratis and its envirions with the lake formed in the depression of the earlier excavations. Kom Ge'if and the South Mound are visible at the bottom of the photograph (composite balloon photos by G. W. Johnson in Coulson and Leonard 1981a: pl. 4).

22

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Cemetery^ll^N

Fig. 1.10. Composite drawing indi? cating the approximate relation of the modern topography to the struc? tures found by the earlier excavators (G. W. Johnson in Coulson, Leonard and Wilke 1982: fig. 5).

TOO

200m

The

1980

Season our understanding of the form and function of the end of the ancient city was hampered by the exist? both of which had been based exclusive) hypotheses,

As we began our initial season of excavation, at the southern uncovered architecture previously

ence of two diametrically opposed (and mutually on actual excavation. Petrie and Gardner felt that the structure Greek structure intended to function as a storehouse,

on the other of refuge. Hogarth, built and utilized by an Egyptian Greeks at the northern end of the city. remains was the problem of chronology. that of Amasis, Mound, based, therefore, ceramic

the Hellenion, a massive represented a place of assembly, and (if neccessary) a place fortress that had been hand, believed that it was a local Egyptian whose mission was to keep an eye on the actions of the garrison

over the nature of the architectural Adding to the confusion Was this structure built during the reign of Psammetichus I, or as late as the Ptolemaic The initial goal of the excavations in the South period? question by establishing a stratigraphy-

was an attempt to solve this century-old profile of the history of the site.

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis lKom Ge'if

23

As the memory villagers, the western ically beneath had suggested

of the cemetery on the South Mound had faded from the minds of the local flanks of the mound had been encroached upon continually by the modern dirt road from Kom Ge'if to Abu Meshfa, cutting deeply into the archaeological soils that lay stratigraphthe level of the cemetery. Visual inspection of the mound during the 1977-1978 season the presence there of an accessible sequence of archaeological strata. Given the "telllike" nature of these remains, the site made an ideal candidate for a modified (or "Wheeler-Kenyon" method of excavation such as that utilized at other sites in the east to unravel similar "balk/debris") situations.

the stratigraphy of Naukratis had been debated for almost a century when we began our the purpose of our first season of excavation was to present the maximum vertical exposure work, of the archaeological soils that were still extant at this important site. Accordingly, during the 1980 strata of the South Mound by laying out two small probes, our season, we tested the "pre-cemetery" Areas 1.12). 1 and 2 below This the western flanks of the mound in what was then termed area had been cut by the dirt road that runs northward, around left by the excavations of Petrie, Gardner and Hogarth. These two probes were excavated depression to a depth of almost 3 m at which point ground water was encountered. Between the level of the walls of three architectural dirt road and the present water table, however, mudbrick strata were identified existing to new and correlated walls in both and at other times Field I (figs. 1.11 and the lake formed in the

stratigraphic Because

construction.

bowls with incurved with internal

These mudbrick structures at times incorporated squares. parts of fills for leveling the area prior were built upon large pottery-rich The pottery from these strata was remarkably of homogeneous, consisting of cooking pots and "casseroles" rims, bowls with carinated profiles, and a variety

All of these types appeared consistently the individual loci, and throughout of Alexandria as well as in contemporary all can find suitable parallels in the Ptolemaic cemeteries Cl in Greece and Syria-Palestine. The two small 1980 sondages "Hellenistic" defined the deposits was the fact that our program of vertical extent of the retrievable remains, but equally important lid devices. (balloon) South photogrammetric Mound (and hence our original "rough" calculations that the present confirmed mapping the two soundings) were located within the walls of Petrie's Great Temenos Mound,

(fig. i.io). In addition of 1977-1978,

to the South indicated

investigation uated along the western shores of the lake, between it and another modern cemetery, adjacent to fields a large collection where earlier survey work had produced of local potsherds. This area also seemed to be somewhat near the area where Petrie located a "Slag Heap" on his plan of the site (here, compare 1.2 and 1.13). The lower water level of the lake during the summer months had exposed an figs. irregular band of white material along the lakeshore in this area, possibly offering us a further glimpse of the purported lime-slaking Therefore when ground water was reached in Field I towards operation. the end of the 1980 season we transferred personnel to begin a small probe in Field II. In a single, small (2.0 x 2.0 m) sounding, the band of white material was reached at a depth of less than 30 cm, any sealed deposits had been reached (Leonard in Coulson and Leonard 1981a: 20). Unfortu? nately, this white material turned out to consist of burnt organic matter (ash) rather than the mineral recorded by Petrie, and ground water was reached c. 20 cm below the ash level without by-product before the probe open) ever having encountered displayed loci, however, a sealed deposit. The pottery associated the same range of Ptolemaic domestic fabrics with these and shapes (admittedly as had been

further

of the Kom Ge'if area during the winter our initial inspection area of ancient Naukratis, our Field II (fig. 1.13), that invited since it seemed to have escaped the ravages of time and the sebakhin. It was sita second

24

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

showing photograph Fig. 1.11. Balloon Areas 1 and 2 of the (1980) excavations in the South Mound (G. W. Johnson in Coulson and Leonard 1981a: pl. 46> fig. 2).

Fig. 1.12.

Plan ofthe South Mound showing individual

excavation areas (G. W Johnson and C. Johnson-Romy).

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis IKom Ge'if

25

KOM

6EIF

(Naukratis) 200m

Fig. 1.13. Plan of Naukratis showing the loca? tion of the 1980 excavation Fields I and II (G W. Johnson in Coulson and Leonard 1981a: 34, fig. 3).

found during was the intact

the excavations brazier

in Field

I (the South and Leonard

Mound). 1981a:

Noteworthy

from this small with an almost

fig. 13B:1), by Petrie to the end of the sixth century B.C (1890: 63, 67, levels might still be accesthat pre-Ptolemaic No. 77). The date of this brazier offered the possibility on the site, but the presence of ground water so close to the surface in Field II forced sible somewhere from Tell Defenneh us to abandon The third known locally Iron" (figs. 1.10 and 1.13), that is situated just to the east of the earlier as Kom Hadid, or "Mound of and Leonard 1981a: 48). Petrie had c. 400 m northeast of the South Mound excavations, (Coulson noted what "slag" heaps 2.50 to 3.0 m high in this area, some of which were he termed "frescoed Roman brickwork" (Petrie 1886: 10). Neither in direct association with the slag nor the frescoed in this area after slightly more than one week. area explored during the 1980 season was the low, 50 x 75 m mound excavation

(fig. 7.8; Coulson in levels assigned

sounding exact parallel

26

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

brickwork and vitrified

was discernible mudbrick

in 1980,

but

the surface identified

of Kom

Hadid

fragments Rapp (see Coulson and Leonard 1982e: 86 n. 30). that would be most "slag" by Petrie, then excavation might reveal an area of pottery manufacture of the (surprisingly little known) industrial facet of life at ancient helpful for our understanding Naukratis. were made to excavate Kom Hadid in a subsequent season. plans Accordingly, by Dr. George The 1981 Season in the South Mound

that were

as the waste

potsherds a pottery kiln products If this was the material recorded as from

was covered

with

to complement the vertical during the 1981 season attempted of the Ptolemaic in the 1980 soundings the hori? stratigraphy building levels identified by providing zontal exposure necessary to understand the nature and function of the architecture and (Coulson Leonard 1982b: 367-71). To this end, a grid of (4.0 x 4.0 m) squares was laid out directly above to the east of the two small soundings and immediately of 1980 (fig. 1.12), and this part of the mound became known as the Northwest Area. Five squares (Areas 482, 490, 491, 492, and 502) were excavated and began to produce at least three interior rooms of a mudbrick-walled partially building. The shape and fabric of the ceramic material recovered from the structure closely paralleled that from the deeper, 1980 soundings, while the proposed Ptolemaic date was supported by the discovery of a bronze coin of Ptolemy III found within a laminated surface in one of the rooms. As work in the Northwest Area was progressing, two (4.0 x 4.0 m) squares, Areas 12 and 15, were opened on a lower terrace at the southeastern edge of the mound in what then became known as the the Southeast Area (fig. 1.12). This was done in order to determine the lateral extent of the building remains at the southern end of the ancient to reach below them into the earlier levels of the site. Ptolemaic Each of these city and, more hopefully, in an attempt

Excavation

two squares (Areas 12 and 15) exhibited the same basic stratigraphy: the severely remains of the post-Ptolemaic disturbed below the surface, below which was cemetery immediately a series of intact burials (of seemingly similar date) that cut into, or were built upon, a thick layer of mudbrick dations The detritus from the wall (Locus 1254/1565) of a substantial water. mudbrick structure whose foun? are well below lower stratum the present level of ground of intact burials consisted

of children who lay on their right predominantly sides with their heads to the east. Sophistication in burial type varied widely from simple, disarticulated clusters of bones dug into layers of wind-borne sediment and mudbrick detritus, to fairly sub? stantial tombs constructed of mudbrick fired-brick. These tombs were separated (and occasionally) from the large wall of the earlier structure below by a series of loci that represent the collapse and sub? Neither the northern nor southern face of this sequent erosion of the upper parts of that building. wall could of the tight superimposition of the later tombs, but the wall 1254/ width of 3 m and it ran through both squares for a minimum distance of 19 m 1565 had a minimum without showing any evidence of cornering. The wall was excavated to a height of over 1 m, but its true preserved height could not be obtained since water began to pour into the excavation and forced excavation in this area to be concluded. inflicted on the Southeast Area by (at least) two phases of burials had been enorto have been sealed/closed mous, and none of the debris loci could honestly be considered deposits. The pottery from these loci, however, was all of Ptolemaic date. These small pieces of ceramic inclu? sions were often frequent in the mudbricks of the wall itself, but unfortunately these bits were usually The disturbance be excavated because

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis IKom Ge'if

27

pottery from fragments, agree with the other Ptolemaic in date. Granted this is an argument ex silentio, but, because nothing was also Ptolemaic large building was found that must either predate or postdate the Ptolemaic Period, it is a strong one. As the workspace in Areas 12 and 15 became clogged with the slow and tedious excavation of the to find a portion of the South Mound that was not covered with these x 4.0 m squares, Areas 66 and 88, were opened in what then tombs, ubiquitous seemingly in about a week became known as the Northeast Area of the South Mound (fig. 1.12). Unfortunately, both of the new squares exhibited balk-to-balk tombs. later burials two 4.0 slow and painfully frustrating, further excavation had been planned for the Ptolemaic Although in Areas 12 and 15, as well as the recently opened Areas 66 and 88. Unfortunately, the architecture and removal of the skeletons so disturbed the local villagers that articulation, photographic recording, excavation in these two areas from continuing mid-way through the 1981 season we were prohibited (Northeast farmers and Southeast) limits of the mound. where deep cuttings made by local the cemetery that we wished to avoid to test archaeological strata at (fig. 1.12). This North Area appeared finally to offer the opportunity massive Wall 1254/1565 in the the same absolute level as the structure indicated by approximately of the northern of the South and 316) and brick-makers had reduced the area to a level below Southeast After Area, but without clearing a continuous the overburden and cleaning cuts of the villagers were nine meter balk running east-west, to the north of which two 4.0 x regularized 4.0 m squares, Area 315 to the east and Area 316 to the west, were laid out between the northern edge two stratigraphicall'y and a small pathway. These two squares produced distinct of the mound the initial into phases: an upper statum that could be correlated in both squares and a lower stratum that archaeological Both strata dated to the Ptole? was observable only in Area 316 (Coulson and Leonard 1981b: 42-44). maic Period. Excavation in these areas was terminated when ground water was reached (c. 4.0 m ASL). In summary, of the 1981 season of excavations, however, did begin to present a good indication at the site by the Ptolemaic with the multithe scale of the building architects, program conducted in the Northwest massive structure of and North Areas, and the tantalizingly room architecture Area. Unfortunately the season also raised which Wall 1254/1565 formed a part in the Southeast of his work at the site. These questions serious questions about the veracity of Petrie's description(s) were stimulated the presence of the extensive cemetery on the surface of the South Mound which, by according to the local villagers, had gone out of use very early in the present century. Petrie, however, claimed to have financed the transfer of the remains from a cemetery in this same area in order to allow him to expand his digging, and elucidate the plan of the Great Temenos (Petrie 1886: 34). The series of empty and disturbed tombs just below the surface of the South Mound at first appeared to the massive, confirm at least a portion of Petrie's statements, and offered the hope of reinvestigating cleared by him in 1884. The presence of the layer of intact tombs, how? structure(s) pre-Ptolemaic doubt on his claim that he had removed the cemetery in order to dig below it, ever, east considerable a statement of which even Hogarth had been skeptical since he had utilized a cemetery in this area when in 1903. This would he attempted to relocate Petrie's Great Temenos of the doubts raised by Hogarth as to just how much of the southern portion excavated by his famous predecesor (1905: 111-12). to support some of the site was actually seem of the later cemetery. of the North Area, the recent Subsequently Mound (Areas 315 we shifted the focus of our work to the base and, in an attempt

morphologically of these small

non-diagnostic.

Vessel forms

that could

be determined,

as well as the fabric of many the site and suggest that this

28

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

The

1982 Because

Season

the 1982 season was the final (full) digging season in the South Mound, primary at? The first was the creation of a vertical (connection) between the was given to two operations. in the Northwest Area during the 1980 and 1981 seasons and the correlation uncovered architecture of the phasing and date of these structures. The second was an attempt to gain some understanding of what lay below the present water table through a program of core drilling. tention of the previous (1980 and 1981) seasons was achieved by continued the stratigraphy Connecting of Area 1 that had been in Area 492 (fig. 1.12), which is actually the eastern two-thirds excavation this work, the western face of northThrough dug in 1980, but at a higher level on the mound. south visible cluded Wall 49204 (fig. 2.4) was shown to be the same wall as Wall 1007 whose eastern side had been was in? and the lowest course of which, although above the 1980 sounding, unexcavated, of that season (Coulson and Leonard 1981a: 37, fig. 6). This wall in the section drawings had been founded wares that on a layer of debris, the ceramic hallmark of which was the Ptole? Mound. had been the excavations of the South

(49204/1007) maic These Area domestic

architectural 490

correlations,

ubiquitous throughout with subsequent excavation coupled were to demonstrate almost

(fig. 1.12), the level of the present water table and the "modern" cemetery that caps the "occupation" that were isolated, at least five could Of the ten architectural South Mound. phases (or sub-phases) structures (see below). be shown to be multi-room between that was con? Testing below the present water table was achieved by a program of core-drilling of Minnesota-Duluth ducted by Dr. John Gifford, then of the Archaeometry Laboratory, University The drill site in the South Mound was in Area 316 (marked and Leonard 1982c: 44-45). (Coulson "C" on (fig. 1.10; pls. 5.6, 5.7 and 5.8) a square c. 4.0 m ASL) during the 1981 season (Coulson (over plastic sheeting) considerable damage at the hands of the sebakhin were backfilled that had been excavated and Leonard 1981b: down

to the east

six continuous

in Area 491 and the opening of meters of Ptolemaic

42-44).

to ground water (at This area had been the area had suffered the plastic and the

after the water was encountered; during relocated.

and, although the winter of 1981-1982, This

enabled easily original south balk of the square duced from the (4.60 m deep) core to be added (on paper) below the stratigraphic in the square. methods of excavation been determined by conventional Sherds and "micro-sherds"

the stratigaphical

profile pro? sequence that had

were among the inclusions found in the various soil matrices above sea level in the core, but none of these sherds appeared, by their fabrics, to have been any different on the mound. encountered from the Ptolemaic repertoire of pottery previously during excavation Ceramic inclusions abruptly ceased to appear in the core at sea level where a layer of grayish, silty mud was encountered. The soil became sandier below this project's geologist as "muddy coarse sand" when the operation of a large, moving body of water, and this level. Such muddy, coarse sand is said to be indicative relative of it, may once have branch of the Nile, or a substantial would suggest that the Canopic flowed through the area presently occupied by the South Mound. by the being described at c. 4.60 m below sea was terminated and was still

Summary Because the work Mound. of of the tremendous the Naukratis destruction inflicted by the sebakhin upon the mound at Kom Ge'if, of the area called the South to an examination and those produced

Comparisons

Project was restricted between the maps and plans made by the earlier excavators

1997

A History ofthe Excavations at Naukratis IKom Ge'if

29

by our own program of photogrammetric section of the southern end of the ancient the "Great Temenos" dotus. soned and which

mapping suggested that this mound preserved a in particular the area that Petrie termed of Naukratis, city he identifed as the sixth century B.C "Hellenion" described by Hero? (balloon)

to having "no exact means of dating" this great structure, he reaadmitted Although that since this was the structure described by Herodotus, that it should be dated to the "earlier this hypothesis, Petrie utilized what he con? evidence" of the structure's age, the comparative dimen? he believed that he had developed a chronological yardstick (Petrie 6). To bolster

Petrie

part of the XXVIth dynasty" (Petrie 1886: sidered to have been "the most distinctive sions 1886: of its mudbricks, for which

that none of the early Greek imports, so prevalent 6). In this regard it should be remembered in the northern part of the city, were ever claimed to have been found in connection with the Great Temenos 1898/99: 41). (Hogarth If Petrie's evidence for the dating for the extensive Ptolemaic was tenuous, his evi? phase of the structure to have been begun during the reign of Ptolemy II repairs (said size of the mudbricks he added definite in that to the comparative Whether or not these be noted but it should of the initial

dence

was slightly more Philadelphus) to represent foundation four groups of objects, which he considered deposits. is a matter of interpretation, of objects were actual foundation deposits groups that this was the first time 1886: 28-30). that Petrie utilized artifactual evidence (Petrie lenion In sum,

described

sequently While

by Herodotus: repaired and embellished

for the dating of the structure Petrie viewed the remains in the southern end of the city as the Hel? a building that was founded in the "Archaic Greek" period and subduring Ptolemaic times.

in the remains at the southern Petrie saw a chronological end of the city, sequence in the area, viewed the situation in ethnic, racial, or perhaps even after his own excavations Hogarth, terms. To Hogarth, these remains indicated the presence of an Egyptian garrison (Piethnographic emro of the Nectanebo Stela) "situated Hogarth 1898/99: ing that had been 48; and 1905: far from the region where Greek things are found" (see also To Hogarth, Petrie's Great Temenos was an Egyptian build? 106-8).

in order to keep a watchful eye on the unpredictable (and positioned strategically conclave of foreigners in the northern end of the town. In fact it appears that unruly) potentially that the basal levels in this area were "as old as Amasis" was the only reason that Hogarth believed his conviction that the Egyptians the heart of the western Delta. In addition would never have left the (Archaic) in the southern Greeks to their own devices in

part of the ancient city, Hogarth also of populations by race or faith into separate self-contained quoted "the invariable distinction quarter in eastern towns" (1898/99: It is this claimed ethnic division that may provide the potential 43). things" that was actually found in this area. Hogarth's key to the nature and date of the architecture of "local" or "Egyptian" appears to rely primarily on the absence of things that are Greek, definition the richly decorated, at the specifically early Greek pottery that was the high point of the excavations northern end of the site. If, however, we read "Ptolemaic" for Hogarth's "local" or "Egyptian"?and the vast majority clays?we of the Ptolemaic ceramics are drab, monochrome vessels executed in local or Delta might be able to integrate the results of his work with those of the present project. Such a that the fourth century B.C Nectanebo would be strengthened by Hogarth's consideration hypothesis Stela belonged to one of the buildings identified by Petrie as the "Great Temenos." at the site) that not only It was Hogarth's contention his second season of excavations (after in this part of the mound, but no Great Temenos at was there "nothing answering to the Hellenion all" (Hogarth, is admittedly et al. 1905: 111). Such a conclusion harsh, but it should be noted that

to the lack of "Greek

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nowhere

in his excavations

of the southern

that were more than a third of the thickness

end of the city of Naukratis could Hogarth find any walls claimed by Petrie for his Great Temenos. In fact, the walls

With

that Hogarth did uncover appeared to him to have the "character of a dwelling house" (1905: 111). the possible exception of Wall 1254/1565 in the Southeastern Area this is basically what the Naukratis Project excavations have revealed. Throughout the contiguous 6 m of vertical deposit in the South Mound,

was encountered that either pre-dated or post-dated the Ptolemaic Period. nothing The case is further strengthened from Core "C" in Area 316,70 which added by the microsherds another 4.60 m to our "stratigraphy" in which nothing was noted that was demonstrably not Ptole? maic. Such artifactual evidence the views of Hogarth those of Petrie and greatly supports (against Gardner) concerning of Naukratis.71 Notes The following text is based partially on sections written the author that were included in Coulson and Leonard by (1982b), and Coulson, Leonard, and Wilke (1982). Specific references have been offered for those points that are most germane to the author's excavations at Kom Ge'if and Kom Hadid. In addition, those interested in the site of ancient Naukratis will find the information presented in the rele? vant sections of Bernand (1970), Loyd (1975; 1988), Braun (1982), and Bowden (1990) to be of tremendous value. Absolute Egyptian dates not credited specifically to individual authors are from Trigger, et al. (1985: 281, Table 4.1). These are well-summarized and discussed by Austin (1970: 22-23, and 58-59). 4Not marked on Petrie's site plan (1886: pl. XL; fig. 1.2 here). See below, and Boardman (1980: 126-28). Both of these architectural elements were later destroyed. The column base was smashed after Petrie was allowed to take a photo (evidently unpublished) of it; the piece with the re? mains of the volute was destroyed while Petrie was on his way to get his camera to take the photograph of the column base (Petrie 1886: 13). This resulted in a trench almost 40 m long. The wall, shown in the northern part of the temenos on Petrie (1886: pl. XLI), is equated with the western wall of the first temple of Apollo and, evidently by extension, was also part of the second temple (Petrie 1886: 12). Petrie went on to claim that "there is no way of working so satisfactory for an area of importance as turning over every ounce of soil and placing it on the ground al? ready cleared; working with a straight trench across the site, wide enough to prevent any confusion, and to show the undisturbed native soil plainly at the bottom of it." (Petrie 1886: 12). This area is Petrie's famous "trench with bowls" (1886: 11, pl. XLIV), which was frequently referred to by subsequent writers in attempting to support a variety of hypotheses. Petrie noted that the maximum dimensions of the build? were "c. 25 x 50 feet (or perhaps only two-thirds of that ing size)" due to the necessity of fitting the building around a series of "early"wells in the area, and making this agree with his stratigraphical yardstick for the site: the "trench with bowls" (Petrie 1886: 12). The fragments of architecture from Temple I are illus? trated on pls. III and XIV (top). Note that the volutes on the capital (dotted in the drawing) are conjectural, although a fragment of a volute was found (but not illustrated), as Petrie tells us "by Arabs digging in the site, before I was aware of any temple existing there" (Petrie 1886: 13). The architec? tural fragments for Temple 2 are shown on pl. XIV bottom. For the sculpture from both phases, see Smith (1892: 6264); on the decoration itself, see Lawrence (1983: 171, n. 19, 388). Petrie (1886: 16-17), but not recorded on his plans. It does appear in Gardner (1888: pl. IV). Fragments of limestone slabs were encountered during our excavations in Loci 49116 (NW Phase 8a or NW Hia? tus A), 49148 (NW Phase 9a), 49024 (NW Hiatus A), 31608 (N 3), and 31512 (N 2), but no connection with these events described by Petrie could be made. When found, the rams were missing their heads and limbs, but the pair was still estimated to weigh a half-ton. They were reburied after a photo (unpublished) was taken of one of them. Evidently found in association with these pieces was an inscribed base for a third ram (pl. XXX). Another stone sphinx figure and two other stone bases were found by Hogarth during his 1903 season (1905: 122), but their sizes are not recorded. A brief but tantalizing reference was made also to "Roman buildings" that were found within the temenos to the west of the "great chambers" (1886: 34). The present project did not find any traces of limeslaking activity at Naukratis, although a tremendous amount of ceramic kiln waste was found in both our survey and our excavations. the nature and date of the architecture in the southern end of the ancient city

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For the later history of Naukratis, see Hogarth, et al. (1905: 109-10), and Sullivan (1981: 16). For our experiences here, see below especially the exca? vations in the North Area (squares 66 and 88) and South Area (squares 12 and 15). For the timing of Petrie and Griffith's departure see Gardner (1888: 14). Except for Smith's help with the exca? vations in the cemetery, Gardner was alone for most of the season and was forced to rely heavily on "contract work" (1888: 14). Some of these workers appear to have been dig? ging "by the meter" (1888: 18). It is not clear why Gardner stated that the temple faced westward "as might be expected in a temple dedicated to heroes, and not to a god" (Gardner 1888: 11), since Petrie oriented the neighboring temple to Apollo toward the west because of a pattern of rubbish distribution, and the fact that he felt that the canal (and hence the entry to the town) had been on the west (Petrie 1886: 12). Gardner does, however, try to differentiate between buildings for gods and those for demi-gods (1888: 31). Gardner did add a note of caution against the very existence of the eastern wall, stating that it may have been placed on the plan on pl. I "by a mistake" (1888: 30). That wall was not included on the plan of the temple on his pl. IV A few months later, the foundations of a small, rectan? gular building were detected in the northeastern portion of this enclosure and, although scantily preserved and only briefly described, they led Gardner to believe that the temple had originally been of stone and that all but "one or two insignificant fragments . . . had been carried ofF' (1888: 13, 60-61). About 30 m to the south of this structure, in line with, but at a slightly higher level than, its eastern wall, were found the remains of two pillars with small stretches of plas? ter flooring between them. Unfortunately they were simply too detached from the stratigraphy of the surrounding area to allow Gardner to offer any further comments on them (1888:61). The difference of about 50 cm between the absolute levels of the two temples was attributed to "accident" given the great distance (a quarter of a mile) between the two struc? tures. Evidently, in spite of its early date, Gardner did not believe that this temple was the same temple to Aphrodite that was mentioned by Athenaeus as already existing at Naukratis during the time of the 23rd Olympiad (688 B.C.) (1888: 34). Not only did the wide-spread scattering of the mate? rial suggest this to Gardner, but he also detected signs of intentional breakage on the terracotta figurines as if the damage had been done "by some enemy not only of the Greeks, but also of their religion" (i.e. the Persians) (1888: 55). Nor was the size of this sculpture reported. It must have been quite large, since Gardner mentioned that it re-

quired six or seven men to lift one of the fragments (1888: 14). None of the villagers during our tenure at the site had any memory of such a sculpture nor did the Museum authorities in either Alexandria or Cairo. A red granite sphinx and three (?) marble rams were found in this general area by Petrie (1886: 27-28 and "note" pre? ceding p. 1). See also Hogarth (1905: 122). The various bits of their case are sumarized and pre? sented well in (1888: 71-72). Boardman (1967: 241) stated the point quite succinctly, "In the sixth century there was also a Greek factory at Naukratis whose products can be distinguished by their fabric as well as their technique." 25 Petrie quoted by Gardner (1888: 72). See also Hogarth 1898/99: 48. Yet in 1904, Petrie could write that the pottery demonstrated that Naukratis dated from the middle of the seventh century B.C, which agreed with the statement by Athenaeus that a "statue" had been dedicated there in the 23d Olympiad, or 688 B.c. (1904: 143). One must also be careful when comparing the plan from Hogarth's 1889 season (fig. 1.7; Hogarth 1898/99: pl. III), with that from his 1903 season (fig. 1.8; Hogarth, et al. 1905: fig. 1 [p. 113]. Both plans label the (40 x 40 foot) grid-squares from "A" through "G" (from north to south) across the top; but the 1898/99 plan labels the squares from "1" though "5" (from east to west) down the side, while the 1903 plan of the extended excavations of that year label the squares from "VIII" through "I" (from east to west) down the side. Compare, for instance, feature #37 in Square "Gl" on Hogarth 1898/99: pl. III with the same feature's appearance in Square "GV" on Hogarth, et al. (1905: fig. 1.) Hogarth's oblique reference to a grid change during the 1903 season (1905: 112-13), is insufficient to clarify the situation. To minimize confusion, one should also note that the (200 x 200 foot) grid on the larger site-plan of the 1899 excavations (fig. 1.6; Hogarth 1898/99: pl. II) reverses the scheme used for the northern area in the same volume (pl. III) and labels the squares by number (1 through 13) across (north to south) the top, and by letter (A through G) along the (east to west) side. This causes difficulty when attempting to identify, for instance, "the wall fragments in I.e" or the "parallel dividing c and d" when reference to the specific plan is not provided (both: Hogarth 1898/99: 29). Note also that in the text of the earlier excavation report, Hogarth often substituted Roman numerals for Arabic numerals: inter alia, "east of this point (43), and beyond the cross wall (III.d. top) . . ." must certainly refer to the square numbered "3d" on the site plan (Hogarth 1898/99: pl. II) where a stub of walling with that number is recorded, and not to square "3d" on the excavation plan in the same vol? ume (pl. III) which is in actuality about 100 m away (in Square Gl). Furthering the confusion is the fact that the latter (and incorrect) area "3d" is approximately the same area that was labeled "Illd" in the plan of the 1903 season

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(Hogarth, et al. 1905: 113, fig. 1) written after the earlier article had been published! The thick, north-south section of walling associated with feature #34 (Hogarth 1898/99: pl. III), and near which Hogarth added the caption "Dioscuri" to the plan after the 1903 season (Hogarth, et al. 1905: fig. 1), should not be confused with the eastern wall of Gardner's Temple of the Dioscuri, for the former wall is almost twice as thick as the latter and must, therefore, be from a different (and larger?) structure. This architecture was dated by Hogarth to the first half of the sixth century B.C. using Petrie's formula for determining a wall's date by the dimensions of the individual bricks used in its construction. Wall feature #8 is described as being 37 feet thick and built against the walls of feature #3 (Hogarth 1898/99: 31), but the plan on his pl. III is completely at odds with this description. For the resources available to Hogarth on this impor? tant inscription see his (1905: 106 n. 4) as well as Bouriant (1885) and Kamal (1904/05). Lichtheim (1980: 87-89) has pointed out that hSw-nbw may mean either the Greeks or Phoenicians (i.e. the Mediterranean Sea); that "Hent" ("course" or "watercourse"), a word unknown elsewhere, may refer to the harbor of Naucratis; and that "Anu" is the Canopic branch of the Nile. Lichtheim also offers a history of publications and commentaries on the text of the stela (1980: 87). For Nectanebo's temple building efforts in gen? eral, see Triger et al. (1985: 290-95, 327-28). Note Hogarth's switch to Roman numerals (p. 41, "VII and VIH") from the Arabic numerals (7 and 8) on the plan offered on his pl. 2, here fig. 1.6. This should not be confused with his use of Roman numerals to indicate east-west squares on his plan (1905: fig. 1; fig. 1.8 here). It will be remembered that Petrie and Gardner had located (second?) tzm]Aesl temenoi to Apollo, to Aphrodite, and to the Dioscuri in other parts of the ancient city (Hogarth, et ai 1905: 112). Actually two such sherds were found, but only one was published. It is strange that when these sherds were first mentioned by Hogarth he thought that "it would be unsafe to name this the Artemis Shrine" on such a small sampling (1905: 115). The identification was further complicated by the fact that dedications to Herakles had been found "not far off" in 1899 (Hogarth 1898/99: 32, nos. 3, 33, and 84), and a partial inscription to that god had been discovered in the area in 1903 (1905: 117, no. 15). By the time the 1903 plan was labeled, however, the caption "Herakles" had been moved to a spot some 30 m to the west. It is strange that the thick sections of an (evidently east-west) wall (feature #57) almost as thick as the outer (east-west) Hellenion walls (features #34 and #37), that appear in the southern part of Square D2 (1898/99, pl. II); fig. 1.6 here), and could reasonably be interpreted as form? ing the southern limits of the great building, were not even mentioned in the publication, nor did they appear again on

his detailed plan of the area (1898-1899: pl. III; fig. 1.7 here). The description of this "complex" is confusing; there seems to have been two stratigraphical levels to it. The lower level consisted of bricks of the same dimensions recorded by Petrie for the Great Temenos Wall, but above this was a definitely later element that had been built on a layer of earth that contained sherds that were said to have been not earlier than the fifth century B.C. (Hogarth 1905: 111). As has been noted, Hogarth considered the southern section of Naukratis to have consisted exclusively of a native Egyptian garrison, that had conveniently been stationed there in order to watch over the activities of the Greek mer? chants in the northern part of the city. It is interesting to note, however, that the date of these buildings was inferred by Hogarth from the (original?) presence of the Nectanebo Stela in one of them. This appeal to a fourth century B.C. stela in an attempt to date the buildings is confusing, but it does imply that Hogarth considered such a date to be satisfactory, if not for the construction of these structures then at least for their utilization. Not only would such a date be approximately sixty-five years (or about two generations) after Herodotus' reported visit to the site, but almost one hundred fifty years after the death of the pharaoh Amasis with whom Herodotus credited the original settling of the Greeks at Naukratis. While the Nectanebo Stela may be valuable for our un? derstanding of the history of the city, this monument unfortunately falls far short of providing a useful tool for determining the stratigraphy of the site, especially consider? ing the uncertainties concerning the circumstances under which the stela was discovered. In support of his view that Petrie had never actually examined this area by any systematic method of digging, Hogarth called attention to Petrie's own statement (1886: 24) that he relied mainly on the memory of local villagers that there had, at one time, been mounds on three sides of this area (Hogarth 1905: 111). It is interesting that Prinz does not include on his plan of the Hellenion the three stubs of very thick walling that run in an east-west direction between features #57 and #39 on Hogarth's (1899 pl. II; see also n. 34). Prinz's arguments often tend to be quite circular, a point that certainly was not lost on Gjerstad (1934: 67-68). Unfortunately, Gjerstad relied heavily upon what he called Petrie's "valuable description of the stratification of the site" and even reproduced Petrie's "diagramatic section of the stratigraphy" (1934: 70). The diagram (Petrie 1886: pl. 54) is actually an east-west section (cf. headings across the top) through the temenos, but note the actual state of this area in Petrie (1886: pl. 41) and Gardner (1888: pl. 4). What must come as a shock to most readers of Gjerstad's article is the amount of justification that he felt was necessary to offer when appealing to stratigraphy while discussing archae? ological problems with a scholarly "audience" in the 1930s. Unfortunately, Petrie's section, reflecting as it did the strati-

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graphical concepts of an admitted pioneer in the field who had constructed his diagram almost half a century before Gjerstad wrote, was doomed to failure. The method by which the temenos had been excavated, especially the clearing of the "trench with bowls" upon which so much of the stratigraphical section had been based, simply did not allow a plausible argument based upon stratigraphy to be made. Gjerstad noted that this interpretation actually went against the general consensus of his day, and even went against Petrie's analysis of his own stratigraphy who had identified only two Apollo temples, but Gjerstad felt that Petrie's "excellent stratigraphical records" allowed him to make these changes in interpretation (1934: 75-76). For a discussion of the individual subphases, see Gjerstad (1934: 78-79). However one views the results of Gjerstad's efforts, his integration of stratigraphical, artifactual and literary evidence certainly stands as a testimony to his scholarship. Cook felt that this was the most important study for the early chronology of Naukratis (1937: 228, n. 6); for the other studies upon which he relied, see Cook (1937: 227-28, n. 6). Cook felt his case to be strengthened by the fact that the imports began to appear at Naukratis c. 615610 B.C, and that there was no sudden and/or noticeable increase in volume c. 570 B.C. that would coincide with the reign of Amasis. For a discussion of the relevancy in appealing to the use of the omega in this instance, see Austin (1970: 24). Austin wisely (and correctly) avoids the term "founda? tion" in dealing with the arrival of the Greeks at Naukratis since it seemed to him that if Pi-emro existed as an Egyptian entity before the arrival of the Greeks, they never could have "founded" the city. Also, the city does not appear to have been founded as the result of a purposeful and active policy of the would be founding states, as was the case with more normal foundations of the period (1970: 22). He did not feel, however, that the seventh century establishment needed to have been made by the Milesians as recorded by Strabo and others. The earliest imported Greek pottery at the site was a single sherd?of dubious provenance?from a "Transitional" Corinthian vessel dated c. 630-620 B.c, but there is an increase in quantity of the subsequent Early Corinthian ma? terial of late seventh-early sixth century date (Boardman 1980: 121 and nn. 39 and 40). See now Venit (1988). It is often difficult to decide whether the presence of an import represents the movement of pots or the movement of people. However, the dedication of an imported Greek vessel inscribed in Greek to a Greek deity such as we see on the Chian bowl dedicated by Sostratos to Aphrodite (Board? man 1980: 122, fig. 139) limits such an argument when deal? ing with much of the material from Naukratis. 48Hogarth (1898/99: 27) noted that "like Messrs Petrie and Gardner we also had a miscellaneous crowd of sebakhdiggers for irregular scouts. From them we bought from fifty to a hundred small objects daily, and on their work some of

our own intermediate and final conclusions have been based." Nor had the cemetery of the early inhabitants of the been located. The cemetery that was found by Gardner city to the north of the site during the second season, and excavated mainly by Smith, was much later in date. Only one or two pieces could be dated to the sixth to fifth centuries B.C, and most of the pottery, in fact, dated to the Ptolemaic period (Gardner 1888: 14, 21-29). The process of excavat? ing this cemetery occupied sixty workers for about ten weeks (Gardner 1888: 11). It should be noted that in Lewis' excellent social history of Ptolemaic Egypt, reference was made to Naukratis only twice (1986: 8, 15) both of which related to the city's early history. For the later history of Naukratis, see Sullivan in Coulson and Leonard (1981a: 6-17). 1983 was an in-field study of previously excavated ma? terial. Excavation was limited to small probes designed to clarify stratigraphical ambiguities. See now Coulson (1996), which supercedes the com? ments in Coulson and Leonard (1981a: 45-104). The survey was executed with a view toward examining the veracity of Herodotus' statement that for a long time Naukratis was the only city at which the Greeks had been allowed to settle. The problem of whether or not there were other Greek set? tlements in the area had been made all the more intriguing by unofflcial reports of Greek pottery (at least as early as that from Naukratis) at the neighboring sites of Kom Firin and Kom Kortas (Coulson and Leonard 1982b: 364, n. 13). Therefore, a major facet of the survey was the compilation of a corpus of pottery from several of the largest sites in the survey area, so that their history of occupation could be recorded through comparison with the corpus excavated at Naukratis (Kom Ge'if). At the time that we conducted our fieldwork, no corpus of any type of pottery existed for the western Delta sites. Also of great urgency was the documen? tation of the state of preservation of the sites surrounding Naukratis. Little was known about them, and they were (and, unfortunately, still are) being eroded daily by the dig? ging of local farmers for sebakh. Indeed, the process of ero? sion and settlement encroachment has been so widespread in the Delta that a resolution was passed at the Second Inter? national Congress of Egyptologists held at Grenoble, France, in September 1979, giving first priority to archaeological sur? vey work in the Delta. This work was funded by a Research and Develop? ment grant from the Smithsonian Institution. For the pre? liminary reports, see Coulson and Leonard (1977/78; 1979). This is the result not only of local farmers who mine the phosphate-rich soils {sebakh) that constitute ancient sites in the Delta, but also by settlement occlusion that has burgeoned in this area in the face of modern Egypt's population explosion. A similar situation greeted Hogarth at the beginning of his first season, when "late walls" appeared in the exposed

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flanks of the mounds in the northeastern part of the site (1898-1899: 28-29). In fact, Hogarth claimed to have visited the mound often and at one point offered the tantalizing description of it as a "nucleus of chambers such as I found on the north? west" (1905: 111-12). Although Hogarth did not agree with Petrie's equation of the ancient Hellenion with the "Great Temenos," it is interesting to read Hogarth's explanations of why Petrie (whom he described as "a greater digger than myself") could not help but have made such an error in interpretation (1905: 112). This is a powerful commentary on the chivalry that is so apparent in the scholarship of the time. For the details of such a method see Dever and Lance (1978), and Seger (1971), both of which were followed closely at Naukratis. The western balkline of these two probes was turned c. ten degrees east of north in order to interfere least with the volume of human, animal and vehicular traffic that constantly moved along this road. Excavation was concentrated between the west balk and the eastern face of the roadcutting. The "true" eastern balkline of the probes was, at this point, hypothetical since it actually lay within the mound. Area 1 was connected with the (initially higher) Area 492 during the 1982 season, and the stratigraphy was tied to? gether. For the 1980 season, see also Coulson and Leonard (1981a: 18-29; 1982b: 367-68 and ill. 5) where the positions of Areas 1 and 2 are reversed. Hogarth, whose excavations were halted at several points by the high water table at Naukratis (1898-1899: 34), estimated that the water level in the Delta was at least ten feet higher than it was when the Greeks had come to the site (1898/99: 36; with reference to Petrie [1886: 10]). In fact, he thought it a good probablility that the chambers without doors or windows that Petrie had found in the Great Temenos were actually designed to counteract dampness rather than human foes (1898/99: 37, n. 2). 61 Coulson and Leonard (1981a: 18-19). Note in the present volume that the same material then identified as Stra? tum I is now termed Northwest 3. For preliminary analysis, see Leonard in Coulson and Leonard (1981a: 28-29 with references); and Coulson and Leonard (1980: 18-44). See also Chapter 6 here. Area 492 is in actuality the eastward extension (but at a higher level) of the probe dug in 1980 as Area 1. ^Locus 49213, cf. Coulson and Leonard (1982b: 370 and n. 47; 375 [no. 1], pl. 48, figs. 11-12; see Chapter 7, no. 41 here). In most of our preliminary publications, both the dis? turbed and the intact tombs in this cemetery were referred to simply as "modern" or "Islamic" because the paucity of "grave goods" did not allow one to be certain of their date. See below the chapter on human burials where a date in the fourteenth century A.D. is offered for them. Excavation in Areas 12 and 15 is described in Coulson

and Leonard (1982b: 368-69). Note, however, that Areas 12 and 15 are reversed in ills. 6 and 7 (i.e. in fact, Area 12 lies to the east of Area 15 as shown in ill. 5, and that the arrow in ills. 6 and 8 indicates "grid" north rather than magnetic north. The 1983 work at the South Mound consisted only of a series of small probes/tests designed to explain or confirm the stratigraphy. The major emphasis during this season was the excavation of neighboring Kom Hadid. This report is based on notes (taken by Leonard) of conversations with Gifford in the field. In all, four cores were taken. Cores "A" and "B" (fig. 1.10) were drilled in the northeastern part of the old excavations where, during the 1899 season, Hogarth had exposed the corner of a building that he identified as the Hellenion. Since the remainder of the building should have continued under the fields to the northeast of the modern lake, we had originally planned to expose what remained of this structure, but these plans were abandoned after these two cores indicated that the present water table was simply too high to allow the recovery of any portions of this (hypothetical) structure. The details of cores "A"and "B" will be published elsewhere, as will the fourth core ("D") drilled at Kom Hadid (fig. 1.10). On this portion of the project, see now "Geological Inves? tigations" by Cathleen Villas (Coulson 1996: 163-75), which was not available to the author until March 1997, well after this chapter had been completed. It was not possible to ascertain whether or not this deposit had any relation to the "very unproductive beit of muddy sand about four feet thick" that Hogarth frequently encountered during his excavations at Naukratis between "the remains of the later Ptolemaic period and those of the fifth century and earlier" (1898/99: 30). For the possibility that this layer of sand had been intentionally placed by the Ptolemaic builders to combat "rising damp" (cf. Petrie 1886: 8, 37, 66; Hogarth 1905: 108-9). Recently, a thorough reinvestigation of the Great Te? menos by B. Muhs (1994) appealed to a variety of data to support a position whereby Petrie's name for the structure ("Great Temenos") should be retained, but his date for it is lowered from Saitic to Ptolemaic, and its function altered from a fortress to a temple of Amun of Batet. Suspicions as to whether the architecture at the southern end of the city of Naukratis was military go back to the nineteenth century as outlined above, and such doubts have certainly formed a major theme in the present author's excavation at the site. Nor should a Ptolemaic date for the structure(s) surprise, since our four seasons of digging did not produce a single sherd that need be earlier than the fourth century B.C. Muhs is astute in recognizing that the main obstacle to his hypoth? esis is "the complete absence of anything resembling a tem? ple in the enclosure" (1994: 110), but if one agrees with him that "the complete absence of a temple in the Great Temenos does not preclude it having been a temple enclo? sure" (1994: 111), why would one wish to retain Petrie's title

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for the building with all of its attendant chronological and functional baggage? Why not simply refer to the structure as the "Temenos of the Temple of Amun of Batet at Naukratis," especially since Muhs has assembled a convincing array of artifactual evidence to support the identification of such a building at the site. To Petrie and his followers, the "Great Temenos" was the Saitic structure referred to as the Hellenion by Herodotus and said to have been built by the combined efforts of several Greek states as a place to congregate in times of peace and in times of danger. When one changes the date of the archi? tecture to Post-Saitic (i.e. Ptolemaic) times, it is simply no longer the Great Temenos and, in this writer's opinion, the name should be dropped.

See now Cathleen Villas' "Geological Investigations" (Coulson 1996: 163-75). The one fact that comes through most clearly in this review of the literature concerning the ancient emporium of Naukratis, whether it be archaeological, philological, archi? tectural, or art historical, is that our scholarship is active and very healthy. It has not always been correct, but it has been, and continues to be, constantly in motion as hypotheses ("models" to some) have been formulated, tested, accepted or rejected. It also shows that many of the concepts that some of us might think of as "new" have been with us for well over a century.

Chapter Excavations

Two

in

the

Northwest

Area

Albert

Leonard,

Jr.

The

Northwest Excavation

Construction at Kom Ge'if

Phases base of at the

the South

Mound

(Areas

at the western began in 1980 with two exploratory soundings 1 and 2) in an attempt to gain an idea of the depth of occupation in 1981 and 1982 with the excavation

site (pls. 2.1 and 2.2). (Areas confirm 482, 490, in 1983 and/or 491, concluded

Work continued 492,

with

clarify

502) designed to provide horizontal exposure the digging of a series of four probes (A through D) in areas positioned to some of the stratigraphical observations made during the preceding seasons

of five 4 x 4 m squares (fig. 1.12). The fieldwork

(c. sixty square meters) exposure of the remains of a multipresented the substantial room structure termed the Northwest which had undergone several phases of construction Building, modification that were documented as NW Phases 5 though 9 (NW Phase 10 being top-soil and other open loci). In addition, by means of the deep vertical testing, we were able to link those archi? tectural combined modifications to provide to a series a continuous of earlier phases of the structure six meter stratigraphic history 1 through 4) that of the architecture in this area (NW Phases

(fig. 2.1). This work

(Table 2.1).1 the stratigraphical and historical of the architecture in the to emphasize continuity the following with NW Phase 1, the phase that, because of the Mound, presentation begins level of the modern water table in the Nile Delta, represents the earliest material that could be high of the successive phases of examined by the project. The discussion, our knowledge then, documents South the construction/remodelling ern surface of the mound: subdivisions through the latest NW Phase 10 (the mod? for each of the ten NW phases, where such top soil). Possible subphasing is offered in the footnotes, in the Locus Summaries and are also indicated Building Phases 1 through 4 were reached only in very small be kept in mind that the architecture of these phases are crucial to our understanding of the history of an? of the Northwest In order

were possible, of each of the excavated areas. Although NW areas (some less than a meter square), it should and the material cient Naukratis. culture associated with them

The

Lower

Phases Phase 1 Phase

Northwest

1 (fig. 2.2) all of the excavated walls had been founded below the pres? ent groundwater level. East-west Wall 2044 and north-south Wall 2045 (pls. 2.3 and 2.4), both in Sounding were bonded into each other at a right angle with a heavy accumulation encountered 2, or deposition of debris (Loci 2038, 2042, 2043) consisting primarily of fired brick rubble, within the In the basal, NW cornering of the two walls.

36

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

37

1 ?"r:r----

Rooml

NAUKRATIS/KOM Northwest Building

GE'IF METERS

Fig. 2.1. General plan ofthe area excavated in the northwest corner ofthe South Mound in 1981 and 1982 and the location ofthe 1983 Probes (A-D). The 1980 soundings (1 and 2) were situated south of Probe B west ofRoom 4.

in fig. 2.2) was (illustrated pattern of mudbricks bricks were very often blurred in the individual very to the south, soil. Bricks seemed to be larger in Wall 1026 than in Walls 2044-2045 supersaturated but that was not certain. It is probably best to consider this feature (Wall 1026) as the lower por? tion of the NW Phase 2 Wall 1023-1024 above it. Because of the high water table, the relationship difficult to obtain since the outlines of the between was not ever, Walls 2044-2045 and Wall ascertained not 4 1 (separated in Sounding horizontally by c. 4.25 m), The fact that their masonry how? patterns differ markedly, the possibility that they were remnants of the same wall or 1026

1 to the north, the lowest In Sounding recorded as "Wall" 1026 (figs. 2.3 and 2.4).

material The

reached

was a section

of mudbrick

that was

stratigraphically. preclude

does

necessarily

structure.

Debris Locus 2043 was the earliest of the NW Phase 1 Loci to have been deposited, followed Loci 2042 and 2038 (in that order). Whether these last two Loci were deposited at the same time by or their deposition was separated by a substantial interval of time, could not be determined. Surprisflotation of the soil matrix of Locus 2038 showed it to have been especially rich in cereal cultiingly, however, the deposits gens (see Crawford below). Whatever the nature and timing of their placement, of NW Phase la and b represent the earliest (chronologically useful and significant) loci in the NW area since both of them were well-sealed by the silt of Locus 2036. The ceramic material in these loci fourth century B.C. (see Chapter 6). When ground water suggest a terminus ante quem of fifth/early to enlarge the was reached, however, it rapidly filled the excavation area(s), and made it impossible two probes in order to excavate any additional debris levels that may have been as? (artifact bearing) sociated with these walls. NW filling Phase 2 activities. The operation in the deposition of Locus 2036 should be related to

subsequent

38

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

Table 2.1.

NW

Building

Phase Identifications

NW Hiatus C NW Hiatus B NW Hiatus A NW 8 NW 7

Similar activity continues Similar activity continues Continued use of building although no new construction. Irregular interior(?) use surfaces develop. The most complex plan of the building emerges when new use debris (8a) is leveled to build new walls (8b)

late 2nd/early lst century B.C.

Plan of building becomes more complex with addition of two rooms at W end 2nd half of 2nd (7a): Accumulation of use debris (7b). Small interior wall added later in phase. century B.C. More accumulation of use debris (7d). This is the most active construction phase. (7c): New walls (6a) built: plan of building emerges. Building use period (6b). New walls built New walls (4a) built. Phase ends with wallfall (4b) episodes. New walls (3a) built. Debris accumulates (3b) with use of these walls. New walls (2a) built and/or new courses (2a) added to already-standing walls. Phase ends with fall (2b) from these walls. Big walls already exist (foundations below present groundwater levels) mid 2nd century B.C mid 3rd/early 2nd century B.C 3rd/early 2nd century B.C 5 th/early 4th century B.C

NW 6 NW 5 NW 4 NW3 NW 2 NW1

Northwest

Phase 2

1, a single course of mudbricks (Locus During NW Phase 2 (figs. 2.3 and 2.5), in Sounding at c. 1025) was added to NW Phase 1 Wall 1026, upon which Wall 1024 had been constructed m ASL. Locus 1023, encountered west of Wall 1024 also appeared to represent in 4.90 immediately a different and distinctive situ courses of mudbrick, (dark and porus) clay that made distin? utilizing guishing between top of combined similar the individual Wall bricks very difficult. At some subsequent point in time, the flattened was covered by Locus 1022 (pl. 2.5), a single course of bricks 1023-1024 of Locus 1023.

in fabric to those

In Sounding the building of Wall 2030 that was founded 2, NW Phase 2 (fig. 2.5) witnessed m ASL) equal to the founding in Sound? on Locus 2035 at a level (c. 4.90-4.91 of Wall 1023-1024 clayey soil of Locus 2035, ing 1 to the north. The compacted, low) Wall 2030, is similar to that used in mudbrick fabrication, to represent unexcavated a single between Wall the fact that two Despite Wall 2030/2035 and Wall 1023/1024, 2035. situated to the east (and partially be? and the two loci are here considered meters of deposit remained of a common foundation

horizontal

level, the similarities combined nately, NW no surface

in the color and texture

to leave little could

the presence of the bricks, and the alignment of the bricks themselves, of the same 6.5 m long wall. Unfortu? doubt that they were both segments be associated with these walls in these small soundings. and debris (with from Wall 1023-1024 and Wall 2030 amphora its third century B.C Knidian

Phase 2 ended Deposits

with wallfall

soundings.

such as Loci 2022

covering both handle, No. 13,

1998

Excavations

in the Northwest Area

39

Sounding!

1026

UNEXD TO I PHASE LEVELS

2044-y 2043 l ^2045 Sounding 2

Fig. 2.2. Plan of architectural phase NW 1 (earliest) showing "Wall" 1026 in Sounding 1 and the cornering of Walls 2044 and 2045 in Sounding 2.

NAUKRATIS/KOMGEIF PHASE 1 NORTHWEST

BALK 490/49)

*? 1021 T3> EE5 ~i=^ 3 1024 fl

Fig. 2.3.

South balks ofthe Northwest Building areas.

40

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

1007/4920 A

?~

10181019-

P'-71012"-'

1020

Tj 1024 1025-

1S22-. *i-_ ? _ /-ir-l j-a

1026 t-2035 Sounding 2 NAUKRATIS/KOM GE'IF Northwest Phase 2 METERS Fig 2.4. (Left) Temporary east balk of Sounding 1 (equals the western 1.50 m of NW Area 492) drawn during excavation to illustrate the fact that Locus 1008 and Locus 1009 are equivalent to Locus 49238, upon which Wall was built. 1007149204 and contemporary Fig. 2.5. (Right) Plan of architectural phase NW 2 showing Sounding 1 Wall 1023-1024 m ASL on Locus 1025 and 2035 respectively. Sounding 2 Wall 2030 both of which were founded at 4.90-4.91

cf. fig. 7.6 here), 2031 and 2040 combine to define the phase ceramically in Sounding 2, while Debris 1 (fig. 2.3). A (late?) third to early 1020 and 1021 represent the contemporary deposits in Sounding for NW Phase 2. second century B.C. date is offered Northwest In NW encountered 2.6). Both Phase 3 Phase 3, the substantial remains of wide (minimum of 1.25 m) mudbrick 2 as Wall 2012 our excavation Wall 1016, was

in Sounding 1, and this could be traced into Sounding segments of the wall were founded c. 6.68 m ASL. Before

(figs. 2.3 and in this area be?

Wall 1016?2012 when the western gan, the local villagers had already cut away the top of combined face of the South Mound was altered in order to make room for the main road from Kom Ge'if to the neighboring village of Tell Abu Meshfa (pl. 2.6). Archaeological strata that had been removed

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

41

by the road builders from above the wall, trimmed and were recorded in their correct of the two 1980

therefore,

could

be observed above

after

the balks

had been

laid (evidently) served as a surface

position stratigraphic Locus 2031, east of Wall 2012, consisted soundings. for the foundation of that wall, and the top of this and related in association with that wall. A similar situation was noted

the (temporary) east balks of detritus/debris that had been Loci appear to have in Sounding 1 where

the top of a thin layer of yellow clay, Locus 1019 (figs. 2.3 and 2.4) had been used as a surface with and use of Loci 1019 and 2031, then, should most probably be Wall 1016 (pl. 2.7). The deposition to represent the same sequence of events. considered Pottery-rich and Locus 2025 NW Phase Locus 20208 (pl. 2.8b) Locus 2029) above Wall 2012, and Locus 2017 to the east of the wall, Lens 2014) (including the chronological basis for 1 1018 in Sounding/Area

(including 3. Parallel information

was provided

provided Locus by contemporary

to the north. In the east balk of Sounding 1 (fig. 2.4) the connection between the stratigraphy in the two lower could be joined to that from the upper phases of the architectural sequence: Wall 1007 of Soundings is the same feature that was recorded as Wall 49204 during the later excavation the 1980 Sounding of the building (i.e. when it was excavated from the top in Square 492). in Phase 3 appears to date from the mid third to early second The architecture documented tury B.C Northwest Phase 4^ cen?

In NW Phase 4, Wall 1016/2012 remained in use from Phase 3, continuing to define more than 6 m of the building of which it was a part (fig. 2.7), while to the east of this wall, debris Loci 1012 and 2016 either accumulated or were deposited. late in the period represented row of mud? Very by NW Phase 4, Wall 2002 a single (east-west) bricks was constructed (pl. 2.8). where so much 2012 on a thin (0.10 This wall was discernible of the mound (Locus 2003) east of Wall 1016/ m) layer of sediment/detritus after the east balk above Sounding 2 had been trimmed, only long before our excavations

had been cut away by the local road builders excavations in 1982 Probe

had begun. To the north evidence

of the 1980

soundings,

for a small section southern

on its excavated most

of contiguous mudbrick, and eastern surfaces. This

B (figs. 2.1 and 2.7) produced Wall 50216, that exhibited traces of mudplaster wall did not align with Wall 1016/2012 and is corner been

of a separate structure that was once situcut away by the sebakhin. Wall 50216 was founded on Detritus 50218, the top of which may have been used as its surface. The collapse of this Loci 50213, 50214 and 50217, and the pale wall, at the end of Phase 4, can be seen in debris/detritus yellow lenses of Loci 50212 and 50215 that were associated with this detritus may suggest that the exterior of the structure, of which Wall 50216 formed the southeastern corner, had been decorated with a coating of yellow plaster. Phase 4 of the NW building Upper Phases Phase 5

as the southeastern probably to be intepreted ated to the northwest where the mound has now

is attributed

to the mid-second

century

B.C

The

Northwest

in the South Mound (NW 1 through During the excavation of the lower phases of the excavations in NW Phase 5 (fig. 2.8), we were could be obtained; but, beginning 4), very little horizontal exposure

42

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

Sounding

Area 492

BALK

Area 482

2020

i METERS

Sounding

NAUKRATIS/KOM Northwest Phase 3

GEIF

Fig. 2.6.

Plan of architectural phase NW 3.

Fig.

2.7.

Plan of architectural phase NW 4.

able to expose a sufficient amount of architecture to enable us to begin to discuss the architectural remains as a structure or building rather than simply as a succession of wall-stubs In and surfaces. Area 490, the courses of a well-constructed Wall 49013 (figs. 2.3, 2.8, and 2.9) were preserved for a distance of about a right angle) 4.0 m running in a north-south into east-west Wall 49003, thereby direction. forming It was bonded at its northern corner end (at the northeastern of the large struc-

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

43

50213

B Probe

-HbH-tf

p,*???<*utB,,^,l. ." '"mirrirqjjnr-...^.

1010 7.10

UNEXCAVATED

BELOW

THIS

LEVEL

NAUKRATIS / KOM GE'IF Northwest Phase 5

Fig. 2.8.

Plan of architectural phase NW 5.

ture that is here termed the surface

the Northwest

of the mound

of this wall could be traced along Building. The continuation as Locus for at least 7.0 m. To the west, in Area 491, it was excavated The location of the to as composite Wall 49013-49103. end of this space during NW Phase 5 could not be dedown to that level.

referred 49103 (fig. 2.8), and subsequently the western wall that would have enclosed termined, since excavation

in this area was not carried to associate

or debris with this phase. it was not possible any surface deposits Unfortunately, material was not present on (use) Surface 2015, while pottery bags excavated from debris Artifactual and might be assignable equally to the NW Phase 4 of the building. Locus 1010 were problematic Flotation of the soil sample taken from Surface 2015, however, did present a fairly diverse collection of non-cultivated plant remains (see Chapter Eight). east-west mudbrick Wall 5 m to the west of the exposed limits of Wall 49103, Approximately within the 1981 Probe B (fig. 2.8). This wall has been included in the discus? 50209 was discovered of NW 50213 Phase 5 because of its location and the fact that it had been upon and the method built leveled debris the of laying

sion Layer

to Phase 4B. The size, alignment, that was assignable that this wall was not part of the same building. bricks, however, suggest A deep intrusive sometime cut had damaged Wall 49013 during NW 2.10). The human burial brick walls into which ture to protect it. to document suggest the date of Phase 5 from

Phase

was so well-protected that it contained (Locus 49016) the pit had been cut that there had been no need for any additional the ceramic of the second

10 (pls. 2.9 and by the older mud? superstruc? evidence, century its B.C.

it was not possible Although position in the stratigraphy would

that it also belongs

to the middle

49136-j 49143 ? 49250^92,? J ^49235 49851 49?4^^3r^l 49107

49101 59JoT 49131 49119 4913? 49133 ?490QT

-49139

M9I20

BALK 492/491

BALK 491 / 490

Fig. 2.9.

North balks ofthe Northwest Building areas.

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

45

nr-?--.. ^9/03 {Jir^^r^-

49030

NAUKRATIS/KOM Northwest Phase 6

GE'IF METERS

Fig. 2.10.

Plan of architectural phase NW 6.

Northwest

Phase 6

Wall 49013 and east-west Wall 49103/49003 continued During NW Phase 6, both north-south on its western end by the addition in use from NW Phase 5, and the building was enclosed of a Wall 49107 and 2.10). This new wall was joined to the earlier Wall north-south (figs. 2.3, 2.9, 49103-49003 of by means of an integrative join that differed from the usual masonry bonding the walls. At the same time, the interior space of the structure was subdivided by contemporary screen Wall 49135, addition of an east-west butted against Wall 49107 2.11), thereby creating a (pl. (c. 1.5 x 3.5 m) chamber, designated the interior Locus debris here as Room 2 in order to distinguish it from Room debris formed 2. 1, the The to (fig. 2.1). Trampled/laminated in Room 1 and Locus 49146P 2010, 50207, 50208,

small

the larger (southern) end of interior surfaces of the structure: tops weathering as exterior have functioned broken mudbricks of architectural

space 49161P 1000,

in Room

Loci

and 50210

are believed

surfaces loci

at the western

in these

are of the same

end of the building during this phase because the as those in the earlier, NW Phase 5: composition as NW Phase evidence. 6 have been as?

Wall 50209 The signed

and Wall 49003-49013. additions that are here recorded century

to the building a date in the third quarter of the second architectural Phase Phase 7 7 was the most Wall 50202 active

B.C. on the ceramic

Northwest NW this time,

construction

phase against

for the Northwest the exterior

east-west

was constructed

Building (fig. 2.11). At face of Wall 49107 (western)

46

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

50207^8.11

Room!

NAUKRATIS/KOM Northwest Phase 7

GE'IF

Fig. 2.11.

Plan of architectural phase NW 7.

at the point where it cornered with 49103/49003, NW Phase 6 structure. This new wall was built seemed to have been intentionally as an interior surface. leveled

both

of which Locus

quently to function Wall 50202, ran two north-south

upon in order to provide Against, and perpendicular

49238,

in use from the existing a compacted debris layer that a foundation for the wall, and subseto, the south face of the new

continued

walls (Wall 49204 to the west and Wall 49206 to the east)17 cre? two long (c. 1.5 x 4.5 cm) interior spaces, that are here identified as Rooms 3 and 4 (fig. 2.11). ating Room 4 was closed at its southern end by east-west Wall 49211, but this wall did not continue eastRoom a closing wall, if one ever existed, must have been situated further to the limits of Areas 491/492. Based on surface observations made prior to the in this area, Wall 50202 was expected to be almost two courses wider than the 3. Such

ward to "close"

the south, beyond start of excavation other walls

showed

of the Building. Probe C (dug in three sections, Cl, C2, and C3) in 1983, however, that the cause of this apparently width was a thick (c. 20 cm) layer of rough mud greater that had originally covered both its interior and exterior faces. Plastering on the exterior face "plaster" of Wall 50202 was detected only within the limits of Probe C, but interior plastering was noted also in Rooms

2, 3 and 4, and it is possible that the subtle color/texture changes of mudbrick to mudplaster may have been missed during the excavation of Room 1. This new western addition to the building contained a doorway (with threshold) at the southern end of Wall 49206 that communicated between Room 3 and Room 4, and that was equipped with a narrow [as preserved] step to break the c. 0.30 m descent from the threshold of Room 3 onto the floor of Room 4 (pl. 2.12). In and just to the west of the doorway a substantial quantity of broken and

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

47

tumbled

mudbrick

was found. of these

These

bricks were similar

used to build

the walls

two rooms,

in composition to the bricks that had been and it is possible that this material had fallen from the during the later, Hiatus A, phase of the structure. Phase 7 addition was a small, regular, and obviously end of the outer Wall 49204 where it formed the

upper parts of Wall 49206 and/or Wall 49211 feature of the NW architectural Another

planned break (c. 0.50 m wide) at the southern limits of Room 4 (visible in section, southwestern

It would be temptfig. 2.4; pls. 2.13 and 2.17b). but such an interpreta? the one in Wall 49206, ing to interpret this feature as a doorway opposite in situ) excavated and recorded during tion is thwarted by the presence of a single brick (apparently the 1980 season. This brick was aligned with the wall courses across the top of the debris that later accumulated inconvenient within the room, and would, if in situ, have limited (impossible?) height of 0.50 m Interpretation since the window "sill" would have been only c. 0.35 m above the level of the seem to be unjustified here to the problem, the feature is interpreted floor. Forced to exclude these more plausable solutions vent or low entrance for small animals. as a (convection) Also during NW Phase 7, the low (c. seven courses high) and narrow (a single row of bricks Wall 49138 was built from north to south across the western end of Room 2. This wall con? the exterior Wall 49103 to the interior screen Wall 49135 that had been added behind to the struc? Wall 49138 the height of the "doorway" to an of this feature as a window would also

wide) nected

of the small space (1.5 x 0.75 m) created ture during Phase 6. The function When excavated, the area was filled with Locus 49140, could not be determined. red-fired with bricks (figs. 2.9 and 2.11), but there was not a sufficient quantity as a heat-retaining bricks to consider them to have functioned 49141

a substantial

these

of ashy deposit device, firebox or the like.

pile of associated

To the east of this "bin" Locus while the tops of Loci 49158 1.

appears to have served as the NW Phase 7 surface in Room 2, surface(s) (to the east) were the contemporary (to the west) and 49029 substantial with the enlargement that we note the first indications

in Room

addition

It was during Phase 7, when the Northwest Building underwent of the walls that form Rooms 3 and 4 to the west (pl. 2.14),

that at least some of the walls of the building had been decorated with lime plaster. Locus 49029 and with the use (Phase 7b) of Rooms 1 and 2, and Locus 49139 associated Locus 49141, respectively representing, several samples of monochrome in part, its demise (Phase 7d) in Room 2, produced plaster. (grayish white) lime (most commonly CaC^) This flourish of building activity is dated to the third quarter of the second century B.C. Phase 821 most complex to have survived is that from NW Phase 8 (fig. 2.12). plan of the building toward the end of NW Phase 7, and NW Phase 8A Locus that had accumulated and two interior the southern "stub" walls Locus 49119 and Locus 49133 at the northern end of Room (fig. 2.

Northwest The Debris 49149, 2.9)

Locus 49139, were leveled

at this time,

on the plans. The reasons,for believing that this is only postulated Wall 49119 seems wall did, in fact, exist as it has been drawn, are mainly stratigraphical. Although to have been cut through during our work in 1981, the balk drawings from the end of that season clearly showed that such a wall had existed, and it had been built upon the same material (Loci 49139 and 49149) as the more clearly definable Wall 49133 situated about 1 m to the east (pl. 2.15).

were built upon them, against It should be noted that Wall 49119

face of Wall 49103

48

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

0^-^003

8.40 49012

NAUKRATIS/KOM Northwest Phase 8

GE'IF

Fig. 2.12.

Plan of architectural phase NW 8.

Continued

excavation could

in the southern

that Wall 49119 49135.

part of Room 2, during the 1982 season clearly demonstrated not have continued across the room to connect with the northern face of Wall

but it probably served as a by these two walls is uncertain, small storage area. A similar installation can be seen at Tell Fara'in (Seaton-Williams 1969: fig. 2). NW Phase 8, a small, oval firepit, Locus 49152, was dug into Surface 49149 just to the During north of Wall 49135 and appears to have been used for either heating or cooking in Room 2. It is uncertain whether or not the debris Wall 49138 (Loci 49116 and 49118) that had been allowed to accumulate in the "bin" behind A, but debris In Room 2 actually belonged to NW Phase 8A or to the later Hiatus Locus 49115 is to be associated definitely with the Hiatus phase (fig. 2.9). 4, the NW Phase 7 "surface" at the top of Locus 49238, appears to have continued in Room

The function

of the area enclosed

in use during NW Phase 8 (figs. 2.11 and 2.12; pl. 2.16). As we discovered for ourselves, this very mixture of red fired-brick and mudbrick detritus could be swept clean easily when neatness compact was desired. Excavation in Room 3 was not continued below Locus 49235P, the compacted surface that had this surface was only 1 cm lower than

during NW Phase 8A. Surprisingly, the top of the NW Phase 7 threshold in Wall 49206.23 Noting the reuse of Surface 49238 in Room 4 (pl. 2.17a), at a level similar to that of the threshold, it is not impossible that the debris in Locus 49235 had also been deposited (or had accumulated) during NW Phase 7 rather than in NW Phase 8A (fig. 2.9). In Room

been in use with that room

made a compact interior floor, Locus 49150P, that 1, the leveled debris Layer 49150 the same "easy-to-clean" as did the surface at the top of Locus 49238 in Room properties 4 (fig. 2.3). Surface 49012 in the eastern part of Room 1, however, did not contain Contemporary exhibited

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

49

the characteristically large quantity of red fired brick debris western part of the room, Surface 49150P. NW Phase During Room 2 from the time 8, the east-west screen Wall 49135,

that was such a common

feature

in the

1 from had separated Room in NW Phase 6, appears to have undergone that it was constructed some modification or rebuilding, for the two uppermost courses of the wall (as preserved) show differences in construction The mortar between the bricks of the two upper courses is of the same technique. which color as the bricks themselves and are much more where the mortar is of a significantly a new coating of mud plaster (of the same color as the bricks and mortar) was applied to both faces of the upper courses of Wall 49135 in color at the time that it was rebuilt. This plaster contrasted with the facing applied to the lower courses which, like the earlier mortar, was of a much darker and stickier material. than as a room The western By this time, divider. the feature may have been intended to function more as a low bench lower courses widely spaced and less carefully laid than in the darker color than that of the bricks. Furthermore,

half of the NW

Phase 8 Floor in Room

1 (i.e. the area south

of Wall/Bench

49135)

was apparently of straw, that had been held in place by iron nails. covered by a mat, probably These nails, found embedded in the laminations of the surface, were associated with patches of white to be remnants of straw matting. similar iron nails organic fibers that are considered Occasionally, were within the Northwest in loci of the later Hiatus A and B sporadically Building All of these occurrences phases as well as during NW Phases 9 and 10. postdate the heavy concen? tration of nails in, or on, the NW Phase 8 surfaces. There is evidence from later deposits associated Phase 8 the walls of at least Rooms of (monochrome) lime with the demise of the Phase 8 structure to sug? encountered

gest that during The use of a single-layer

but in Phase 8 the grayish white plaster building, a bichromatic decoration. red (ochre) pigment producing dates the extensive pottery from secure deposits Diagnostic NW Phase 8 to the third quarter in Construction of the second century B.C.

1 through 3 had been decorated with lime plaster. plaster had already been noted in Phase 7 of the had been subsequently embellished {al secco) with construction that occurred

during

The Hiatus NW

Between

NW Phases 8 and 9

that reflected either a time of less regular by a hiatus in construction of the building that preceded the resumed building use, or a temporary (or partial?) abandonment that is here identified as NW Phase 9. This "pause" in construction activity activity has been divided into three subphases (Hiatus A, Hiatus B and Hiatus C), each having been defined as much by the Phase 8 was followed (s) may have had on the plan of the structure. It should be noted that, technically speaking, it would be possible to consider the material that is of NW Phase 8B (i.e. Hiatus A presented here as Hiatus A through C to have been a continuation as NW however, Phase 8C; Hiatus B as NW been Phase 8D; and Hiatus that would has purposely avoided since Phase 8E). Such a presentation, or emphasize a continuity with the suggest does not seem to have been the case. These hi? C as NW accumulation of debris within and around the building as by the effect that such accumulation

of the structure that definitely previous development atus phases form a period of indeterminable length that should be viewed as a slowing down, or stalling, of the architectural progress that had been achieved through the preceding phases. NW Phase 8B is definitely the last energetic building a phase in the history of the structure after which followed period of slow but steady decline.

50

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

50202

-7^9*03 49037

Room 1/2

49004

49024

NAUKRATIS/KOM Northwest Hiatus A

GE'IF

Fig. 2.13.

Plan of NW Hiatus phase A.

Hiatus Phase A represents the period immediately Phase 8 (fig. 2.13). The phase was characterized chiefly bris in all of the rooms of the building. These deposits between Room 3 and threshold (but not the doorway)

the destruction at the end of NW following the deposition of substantial by layers of de? details as the covered such earlier architectural Room 4, the screen wall (Locus 49135) that

separated Room 1 from Room 2, and the narrow Wall 49138 that had formed the eastern side of the "bin" at the western end of Room 2 (pls. 2.18 and 2.19). The tops of detritus layers appear to have served as use-surfaces to the east and (Locus 49004 Locus 49137 49004 to the west) 49137 in the area that had been Room blended into each other across 1 before Wall 49135 the southern was covered. Locus known and Locus end of the area now

as Room 1 /2, and had been open (exposed) for a sufficient span of time for them to have amount of erosion before the beginning of Hiatus B. This was contemporary a significant undergone with Locus 49115, with its ashy streaks of Locus 49114 above what had been Room 2 in NW Phases silt and detritus Locus 6 and 7. Loci 49233 and 49250 were the surfaces in Room 3; while compacted collectively 49207, on top of which was found in Room 4 during NW Phase 8. The exterior Locus 49034 surfaces related a scree of flat-lying to Hiatus potsherds (Locus 49207P), served as the surface

Phase A were Locus 49024 corner.

to the east of the structure only in small probes be dated

and at

just outside its northeastern the end of the 1982 season. The slowdown in construction

Both loci were encountered

that is here recorded

as Hiatus

A should

to the late sec?

ond or early first century B.C. with The activity associated ture (Rooms

Hiatus

Phase

B was conducted when Wall 49135

within

the same

three

room

struc?

1/2, 3, and 4) that had been created

was covered

during

the preceding

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

51

50202 ?9<03 ^?s_ 49034P

Room 1/2

49137

49004Z49004P

NAUKRATIS/KOM Northwest Hiatus 8

GE'IF

Fig. 2.14.

Plan of NW Hiatus phase B.

Phase A (fig. 2.14). The upper surfaces of the debris layers, however, were even more irregular than they had been in the earlier Hiatus A, especially in the large, main room (Room 112) where surwith Locus 49004 on the east. viving Locus 49137 was used as a surface on the west in association Hiatus of patches of flat-lying potsherds on 49004P, consisting of detritus (Locus 49004) was also in use during Hiatus layer use into the following Phase C. In Room 3, the tops of Locus the northern end of Room 4, Locus 49207 remained in use at Locus to which a lens of debris material, Locus 49213, the top of a compacted and indurated B, and sections of it would remain in 49210 were used as a surface, its Hiatus while at

approximately had been added at the southern 49213 surface

Phase A level in

end of the room

order to create/maintain III was found, just inside

a level surface.

It was in the Locus

that the coin

in the southern the doorway end of the room (pl. 7.22; and pl. 48, figs. 11-12).32 1982b: 370, 375 The only possible exterior surface that could be associated with this phase of the building was Locus 49034P, only in the small Probe A (fig. 2.1, complete with flat-lying pottery was encountered Leonard 2.14) Hiatus at the northeastern As was the case with B. Phase C was also confined corner Hiatus of the building during the 1982 season. A, a late second or early first century B.C. date has been assigned to the same three-room

of Ptolemy Coulson and

to

Hiatus

ing Hiatus Phase A (fig. 2.15). strewn across the use-surface(s) Locus 49004P at its eastern

dur? building that had been established was the large amount of pottery-bearing debris that was found of Room 1/2: Locus 49136 at the western end mixed with patches of in Room 3 and Locus 49207 in Room 4 continued end. Locus 49210 Notable 49212, of this

to be used as they had been in Phase B, with the addition of a small lense of detritus, Locus that was uncovered at the southern ends of both of these rooms (fig. 2.15). The presence

52

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

50202

"TT^'--r!9P33 rr'iClrr

49033

49004P

teamnffi NAUKRATIS/KOM Northwest Hiatus C GE'IF

Fig. 2.15.

Plan of NW Hiatus phase C.

material

doorway The small patch of exterior Surface 49033 that was detected in Probe A at the northeastern corner of the building should also be assigned to this phase. With the end of the events represented here by the Hiatus C deposits, however, we appear to have reached the early years (first half) of the first century B.C. Northwest Phase 933 whether Phase 9 (fig. 2.16) represented a change in either the character but it can be demonstrated that, at this time, the plan of the Northwest With the covering of north-south reduced in complexity. Wall 49206 that had or not NW

in the general area of the NW Phase 7 threshold in both rooms, strongly suggests between these two rooms remained open and passable until at least this time.

that the

It is uncertain or function Building

of the structure,

was further

into a simple, two-room structure (Rooms formerly divided Rooms 3 and 4, the building atrophied 1/2 and 3/4). The southern end of Wall 49204 underwent some modification; Wall and east-west 49211, had been part of the structure at least since NW Phase 7, was covered (evidently intenthe top of which may have served as a use-surface. This tionally) by a thick layer of detritus 49203, resulted in the fact that the western Room 3/4 was no longer closed but completely open at its south? ern end. Conversely, however, for the first time in the history of the structure it can be demonstrated which that the main Room a new east-west (Loci 49148, that NW 112 was enclosed in NW 49203) Wall 49144 49017, 49202, of along (at least part) of its southern side by the construction Phase 9. Curiously, of these rooms all of the interior use-surfaces were extremely irregular and uneven in this phase, and it is felt

of the structure. 9 represents the final abandonment in architectural The contraction that characterized the NW building during Phase 8 complexity contrasts sharply with the manner in which the walls of the structure had been decorated. Deposits Phase

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

53

50202

49033P Cr~ 49003

49017 Room 1/2

NAUKRATIS/KOM Northwest Phase 9

GE'IF

Fig. 2.16.

Plan of architectural phase NW 9.

in the existing Room 1/2 (Locus 49017) and, especially in the newly formed Room 3/4 (Locus have produced samples of lime wall-plaster that had often been built up in several coats be? 49203), fore being finally decorated from the smoothed, single alsecco with red to red-brown coat of plaster differs pigment. This method of application that had applied to the walls of earlier phases of the struc? be interpreted as a series of redecorations since there technique

both

ture. Nor can the Phase 9 plastering was only one "finish" coat, beneath which were the preparation courses in much coarser plaster. In addition to the red/red-brown decoration noted on the walls of previous phases of the structure, Phase the only example from Kom Ge'if of a fragment that had been decorated 9 produced (also al secco) with The small size of the sample, unfortunately, as to only allows speculation light blue pigment. whether the blue (and the much more common were applied separately or in concert red) pigments with other colors in order to from a design or pattern. The small piece of mortar with a single peb? adhering to it that was found in NW Phase 9 debris (Locus 49148) might suggest that the floors were also given special treatment. to the ceramic evidence, the final abandonment of the Northwest According Building appears to have occurred toward the middle of the first half of the first century B.C. in this phase Northwest With Phase 10 of the Northwest ble ("tessera")

both within Building in Phase 9, debris began to accumulate and around it. This is NW Phase 10, which consisted of three sub-phases (a-c). The lowest of these similar in date (first half of first century B.C.) to that from Hiatus C and NW (a) produced pottery Phase 9. The upper two subphases not in secure contexts?ceramics (b and c) contained?although that date to the later portion of the first century B.C.

the demise

54

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

date (see Chapter 9) simple burial pits and more extensively built tombs subsequent to be dug into many of the earlier deposits forming a substantial that at one time had began cemetery in the Southeast Areas (see below, especially the excavations spread over most of the "South Mound" comprises NW Phase 10 (the south Mound as it was when we arrived) and, in addition to the cemetery, of a variety of open topsoil loci consisting consisted of recent debris, erosion layers, and sediments. of these deposits were Loci 1003 and 2001. Especially representative Aeolian and waterwashed detritus soils were also frequent, the steady deterioration not indicating only of the early mudbrick structures but also of the later tombs themselves. 12 and 15). This material

At some

Table 2.2.

NW Area 482: 2007 2009 2010 2015 2016 2018 2002 W 2003 2020 2017 2012W 2019 2031 2022 2040

Stratigraphic

Sequence

ofLoci

Deposition NW10 NW7 NW6 NW5 NW4b

NW4a

NW3b

NW3a

NW2b

2039

2030W

2035W?

NW2a

2036 2038 2042 2043

NWlc NW lb

2037W 2044W

2041W 2045W

NW la

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

55

Table 2.3. 49011 49026

NW Area 490:

Stratigraphic

Sequence

ofLoci

Deposition NW10

49031 I 49002 49005 49032

49017

49033P

NW9

49004P

49033 49034P I 49024 49034

Hiatus C Hiatus B Hiatus A

49004

49012

NW8

49029

NW7

49030

NW6

49003 W

49013 W

NW5

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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Table 2.4. 49130

NW Area 491:

Stratigraphic

Sequence

ofLoci

Deposition NW10

49143

49154 49144 W 49148

NW9b NW9a

49136 49131 49114 49115 49137

Hiatus C Hiatus B Hiatus A

49120 49119W 49133W

49150P

NW8b

49118 49116

49149

49150

NW8a

49140 49138W 49141 49145

49139

NW7d NW7c NW7b 49158

49146P 49146

49161P

NW6b

49107W49155

49135W 49161

NW6a

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

57

Table 2.5. (Includes

Sequence ofLoci Deposition Stratigraphic Loci Dug as Sounding 1 Naukratis Project 1980 Season) 49202 49203 Hiatus C 49210 49250 49233 49235P I 49206 W 49211 Wl Hiatus B Hiatus A NW8b NW8a NW7 NW6 49238 NW9

NW Areas 492:

49212 49213 49207 49214-

1007 W I (1008) (1009)

49204 W

1010 1012 1018 1016 W 1019 I 1020 1022 1024 W I 1025 W 1023 W

NW4

NW3b NW3a

NW2b

NW2a

1026 W

NW1

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Table 2.6. 50201

NW Area 502:

Stratigraphic

Sequence

ofLoci

Deposition NW10

50203

NW8

50202 W

NW7a

50207 50208 50210 50211

NW6c

50209 W?

NW5

50215 50217 50214

50212 50213

NW4b

50216 W 50218

NW4a

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

59

Locus Summaries Locus Phase

List Area 492 Description

1001 1002 1003

? ?

Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1003. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1003. Artificial locus of topsoil. Includes Locus 1001, 1002. Pottery Bags. N.1.1.00-05. Material Culture. Description. Other-. Fired-brick with mortar.

NW 10

1004 1005 1006 NW 10

Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1009. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1006. Artificial locus of topsoil. Includes Locus 1005. Pottery Bags. N.I.1.07, .08. Material Culture. Description. Other-. soil sample (float contained sm burnt bone frags and fish).

1007 1008

NW 7 NW6c

Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49204. Description. Thick Brown (10YR 4/3) mudbrick detritus layer upon which Wall 49204 was founded. [EBalk]. Description. Debris layer of Brown (10YR 4/3) mudbrick detritus. Matrix includes chunks of redfired brick and white mortar/stucco rubble. Includes Locus 1004. [S, E Balks]. Pottery Bag. N.I.1.06. Material Culture. Other \ soil sample (float contained fish).

1009

NW 6c

1010

NW 4/5

Description. Silty Brown (10YR 3/2) mudbrick debris including red fired-brick and white mortar rubble. [N, S, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.1.1.10-13, Material Culture. 25.

Animal bone-. #12, mammal frags with OvislCapra phalanx 3 (adult); sm bird ulna and distal humerus. 1011 1012 ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1016. Description. Debris layer of Reddish Brown (5YR 4/3-5/3) mudbrick detritus. Matrix includes frequent red fired-brick and white mortar rubble. [N, S, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.1.14, 20, 21, 31, 57. Material Culture. Shell: ud frags. 1013 Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1016.

NW 4

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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Locus 1014 1015 1016

Phase Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1016. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1016. NW 3a

Description

Description. Major N-S wall built of mudbricks in three different clays: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2), Dark Brown (10YR 4/3), and Yellowish Brown (10YR 3/2). This wall was founded on Locus 1019. Preserved/excavated width was four rows. Includes Loci 1011, 1013, 1014, and 1015. [N, S Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.l.17-19, Material Culture. 22-23, 26-29.

Animal bone: #7, med mammal frags. Shell: ud frags. 1017 1018 NW 3b Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1019. Description. Debris layer of fired brick and mortar rubble mixed with sherds, kiln waste, and frags of charcoal. Material may have been swept into eroded crevices at base of Wall 1016 dur? ing use of area. [N, S, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.1.24, 30, 58. Material Culture. Animal bone: #14, sm mammal rib shaft, mammal worked bone (artifact?). Other: bits of plaster/stucco; kiln waste. 1019 NW 3a Description. Beaten surface (c. 5 cm thick) of Fine Yellow (10YR7/6) and Pale Yellow (5YR 7/3) clay. possibly mixed with powdered limestone marl. Matrix includes infrequent sm bone frag? ments. This locus underlies Wall 1016 and seals Locus 1020 below it. Includes Locus 1017. [N, S, E, W Balks]. Pottery Bag. N.I.1.37. Material Culture. Bone: ud frags. Terracotta:sm frag of Gnathian Ware (fig. 7.10, pl. 7.13). Other: soil sample (float contained sm mammal frags, one was burnt). 1020 NW 2b Description. Debris of fine (moist) Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) and Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) detritus soils including many whole and broken mudbricks ofthe same two colors. This locus is interpreted as the fall from Courses 1022-1024 in Wall 1026. [N, S, E, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.l.32-33, Material Culture. 35-36, 38-39, 42.

Animal bone: #10, mammal frags (one with cut-marks); #11, Ig mammal frag. Shell: ud frags. Terracotta: no MC#, lamp (pl. 7.4). Faience: #28, crocodile(?), pl. 7.15. Other: soil sample (float contained shrew jaw); kiln waste. 1021 NW 2b Description. Scree of limestone chips within Locus 1020 brickfall. Matrix includes sherds and fired brick rubble. [N, S, E Balks]. Pottery Bag. N.I.l.34. Material Culture.

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

61

Locus

Phase

Description Other: kiln waste; soil sample (PB 34 float contained fish vertebrae and spikelet fork [lx], folium [lx], and Medicago [lx]). Tri-

1022

NW 2a

Description. Partially fallen courses of Wall 1024 consisting of Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) and Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbricks laid in Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) mud mortar. Matrix was very damp and quite compacted. [N, S, E, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.1.1.40-41, Material Culture. 43-45, 47, 48.

Terracotta: #36, a base from a small jar found inside a mudbrick. Other: soil sample (PB 47 float contained spiklet forks [7x], Lolium [lx], and indet. grass [lx]). 1023 NW 2a Description. Series of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) mudbricks that could not always be individually delineated. Matrix is very clay-like. Most probably this locus represents individual courses in Wall 1024. [N, S, W, Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.1.1.46. Material Culture. Stone: #33, two frags of white, fine-grained limestone, plus assorted pieces of (medium- to) coarsegrained feldspar mica granite, and medium-grained black diorite; #37, chip of fine-grained black basalt. Other: kiln waste; soil sample. 1024 NW 2a Description. Three courses of Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) and Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbricks in Wall 1026. [N, S, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.1.1.49-50. Material Culture. Faience: #47, yellow rim (figs. 7.11.20) 1025 NW 2a Description. Single course of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) mudbricks in Wall 1026 that could not always be individually delineated. Matrix is very clay-like (as Locus 1023). [N, S, E, W Balks]. Pottery Bag. N.I.1.51. Material Culture. Other: kiln waste. 1026 NW 1 Description. Lowest courses (?) of a major N-S wall of mudbrick built with two types of bricks: a well-compacted Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) clay-like material, and a sandy disintegrated Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) soil. These are the lowest courses of this wall that could be excavated. Includes Loci 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025. [N, S, E, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.1.1.52-55. Material Culture. Shell: #51, ud frag; #54, land snail frag. Stone: #52, ud frag. Other: kiln waste.

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Locus Summaries Locus 2001 Phase NW 10 Description.

List Area 482 Description

Topsoil. Includes Loci 2006, 2008. 11, 13, 19. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.01-06, Small E-W wall, consisting of a single row of Very Dark Gray (5YR 3/1)

2002

NW 4a

Description. mudbricks.

2003

NW 4a

Description. Thin layer of fine, compacted Brown (7.5 YR 5/4) detritus soil. Matrix includes bits of marl, sand, and clay. Locus underlies Wall 2002. Description. Debris layer of Brown (10 YR 4/3) mudbrick detritus soil. Matrix includes lumps of deteriorated Very Dark Gray (10 YR 3/1) mud brick. Description. Thin lens of Very Pale Brown (10YR 7/3) detritus soil [with frequent sandy mortar inclusions]. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 2001. Description. A thin layer of Light Yellowish Brown (10YR 61A) silt-sand detritus. No visible inclusions. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 2001. Description. Debris layer of coarse Pale Brown (10YR 6/3) detritus soil. Matrix includes a small amount of fired-brick and mortar frags and some broken mudbricks. Description. Silty sediment of Pale Brown (10YR 6/3) detritus soil.

2004

NW 3b

2005

NW 3b

2006 2007

NW 10

2008 2009

NW 6/7

2010 2011 2012

NW 6 ?

Cancelled. Combined with Locus 2012. Description. Major N-S wall, four rows wide, built of mudbricks of Light Brown (7.5YR 6/4) clay-like material. Locus was founded on/in Locus 2019. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.07, 16A, 18. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 2016. Lens of Light Yellowish Brown (10YR 6/4) wash-sediment within debris

NW 3a

2013 2014

NW 3b

Description. Locus 2017.

Pottery Bag. N.I.2.24. 2015 NW 5 Use-surface consisting of sandy, Very Pale Brown (10YR 7/4) mudbrick detritus. Pottery Bag. N.I.2.08. Material Culture. Description. Other: soil sample (PB 08 float contained grape [lx], positae [2x], and Polygonaceae [2x]). 2016 NW 4b Trifolium [6x], Boraginaceae [6x], Com-

Description. Layer of Pale Brown (10YR 6/3) mudbrick detritus soil east of Wall 2012. Infrequently, the matrix includes small chunks of mortar. Included Locus 2013.

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

63

Locus

Phase Pottery Bags. N.I.2.09, Material Culture. 10, 20.

Description

Shell: ud frags. Other: kiln waste; soil sample (float contained fish). 2017 NW 3b Description. Thick debris layer of Brown (10YR 5/3) mudbrick detritus. Includes several lenses: Loci 2014, 2024, 2025, and 2048. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.14, Material Culture. 17, 18A.

Animal bone: #84, mammal long bone shaft frag (charred); mammal long bone shaft frag (humerus?). 2018 NW 4b Description. Coarse Light Brownish Gray (10YR 6/2) debris accumulated against the east face of Wall 2002. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.16, 2019 NW 3a 17A, 21.

Description. Lens of coarse Pinkish Gray (7.5YR 6/2) detritus and [burnt?] sandy-silt from beneath Wall 2012. Pottery Bag. N.I.2.22. Material Culture. Terracotta:#85, frag of molded bowl with Bes, column, and vegetation, (fig. 7.9, pl. 7.12).

2020

NW 3b

A thick, pottery-rich debris layer of Brown (10YR 5/3) mudbrick detritus. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.19A, 20A, 22A, 26, 28, 32, 36, 38, 53-54, 60, 74, 76. Material Culture. Description. Animal bone: #6, med (immature?) mammal diaphysis, metapodial, and frags, Bos molar frag; #27, mammal lg frag, fish ud frags. Shell: #20; #26, lg land snail frags. Terracotta:#65 and #65a, frags of plaques depicting Papposilenos(?) (pls. 7.1 and 7.2). #88, stamped amphora handle No. 10 (fig. 7.4). Faience: #16, rim, fig. 7.11.6. Metal: #10, frag of copper alloy pin. Preserved length c. 1.5 x W. 0.3 cm. Completely mineralized. Stone: ud frags.

2021 2022

Cancelled. Combined with Locus 2020. Description. Debris layer of Brown (10YR 5/3-7.5YR 5/4) mudbrick detritus. Matrix includes mortar and limestone frags and cinders. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.21A, 23, 27, 29, 31, 39, 47, 49, 51, 55. Material Culture. Animal bone: #17, fish(?) frag, bird ulna (prox end?); #37, mammal frags; #58, mammal lg frags. Shell: #12, tellen(?) and mussel(?). Terracotta:#87, stamped amphora handle No. 13 (fig. 7:6). Faience: #56, rim (fig. 7.11.4). Stone: #18, including lapis(?).

NW 2b

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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Locus

Phase Other: kiln waste; mortar.

Description

2023

NW 3b

Deposit of Light Grayish Brown (10YR 6/2) debris. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.25, 30. Description. Description. Lens of dry and crumbly Yellow (10YR 7/6)?Pale detritus within Locus 2017. Pottery Bag. N.I.2.42. Yellow (5YR 7/3)

2024

NW 3b

2025

NW 3b

Description. Lens of burnt detritus within debris Locus 2017. Mudbrick had been fired to a Pinkish Gray (5YR 6/2) color and mixed with ash, charcoal and sherds. See also Locus 2029. Pottery Bag. N.I.2.34. Material Culture. Animal bone: #22, med mammal rib frag (burnt) and longbone shaft frag (burnt). Shell: ud frag.

2026

NW 3b

Description.

A lense of whitish-orange (no Munsell equivalent) ash within Locus 2025.

Pottery Bag. N.I.2.33. 2027 2028 2029 NW 3b ? Description. A white ash lens within Locus 2025. Matrix contains small bits of charcoal.

Cancelled. Combined with Locus 2020.

NW 3b

Lens of whitish-orange ash within Locus 2025. Pottery Bag. N.I.2.35. Material Culture. Description. Animal bone: #25, mammal lg frag (charred).

2030

NW 2a

Description. Major N-S wall constructed from Dark Brown (7.5YR 4/2) and Brown (10YR 4/3) clay-like mudbricks. This wall is four rows, wide and three courses were preserved/excavated. This locus possibly represents the upper courses of Wall 2035. See also Locus 2039. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.37, Material Culture. 41, 45, 50, 66, 69.

Shell: ud frag. Metal: #79, two frags (2.2 cm and 2.2 cm in length) of iron nail(s). Completely rusted. Coating of lime plaster below the corrosion could indicate that they had been driven into a lime wall. Other: kiln waste; wood? 2031 N W 2b

Description. Debris layer of coarse Brown (10YR 4/3) mudbrick detritus. This locus appears to have been leveled for the foundation of Wall 2012 and subsequently used as a surface with that wall. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.43-44, 46, 48.

2032 2033 2034

? ? ?

Cancelled. Combined with Locus 2031. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 2031. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 2022.

1998

Excavations in the Northwest Area

65

Locus 2035

Phase NW2a

Description Description. Fine, well compacted Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) clay below Wall 2030. This locus most probably constituted the lower courses of same wall although the individual bricks could not be differentiated with great certainty. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.52, Material Culture. 56, 57.

Animal bone: #43, red frags. Faience: #46, bead No. 22 (pl. 7:16); #52, rim (fig. 7:12.5); #59, base (fig. 7.11.17). Metal: #60, frag of copper or copper alloy. Preserved dimensions: 2.4 x 2.2 x 0.3 cm Active bronze disease. Stone: #35, sm frag of fine grained black basalt; #37, two frags of med coarse-grained feldspar mica granite; #45, several frags of white fine-grained limestone; #53, white, fine-grained limestone. Other: kiln waste. 2036 NW lc Description. Fine, silty 10YR 4/3 (Brown-Dark Brown) sediment layer that sealed the pit-debris between Walls 2044 and 2045. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.58, Material Culture. 62.

Animal bone: #62, mammal (adult pig?) metapoidal III/IV, lg mammal ud frags with phalanx 2 (F). Faience: #64a, Bes figurine No. 20 (pl. 7.14). Other: pumice? 2037 NW la Description. Fine Brown (7.5YR 4/2) soil layer interpreted as an upper coarse in both Walls 2044 and 2045. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.59, Material Culture. 65.

Animal bone: #73, mammal frag (charred with cut marks). Shell: ud frags. 2038 NW lb Description. Coarse rubble fill(?) within the cornering of Walls 2044 and 2045. Matrix [no Munsell equivalents available] included c. 50% crushed sherds, 40% kiln waste and 10% char? coal. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.61, Material Culture. 63.

Metal: #67, frag (c. 3.3 x 0.6 cm) iron nail(?), completely mineralized. Other: kiln waste; soil sample (PB 63 float contained fish and emmer wheat [lx], spikelet forks [129x], lentil [lx], grape [lx], fig [2x], cereal frags [24x], Lolium [35x], Chenopodium [lx], Trifolium [19x], Cyperaceae [2x], and indeterminate [lx]). 2039 NW 2a Description. A course of mudbricks fallen (?) from Wall 2030 onto the Locus 2040 fall-debris. Mudbricks of two materials: a Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) fabric and a Pale Brown (10YR 6/3) soil. Description. mudbricks. Fall-debris of fine Brown (10YR 4/3) detritus. Matrix includes c. 30% broken 64, 73, 75.

2040

NW2b

Pottery Bags. N.I.2.62, Material Culture. Faience: #68, red bits.

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Locus

Phase

Description Stone: #70, two pieces of very coarse-grained feldspar-mica-granite and one piece of gray, mediumgrained marble. Other: #71, carved(?) bone.

2041

NW la

Description. Wall 2045.

Two courses, of Brown (7.5YR 4/2) and Dark Brown (7.5YR 3/2 mudbricks in 71.

Pottery Bags: N.I.2.67, Material Culture: Other: kiln waste. 2042 NW lb

Description. Debris of coarse Brown (7.5YR 4/4) soil within the cornering of Walls 2044 and 2045. Matrix includes c. 20% sherds). Pottery Bag. N.I.2.68. Material Culture. Other: kiln waste.

2043

NW lb

Description. Lowest debris layer excavated within the cornering of Walls 2044 and 2045. Brown (7.5YR 4/4) matrix includes c. 5% sherds, 10% kiln waste, 10% fired-brick frags mixed with flecks of charcoal. Pottery Bags. N.I.2.70, Material Culture. 72.

Other: kiln waste; soil sample (PB 70 float contained sm bone frags and lentil [lx]). 2044 NW la Description. E-W wall of Dark Reddish Gray (5YR 4/2) mudbricks, bonded into Wall 2045. [G-I Balks]. Description. N-S wall of Dark Reddish Gray (5YR 4/2) mudbricks, bonded into Wall 2044. Includes course of bricks dug as Loci 2037, 2041. [I-J Balks]. Description. Three Pale Brown (10YR 6/3) mudbricks, interpreted as part ofa row/course of bricks fallen from an unexcavated/unidentified wall in the immediate vicinity. [A-B Balks]. Description. A single mudbrick. Similar to those of Locus 2046.

2045

NW la

2046

NW 7/6

2047 2048

NW 617 NW 3

Description. A lens of Pinkish Gray (7.5YR 7/2) ash, charcoal, and marl bits, within debris Layer 2017. This locus is associated with lens 2014.

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Locus Summaries Locus Phase

Lists Area 490 Description

49001

NW 10

Top soil. Pottery Bags. N.I.490.01-12, Material Culture. Description.

14-19, 28, 84, 86, 90.

Animal bone: #6, med mammal axial frags; #12, med mammal proxima ulna(?) frag and axial frags, rodent canine tooth; #14, med mammal axial and ud frags; #21, lg bird long bone (prox tarso-metatarsus). Human bone: HRC #4, #8, #10, and #84. Corbula; #4, Bellamaya; #8, land snail; #9, Bellamaya; #11, Bellamaya; #12, land snail; #13, Bellamaya and Unio; #15, Unio; #18, Bel? lamaya, land snail, and Donax trunculusr,#22, Donax trunculus; #31 and #33, Bellamaya. Shell: #3, Other: glass; charcoal. 49002 NW 10 Description. Late debris layer of mixed Brown (10YR 5/4) and Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2), mudbrick debris. [Probe]. Pottery Bags. N.I.490.13, 15-18, 22-24, 27-30, 41, 43-44, 52, 60. Material Culture. Animal bone: #21, bird (chicken) prox tarsometatarsus; #27, med-lg mam? mal axial frags and v lg fish vertebral centrum; #32, med bird distal femur; #40 med mammal axial frags. Shell: #17, Bellamaya; #26, Bellamaya and land snail; #28, lg land snail and operculae; #30, AspatharialEtheria frag and Bellamaya; #41, land snail; #6A, Unio, Bellamaya, and land snail. 49003 NW 5 Description. Major E-W wall segment enclosing the Northwest Building at its northern end. Equivalent, most likely, to 49103 Wall; gap between the 49103 and 49003 ofthe wall may be a doorway into the building from the north side. Made of Brown (10YR 5/3) mudbricks, with mortar of similar material between courses. [N Balk]. Description. Thin layer of use surface in room 1, trampled and indurated with flat-lying sherds; at top of debris 49004. [S, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.490.31, 64, 97. Material Culture. Animal bone: #29, sm mammal ud frags, med mammal rib shaft frags (with rodent gnaw marks). 49004 Hiatus A & B Description. Layer of fine Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) detritus in Room 1. Top used as surface (?). Matrix includes sherds, plaster frags, bone, shell and charcoal. [N, S, W, Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.490.20, 32-34, 37, 82, 85, 87-88, 91, 94-95, 98, 102. Material Culture. Animal bone: #31, rodent-gnawed med mammal rib shaft frag; #79, rodent mandible, sm mammal mandible, long bone shaft frag (burnt), humerus shaft frag, and sternal rib frag; #95, med mammal rib shaft frags; #99, rodent(s) mandibles, cranial frags, right femur (lacks distal epiphysis), humerus (lacks prox epiphysis), prox tibia, scapular frags, and med mammal pelvic frag; #78, med/lg mammal long bone shaft frags; #113, med mammal frag.

49004P

Hiatus B & C

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Phase

Description Shell: #89, Bellamaya and land snail; #93, land snail and Donax trunculus. Metal: #35, #94, #98, and #114, four iron nails, sizes vary. Stone: #86, "polished" limestone burnisher; #40, unillustrated. Plaster: #92, c. ten pieces (ave. 5.0 x 4.5 x 2.5 cm). of white plaster with limestone chips; #100, chunk of mortar with plaster face adhering. Other: charcoal; kiln waste; soil.

49005

NW 10

Description. Debris layer of fallen bricks in Room 1. Most bricks are Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) with some Dark Brown (10YR 3/3 [N, S, E, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.490.19, Material Culture. 21, 25, 72, 74, 78-79.

Animal bone: #61, lg fish cranial frags, med mammal axial frag, sm/med mammal long bone shaft frags, and lg mammal (Bos?) left calcaneus; #66, med mammal distil radius, med/lg mammal longbone shaft frags, sm mam? mal or bird ud frag (axial?). Shell: #28, land snail; #26, #64, Bellamaya and land snail. Metal: #24, several sm frags of iron nail(s). Stone: #111, frag of light brown, coarse-grained quartzite. Other: ud bits of plaster; charcoal. 49006 49007 49008 49009 49010 49011 ? ? ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49017. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49016. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49016. Possible tomb in balk. [S Balk]. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49012. Description. Burial pit filled with Brown (10YR 5/3) detritus soil cut down from topsoil to hard brick debris 49005. Contained disarticulated bones of incomplete skeleton, most probably represents a secondary burial. [S, E, Balks]. Description. Level layer of mudbrick detritus, soil, and rubble in Room 1. Used as surface? Dark Brown-Yellowish Brown (10YR 4/3-4/4) matrix that includes iron nails and patches of white organic fibers, some of which were found at levels comparable to similar material/items found on 49150P also inRoom 1. [S, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.490.40, Material Culture. 49-50.

NW 10 ?

NW 10

49012

NW 8

Shell: ud frags. Metal: #37, six frags of iron nails, sizes vary; #44, frag (2.7 x 0.5 cm) of iron nail. 49013 NW 5 Description. Major N-S wall of Brown (10YR 5/4) mudbricks laid with mud mortar of similar material between courses, closing the NW Building at its eastern end. Wall was bisected by burial pit 49016. [N, S, Balks].

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Locus

Phase Pottery Bags. N.I.490.119-20.

Description

49014 49015 49016

? ?

Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49016. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49013. Description. Burial pit containing an (apparently) articulated skeleton (not excavated), dug into/through Wall 49013. Only part ofthe matrix was exca? vated. [EBalk]. Pottery Bags. N.I.490.36, Material Culture. 38, 42, 45, 58-59, 68, 89, 99-100.

NW 10

Human bone: #104, femur head (F, charred), pelvis frag, frags. Animal bone: #39, med mammal long bone shaft frags, Bos vertebral centrum (UF, butchered); #52 med/lg mammal axial frag, bird long bone shaft frag. Shell: #53 Unio; #105 Bellamaya and lg land snail. Faience: #107, ud frags. Metal: #56, iron nail. Plaster: #19, frags of white lime plaster (some pieces to 1.4 cm) with coarse sand and gravel of fluvial origin. Surface 7.5YR 5/8 (Red) pigment applied al secco. Other: charcoal. 49017 NW 9 Description. Thick debris of Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) and Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbrick rubble in Room 1/2. Matrix includes some broken Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) bricks, some lighter colored bricks, sporadic sherd concentrations, and well-compacted areas. Interpreted as fall from Wall 49013. [N, S, E, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.490.15, 26, 35, 39, 46-48, 69-70, 73, 75-77, 80, 83, 92. Material Culture. Animal bone; #58, med mammal ud frag cancellous bone (axial) and bird long bone shaft frags; #60, OvislCapra mandible frags (burnt) and sm mam? mal frags; #65, med mammal long bone shaft frags and astralagus frags; #66, mammal frags and sm mammal/bird frag; #70, med mammal axial frag; #71, med mammal axial frags, humerus shaft frag, and tooth frags and Sus(V) metatarsus. Shell: #30, Bellamaya and Aspatharia rubens or Etheria elliptica; #42, #63, #67, land snail and frags; #80, land snail and Donax trunculus. Metal: #47, iron nail. Preserved length 4.7 cm; W. (at head) 1.3 cm Severely corroded; #50, iron nail. Preserved length 3.6 cm; W. (at head) 1.5 cm. Very corroded. Stone: #57, sm segment (3.4 x 1.1 cm) of brown flint blade; #38, both ends snapped (unillustrated); #73, three pieces of "stone" with clump of mortar with plaster adhering; #81, limestone, white with shades of yellow decora? tion. Broken block with cut marks. (preserved: 10.5 x 7.5 x 6.0 cm). #82, limestone, white-yellow, fine grained. Plaster: #73, frag (c. 10.0 x 15.0 x 3.0 cm) of white-gray plaster with mor? tar adhering. Other: kiln waste. 51, 53-57, 61-63, 66-67,

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Locus 49018 49019 49020 49021P 49021 49022 49023 49024

Phase ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Description Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49017. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49013. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49016. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49004P. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49004. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49024. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49017. Description. Debris layer of Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) mud-brick detritus, rubble and silt, interpreted as fall of bricks from Wall 49013 to the east of that wall. [N, S, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.490.65, Material Culture. 71, 93, 95, 102.

Hiatus A

Animal bone: #95, med mammal rib frags; #97, med/lg. fish cranial frag. Shell: #83, land snail. Faience: #110, red frags. Metal: #108, iron nail. Stone: #85, frag of soft, white limestone block with cutting marks. Plaster: misc bits of white plaster. Other: brick; charcoal. 49025 49026 ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49004. Description. Large pit containing fine Brown (10YR 5/3) detritus, cut from topsoil. Included some human bone frags, suggesting its secondary use as a burial. [S, W Balks]. Pottery Bag. N.I.490.101. 49027 49028 49029 NW 7 Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49016. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49004. Description. Debris layer of Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbrick detritus in Room 1. Matrix includes sherds, mortar/plaster fragments, charcoal, and a few iron nails. Top of Locus served as surface. [S Balk] Pottery Bags. N.I.490.103, Material Culture. 105-7.

NW 10

Animal bone: #113, med mammal axial (scapular?) frag. Faience: #116, rim, (fig. 7.12.7). Plaster: #115, small frag of plaster; #117, ten (c. 8.0 x 7.0 x 3.0 cm) pieces of white-gray plaster with smoothed "exterior" surface; #119, piece (11.0 x 7.2 x 3.2 cm) of gray mortar, and one piece (5.0 x 2.5 x 2.0 cm) of white plaster with smoothed face.

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Loc

Phase Other: soil sample.

Description

49030

NW 6

Description. Debris layer quite similar to Locus 49029 above it, but matrix is more compacted and included many chunks of red-fired brick as well as other inclusions found in 49029. [S Balk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.490.108. Material Culture. Animal bone: #120, long bone shaft (humerus?) and med/lg mammal longbone frags. Faience: #123, ud frags. Other: plaster; soil sample.

49031

NW 10

Description. [Probe].

Backfill debris from previous seasons removed from probe.

Pottery Bags. N.I.490.109-11. 49032 49033P ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49031. Description. Possible exterior surface N of the cornering of Wall 49003 and 49013, the lumpy trampled top of Locus 49033 with some flat-lying sherds in evidence. [Probe]. Pottery Bag. N.I.490.112. 49033 Hiatus C Description. Coarse Brown (10YR 5/3) mudbrick detritus debris outside NE corner of building. [Probe]. 120-21. Pottery Bags. N.I.490.113-16, Description. Possible exterior surface outside NE corner of building. Tram? pled with flat-lying sherds in evidence. [Probe]. Pottery Bag. N.I.490.117. Description. Brown to Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 5/3-2.5Y 4/2) soil of mudbrick detritus origin, accumulated outside N corner of building. [Probe]. Pottery Bag. N.I.490.118.

NW 9

49034P

Hiatus B

49034

Hiatus A

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Locus Summaries Locus 49101 Phase NW10 Topsoil. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.01, Material Culture. Description.

Lists Area 491 Description

02, 40, 45, 47, 51, 67, 75, 80, 96, 125, 158, 164.

Animal bone: #2, lg mammal frags. Human bone: HRC #4. Shell: #2, lg land snail; #3, land snail frags; #7, lg land snail; #55, lg land snail. Faience: #6, base (fig. 7.11.15); #187, ud frags. Metal: #188, iron nails. Plaster: #5, frags of white lime (CaCo3) plaster. Red surface pigment applied al secco. Other: soil; marl. 49102 NW10 Description. Modern tomb of Brown (10YR 5/3) sunbaked bricks, and red fired bricks (10YR 5/4 Weak Red?5YR 5/6 Yellowish Red). Bones removed and reburied. Tomb is sim? ilar to Type III or Type V known in SE areas of mound (in Areas 12 and 15). The pit for the tomb, (possibly pit 49112) was dug into Locus 49130. Description. Major E-W section ofthe western extension of Wall 49003 in Area 490.

49103 49104

NW 5 NW 10

Description. Modern tomb of Brown (10YR 5/3) mudbricks had been severely damaged when its presence was recorded in 1981. It was not excavated and disappeared between the 1981 and 1982 seasons. Apparently a tomb of Type V known in the SE areas of South Mound. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49103. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49136. Description. Major N-S wall forming west end of building during some of its phases. Con? structed of Brown-Grayish Brown (10YR 5/3-2.5Y 5/2) mudbricks laid in mud mortar of similar material. [N, S Balks]. Pottery Bag. N.I.491.14.

49105 49106 49107

? ?

NW 6a

49108 49109 49110 49111 49112

? ? ? ?

Cancelled. Cancelled. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49131. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49143. Description. Large pit cut from topsoil, filled with Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/4) detritus. This may be the pit dug for Tomb 49102, although the stratigraphic connection could not be made. [S Balk]. Description. Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) layer of mudbrick detritus, perhaps debris from the digging of Pit 49112. [S Balk].

NW 10

49113

NW 10

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Locus 49114

Phase Hiatus A

Description Description. Layer of ash lenses upon Locus 49115 and 49151. Matrix included charcoal and burnt detritus of many colors ranging from Black (7.5YR 2/0) to White (7.5YR 8/0, and including Strong Brown (7.5YR 5/6), Light Yellowish Brown (10YR 6/4), and Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR 4/4). Used as a surface(?). [N Balk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.491.28. Material Culture. Animal bone: #35, OvislCapra-sized rib (burnt). Other: soil sample.

49115

Hiatus A

Description: Layer of Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) detritus behind the top course of Wall 49138 in Room 2. It is interpreted as leveled rubble from fall of Wall 49138. [N Balk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.491.29. Material Culture. Animal bone: #39, lg land mammal longbone shaft, ungulate(?) lumbar vertebra (spinous process), bird sternum. Metal: #38, spike. Stone: ud frags. Other: kiln waste.

49116

NW 8a or Hiatus A

Description. Layer of mixed pit material located behind Wall 49138 in Room 2. Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) matrix includes pieces of fired brick, plaster/mortar, kiln waste, and limestone fragments. Matrix became very silty at the bottom. [N Balk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.491.31. Material Culture. Shell: #A6, lg land snail frag. Stone: #A7, slab/block of fine grained, white limestone with rasp marks (pl. 7.19). Other: kiln waste.

49117 49118

Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49137. Description. Debris layer of Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) detritus behind west of Wall 49138 in the "bin" in Room 2. [N Balk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.491.30. Material Culture. Faience: #42, ud frags.

NW 8a or Hiatus A

49119

NW8b

Description. Hypothetical short wall stub identical to 49133 against interior face of Wall in Room 2. Very likely it existed; it is clear in balk but did not reach Wall 50202-49003 49135. [NBalk]. Description. Surface of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) detritus upon debris Layer 49149 in Room 2. [N, E Balks]. Pottery Bag. N.I.491.151.

49120

NW8b

4912149129 49130

? NW 10

Description. season.

Removal and cleanup of 1981 backfill before the commencement ofthe

1982

Description. Debris layer of deteriorated mudbrick fall. A silty Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/4) detritus matrix with inclusions of broken Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1-3/2) mudbricks. [N, S, E Balks].

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Locus

Phase Pottery Bags. N.I.491.03-07, 160-163. Material Culture.

Description 11, 17, 23-24, 41-43, 55, 60, 62, 86-87, 90, 92-94, 97,

Animal bone: #51, med fish(?) rib(?) frags, bird incomplete 1st phalanx, femur shaft, and sternal frag process; #109, mammal tooth frags (probabaly Bos) and rodent and fish frags; #114, med bird coracoid; #186, OvislCapra tooth frags. Human bone: HRC #90. Shell: #52, #53, Donax trunculus and lg land snails; #115, AspatharialEtheriatf) frag. Metal: #9, head of iron nail. Preserved dimensions: 1.4 x 1.7 cm Oxidized. Completely mineralized; #10, frag of iron nail. Preserved length 2.6 cm; W. 1.8 cm red, brown and black oxides. Faience: #103, rim (fig. 17.12.4); #106, base (fig. 7.11.16). Other: kiln waste; plaster. 49131 Hiatus B Description. Debris of silty clear Brown-Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/3-5/4) 1/2. Detritus soil riddled with animal burrows and nests. [N, S, E Balks]. 26-27, 44, 46, 49-50, Pottery Bags. N.I.491.19-22, 130, 133, 138, 140-141, 145-146, 167-168. Material Culture. Animal bone: #28, Ovisl Capra-sized longboneshaft frags (burnt); #54, bird pelvis frag; #57, shrew and rodent frags; #59, med/lg mammal and bird frags; #61, med mammal very weath? ered longbone (or axial) frags; #75, complete rodent tibia; #94, shrew femur, pelvis, ulna and ud frags and sm bird carpometacarpus; #96, med mammal horn core(?) frags; #97, shrew tibia, ulna, rib, vertebra, mandible, and complete maxillae, lg rodent rib, and sm bird rib; #149, bone; #163, Bos molar frags; #173, mammal frag. Shell: #74, lg land snail opercula frags; #82, #144, lg land snails; #98, Donax trunculus frags. Faience: rims, #23 (fig. 7.11.8), #56a and #56b (figs. 7.11.11 and 7.11.9), and #92, (fig. 7.12.12); ud frags #145, #150. #153. and #171. Metal: #21, a group of five (incomplete) iron nails. Preserved dimensions L x W (at head): 6.2 x 1.3 cm; 3.1 x 1.6 cm; 4.1 x 1.7 cm; 4.9 x 1.7 cm; and 3.7 x 0.8 cm (head not pre? served), Red and brown oxides. Mineralized; #22, iron nail. Preserved length 7.7 cm; W. (at head) 1.8 cm. Completely mineralized; #24, copper or copper alloy pin or awl. Preserved length 6.1 cm. Circular in section (0.6 cm D.) at one end and square in section (3.0 x 3.0 cm) at other end. Fairly good condition, but active bronze disease starting to erupt on an otherwise compact surface; #25, iron nail. Preserved length 6.2 cm; W. (at head) 1.6 cm. Red and brown oxides. Completely mineralized; #31, pieces of iron representing two nails. Preserved length 6.6 and 2 6.3 cm respectively; W. 1.2 cm. Completely mineralized; #60, two pieces of (the same) iron nail. Preserved length (joined) 7.8 cm; W. (at head) 1.6 cm. Completely mineralized; #93, frag of iron nail (preserved length 4.0 cm; W 0.6 cm). Almost completely mineralized; #139 and #142, ud bronze coins, poor condition; #149, iron nail. Preserved length 4.3 cm; W. 1.2 cm. Corroded. Stone: #60 and #146, frags of coarse-grained, felspar mica granite (pink, gray and black); #149, a gypsum rosette (common in the salt lakes around Alexandria). Plaster: #32, sm (2.0 x 1.5 x 0.5 cm) lump of soft and crumbly, white, lime plaster. Conser? vator Weber noted that this appeared to be CaCo4 (not CaCo3), since it did not react to/ with hydrochloric acid. Other: soil sample; kiln waste; charcoal; burnt wood (#91, #95, #96 and #161); ochre (#99). 49132 ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49131. 56-57, layer in Room 126, 128-

66, 70, 72, 82-83,

49133

NW 8b

Description. Short N-S stub wall abutting N face of wall 50202 in Room 2. Built of Brown (10YR 5/3) mudbricks laid in mortar of similar material. [E Balk].

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Locus 49134

Phase ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49149

Description

49135

NW6a

Description. Interior E-W screen wall separating Rooms 1 and 2. Built of Brown (10YR 5/3) mudbricks laid with mud mortar of two types: Brown (10YR 5/3) mortar-like brick material between the individual bricks of each course, with Dark Grayish Brown mortar (10YR 4/2) used between each course. Abuts E face of contemporary Wall 49107, but not, as preserved, at right angle. Together with stub Wall 49133, Wall 49135 makes an "entryway" into Room 2. As preserved, the upper two courses of Wall 49135 were apparently added later either to serve as a low bench, or a partition wall [if Debris 49137 is interpreted as fall from Wall 49135] with Surface 49150P in Room 1.

49136

Hiatus C

deposited Description. Debris lens of fine Brown/Dark Brown detritus (10YR 4/3-5/3) across the entire extent of the undulating top of debris Locus 49131. Used as a surface. Matrix includes 90% broken pottery with ash and small bone fragments. [N, S, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.08-09, 124, 127, 134, 137, 166. Material Culture. Animal bone: #11, rodent skeleton and sm bird femur; #15, lg mammal longbone frags; #59, med bird longbone shaft frags and med/lg mammal axial frags; #87, sm bird humeri, ulna, and femur and rodent mandibles and femur; #111, med mammal very friable axial frags; #112, ex? tensive rodent remains from a burrow intrusive to the locus and very sm carnivore mandibles; #122, rodent femur (immature), tibia, and pelvic frag, bird shaft and distal femur, synsacrum, tarsometatarsis and thoracic vertebra frags, sm mammal axial and long bone shaft frags; #132, med mammal axial frags (rib?); #138, med/lg mammal axial frags; #147, bird coracoid frag, ud mammal frags, and ud coprolite specimen; #193, bird(?) long bone shaft frag and med mam? mal humerus shaft frag (with possible cut-marks) and numerous long bone shaft frags. Shell: #12, land snail; #17, land snail; #58, land snails; #87, land snail frags; #88, land snail frags; #123, land snail; #132, land snail; #136, land snails and land snail frags; #147, Donax trunculus. Terracotta:#196, stamped amphora handle No. 11 (not illustrated). Metal: #137, piece of iron nail. Preserved length 4.1 cm, W. 1.8 cm Rusted; #157, iron nail. Preserved length 4.1 cm; width 1.6 cm. Corroded; #192, bronze coin, poor condition, ud. Stone: #118, broken plaque (c. 4.5 x 3.6 x 2.5 cm) of soft white limestone. Two original edges preserved. Carved on both faces. Side A: Cobra (Agathos Daimon?), Side B: Uncertain (fig. 7.13 and pl. 7.17). Other: soil sample (PB 111 float contained rodent and fish frags); pink ash; charcoal. 12-13, 15, 18, 25, 48, 52, 65, 81, 84, 102, 111-112, 122,

49137P

Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49136.

49137

Hiatus A

Description. Very thick debris layer of Brown (10YR 5/3) detritus soil in Room 1. Matrix includes c. 80% broken bricks, with occasional patches of white organic material thought to be remains of straw matting similar to that from Locus 49150P. Possibly represents fall from Wall 49135. Top used as surface. [N, S, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.32, 155-156, 159, 169, 170. Material Culture. Animal bone: #130, rodent prox femur half and distal tibia frag and sm mammal rib shaft frag; #167, med mammal humerus shaft frag; #183, med/lg mammal ud frags (possibly cra? nial); #203, rodent long boneshaft frags, mandibles, vertebra tibias(?), femurs and pelvics, med mammal axial frags, sm bird right humerus and coracoid. 53-54, 59, 116, 118-119, 139, 142, 144, 147, 148a, 148b, 153,

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Locus

Phase Shell: #129 and #166, Donax trunculus.

Description

Faience: #194, ud frags. Metal: #62, two frags of iron nail(s): Preserved length 4.5 and 3.2 cm, respectively; W. 0.6 cm; #128, three pieces of iron nail(s). Stone: #79, three frags of "mortar" of which two frags (7.2 x 6.0 x 5.0 cm, and 3.5 x 3.0 x 1.4 cm) are lime and one frag (5.0 x 4.8 x 2.8 cm) is not lime. The non-lime frag is whiter than the lime mortar; #160, round, smooth pebble of chert. Other: bits of white plaster; kiln waste. NW 7c

49138

Description. Narrow N-S interior wall stretching between Walls 50202 and 49135 at the western end of Room 2. Built with two types of mudbricks: a sandy-textured Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2-3/3) clay and heavier Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) material. One row of bricks wide, preserved to a height of seven courses. Accumulation between Wall 49138 and Wall 49107 is considered to be pit material. [N Balk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.491.74.

49139

NW 7d

Description. Debris layer in Room 2 of fine, Dark Brown (10YR3/3) detritus. Matrix includes c. 40% broken Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) bricks from fall of Wall 49138. [N Balk]. 71, 73. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.67-69, Material Culture. Animal bone: #78, incomplete rodent pelvis; #80, bird longbone shaft frag, sm/med mammal axial frag; #81, sm birds' carpometacarpus, premaxillae(beak), shaft and distal tibias, prox tarsometatarsus, distae, and (1st, 2nd and 3rd) phalanges. Shell: #52, Donax trunculus; #68, #71, #73, lg land snails and operculae. Plaster: #72, thick (3.0 cm) chunk (c. 5.2 x 3.7 cm) of coarse lime (CaCo3) plaster with fine surface (40x magnification showed that this surface was merely smoothed and did not repre? sent a separate coat of plaster). L. (0.5-1.0 cm) fluvial gravel in a sandy matrix. Other: wood; mortar.

49140

NW 7d

Description. Architectural debris in Room 2 consisting of silty Brown (10 YR 4/3) mud? brick detritus. Matrix includes c. 80% fired [red] brick fragments with white plaster/mortar attached, c. 10% broken Very Dark Gray to Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/1-3/2) mudbricks, and 0.5% each mortar fragments and lumps of charcoal. Nature of deposition is uncertain. [N Balk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.491.63. Material Culture. Animal bone: #101, bird and ud frags. Shell: #67, lg land snail operculae. Stone: limestone chips. Other: fired brick with mortar/plaster; kiln waste.

49141

NW 7b

Description. Coarse debris layer of silty Dark Grayish Brown to Brown (10YR 4/2-5/3) mudbrick detritus in Room 2. Matrix includes c. 40% chunks of Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) bricks. Interpreted as leveled fill for foundation of small Wall 49138. Top of locus used as a surface. [N Balk]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.76, Material Culture. 79, 85, 88, 91.

Animal bone: #101, sm bird carpometa-carpus, med mammal ud frags (axial?). Shell: #104, land snail frag.

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Locus

Phase

Description Plaster: #85, frag (8.5 x 6.0 x 2.6 cm) of "faced" med-gray lime plaster. Other: kiln waste; soil sample.

49142 49143

Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49141. Description. Layer in Room 3 of crumbly Brown to Dark Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/3-4/4) mudbrick detritus. Matrix includes lumps of Brown and Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 5/3-4/2) bricks, probably equivilant to wallfall debris Locus 49130 on the east side of Wall 49107. [NBalk]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.89, Material Culture. 121.

NW 10

Metal: #133, iron nail. Preserved length 4.0 cm; W. (at head) 1.6 cm 49144 NW 9b Description. E-W wall enclosing S end of Room 1. Built of Brown (10YR 5/3) mudbricks except for one Dark Grayish Brown (10 YR 4/2) brick, apparently bonded into upper courses of E face of Wall 49107. [S Balk]. Description. Compacted debris layer of Brown to Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/3-4/2) de? tritus in Room 2. Matrix includes pieces of mudbricks and some fired-brick debris possibly from Locus 49140. [N Balk]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.95, Material Culture. 99.

49145

NW7b

Animal bone: #105, med mammal longbone frags (humerus?). 49146P NW6b Description. Trampled surface at top of layer 49146 in Room 2. Flat-lying sherds occur fre? quently. This locus is interpreted as the first surface N of 49135 Wall to be used with that wall and with Wall 49107. [N Balk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.491.105. 49146 NW6b Description. Well-mixed, compacted debris layer of two mudbrick detritus soils: a sandy Brown to Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 5/3-4/2) soil and a stickier Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) ma? terial in Room 2. This matrix includes small charcoal and white mortar/plaster bits and, very occasionally, a small sherd. This is a heavy, deliberately leveled fill that reinforced the founda? tions ofthe two major Walls 49107 and 49135. [N Balk]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.107, Material Culture. 109.

Animal bone: #120, sm mammal distal metapodial frags and bird(?) frags. Shell: #121, Aspatharia rubens or Etheria elliptica frags. Faience: #124-125, rim frags of same vessel(?) (figs. 7.11.3 and 7.12.4) firedStone: ud frags Other: soil sample (PB 107 float contained Trifolium [2x] and Caryophyllaceaeflx]); brick with mortar. 49147 49148 ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49137. Description. A heavy layer of debris spread across Room 1 consisting of a Brown/Dark Brown (10YR 4/3) detritus matrix that includes a large quantity of broken mudbricks of Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) and (10YR 4/3). This locus was used as a foundation layer for Wall 49144, while its top was probably used as a surface during the final use phase of the building. [S, E Balks].

NW9a

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Locus

Phase Pottery Bags. N.I.491.98, Material Culture. 100-101,

Description 103-104, 106, 108, 113-115, 117, 120, 123, 165.

Animal bone: #109, rodent right femur, fish cranial frag, and tooth and maxillae/mandibular frags fm a herbivore larger than OvislCapra; #114, med bird coracoid; #135, bird longbone shaft and scapular(?) frags and med/lg mammal humerus. Shell: #115, Aspatharia rubens or Etheria elliptica frag. Metal: #190, iron nail. Stone: #189, frag (18 x 9.0 x 6.5 cm) ofa slab of fine-grained white limestone with rasp marks (unillustrated); #110, limestone tessera(}). Other: soil sample. 49149P 49149 ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49120. Description. Leveled debris layer in Room 2, of coarse Brown to Dark Brown (10YR 5/33/3) detritus with many broken mudbricks predominantly Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) but some Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2). Used as surface. [N, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.58, 61, 64, 149, 152. Material Culture. Animal bone: #173, med mammal axial frag. Shell: #68, lg land snail. Terracotta:#85, lamp frag (fig. 7.1, pl. 7.6). Metal: #63, iron nail. Preserved length 7.2 cm; W. (at head). 4 cm rusted, black and red oxide. almost completely mineralized; #66, "rusty" sherd; #69, two pieces (each c. 2.5 and 1.4 cm, and 0.7 cm) of iron nail(s). Severely corroded and consisting primarily of corrosion product. Other: kiln waste. 49150P NW 8b Description. Trampled, a laminated surface that included a very thin, patchy layer of organic white material traced all across Room 1. This white material is interpreted as the remains of a straw mat spread on floor and secured with many iron nails. A few flat-lying sherds were present, most of which were clearly above/upon the "mat." [S, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.131-132, Material Culture. 135, 157, 171.

NW 8a

Metal: #147, two iron nails. One, straight (preserved length 3.7 cm; W. 1.7 cm), and one bent (length?if straightened?5.7 cm; W 1.9 cm); #151 and #154, two iron nails. Preserved length 4.3 cm; W. (at head) 2.0 cm including a heavy coat of corrosion; #182 and #195. Other: soil sample: (PB 171 float contained chenopodium [lx]); charcoal; kiln waste. 49150 NW 8a Description. A leveled layer of coarse, Brown (10YR 5/3-4/3) debris/detritus in Room 1. Matrix includes c. 50% broken bricks of same color and Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2). [S, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.136, Material Culture. 143, 172-173, 179-188.

Shell: #199, Venus verrucosa. Terracotta:#202a pl. 7.5 and #202b fig. 7.2 and pl. 7.7, lamp frags. Faience: #198, rim (fig. 7:19.11); #213, ud frags. Metal: #165, #197, and #200, iron nails. Stone: mortar/plaster. Other: soil sample (PB 136 float contained Lolium [lx]).

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Locus 49151 49152

Phase ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49137.

Description

NW 8a

Description. Small "firepit" lined with large sherds in Room 2 along the N face of Wall 49135. Pit was dug from Surface 49149, and contained, fibery black charcoal and black ash as well as bone fragments and large snails shells [intrusive ?]. The pit was topped by a single Light Brown (10YR 5/3) mudbrick, and some of the clay from this brick had eroded and accumulated at the sides of the giving the false impresion of a lining. Later intrusion by rodent burrowing was evident. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.150, Material Culture. 154.

Animal bone: #179, med mammal longbone shaft frags. Shell: #176 and #180, lg land snails. Other: soil sample; charcoal. 49153 49154 ? Cancelled. Combined with Wall 50202. Description. A scree of whole and broken mudbricks at top of debris Layer 49148. Equiva? lent to 49005 to east. [S, E Balks]. Description. Detritus layer with matrix similar to Locus 49146, but with larger lumps of mudbrick. Top probably used as the initial surface for Wall 49107. Pottery Bag. N.I.174. Material Culture. Plaster: bits of white plaster. Other: soil sample. 49156 ? Description. Post-1982 season backfill, of unknown provenience (done by villagers). Pottery recorded as "topsoil." [Probe]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.175-78. Material Culture. Faience: ud frag. Metal: #207, bronze coin, poor condition, ud. Stone: #101, rim of bowl in fine-grained, green diorite no. 29 (fig. 7:16). 49157 49158 ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49150. Description. Architectural debris in Room 1: consisting of fired brick and mortar frags as well as broken Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2-4/3) and Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) mud? bricks in a matrix of coarse Brown (10YR 5/3) detritus. Top of locus appears to have been leveled and used as a surface. [Probe]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.185-90. Material Culture. Metal: bronze frag. Other: Charcoal. 49159 49160 ? ? Cancelled. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 49158.

NW 9a

49155

NW 6a

NW 7b

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Locus 49161P

Phasi NW6b

Description Description. Laminated interior surface. The earliest floor in Room 1 to be used with Walls 49135 and 49107. Lamination may indicate relatively long use period. [Probe]. Pottery Bags. N.I.491.191-92.

49161

NW 6a/b

Description. Debris layer of Brown/Dark Brown (10YR 4/3) detritus in Room 1. Matrix in? cludes broken Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) bricks and white plaster/mortar fragments. Many sherds concentrated near the E face of Wall 49107. This locus is interpreted as equivalent to debris Locus 49155, although Wall 49135 was not removed to prove the stratigraphic connection directly. This locus was the foundation layer for Walls 49107 and 49135 and was most probably utilized as a surface during NW 6b. Leveled [Probe]. Pottery Bag. N.I.491.193. Material Culture. Terracotta:#218, figurine (plaque base). Other: soil sample (PB 193 float contained Lolium [lx]).

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Locus Summaries Locus 50201 Phase NW 10 Topsoil. Pottery Bags. N.I.502.01, Material Culture. Description.

List Area 502 Description

10, 23, 30.

Animal bone: #1, charred frag; #2, mammal/lg mammal frags. Shell: #3, land snails. Metal: #1, frag (1.4 x 0.4 cm) of copper or copper alloy. Mineralized. Other: charcoal; kiln waste; glass (#11); bits of painted plaster. 50202 NW 7 Description. Major E-W wall built of Brown (10YR 5/3) and Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) bricks, laid in a mortar of similar clay-like material. This wall forms the long northern side ofthe building, and is "broken" in Area 490 possibly for doorway. [Probe]. Description. Exterior surface located to the N of Wall 50202 made up of compacted Pale Brown, (10YR 6/3) detritus soil. This locus "disappeared" after the 1981 season (by villagers?). Description. Small pit filled with Brown (10YR 5/3) detritus soil.

50203

NW 8

50204 50205

NW 10 NW 8

Description. An installation of unknown function, built of (slumped) mudbricks of 3 distinct colors: Brown (10YR5/3), Dark Brown (10YR4/3), and Very Dark Brown (10YR 3/1). This locus may be the stub of a wall that was butted against (not bonded into) the W face of Wall 49204, and is most probably to be considered later than Walls 49204 and 50202. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 50201.

50206 50207 NW 6c

Description. Debris layer consisting of Dark Grayish Brown (2.5YR 4/2) and Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbrick detritus. Matrix includes building rubble such as bits of fired brick and mortar frag? ments. The locus seems to represent an intentional leveling to be used both as a "foundation" for Wall 50202 and as a surface in the next phase. [Probe]. Pottery Bags. N.I.502.11, Material Culture. Animal bone: ud frags. Other: charcoal. 12, 34.

50208

NW 6c

Description. Debris layer of Brown (10YR 5/3) detritus soil. Matrix includes rubble of Brown (10YR 5/3) and Dark Gray (10YR 4/1) broken mudbricks, and white mortar fragments. Top used as surface. Pottery Bags. N.I.502.13-14, Material Culture. Animal bone: ud frags. Shell: ud frags. Other: charcoal; soil sample; bits of painted plaster. 17-19.

50209

NW 5

Description. An east-west wall(?) built of mudbrick of three types: Brown (10YR 5/3), Very Dark Brown (10YR 3/1), and Dark Brown (10YR 4/3). [C-D Balks]. Description. Debris layer of Brown (10YR 5/3) to Dark Brown (10YR 4/1) mudbrick fall. Top of locus used as surface. Pottery Bags. N.I.502.15-16, 20-22, 24, 31.

50210

NW 6c

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Locus

Phase Material Culture. Faience: #32, ud bits.

Description

Other: soil sample; charcoal; painted plaster. 50211 NW 6c Description. Thick fall debris layer of two types of mudbrick detritus: a Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/4) silty soil and sticky, Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) fabric. Matrix includes charcoal and white organic material, which are probably the remains of a straw mat caught in the brickfall and subsequently burned. Pottery Bags. N.I.502.25-29, Material Culture. Faience: #53, ud frags. Stone: kiln waste; soil sample. Metal: #45, ud copper frag. Other: #50, glass. 50212 NW 4b Description. Irregular lens of Pale Yellow (5Y 7/3) clay /silt encountered in patches across the top of debris Locus 50213. This and Locus 50215 may be the remains of wall plaster that had fallen in the destruction at the end of this phase. Pottery Bag. N.I.502.38. 50213 NW 4b Description. A layer of fall debris consisting of two well-mixed types of detritus: a matrix of Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) clayey soil with a substantial concentration of broken chunks of Brown (10YR 5/3) brick. Straw casts were still evident in broken bricks of both colors. This locus and Locus 50214 are thought to represent wallfall debris: perhaps upper courses from collapse of Wall 50216. The yellow Lenses 50212 and 50215 are interpreted as having been wall plaster from the same wall. Locus 50213 was leveled for the "foundation" of Wall 50209, and its top was used as surface during the next phase. Pottery Bag. N.I.502.39. Material Culture. Animal bone: ud frags. Other: bits of white plaster. 50214 NW 4b Description. Wallfall debris, as Locus 50213 [A-B-C-D, E-F-A Balks]. 32, 33, 35-37.

Pottery Bags. N.I.502.41-43. Material Culture. Faience: #65, ud bits. 50215 NW 4b Description. A thin, patchy lens that appears to be the product of two laminations: an upper Brownish Yellow (10YR 616) soil and a lower Light Yellowish Brown (10YR 6/4) material. Each, however, displays some streaks of Light Olive Gray (5Y 6/2). As with Locus 50212, this locus may represent fall of wall plaster within Debris 50214 and 50213. [A-B, E-F-A Balks]. Pottery Bag. N.I.502.40. Material Culture. Other: soil sample. 50216 NW 4a Description. The SE corner ofa wall built of Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) mudbricks laid in Brown (10YR 5/3) mud mortar. A similar mortar/stucco facing was noted on its south and eastern faces of the wall. As excavated, this wall does not appear to be related to any other walls in the probe. Description. Fall debris consisting of broken Dark Gray (10YR 4/1) bricks with a high clay content in a matrix of loose, silty Dark Brown (10YR 4/3) detritus. This material is possibly fall from Wall 50216, which was subsequently leveled to the top ofthe stub ofthe remaining wall. Pottery Bag. N.I.502.44.

50217

NE 4b

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Locus

Phase Material Culture. Metal: #68, iron nail.

Description

50218

NW 4a

Description. Mudbrick detritus similar to Locus 50217 but was much more easily separated in the balks. This material is the "foundation" layer for Wall 50216. Pottery Bags. N.I.502.45-49. Material Culture. Metal: #75, sm (1.4 cm) piece of copper wire (modern?).

Notes Overall work in the South Mound was under the supervision of Cynthia Johnson-Romy. In Coulson and Leonard (1981a) the author presented the earlier material from the initial (1980) soundings in the South Mound according to three strata (I-III). Here, that arrangement has been revised and is discussed in ten phases. The earlier Stratum III is now NW Phase 1, Stratum II is now NW Phase 2, and Stratum I is now NW Phase 3, to which has been added NW Phase 4 consisting of Crosswall 2002 in Area 2/482, as well as the southeastern corner of contemporary Wall 50216 (Probe B). Subphasing: Phase la, the building of the walls; Phase Ib, the deposition of the lower debris loci; lc, the sealing of the lower debris levels. Note that Locus 2037 was dug and interpreted as up? per courses of both of these walls. See Locus Summaries. 4 In fact, Wall Loci 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025 and 1026, although exhibiting slight vagaries in color and texture, may all represent courses of the same wall, recorded separately as they were excavated vertically by loci. The brown, clay-like matrices of Loci 1023 and 1025 are positioned appropriately to have been single courses or clusters of bricks within Wall 1024, since isolated bricks of similar color and tex? ture were also detected in that wall. Perhaps the sandy tex? ture of the brown bricks that was noticed during excavation, was the result of the soil from which these bricks were formed, i.e. it was less durable than the more clay-rich bricks in the wall, and these two mixtures reacted differently to the dampness of their super-saturated matrix. Subphasing: Phase 2a, new walls built and/or new courses added to existing walls; Phase 2b, fall from these walls and debris. For the botanical inclusions in the matrices of Loci 1020, 1021, and 1022, see Chapter 8. Subphasing: Phase 3a, new walls built; Phase 3b, de? bris accumulated during and after the use of these walls. Cf. the stamped Rhodian amphora handle from this locus (fig. 7.4; Rehard in Coulson 1996: 148, no. 3). Subphasing: Phase 4a new walls built; Phase 4b, episodes of wallfall and debris. The stratigraphy in the deep soundings and the archi? tecture excavated above them can be tied together visually by comparing the position of Locus 1010 on the NW Phase 5 plan (fig. 2.8) with the composite Area 492/Sound? ing 1 section on fig. 2.4. As noted above, Wall 1007 is the same wall as 49204 but each locus carries the number of the area in which it was excavated/recorded. A further contribution to the synchronization of the two areas is offered by the fact that Wall 1007/49204 was built upon Locus 1008 and Locus 1009 which represent the same material that was excavated as Locus 49238 in Area 492 (see figs. 2.4 and 2.9). For the position of burial Pit 49016, see figs. 2.8 and 2.10-2.16 where Wall 49013 has been reconstructed in broken lines. This burial extended out of the E balk of Area 490, the head and shoulders of the body were within the wall-cut section of the pit. Subphasing: Phase 6a new walls built; Phase 6b, building in use; Phase 6c, debris and wallfall. 13 Compare the treatment of Walls 49003 and 49013 at the NE corner of the building. Such an integrated bond would have produced a stronger union than the common butt used when a minor wall is built against a major existing wall: cf. Wall 49206 in NW Phase 7. Flotation of soil from these two surfaces produced only a modicum of non-cultivated plant remains (see Chap? ter 8). Subphasing: Phase 7a, the addition of two rooms at western end of the building; Phase 7b, accumulation of usedebris; Phase 7c, small interior wall (49138) added; Phase 7d, additional accumulation of use-debris. Locus 49238 was used as a surface in Room 4. It is probable, but not provable, that it continued eastward to perform the same function in Room 3, but that area was not excavated to the appropriate level (s). It was unclear whether these two walls were built against, or bonded into, Wall 50202. A similar situation occurred in the large, main room of the structure (Room 1) where, with the exception of NW Phase 10, a wall delineating the southern limits of the space was never found. This feature was first noticed when the western face of Wall 1007 was trimmed in 1980 (note in the section draw? ing, fig. 2.4, that Wall 49204 equals Wall 1007).

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All of the pieces of plaster were analyzed in the field conservator Gail Weber who noted that, although they by were visually quite similar, not all of the plaster samples were CaCo3. Some pieces may have been CaCo4 since they did not react to contact with hydrochloric acid. Inspection (under 40x magnification) showed that the walls had been given a single coat of plaster, the face of which had subsequently been smoothed. There was no evidence for multiple coats of plaster the last of which had been smoothed. The latter technique, however, was practiced elsewhere at Kom Ge'if. Subphasing: Phase 8a, use-debris is leveled in order to construct; Phase 8b, new walls. A similar situation can be seen on the eastern (exterior) wall of the Ptolemy IV Philometer (Phase IIA) guardhouse at Tell Fara'in, where the space between the two stubs is approx? imately 0.75 m. As was most probably the case at Naukratis, these features apparently served a utilitarian function. Compare figs. 2.11 and 2.12: the levels 8.31 m vs. 8.32 m ASL, respectively. 24 If Locus 49050P equals Locus 49238/1009 the debris may have been brought in and leveled at this time or it could have existed beneath the western half of the building since its original deposition there in NW Phase 6. Flotation of samples from the matrices of Loci 49150 and 49150P produced only a small range of non-cultivated plant types (see Chapter 8). These two courses are both situated above Surface 49150P, and the suggested modification of Wall 49135 seems to have been connected with the use of that surface. Contemporary Surface 49150P at the western end of Room 1 and Surface 49012 in the east blended into each other without any clear line of demarcation. The nails and the matting were found in both loci. The presence of an iron nail in the earlier NW Phase 4b (Locus 50217) might be explained by the nail's proxim? ity to an intrusive animal burrow c. 0.15 m in diameter, that originated at least in NW Phase 6c (Locus 50211), where white organic fibers were interpreted as straw matting caught in brickfall from an unidentified wall. This locus, a layer outside the northeast corner of the house, appears to have been the earliest, as well as the least certain, context of these nails. 28 Hiatus A (Locus 492330, A/B (Locus 49004), B (Lo? cus 49131), and B/C (Locus 49210). Subphasing: The hiatus represents a period of use of the building without any new construction; while irregular, interior (?) use-surfaces developed that are here divided into Hiatus Phases A through C.

Because no new construction could be detected, some of the detritus layers were not clearly assignable to a par? ticular phase. For instance, Wallfall 49214 in Room 4 could have belonged to either Phase 8b or Hiatus A, while Loci 49116 and 49118, behind the small wall in Room 2, could have been deposited either in NW 8a or Hiatus A. When such uncertainties existed, that fact is noted in the Locus Summaries. Locus 49137 also contained both iron nails and patches of white organic material as did Locus 49150P that lay directly below it. The exact relationship between Locus 49137 and 49150 was never clear. 32 See Chapter 7, no. 41. ' Subphasing: Phase 9a, irregular accumulation contin? ues; Phase 9b, new wall built. Flotation of a sample of the Locus 49148 matrix produced only a single (non-cultivated), botanical type (see Chapter 8). The plaster in the preparation courses was often mixed with straw and/or sand and gravel (some pieces as large as 1.5 cm) of fluvial origin. Locus 49017 also pro? duced a small fragment of a white limestone block with both cut marks and traces of yellow (painted?) decoration (MC#81). * Plaster decorated with yellow pigment was encoun? tered in the North Area 316 in a relatively deep deposit (Locus 31614) that was contaminated, and thus reassigned the status of an open (top soil) locus. It should be noted, however, that Hogarth encountered small fragments of plas? ter painted in red, blue and yellow that were in "terrible condition, owing to the dampness" (See inter alia 1898? 1899: 33-34). Two loci (49016 and 49101) produced fragments of lime plaster with al secco red decoration as had been noted in association with Phases 8 and 9 of the building. All lxxx and 2xxx loci were dug in Sounding 1 and Sounding 2 (respectively) during our initial 1980 season in the (lower) western part of what was to become Areas 491 and 492 when the site grid was imposed over the South Mound prior to beginning the 1981 season. The eastern (higher) part of Area 492 was excavated during the 1981 and 1982 (Loci 49230-49238), (Loci 49201-49216), seasons. 1983 (49250-49251) * As has been noted above, all 2xxx loci were dug dur? our initial 1980 season as Sounding 2. When the site ing grid was imposed upon the South Mound prior to the 1981 season, Sounding 2 became the lower, western portion of Area 482 (see fig 1.12). For the Sounding 2 balk drawings, see Coulson and Leonard (1981a: 37, fig. 6).

Chapter Excavations

Three

in

the

Southeast

Area

Albert

Leonard,

Jr.

in the Southeast Area of the South Mound of two 4 x 4 m squares ori? consisted and separated from each other by 10 m According to our site-grid, they became Area 15 to the west and Area 12 to the east (fig. 1.12). The purpose of excavation in these two squares was to elucidate the Great Temenos that Petrie claimed to have found in the area. ented N-S The eight stratigraphic phases that were identified distinct "periods." chronologically Period during these excavations can be assigned to two

Excavations

I: a lower group of loci (Southeast Phase 1) representing the earliest architecture retrievable conventional excavation in the area, and by Period II: an upper group of loci, consisting of a collection of later tombs (Southeast Phases 2, 4 and and a series of soil layers (Southeast Phases 3, 5, and 7) that either covered these tombs or into 6) which Phase SE 8 SE 7 SE 6 SE 5 SE 4 SE 3 SE 2 SE 1 they had been dug. Identification Most recent accumulations

and disturbances. Top-soil. The latest depositions. A late series of SE tombs and burials (figs. 3.1 and 3.2). The detritus layers that immediately postdate the intermediate An intermediate

series of SE tombs.

series of SE tombs and burials (figs. 3.3 and 3.4; pl. 3.3). The detritus layers that immediately postdate the early Series of SE tombs. An early series of SE tombs and burials (figs. 3.5 and 3.6). Large mudbrick walling (e.g. Loci 1271, 1565), possibly related to Petrie's "Great Temenos" (figs. 3.7 and 3.8).

Southeast The

Period

II (Phases

Southeast

2 through

8)

area can be viewed archaeologically as a se? upper, Period II remains in the southeastern of three groups of village tombs (early, middle and late), each group of which was separated quence in time and space by an accumulation/deposition of mudbrick detritus layers resulting from the regular processes of weathering on the mound. While this stratigraphic sequence was very clear within each area (see section drawings in figs. 3.9 and 3.10), the correlation of the individual phases between the two squares is slightly less certain. However, since the two areas were originally positioned on the same topographic level of the mound and separated from each other by only ten meters, the correla? tion of loci offered here seems to be both sufficient and appropriate for the purposes of this study.3 The forty Period II tombs encountered in the Southeastern Areas (pl. 3.1) can be divided into five based on architectural similarities. The characteristics of each type are offered in general "types" Tables many 3.1 and 3.2, of the tombs but it should be noted that some had been disturbed or destroyed may not fit a specific type exactly since Petrie's workers?) before we began our work. (by tombs

85

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

1505 ^^^-To

F=

Fig. 3.1.

Area 12: Plan ofSE 6 tombs.

Fig. 3.2.

Area 15: Plan ofSE

6 tombs.

f?I 0

M .5

r1M

-H 2 3

h-H .5

h 1M

Fig. 3.3.

Area 12: Plan ofSE 4 tombs.

Fig. 3.4.

Area 15: Plan ofSE 4 tombs.

1998

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87

1564 '^m^^m^^4 \-\ 0 M .5 1M 2 3 F= 0 31 ,5 1M 2 3

Fig. 3.5.

Area 12: Plan ofSE 2 tombs.

Fig. 3.6.

Area 15: Plan ofSE 2 tombs.

F= 0

.5

1M Area 12:

"\ Final top plan showing SE 1

F Fig. 3.8. walls. Area 15: Final top plan showing SE 1

Fig. 3.7. walls.

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

The most tombs since 1245,

in the South Mound were the common encountered examples of funerary architecture to have been the standard tomb type at Kom Ge'if of Type V, and they might be considered of the tombs from Areas 12 and 15 were built in this manner (Tombs 1228, 1242, seventeen 1248, 1249, 1250, 1258, 1270, 1510, 1535, 1543, 1550, 1553, 1554, 1557, 1558, 1561). Sim?

Type II was the second most popular type, appearing in only eight ple in both concept and execution, less than half the num? instances (Tombs 1221(?),1223,1238(?), 1246, 1272(?), 1530, 1536, 1548(?)), of in appearance, and impressive ber of Type V tombs. Type I tombs, the most complex structurally, in the sample (Tombs the group, were slightly less well represented with only six such tombs occurring were Type III (Tombs 1552, 1224, 1564, 1207, 1251, 1505, 1506, 1521, 1532). Equally infrequent and Type IV (Tombs 1222(?), 1519, 1541, 1571) represented by only four examples each. between the As can be seen in Table 3.2, there does not appear to be any obvious correlation we Where the age of the deceased could be determined, tomb type and the age of the occupant. 1547), in Types I (lx), III (2x) and V (4x); children were buried in Types III (lx), IV (lx) and V (2x); while adults were buried in Type III (lx) and V (2x). A mixed burial ocevidence does not allow us to comment on distribution cured in Type V Tomb 1558. Insufficient by can be made concerning the level of social and only the most general and obvious statements gender find that infants were buried status evidenced in the tomb as Table 3.3 types. illustrates, there does to the to be any significant meaning areas. types in either of the excavation the kind of grave goods that would allow us to by not seem buried of some in this of the Likewise, numerical None speculate

to the five tomb or spatial distribution were accompanied of these interments on the status or role in the community

In fact, even their date is ephemeral, cemetery. skeletal materials suggests a date in the Mamluk Southeast Period I (Phase 1)

that was played by the individuals radiocarbon ( C) analysis although period (see Chapter 9).

interest in the Southeastern Areas of the Project, the main archaeological South Mound was the huge mudbrick walls and associated deposits that predated the Period II tombs (figs. 3.7 and 3.8), and into which the earliest tomb(s) of that series had been dug (pls. 3.8, 3.9, 3.14 and 3.16). These large walls could well originally have formed part of the massive structure that Petrie For the Naukratis called the "Great Temenos." Phase 1 consisted of a series of loci of mudbrick that were able to be correlated west) in both squares. These deposits appear to formed have parts of the same, very large (eastThe individual elements of the wall, however, wall that was identifed as Wall 1254/1271/1565.

as can be seen in Table 3.4. do have their own peculiarities, the wall would have been at least 3 m wide and a minimum Thus, In Area were excavated 12 it could be demonstrated that Wall 1254 had been and thus, in turn was founded of mudbricks The interface

of over 19 m in length. built on top of the courses

that

as Wall 1271

was lighter in color the straw inclusions stratigraphic and porous the detection

than the courses of the wall loci).

directly upon Locus 1267, a soil layer that that had been built upon it (it was also free from between the two features presented a very distinct

change and the compact mudbrick Locus 1267 material. Unfortunately,

of the wall was easily separated from the very sandy area shortly after ground water filled the excavation

of this soil change and no ceramic material could be retrieved. Although its exact nature Locus 1267 may have formed the original, natural surface of an area that was never fully understood, If this was the case, the bricks of Wall 1271, which were existed before the large wall was constructed.

u.?

*n A i <o ^o 3

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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Table 3.1. Type Construction Surface Built

Period

II Tomb Types in the Southeast

Area

Architectural Features Foundation: rectangular in plan.

Size: usually large. Brick: more often baked than unbaked. Other: II Surface Built exterior can be lime-plastered; the use of a vaulted roof is of known (Area 12). ovoid in plan. The foundation very broad, fired bricks. Size: usually small. Foundation: Brick: baked/fired. Other: Domed/vaulted III Pit Foundation: brick. Size: varies. Brick: baked. Bits of fired brick used as "chinking" courses of bricks in the lining. IV Pit Other: superstructure of ovoid plan. a deep, unlined pit. Foundation: Size: varies. Brick: baked and unbaked. Other: At/above (original?) ground level, individual tombs would vary from a simple pile of bricks (as preserved) to one or two layers of fired brick (as preserved) laid in a vault-like formation over the burial matrix. V Pit A shallow pit lined with fired brick. A rectangular was used for the foundation and the lower courses of super? plan structure walls; this changed to an ovoid plan for the upper courses of the superstructure. Foundation: Size: varies. Brick: baked and unbaked. Other: Tops of tombs are often sealed by closely positioned mud? bricks placed on top of, and perpendicular to, the upper courses ofthe tomb walls. to stabilize the superstructure of broad width fired brick. ovoid in plan. A deep pit lined with baked and unbaked course is constructed

must have been put this way for the expressed strangely laid on end (vertically) for the wall to be built above. a firm foundation In Area 15, however, there was no obvious

purpose

of providing

any evidence for a lower course bricks of Locus 1565 continued Above same colors the stratified as the bricks courses

to the "natural" Locus 1267, nor was there equivalent of "standing" bricks to parallel those in Wall 1271. In fact, the mud? straight down to the level at which ground water was reached. of Wall 1254/1271/1565, in both a thick layer of fine silty detritus, in the These two squares (Locus 1229/1555).

in the wall, was correlated

loci have been interpreted as the slumped and deteriorated upper courses of Wall 1254/1271/1565. The relatively common top level that they share most probably reflects the existing surface of the mound before it was exploited as a cemetery.

1998

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91

Table 3.2. Tomb No.lType Southeast Phase 7 (latest) Tomb 1223 (II) Tomb 1526 (unique) Southeast Phase 6

Correlation

of Tomb Type and AgeIGender Burial

ofOccupant Interment

Disturbed.

No burial (pl. 3.6)

No burial known

Tomb 1221 (II ?) Tomb 1246 (II) Tomb 1272 (II ?) Tomb 1505 (I) Tomb 1506 (I) (pls. 3.10) Tomb 1519 (IV) Tomb 1521 (I) Tomb 1530 (II) Tomb 1535 (V) Tomb 1536 (II) Tomb 1541 (IV) Southeast Phase 4

Known only in balk. Unexcavated Unexcavated. No burial known. Known only in balk. Unexcavated Disturbed. No burial No burial known No burial known Disturbed. Disturbed. Burial 1566 No burial known No burial known No burial No burial Infant

Tomb 1207 (I) (pl. 3.7) Tomb 1222 (IV) Tomb 1224 (III) (pls. 3.3 and 3.8) Tomb 1228 (V) Tomb 1238 (II ?) Tomb 1242 (V) Tomb 1245 (V) Tomb 1248 (V) (pl. 3.3) Tomb 1249 (V) (pls. 3.3 and 3.8) Tomb 1250 (V) (pl. 3.1) Tomb 1258 (V) Tomb 1270 (V?) Tomb 1510a (V) Tomb 1552 (III) Tomb 1554 (V) Southeast Phase 2 (earliest)

Tomb 1251 (I) (pl. 3.9) Tomb 1532 (I) Tomb 1543 (V) (pl. 3.14) Tomb 1547 (III) Tomb 1548 (II ?) Tomb 1550 (V) Tomb 1553 (V?) (pls. 3.14 and 3.16) Tomb 1557 (V) (pl. 3.16) Tomb 1558 (V) (pl. 3.18) Tomb 1561 (V) (pl. 3.12) Tomb 1564 (III) Tomb 1571 (IV)

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Table 3.3. AREA 12 SE Phase

Spatial

Distribution

ofTomb

Types in the Southeast

Area

Tomb Types I II i 3 _____ 5 118 III _ ? IV _ ? V _ ?

Total Tombs in Phase

Phase 7 Phase 6 Phase 4 Phase 2 Total of type in Area 12

_ ? 11118 1 2

1 3 12

__

1 17

AREA 15 SE Phase

Tomb Types

Total Tombs in Phase

Phase 7 Phase 6 Phase 4 Phase 2 Total of type in Area 15 ? 112 4 3 3 ? 1 ? 16 3 9 2 3 11 22

As has been noted sons of excavation claimed structure. secure,

above,

Wall

1254/1565

at Naukratis

and, while

was the largest wall encountered during our four sea? of some of the architecture falling short of the dimensions it does represent a fairly massive with the wall could be said to be

to have been excavated Although the ceramic none

in this area by the earlier excavators, of the pottery-bearing deposits associated is consistent with the Ptolemaic

pottery found elsewhere on the site, and small sherds of similar appearance were even noted in some of the individual bricks that made up the wall. It is unfortunate that, because of the modern water table in the area, no pre-wall deposits could material be reached. so many This mound had succeeded once again in guarding the secrets of the past as it had done times over the past century.

1998

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93

Table 3.4. Area Area 12 Wall Wall 1254

Wall Construction

in the Southeast Description

Area

Material: Mudbricks in clays of at least three colors (see Locus Summary) laid in Very Dark Gray (7.5YR N3/0) mud mortar. Individual bricks c. 40 x 20 x 12 cm, oriented N-S. At least seven rows of up to 15 headers each were excavated. Foundation Orientation: Level: c. 5.50 m ASL on Locus 1271. E-W.

Area 12

Wall 1271

Founded on Wall 1271. Relationship(s): Material: Dark Brown (10YR 4/3) mudbricks laid in Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) mud mortar. Individual bricks c. 40 x 15 x ? cm, oriented N-S. Four rows of at least 15 headers each were preserved. Foundation Orientation: Level: c. 4.80 m ASL on Locus 1267. E-W.

Founded on Locus 1271. Relationship(s): Other: Bricks appear to have been laid intentionally as foundation course(s) for Wall 1254. Area 15 Wall 1565 Material:

on end (vertically)

Mudbricks in a spectrum of at least six colors (see Locus Sum? laid in mud mortars of the same colored clays, often mixed with mary) white marl flakes. Individual bricks c. 45/40 x 20 x 12/15 cm, oriented N-S. At least 17 rows of (up to) 14 headers each; between 12 and 15 courses were excavated. Original horizontal boundaries not established. Foundation Level: Not reached. It is below present ground water level. E-W. Orientation: Relationship(s): Founded on unknown Locus below present water level.

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Table 3.5-

SE Area 12: Stratigraphic

Sequence

of Deposition

ofLoci

1203

SE8

1201

1202

1236

1205

IW 1223 1230 SE7b

T2J08 12T72

12|T3 12146

T2p 12121

T233"

1217

SE7a

SE6

1241

SE5

1207

SE4

1258 1 ?J4S 1 ?JS0 1229

12)49

12)24

12148

12142

12J38

12J28

12)22

12)70

SE3

1251

SE2

1254

SE 1

1271

1267 Foundation Layer at Groundwater Level

1998

The Southeast Area

95

Table 3.6.

SE Area 15: Stratigraphic

Sequence

of Deposition

ofLoci

1502

SE8

1514-

1526

SE7b

1507

SE7a

1505

1506

1519

1521

1530

1535

1536

1541

1573

SE6

1542

SE5

1532a

1572

1552

1554

1510

SE 4

1538

SE3

1558

1547

1571

SE2

1532b

1557

1543

1549

1548

1564

1550

1553

1561

1555

SE1

1565 Foundation Layer at Groundwater Level

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o Locus Summaries List Area 12

Locus 1201

Phase SE 8

Description Pit dug from 1204, lined with straw, mud and dung. Filled with light redDescription. brown granular material. Pottery Bag. N.I.l2.01.

1202

SE 8

Pit dug from 1204. Lined with straw and mud. Filled with light red-brown Description. material. granular Pottery Bag. N.I.l2.02.

1203

SE 8

Pit dug into 1236. Lined with straw and dung. Filled with wind blown Description. of light red-brown granules and straw. [N Balk]. deposit 33, 36. Pottery Bags. N.I.l2.03, Present topsoil on mound. Silty gray-brown detritus soil with 5% granular Description. marl inclusions. Includes 1206, 1212. [N,S, E, W Balks]. 07, 10, 12, 14, 15, 21, 25, 26, 28-31, 35, 37, 38, 50, 53. Pottery Bags. N.I.12.04, Material Culture. Animal bone: #1, mammal frag; #4, Bos lower premolar in mandible frag; #8, mammal frags; #12, mammal frags including mandible frag; #30, Bos/Equus-sized frag; #31, Equus caballus distal radius (F). Shell: Donax trunculus frag. Metal: #21, several frags (largest: 10.0 x 6.5 cm) of corroded iron. Almost roded, virtually no metal remains. entirely cor-

1204

SE 8

1205

SE 8

Description. Pottery

Pit dug from 1204. Filled with straw and sandy, light gray-brown Bags. N.1.12.05, 06, 07, 08. Combined with Locus 1204.

soil.

1206 1207

Cancelled.

SE 4c

Description. Large fired-brick tomb containing burial 1210, built on 1229. Intrudes on Includes 1209, 1211, 1220. Type I. earlier tombs 1245 and 1258. Exposed/disturbed. [SBalk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.l2.34. Lens of Silty Brown (10YR 5/3) wind-laid [S, E, W Balks]. 16?, 18, 20, 66, 71. sediment on 1214. Includes

1208

SE 7a

Description. 1213, 1218,

1219.

Pottery Bags. N.I.12.13?, Material Culture.

Animal bone: #6, mammal frag. Human bone: HRC #3. 1209 1210 ? ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1207.

Scattered remains of an infant burial in the fill of tomb 1207. Disarticulated, Description. disturbed or secondary. Includes material excavated as Locus 1225. 17, 27, 32, 39, 43, 46, 52. Pottery Bags. N.1.12.09,

1998

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97

Locus

Phase Material Culture.

Description Animal bone: #17, Ovisl Capra-sized vertebra; #20, mammal frags with Ovisl Capra-sizzd vertebra; #26, mammal frags with OvislCapra molar (M3, much worn down); #27, mam? mal frags with OvislCapra molar frag; #32, fish vertebra. Human bone: HRC #15, #17, #20 and #27. Shell: #13, Etheria frags. Metal: #12, sm (0.8 x 0.5 cm) bit of copper. Very corroded. Other: kiln waste; glass.

1211 1212 1213 1214

? ? ?

Cancelled. Cancelled. Cancelled.

Combined Combined Combined

with Locus 1207. with Locus 1204. with Locus 1208.

SE 7a

Sandy Dark Brown (10YR 4/3) mudbrick detritus layer below topsoil; 2% Description. marl matrix inclusions. Includes 1215. [N, S, E, W Balks]. granular Pottery Bags. N.I.12.19, Material Culture. Animal 22, 47, 48, 67, 72, 83. tooth; #39,

bone: #29, ud bird frags and lg mammal including vertebrae. Human bone: HRC #7

OvislCapra-slzed

frags

Shell: #39, ud frag. Metal: #40, section (4.6 x 1.0 cm) of "metal" (or graphite?) cylinder with copper or copper alloy cap. Corroded. 1215 1216 ? SE 7a Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1214.

Lens of fine, Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/4), wind-laid sediment below 1214. Description. Includes 1226, 1232. Pottery Bags. N.1.12.24, Material Culture. 45, 49, 68, 77, 80, 97.

Animal bone: #50, mammal frag. Other: kiln waste. 1217 SE 7a Lens of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) Description. 1214; 5% granular marl inclusions in matrix. Cancelled. Cancelled. Cancelled. Combined Combined Combined with Locus 1208. with Locus 1208. with Locus 1207. mudbrick detritus below

1218 1219 1220 1221

? ? ?

SE 6

Fired-and-mudbrick tomb of irregular shape built on 1241. Unexcavated, Description. known only in balk. No burial known. Type II(?). [E Balk]. possibly disturbed,

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Locus 1222

Phase SE 4 Fired-and-mudbrick

Description tomb built on or dug into 1229. Disturbed, Description. excavated. No burial. Type IV(?). [S Balk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.12.128. Description. Type II. Tomb of fired-bricks and large sherds built on 1233. Disturbed, 44. charred longbone shaft. burial partially

1223

SE 7b

no burial.

Pottery Bags. N.I.12.41, Material Culture.

Animal bone: #22, mammal frags including 1224 SE 4

Fired-brick tomb dug into 1229 with mudbrick-lined Description. 1255. Disturbed. Type III. Pottery Bags: N.I.l2.40, Material Culture: Human bone: HRC #65. Other: fired brick, and pottery. 82, 84, 95, 117, 121, 127.

pit containing

Animal bone: #61, ud mammal.

1225 1226 1227 1228

? ? ?

Cancelled. Cancelled. Cancelled.

Combined Combined Combined

with Locus 1210. with Locus 1216. with Locus 1229.

SE 4?

Tomb of Brown (10YR 4/3) mudbricks, possibly dug into 1229. Avg. Description. brick size 25 x 10x6 cm, laid with mud mortar. Unexcavated, no burial known. Type V. [WBalk]. Pottery Bags. N.I.12.55, Material Culture. Other: kiln waste; glass. 62.

1229

SE 3

Thick layer of clear, fine, compacted, Very Dark Grayish Brown (10 YR Description. mudbrick detritus thought to be slumped upper courses of Wall 1271. On 1254 3/2) wall courses, covered by 1241 Debris. Includes 1227, 1231, 1244, 1247, 1252, 1268. [N, S, E, W Balks]. 56, 59-61, 64-65, 88-89, 92, 94, 96, 100-103, 106, 107, Pottery Bags. N.I.12.51, 109, 113-114, 116, 118, 119, 123-125, 130-131, 139, 141, 143, 145-146, 133-134, 153, 156, 160. Material Culture. Animal bone: #34, mammal frags; #37, crushed bone; #52, sm rodent ulna; #64, mammal frag; #70, fish bone; #79, lg mammal rib frags (butchered). Human bone: HRC #38, #49, #51, #52, #55, #56, #58, #71 and #73. Shell: #33, Cerastoderma frag; #62, Donax trunculus frag, #68, #72, and #85, land snails; #83, gastropod. Other: charcoal; kiln waste.

1230

SE 7b

Infant (2-3 months) burial, articulated and complete, in a silty Dark Brown Description. (10YR 3/3), mudbrick detritus matrix. Presently considered to have been the slumped remnant ofa simple mudbrick tomb, the bricks now deteriorated. Dug into 1216.

1998

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99

Locus

Phase Pottery Bags. N.I.12.58, Material Culture. Human bone: HRC #43. 63.

Description

1231 1232

? ?

Cancelled. Cancelled.

Combined Combined

with Locus 1229. with Locus 1216.

1233

SE 7a

Lens of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) Description. 1214; matrix includes 50% granular marl. [E Balk]. 78, 91. Pottery Bags. N.I.12.69, Material Culture. Animal bone: #41, mammal frag. HumanO) bone: #41, epiphysis. Other: glass.

mudbrick

detritus below

1234 1235

? ?

Cancelled. Cancelled.

Combined Combined

with Locus 1241. with Locus 1246.

1236

SE 8

Pit filled with Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) Clayey soil including Description. straw and some marl bits, dug from 1204. [N Balk]. Pottery Bag. N.1.12.74.

25%

1237

SE 7a

Description. 1216. Pottery Bag.

Lens of silty Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) mudbrick detritus on N.1.12.75. Fired-brick tomb built on 1229. Known only in balk.

1238

SE 4

Description.

1239

SE4b

Infant (c. 1 year) burial in silty Brown/Dark Brown (10YR 4/3) detritus soil Description. in tomb 1258. Semi-articulated, incomplete. Disturbed. matrix, 105, 108. Pottery Bags. N.I.12.104, Material Culture. Human bone: HRC #53, #54, and #57. Lens of fine silty Yellowish Description. marbled appearance on 1241.

1240

SE 7a

Brown (10YR 5/4) water-laid

sediment

with

1241

SE 5

Laminated layer of sandy Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/4) water-laid sediment Description. on 1229. Includes 1234, 1243. [N, S, E, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.12.70, Material Culture. 86, 87, 88, 90, 93, 99. shaft; #64, mammal

Animal bone: #44, mammal frag (eroded); #48, mammal longbone frag.

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Locus 1242

Phase SE 4?

Description Fired-brick tomb possibly Description. excavated. Type V (?). [W Balk]. Cancelled. Cancelled. Combined Combined with Locus 1241. with Locus 1229. burial 1264, dug into 1229. dug into 1229. Possibly undisturbed, not

1243 1244 1245

? ?

SE4a/b

tomb containing Large fired-and-mudbrick excavated. Type V. [E Balk]. Partially 122. Pottery Bags. N.I.12.120, Material Culture. Description. Undisturbed. Human bone: HRC #67. Shell: #66, land snails.

Stone: #77, sm (c. 12 x 12 cm) section of mosaic. Conservator Weber noted that the tessarae were neither limestone nor marble, but may be alabaster or dolmite. They were set in lime mortar with inclusions of small quartz pebbles and fired brick chips (pl. 7.18). 1246 SE 6 Fired-brick tomb built on 1241. Unexcavated, Description. II. [E Balk]. 1235. Type Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1229. no burial known. Includes

1247 1248

SE 4?

Tomb of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) mudbricks of avg. size 24 Description. x 10 x 5 cm laid with mud mortar, possibly dug into 1229. Unexcavated, no burial known. [EBalk]. TypeV. Description. Fired-brick tomb containing burial 1256, dug into 1229. Type V. burial 1253, dug into 1229. Disturbed, cut by

1249 1250

SE 4 SE 4a

Fired-brick tomb containing Description. tomb 1258. Type V Pottery Bag. N.I.12.115. Material Culture. Other: kiln waste.

1251

SE 2

Description. Large, Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/4) mudbrick (occasional fired bricks) tomb with vaulted/corbelled upper courses, built on 1254. Avg. brick size 20 x ? x 6 cm, laid with mud mortar. Partially exavated, no burial known. Type I. [S Balk]. Pottery Bag: N.I.12.154. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1229.

1252 1253

? ?

Description. Articulated,

premortem Pottery Bags. N.I.12.140, Material Culture. Other: cloth impression.

Burial of female adult (c. 60 years) in tomb 1250, within burial matrix 1261. and complete. Bones in fair condition. Evidence for extensive arthritis and tooth loss. 144, 149.

Human bone: HRC #83 and #86.

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101

Locus 1254

Phase SE 1 Description.

Description mudbricks below 1229 slump, Three or four courses of distinguishable interpreted as upper courses of wall 1271. Bricks oriented N-S form at least seven as-known rows of up to fifteen "headers" in wall running E-W. Bricks are avg. size 40 x 20 x 12 cm, known in three clays: Very-Dark-Grayish-Brown (10YR 3/2), Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) and Brown/Dark Brown (10YR 4/3), laid in Very Dark Gray (7.5YR N3/0) mud mortar. Includes 1259, 1260, 1262, 1263, 1265. [S, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.12.135-138, 148, 151, 155, 157-158, 161, 170.

1255

Description. tal material (10YR 4/2)

Child burial in Tomb 1224. Articulated but incomplete. Hair and vegeBurial in poor condition. Within silty Dark Grayish Brown mudbrick detritus matrix. recovered.

Pottery Bag. N.I.12.121. Material Culture. Bone: ud frags. Other: vegetal material. 1256 ? Child (1 1/2-2 years) burial in Tomb 1249. Good condition: articulated Description. and complete within silty Brown/Dark Brown (10YR 4/3) mudbrick detritus matrix. 132. Pottery Bags. N.I.12.129, Material Culture. Human bone: HRC #81 and #82, also see HRC for baby burials 1, 2, 3 east of E Balk. Other: leather; vegetal material. 1257 1258 ? Number not used, cancelled.

SE 4b

Fired-brick tomb containing burial 1239, dug into 1229. Cuts tomb 1250. Description. E end cut by Tomb 1207. Type V. Disturbed, Pottery Bag. N.I.l2.112. Cancelled. Cancelled. Combined Combined with Locus 1254. with Locus 1254. Brown (10YR 4/4) detritus around

1259 1260 1261

? ? ?

Burial matrix of sandy Dark Yellowish Description. Burial 1253 in Tomb 1250. Pottery Bag. N.I.l2.150. with Locus 1254. with Locus 1254.

1262 1263 1264

? ?

Cancelled. Cancelled.

Combined Combined

Adult burial in silty Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) detritus matrix, Description. in tomb 1245. Sex uncertain. Articulated, evidently complete, only partially excavated. Pottery Bag. N.I.l2.126. Material Culture. Human bone: HRC #74.

102

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Locus 1265 1266 1267 ? ?

Phase Cancelled. Cancelled. Combined

Description with Locus 1254. 1271.

Pottery reassigned to 1254,

SE la

Layer of sandy Brown (10YR 5/3) detritus soil upon which wall 1271 was Description. founded. Groundwater encountered in this layer at c. 4.80 m ASL (1981 season). [S,W Balks]. Cancelled. Cancelled. Combined Combined with Locus 1229. with Locus 1270.

1268 1269 1270

? ?

SE 4?

tomb cut by pit 1236. Possibly dug into 1229, known Fired-and-mudbrick Description. only in balk. Unexcavated. Includes 1269. Type V(?). [N Balk]. Description. Huge mudbrick wall of unknown length or width, founded on Layer 1267. Wall is hypothesized as a foundation wall of the "Great Temenos" uncovered by Petrie. Bricks oriented N-S form four known rows of at least 15 "headers" each, in wall running E-W. Bricks are all of same Dark Brown (10YR 4/3) clay, laid with (10YR 3/1) Very Dark Gray mud mortar. Bricks appear to be similar in size to those of the same color in 1254 wall courses above these foundation Wall 1565 inarea 15. Pottery Bags. N.I.12.162(?), Material Culture. Shell: #88, 163-164, courses/ 165, 166. [S, W Balks]. See 1254 and 1229; also

1271

SE 1

Unio frag and land snail frag.

Mudbrick tomb known only in balk. Type V(?). [W Balk]. SE 6 1272 Description. a Here bricks are laid on end, a technique that makes a very stable foundation for this large wall. A similar pattern of masonry is used to build foundations in the contemporary (fired- and mudbrick) architectureof the Egyptian Delta.

1998

The Southeast Area

103

Locus Summaries

List Area 15

Locus 1501

Phase ? Cancelled. Combined

Description with Locus 1502.

1502

SE 8

Present topsoil on mound. Silty Brown (10YR 5/3) wind-laid detritus soil, Description. with straw chaff, sherds, fired-brick frags included in the matrix. Includes 1501. [N, S, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.01, Material Culture. 02, 03, 06-08, 11, 13, 14.

Animal bone: #12, lg bird vertebra; #37, med/lg mammal frag; no #, Equus asinus phalanx 1 (F). Human bone: HRC #123. Shell: #35, Red Sea Cypraea ground-down and open dorsum. Metal: no MC# assigned, Handle of "modern" copper alloy spoon or fork (bowl/tines Good condition, lightly 15.2 x 1.9 cm (maximum). missing). Preserved dimensions corroded. Other: bits of painted plaster; mortar; fired brick; terracotta tile(?); glass; kiln waste. 1503 ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1507.

1504

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1507.

1505

SE 6

Description. Typel.

Fired-brick

tomb built on 1542. Disturbed, as one. Includes 1511, 1512,

lime-plastered together [N, E Balks].

1522-1525,

no burial. May be two tombs 1529, 1531. Tomb

1506

SE 6

Wall of fired-brick tomb wall in foundation Description. Tomb Type I(?). [WBalk].

trench cut into Locus 1542.

1507

SE 7a

Layer of mixed Brown/Dark Brown and Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR Description. and 2/3) coarse soils of mudbrick detritus origin, below topsoil upon layer 1542. Frags 4/3 of lime plaster/marl fired bricks, and lumps of broken mudbrick are frequent inclusions in the matrix. Includes 1503, 1504, 1508, 1513, 1515-1517, 1527. [S, E, W Balks]. 05, 10, 12, 16-18, 21 (modern china), 22-25, Pottery Bags. N.I.15.04, 38a(?), 44, 46, 57, 58, 61, 63b. 29a(?), 29b(?), 33-35, 36(?)-37(?), Material Culture. 27, 28, 29,

Animal bone: #57, mammal frag; #79, mammal frags; #80, med mammal frags; #108, med mammal frags. Human bone: HRC #52 and #55. Shell: #22, lg land snail frag. Metal: #60, flat, copper or copper alloy discoid (c. 1.0 x 0.80 cm). Surface corroded though core. May be part of MC #151. Other: bits of painted plaster; mortar; fired brick; terracotta tile(?); glass; kiln waste.

104

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Locus 1508

Phase ? Cancelled. Combined

Description with Locus 1507.

1509

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1510.

1510a

SE 4

Fired-brick tomb dug into 1538. Disturbed, Description. known. Includes 1509. Tomb Type V. [W Balk].

partially excavated. No burial

1510b

Description. Cancelled.

Burial matrix in tomb 1510a. Known only in balk. [W Balk]. Combined with Locus 1505.

1511

1512

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1505.

1513

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1507.

1514

SE 7b

Pit filled with fired bricks and silty Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) detritus soil, Description. "modern" dinner plate fragments. Dug from top of 1507, it bottoms out in 1542. Pit is a relatively recent intrusion into a [phase SE 6] fired-brick Tomb now destroyed. Includes 1528. Pottery Bags. N.1.15.20, Material Culture. Animal bone: #49, #108, Other: #50, glass frag. 26, 76.

mammal frags.

1515

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1507.

1516

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1507.

1517

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1507.

1517.1

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1507.

1518

Cancelled.

1519

SE 6

Fired-and-mudbrick Description. known. Tomb Type IV. [E Balk]. Cancelled. Combined

tomb dug into

1542.

Partially excavated,

no burial

1520

with Locus 1521.

1521

SE 6

Fired- and mudbrick Description. 1520. Tomb Type I. Pottery Bag. N.1.15.45. Material Culture. Human bone: HRC #69B.

tomb built on 1542. Disturbed,

no burial. Includes

1998

The Southeast Area

105

Locus 1522

Phase ? Cancelled. Combined

Description with Locus 1505.

1523

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1505.

1524

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1505.

1525

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1505.

1526

SE 7b

Late fired-brick tomb dug into 1507, with rectangular plan and brick-lined Description. pit. Fired-brick "pavement" to N and W of tomb is laid upon 1507. Partially excavated, probably disturbed. No burial known. Tomb Type is unique. [S Balk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.l5.52. Material Culture. Human bone: HRC #71.

1527

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1507.

1528

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1514.

1529

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1505.

1530

SE 6 ?

Description. Cancelled.

Fired-brick tomb built on Locus 1542. Disturbed,

no burial. Tomb Type II.

1531

Combined

with Locus 1505.

1532

SE 2

Fired-brick tomb dug into 1555. Re-used, lime-plastered in SE 4. Disturbed, Description. excavated. Matrix includes frags of human bones, but no burial known. Includes partially 1540. Tomb Type I. [S, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.56, Material Culture. 131, 133.

Animal bone: #78, lg mammal longbone Human bone: HRC #78 and #152. ?

shaft.

1533

Cancelled.

Pottery reassigned to 1538, Combined with Locus 1542.

1542.

1534

Cancelled.

1535

SE 6

Description.

Fired-and-mudbrick

tomb containing

Burial 1566,

dug into 1542. Well

preserved. Tomb Type V. Material Culture. Bone: Bone (cf. Locus 1566). Other: unbaked brick; seed(?); kiln waste. SE 6 Fired-brick tomb dug into 1542. No burial. Tomb Type II.

1536

Description.

106

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Locus

Phase Material Culture.

Description Other: Fired brick.

1537

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1538.

1538

SE 3

Clean, laminated layer of Yellowish Brown to Dark Brown (10YR 6/4Description. 3/3) detritus clay that has been sloughed off the unbaked mudbricks by wind and rain. Rarely, small worn sherds are included in matrix. On 1555, covered by 1542. Includes 1537. [S, E, W Balks]. 40, 54, 72(?), 770), 78, 84-85, 104-105, 134, 136, 153, Pottery Bags. N.I.15.39b, 154(?),200(?),201(?). Material Culture.

Animal bone: #74, #112, mammal frags; #77, sm mammal frags; #109, mammal frags with sm mammal distal metapodial and charred rib. Human bone: HRC #74, #76, #109, #142, #154, #162, #177. Shell: #109, Stone: #111, land snails. in section.

segment of flint blade No. 37, trapezoidal Other: #110, glass bead. Combined with Locus 1542.

1539

Cancelled.

1540

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1532.

1541

SE 6

Fired-brick tomb dug into 1542. No burial indentified, Description. includes scatter of human bones. Tomb Type IV. [S Balk]. Pottery Bags. N.1.15.63a, 69. Material Culture. Animal bone: #86, lg mammal frags; #90, mammal frags. Human bone: HRC #86 and #90. Shell: #99, ud frags. Other: burnt brick; marl boulder.

but matrix of locus

1542

SE 5

Layer of mixed Brown and Dark Brown (10YR 4/3 and 3/3) coarse soils Description. of mudbrick detritus origin. Randomly distributed marl/plaster and fired-brick or terra? cotta frags are frequent inclusions in matrix. Covers layers 1538 and 1555, is covered by layer 1507. Includes 1534, 1539, 1544, 1545, and 1572. [N, S, E, W Balks]. 25, 38b, 39a, 48-51, Pottery Bags. N.I.15.19, 74-76, 86, 89-91, 98, 113, 130. Material Culture. 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64-67, 68, 69-72,

Animal bone: #59, mammal frags including Bos metapodial shaft frag; #61, mammal frags; #79, #80, #84, #96 and #112 mammal frags; #82, mammal frags with OvislCapra-sized rib and OvislCapra-slzed vertebra centrum epiphysis; #90, sm/med mammal frags; #98, slightly charred bird shaft; #104, sm mammal frag. Human bone (much of human bone was recorded with Burial 1573; cf. HRC #62, #65, #68, #79, #80, #82, #84, #92, #93, #97, #98, #100, #105, #107, #121, #132, #137 and #149). Shell: #99, #106, Unio frags; #134, land snails.

1998

The Southeast Area

107

Locus

Phase

Description Metal: #94, sm (0.2 cm diameter) copper alloy bead. Corroded; #101, iron cylinder. Pre? served length 5.0 cm; W. 0.6 cm Appears to have been a flat piece of metal that was rolled into the cylindrical shape. rusted. Completely mineralized (weakly magnetic); #151, frags of a copper alloy earring. Flat, triangular (2.3 x 2.4 cm) piece from which are suspended (by gold wire) four groups of three (each) discs (c. 1.0 cm D). MC#60 may have formed a part of this earring. Other: kiln waste; bits of plaster; soil sample PB 39a (float contained bits of barley [lx]).

1543

SE 2

Fired- and mudbrick Description. [SBalk]. TypeV. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.142, 166.

tomb containing

burial 1569, dug into 1555. Tomb

1544

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1542.

1545

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1542.

1546

Cancelled.

Pottery bags reassigned to 1538,

1542,

1558-1559,

and 1565.

1547

SE 2b

tomb containing burial 1551. Built directly upon tomb Fired-and-mudbrick Description. 1561, in same pit dug into 1555. Tomb Type III. Pottery Bag. N.I.l5.122.

1548

SE 2

Fired-brick tomb dug into 1555, burial within Description. Includes 1570. Tomb Type II (?). [W Balk]. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.127, Material Culture. 165.

not excavated.

Disturbed.

Animal bone: #79, mammal frags. Human bone: HRC #148.

1549

SE 2

Description. Rectangular patch of fine Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbrick detritus above tomb 1550 considered to be in situ deteriorated mudbricks which covered exterior of firedbrick Tomb 1550. [EBalk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.l5.81. Material Culture. Animal bone: #113, Metal: #117, charred mammal frag. of iron nail. Preserved length 3.2 cm; W. 0.8 cm Mineralized. frag Fired-brick tomb containing Burial 1556, dug into 1555. Tomb Type V.

1550

SE 2

Description. [EBalk].

1551

Infant burial, articulated and complete, in Tomb 1547. Burial matrix of Description. silty Brown/Dark Brown (10 YR 4/3) detritus soil is stained Dark Yellowish Brown (10 YR 3/0) around the skeleton. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.78, 79, 87.

108

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Locus

Phase Material Culture.

Description

Human bone: HRC #118 and #130.

1552

SE 4

tomb containing Fired-and-mudbrick Description. excavated. Tomb Type III. [S, E Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.137. Material Culture. Human bone: HRC #156.

Burial 1563, dug into 1538. Partially

1553

SE 2a

tomb built on or dug into Locus 1555. Disturbed/cut Fired-and-mudbrick by pit dug for Tomb 1558. No burial known. Tomb Type V (?) 168. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.140, Description. Fired-and-mudbrick Description. Tomb Type V [N, W Balks]. tomb dug into 1538. Unexcavated, no burial known.

1554

SE 4

1555

SE 1

Thick layer of clear, fine, compacted Dark Brown to Very Dark Grayish Description. mudbrick detritus considered to be in situ slumped courses of Brown (10YR 3/3-3/2) Wall 1565. On 1565 covered by layers 1538 and 1542. [S, E, W Balks]. "Great Temenos" Pottery Bags. N.I.15.106, Material Culture. Animal bone: #158, 111-112, 114-115, 143, 149, 157?, 158, 167.

mammal vertebra frag and fish. Human bone: HRC #161, #179 and #174. Shell: #164, Arcularia (unmodified).

1556

Infant burial in silty Brown (7.5 YR 5/4) detritus soil matrix in tomb Description. 1550. Disarticulated burial. Articulated and complete rodent skeleton found with re? mains. Disturbed. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.110, Material Culture. Animal bone: #136, 118.

rodent maxilla and incisors; #140,

complete

rodent.

Human bone: HRC #136 and #138.

1557

SE 2

Description. V [SBalk].

Fired-brick tomb dug into 1555. Unexcavated,

no burial known. Tomb Type

1558

SE 2b

tomb dug into Locus 1555 cutting Tomb 1553. Description. Large fired-and-mudbrick Contains unexcavated primary burial plus four secondary, latter dug as burial(s) 1559 in burial Matrix 1567. Tomb Type V. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.83, Material Culture. Animal bone: #120, Metal: #117, 88, 92, 119, 173, 177.

mammal. #139, #182 and #184.

Human bone: HRC #115, iron nail. Other: kiln waste.

1998

The Southeast Area

109

Locus 1559

Phase SE 2c

Description Secondary burials: adult male and three or four children upon sand matrix Description. 1567 in Tomb 1558. Beneath the sand the primary burial in Tomb 1558, an articulated remains unexcavated. Bones are very poorly preserved. adult (sex indeterminable), 94, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, Pottery Bags. N.I.15.93, 132, 135, 138, 147, 152. Material Culture.

Animal bone: #124, #125, #126, #129, #130, #131, #133, and #135, mammal frags; #141, #144, lg mammal longbone shaft frag; #153, OvislCapra prox metatarsus frags; #167, rodent rib and vertebrae frags. Human bone: HRC #143, #144, #146, #153, #155, #157, #168 and #171 HRC (secondary burial). Other. glass; bits of white plaster. 1560 SE 2b Secondary, disarticulated burial of three or more infants in cavity in exterior Description. wall of Tomb 1564. One infant c. 1 1/2-2 years; one newborn 6 months. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.141, Material Culture. 151.

Human bone: HRC #159 and #176

(secondary burial).

1561

SE 2a

Fired-brick tomb containing burial 1562, in deep pit dug into 1555. After Description. this tomb was sealed another Tomb (1547) was built above it in the same pit. Tomb Type V. Pottery Bag. N.I.15.145. Material Culture. Human bone: HRC #163.

1562

Child (c. 18 months) burial, articulated and complete, in silty Yellowish Description. Brown to Dark Brown (10YR 5/4-3/3) detritus soil matrix in Tomb 1561. Directly under Tomb 1551. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.146, Material Culture. Human bone: HRC #165, Metal: #172, Other: glass. 148, 150, 152.

#169 and #178.

frag (1.0 x 0.4 cm) of copper or copper alloy chain(?). Mineralized.

1563

Description.

Disarticulated

burial of single adult(?), sex undetermined,

in Tomb

1552.

Pottery Bag. N.I.l5.108. Material Culture. Human bone: HRC #173.

1564

SE 2a

Fired-brick tomb dug into 1555, containing Description. Type III. [S, E Balks].

secondary burial 1560. Tomb

110

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Locus 1565

Phase SE 1

Description Description. Huge mudbrick wall of unknown horizontal extent hypothesized as a wall of Petrie's "Great Temenos," founded below level of groundwater (c. 4.39 M. ASL in 1981 season). Bricks oriented N-S form five known rows of up to 14 "headers" each in wall running E-W. Known in six fabrics/colors: Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/4), Brown (10YR 4/3), Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2), Dark Brown (10YR 3/3), Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2), Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1), bricks are laid in mud mortars of same clays plus frequent inclusions of white marl flakes. Average brick size 45/40 x 20 x 12/15 cm. Includes 1568, 1574, and Courses 1254 in Area 12. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.116, 189, 190, 191, 192-198. Material Culture. and #200, fish frags. 1575, 1577. [S, E, W Balks] see 1555; also Wall 1271 179-185, 186, 187-188,

155, 162-164,

169, 172, 174-176,

Animal bone: #189,

OvislCapra molar frag; #193, #194, Human bone: HRC #181.

Shell: #186, ud shell; #188, #189, #192, #195, #197, #198, land snail; #199, land snails, and lg land snail frag; #200, ud frags; #201, Cypraea annulus frag (open dorsum), sm land snail, and lg land snail. Stone: #203, flint blade segment, trapezoidal in section, with slight bulb of percussion; #204, two sm (c. 6.5 x 5.0 cm) crystaline chips of clear agate. Other: charcoal; soil.

1566

Newly born (to 3 months) infant burial in silty Yellowish Brown (10YR Description. 5/4) detritus soil matrix in Tomb 1535. Disarticulated, framentary, poorly preserved. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.47, Material Culture. 53, 73.

Human bone: HRC #69a, #72 and #102. Other: #103, sm (1.2 x 4.2 cm) frags of cloth.

1567

SE 2c

Thin (less than 1 cm) layer of Very Pale Brown (10YR or 4 7/4) sand in tomb Description. 1558. Spread in rectangular pattern beneath secondary burial(s) 1559, it covers the un? disturbed primary interrment (unexcavated). Cancelled. Combined with Locus 1565.

1568

1569

Infant (3-6 months) burial in silty Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) detritus soil Description. matrix in Tomb 1543. Articulated and complete. 161. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.129, Material Culture. Human bone: HRC #147 and #180. ?

1570

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1548.

1571

SE 2b

Small pit tomb containing Burial 1576, dug into 1555 against N wall of Description. Tomb 1532. Partially lined with fired bricks, pit was covered by roughly crosslaid fired bricks. Tomb Type IV [W Balk].

1998

The Southeast Area

111

Locus 1572

Phase SE 4?

Description Burial of cluster of bones of two or more individuals within clear, fine Dark Description. Brown (10YR 3/3) detritus matrix considered as the slumped remnant ofa simple mud? brick tomb containing this secondary burial. Bones in fair condition. Dug into 1538. Material Culture: frags. Animal bone: #174, Other: glass.

1573

SE 6

Burial of cluster of bones of two (14-16 years youth; c. 1 year infant) or Description. more individuals within clear, fine Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) detritus matrix considered as the slumped remnant of a simple mudbrick tomb containing this secondary burial. Dug into 1542. Pottery Bags. N.I.15.55, Material Culture. 62.

Animal bone: #98, bird shaft ud frags. Human bone: HRC #75 and #83. ?

1574

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1565.

1575

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1565.

1576

Burial ofa small child (1 1/2-2 years old), articulated as partially excavated, Description. in silty Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) detritus soil matrix in Tomb 1571. Rest of burial extends into the balk. Pottery Bag. N.I.l5.170. Material Culture Human bone: HRC #185. ?

1577

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 1565.

Notes Work in Southeast Area was directed initially by James Rehard and later by Jan M. Sanders. In retrospect, excavation in the Southeast Area probably should have been terminated sooner than it was. It seemed, however, to be one of the most promising parts of the South Mound for finding traces of Petrie's "Great Temenos" if, in fact, the building ever existed. However, we were consistantly misled by Petrie's statements that he had moved/removed a cemetery in this general area. Petrie's claims appeared to have been bolstered by the fact that the late tombs encountered in the upper levels were in? deed empty. Unfortunately, this did not hold true for the deeper ones. In some of these deposits, subphasing was either indi? cated or suggested during excavation. In order not to complicate the text with excessive detail, such information has been included here in the Locus Summaries with "a" indi? cating the earliest and "c" the latest discernible activity in a given subphase. It appears that tombs were built in one part of the cem? etery until such time as that space was completely occupied, after which the tomb builders moved to another area. Only following a period of disuse, after the seasons had caused an accumulation of wind and water-washed detritus, would a particular area again become suitable for renewed tombbuilding. This total of forty tombs does not include Burials 1230, 1572, and 1573, which were not found associated with any architecture.

112

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

Burial 1559 represents the secondary burials of an adult male and three children upon a layer of sand in Tomb 1558. Beneath this sand layer, the original burial in Tomb 1558, the presence of an articulated adult (sex unknown) was re? corded but not excavated. Even "blind" excavation (bailing!) below the water level to c. 4.39 m ASL produced no noticeable changes. Of minor stratigraphical interest was debris Layer 1542 (fig. 3.10), which cut through yellow detritus soil Layer 1538, forming an intrusive "trench" extending across the northern quarter of the Area 15 (figs. 3.4 and 3.8). Al-

though this was thought at first to represent Petrie's excava? tion in the area, the trench appears to have been dug too late (stratigraphically) for such an interpretation, and Trench 1542 now seems simply to have been a very deep cutting for the placement of Tomb 1554. The depth of the pit and the weight of the heavy refill over the tomb provided the deceased with more security than was offered by most of the contemporary burials that were encountered. HRC refers to the Human Remains Catalog that appears at the end of Chapter 9.

Chapter Excavations

Four

in

the

Northeast

Area

Albert

Leonard,

Jr.

As work in the Southeastern Area slowed under the ever increasing number of burials encoun? tered in the two squares during the 1981 season, excavation was initiated in the Northeast Area of the South Mound. Here, two 4 x 4 m squares (Areas 66 and 88, fig. 1.12) were laid out in an attempt to locate a part of the ancient city that had not been covered by the cemetery that had complicated our work to the southeast. no archaeologically discrete loci had been excavated in the brief amount of time that we were allowed to excavate in these two areas, our work is simply outlined here for the sake of comSince pleteness contexts Area 66 and to give some context in the two squares. (fig. 4.1) (one week). excavation During the initial cleaning (sweeping and scraping) in this square, six tombs appeared in our 4.0 x 4.0 m to the bits of material culture that were excavated from secondary

Work in Area 66 was shortlived of the surface, excavation Locus area. 6603 (1.50 (1.35 x 1.00 prior to beginning

m): a small,

ovoid ovoid

tomb, tomb,

probably probably

containing containing

Locus 6604

x 1.00 m): a small, x 1.25

a young child's burial. a young child's burial (pls. an adult burial (pls. 4.1

4.1 and 4.2). Locus 6605 (2.25 m): a rectangular tomb [disturbed], tomb, probably containing and 4.2). Locus Locus Locus 6606: 6607 6609 a small, (1.00 (1.30 ovoid probably containing an infant exposed. burial (pl. 4.1). x 0.35 x 0.85 m): a rectangular tomb, m): a disturbed burial.

only partially

Each of these positioned

tombs

so that it would

appeared to have been oriented in such a manner face Mecca, southeast of Kom Ge'if.

that the burial

could

be

a small (c 2.0 x 2.0 m) area in the northeast corner of Area 66 seemed, at first, to Subsequently in this square was concenbe devoid of these intrusive tombs and, therefore, most of the excavation trated in that area. Unfortunately, within 30 cm of the surface, excavation of the probe in Area 66 had encountered Tomb 6613 two additional (0.75 and (1.00 x 0.40 m), which contained an infant burial that was left unregistered. x 0.75 tombs: x 0.50 m) containing infant Burial 6615, which was recorded but not

excavated; Tomb 6614

The soil around indicated sediment

was very spongy, a condition that, in the SE Area, had that more tombs were located below. The material evidently borne represents wind/water while the cemetery was in use. deposited

this lower level of tombs

113

114

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

6611 6612 Probt 8810 Tomb 8811 f

g8806

oOCoOOt&o

6614 6602 $660* V ^ w^S^ "~ - 6606 * 6808 *?^ POO O6603, 6602 8804

6607 f / hH 0 r?I I1M I 2

?8605 3 2

<D^Q 0 1M

Fig. 4.1.

Northeast Area 66: final top plan.

Fig. 4.2.

Northeast Area 88: final top plan.

Tombs

66313

and 6614 and before

were never they could

excavated. finish

in the SE Area, was being Area 88 drawn

their work

were bogged down Our physical anthropologists in Areas 12 and 15 (and while Burial 6615 from excavating any more tombs.

and photographed),

we were prohibited

(fig.

4.2) in Area 66, our efforts were transferred to Area 88. Even while

sweeping Area 88, prior in the Top? a segment of a wall of fired brick (Locus 8802) was encountered to the start of excavation, with two adult human skulls and a human femur. association soil Locus 8801 in loose stratigraphical of bones, however, was without any burial context and the wall proved to be a frag? This collection Frustrated ment past. Because of the disturbed nature of the topsoil in Area 88, excavation proceeded quickly, but in less than a meter's depth three tombs had been encountered Because these tombs were "safely" located in the corners of the exca? (Loci 8805, 8806, and 8807). of a tomb of the relatively distant

vation

area, it was thought at first that there was sufficient space available to allow a deep probe into Continued levels associated with Petrie's Great Temenos. the archaeological excavation, however, re? two more tombs (Loci 8808 and 8809) and unfortunately corner these were located directly in the center of the square. the hope that the unexcavated,

vealed

clear space for in that area but, unfortunately, the top of a was concentrated excavation a second probe, subsequent around this tomb (Locus 8810) tomb (Locus 8811) was soon uncovered. mudbrick domed, Testing that it stood at least 1.70 m high and that it filled the entire probe area, even after the demonstrated With northwest of Area 88 would provide probe had been enlarged by an additional 0.50 m to the south. While Tomb 8811 was being exca-

1998

The Northeast Area

115

vated,

in response to protests by the local villagers, the Egyptian us from excavating any further tombs at the site. Because at least three weeks of the digging season remained, the northern base of the South Mound and opened Areas 315 Area.

Antiquities

Organization

prohibited

we subsequently moved our work to and 316 in what was to become the

North

Notes Section drawings are not included here since the balks were vandalized by the villagers. Work was stopped before Tomb 8811 could be drawn. As was the case in Area 66, the balks in Area 88 were vandalized.

Chapter Excavations

Five

in

the

North

Area

Albert

Leonard,

Jr.

Towards Southeast between engaged

the end

of the

1981

season,

and Northeast the mound itself

Areas, we moved

in the from further excavation precluded to the base of the steep northern face of the South Mound, (east-west) to the north of it. Here local villagers, brickwork and potsherds.

after we were

in manufacturing large chunks of ancient the purpose of the work in this area was to clarify Petrie's Great Temenos. The results of a core Again, taken from this area by John Gifford (pls. 5.1 and 5.2), were published 1996: by Villas (in Coulson 163-65). Excavation (absolute) in this northern level of the cemetery, areas. Accordingly, area appeared to be especially promising and thus should be free from the intrusions because excavated it was below the in the Northeast

and the dirt road passing had exposed mudbricks,

after clearing the destruction done by the mudbrick makers, two 4 x 4 m squares were laid out: Area 315 (to the east) and Area 316 (to the west), separated from each for excavation, other by a 1 m balk (pl. 5.3) . In preparation the entire area was scraped horizontally from the brick makers' activities, while the high (artificial) south balk was to eliminate contamination and Southeast exposure and to establish control (pl. 5.4). of the northern area is best understood if it is considered in five phases: The stratigraphy from "North Phase 5." As elsewhere at Naukratis, the the lowest "North Phase 1" through the uppermost of the earliest remains in this part of the mound. excavation water table precluded complete high trimmed In the present order of the material, an individual to begin with the construc? phase is considered of a particular wall or group of walls. Since more architecture was rather than the destruction in Area 316 than in Area 315, that square has been used as the control, and the material encountered tion from Area 315 has been keyed North This ground 31629, Phase 1 by material that was reached in small probes at, or slightly below, in Area 316 where it consisted is most clearly demonstrated of Locus rubble below (and sealed) by the later (Phase 2) Surface 31629P that Wall 31613 and Wall 31628 that runs parallel to it c. 1.50 about the type of architecture m to into the stratigraphical sequence established there. back to obtain a fresh vertical

phase is represented water level. The phase a deposit of mudbrick in use with

had been

north-south

can be said with certainty that the east (figs. 5.1 and 5.2). Nothing have been associated with this phase in Area 316, since the material was encountered only in a very small (1.00 x 0.20 m) probe that rapidly and continually filled with muddy ground water as it the pottery from Locus 31629 does provide the terminus post quem for was being excavated. However, would phases in the area. archaeological Phase 1 deposits in Area 315 should Corresponding been contemporary with Surface 31629P. Such a surface all subsequent Locus 31541 or 31543 water was encountered (fig. 5.4), and, in fact, it was while both of which be beneath could a use-surface that would have

were detected digging

be represented by the top of either close to the point at which ground very the latter Locus (31543) that the seepage of

116

1998

Excavations in the North Area

117

31634

1 Unexcavated IS$$S$>$$$I

Unexcavated

31632-31616

0 Phase 3

DE 1M

, 31603 2

Fig. 5.1. Area 316: plan of phase N2. Phase Nl was encountered below Surface 31629P in the southwestern corner of the square. The outline ofthe upper, N3 features are indicated in hatching.

ground pottery phase.

water

forced

excavation

in the Area the ceramic

315

to be terminated. from Locus

In the absence 31629 has been

from these

two thin loci,

material

of diagnostic used to date this

the nature of its context, the mate? exposure and the uncertainties concerning 1 is instructive because it represents the deepest (and most probably the earli? it also represents material recovered during our excavation of the South Mound; and, evidently, est) the deepest/earliest material that can be recovered from the North area by conventional archaeological methods North (i.e. without Phase 2 pumps). This material seems to be the late third century B.C.

Despite its limited rial from North Phase

This phase began with the construction of north-south Wall 31613 and parallel Wall 31628 fur? ther to the east (fig. 5.1). Both walls were founded on or in the Phase 1 debris Locus 31629, evidently without a foundation trench of any type. Although the two walls were reached in a very small probe in the southwest ently. Wall 31613 a western corner of Area 316, consisted it can be shown that each wall had been constructed laid without mortar, while of (at least) two rows of headers quite differWall 31628

face comprised of stretchers laid in clay mortar. It is possible that a northward displayed continuation of Wall 31613 can be seen in Installation 31632 (and perhaps also in the mudbricks dug as Locus 31631) but the poorly understood connection cannot be proven stratigraphically. This is be? cause the relationship between Locus 31632 and ashy Detritus 31617 could not be determined since

118

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

EAST

SOUTH

Fig. 5.2.

Balks of North Area 316.

Fig. 5.3.

Areas 315 and 316: Plan of phase N3.

time

did not allow

the former's 31617

complete produced

the soil matrix excavation

of Locus

removal (fig. 5.2). It should be noted that the flotation of the largest sample of emmer wheat encountered during the

(see Chapter Eight). often within the same stretch of walling, at Kom Ge'if brick patterns change frequently, Although that Wall 31628 had been the major wall in the area, and that it was felt, at the time of excavation, represented a minor addition built to define a narrow space (c. 1.30 m wide) for pedestrian the surface in use with these walls was Locus 31629P

Wall 31613

traffic or storage (Table 5.1). As noted above, from which only a single sherd, a large handle from a coarse ware (local) pithos, was recovered. and 31628 had formed a part was At some point in time, the structure of which Walls 31613 of fallen, slumped and broken mudbricks destroyed and Detritus 31612, consisting factual material, was allowed (or intentionaly added) to cover the stubs of its walls. mixed with arti-

1998

Excavations in the North Area

119

WEST

NORTH

5.00 MASI

Fig. 5.2.

continued

Table 5.1. Wall Wall 31613

Wall Construction

in the North

Area Phase 2

Description Material: Very Dark Gray Brown (10YR 3/2), Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/14/1) or Dark Brown (10R 3/3) mudbricks c. 28 x 22 x 15 cm, laid without mortar, possibly in two rows of headers. Three(?) courses preserved. Soil too damp to ascertain masonry pattern. Level: c. 4.65 m ASL on Locus 31629. Foundation Orientation: 31628. Approximately N-S [S]. Used with Surface 31629P Relationship(s):

and contemporary

parallel Wall

Wall 31628 and 5.6)

(pls. 5.5

Material: Brown (10YR 5/3) or Dark Gray (10YR 4/1) mudbricks c. 40 x 20 x 13 cm. Laid in Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) clay mortar. Two rows of stretchers were identified, and four(?) courses were preserved. Insufficient exposure and soil too damp to determine masonry pattern. Foundation Orientation: Level: c. 4.60 m ASL on Locus 31629. Approximately N-S. [S]. Used with Surface 31629P Relationship(s): Wall 31613.

and with contemporary

parallel

Wall 31632

Material:

cus is considered

Brown (10YR 5/3) mudbrick dimensions not discernible. This lo? to have been a (possible) northern extension of Wall 31613 (see above). Very elusive at this level.

Contemporary, rect in interpreting Surface 31512, 31629, 31513, then

Phase 2, architecture

was not encountered

in Area 315.

However,

if we are cor?

the top of either Locus 31541 or 31543 as a Phase 1 surface contemporary with some (or all) of the accumulation of sediment and detritus (excavated as Loci 31529, 31535, 31537, and 31545) would in Area 315. of these loci, 31533 represent the use and/or the demise especially 31512 and 31514, were very (a lens/pit in Locus 31514) and Locus

31514,

of the Phase rich in pottery,

2 architecture while

flotation

Many of the matrices of Locus

120

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

Table 5.2. Wall Wall 5.4) 31504 (pls. 5.3 and

Wall Construction

in the North

Area Phase 3

Description Material: Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbricks c. 35 x 20 x 12 cm, laid with clay mortar in masonry pattern as Wall 31603. Nine courses identified. Foundation Level: c. 5.35 m ASL. Orientation: Relationship Layer 31528 Approximately N-S [S]. (s): Used with "surfaces" at top(s) of Layer 31508 (interior?) and (exterior?) and with (contemporary) Wall 31515.

Wall 31515

Material: Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/4) mudbricks c. 40 x 15 x 17 cm, laid with clay mortar known in all but the uppermost courses, Four courses known. Masonry pattern as Wall 31603. Foundation Orientation: Level: c. 5.29-5.34. Approximately E-W [E,W]. Relationship (s): This is the eastern extension of Wall 31616. Used with same surfaces as 31504 and with contemporary, abutting Wall 31504. Material: Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbricks c. 36 x 17 x 13 cm, laid in Very Dark Gray (10YR 3/1) clay mortar in masonry pattern as follows: one course stretcher-header-header, then one course header-header-stretcher, then one course header-stretcher-header, then all repeated. Ten courses identified. Foundation Orientation: Level: c. 5.21 m ASL on remnant of earlier Wall 31528.

Wall 5.6)^

31603

(pls.

5.5

and

Approximately N-S. Used with "surfaces" at tops of Layer 31612 (exterior?) and Relationship(s): Layer 31621 (interior?), and bonded into contemporary Wall 31616. Wall 31616 Material: Dark Brown (0 YR 3/3) mudbricks c. 36 x 17 x 13 cm, laid in Very Dark Gray (10 YR 3/1) clay mortar. Five courses known. Masonry pattern as 31603 to which it is bonded. Foundation Orientation: Level: c. 5.20 m ASL on Detritus 31612.

Approximately E-W [E]. Relationship (s): This is the western extension of Wall 31515. Used with (ex? terior?) surface at top of Layer 31612 and (interior?) surface at top of Layer 31621.

Wall 31632

Material:

Grayish Brown (10YR 5/2) mudbricks. Wall, installation or per? an oven. Bricks seem to enclose ashy Debris 31617. Brick size not dehaps termined. Foundation Orientation: Level: Not determined. Unknown.

Wall 31634

Possible western extension of Wall 31616/31515. Relationship(s): Material: Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbricks of indistinguishable size, laid in clay mortar of same color. Two courses identified. Masonry pattern incompletely recovered. Level: Uncertain, Foundation Orientation: Relationship(s): Approximately not excavated below 5.20 m ASL. N-S [N]. 31603 and 31616.

Contemporary

with Wall(s)

flNote that Wall 31603 was used later in North Phase 4. Both Walls 31606-31626 (on the west) and Wall 31604 (on the east) were built against it.

1998

Excavations in the North Area

121

31539 remains. The most North

(a pit cut into Locus 31537) event(s) associated occurred 3

presented

a wide array of both cultivated

and non-cultivated

plant

probably Phase

with the deposition of this material in the late third or early second century

brought B.C.

an end to Phase 2 and this

With certainty (Table

Phase 3, the stratigraphy of the two northern squares can be tied together with considerable due to the presence of (east-west) Wall 31515-31616 on either side of the common balk This

wall may have continued westward to include a reuse of the upper courses of the that was excavated as North Phase 2 Locus 31631/31632 installation/wall to (fig. 5.2). Perpendicular Wall 31515-31616 were two parallel (north-south) walls: Wall 31603, bonded into Wall 315155.2). (pls. 5.7 and 5.8), and Wall 31504 that was built against that wall (pls. 5.5 and 5.6).5 If Inis correctly interpreted stallation/Wall as a westward extension of Wall 31515-31616, these 31632 of at least three rooms to the south of the main walls would combine to define a structure consisting 31616 east-west wall (the areas of loci 31612, the course of excavation, and 31514, 31621/31508, fig. 5.3 and Table 5.2). a large, open area (Loci 316l2a-31528) was encountered to the that gave every indication that it had served as a courtyard or

During north of Wall 31515-31616-31632 other exterior

corner space. When the final bits of Detritus 31608 were removed from the northwest of Area 316, traces of what appeared to be another north-south wall, Locus 31634, was detected in the north balk. Wall 31634 may have originally joined Wall 31515-31616-31632 before both were covered

Flotation of the Locus 31608 soil matrix produced a sample by the detritus of Locus 31608. of emmer wheat in association with darnel. Darnel is a non-fodder weed that grows among cereal of a poisonous but one that must be removed manually in order to prevent the introduction crops the interpretation that the area north of the wall had funcfungus. This would further strengthen exterior space. tioned as a courtyard or other semi-enclosed, The surfaces in what are interpreted as North Phase 3 "interior" rooms situated to the south of Wall 31632/31616/31515 detritus: 31514 north Locus 31612 were created in the westernmost on the trodden room, Locus and metalled 31621/31508 tops of thick layers of debris or in the central room, and Locus level (5.20 m ASL). To the

in the easternmost of the main,

room, all at approximately east-west wall, "exterior" surfaces

the same absolute were formed

Locus 31528 flat-lying 31514, Chapter

at c. 5.25-5.30

pottery however, 8).

m ASL. Unfortunately, or other chronologically indicators significant did produce one of the most varied botanical

and by the tops of Locus 31612a none of these archaeological interfaces presented of a use-surface. assemblages The matrix of Locus (see in the South Mound

Subsequently, 3 structure went tual material about

most probably at the end of the second or early in the first century B.C, the Phase of artifac? out of use and the area filled up with wall-fall, detritus and an assortment 31502, 31524; of what Loci 31608, 31611, 31617, 31619, and 31621). These events the demise is interpreted here as Phase 3, and the material a terminus post quem for North Phase 4. in these loci com?

(Loci

brought bine to provide North Phase

4 above, North

Phase 4 does not represent an excavated phase but rather the recording of to our cleaning of the area after the departure of the brick the balks (figs. 5.2 and 5.4) subsequent in the area. The phase was more clearly observable in makers and prior to our initial excavation As noted

122

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

SOUTH

Fig. 5.4.

Balks of North Area 315.

Wall 31606, be assigned to it: Wall 31604, and Wall 31626 all of which appear to have been dug into the debris and mudbrick detritus associated with the collapse of the North Phase 3 structure (especially Locus 31611 or Locus 31624). In Area 315, North Phase 4 is most probably represented Wall 31503, by (partially excavated) Area 316 could and possibly also by Wall(?) 31524, All of these walls are considered which had been built upon to have been the remnants detritus of tombs Locus 31502. that comprised the "mod? encountered during our excavations

where

three

architectural

elements

ern" cemetery, the southern portions of which were so extensively in the northeast and southeast areas. Associated with these bits of walling were several debris layers and deposits, none of which was sealed and thus could not provide secure archaeological contexts, but a date in the first century B.C. is the most likely for this disturbed than the "modern" burials) was recorded in the area. North Phase 5 of an excavated North Phase represent the modern 5 in the South Mound at Kom Ge'if area would top-soil and of consisted phase, since no later material (other

the uppermost Normally, phase other very recent deposits. However, material excavated when

the area was being cleaned after the modern brickmaking activities had al? here as Phase 4. ready cut away the existing topsoil and much of what would have been represented and as such have little to contribute to our These loci, therefore, are open (i.e. non-sealed) deposits of the stratigraphy of the area. They do, nevertheless, reconstruction present a large selection of the wide range of the ceramic material found in South Mound deposits, and for this reason a representa? later than the first century B.C. tive, sampling has been illustrated. None of the pottery is demonstrably area presents a microcosm of the excavations at Kom Ge'if for, even when one is able to get below the level of the cemetery (as also was the case in the Northwest area), one is frusin the area. Excavation in these two squares produced a trated by the high level of the ground water of architecture whose chronological were completely within the sequence parameters stratigraphic (either Greek or local) had existed at some time at the period. If an earlier settlement end of the site, its remains completely avoided detection during our clearing of the 32 m of Areas 315 and 316. Not even a "stray" sherd from the earlier period was encountered. Ptolemaic southern Work in the North

1998

Excavations in the North Area

123

WEST

NORTH

5.00 MASL

Fig. 5.4.

Continued.

Table 5.3. Wall Wall 31604 Material:

Wall Construction

in the North Description

Area Phase 4

Grayish Brown (10YR 5/2) mudbricks c. 28 x unknown x 11 cm, dry laid, four courses identifed. May be tomb or other installation. Level: c. 6.40 m on eroded wall-fall debris of North Phase 2. Foundation Approximately E-W [S]. Built against earlier Wall 31603. Relationship(s): Orientation:

No related surfaces excavated.

Wall 31606

Material: Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) or 10YR 5/3 (Brown) mudbricks c. 30 x un? known x 12 cm, laid in Grayish Brown (10YR 5/2) mortar. Six courses identified. May be portion of a tomb. Level: c. 5.95-6.05 Foundation North Phase 2. Orientation: m ASL on eroded and leveled wall-fall debris from earlier

Approximately E-W [S]. Built against earlier Wall 31603. Relationship(s): 31607 as surface. Wall 31626 Material:

Possibly used with marly pebbled Locus

Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/4 ) mudbricks of unknown size, laid in Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) clay mortar. Level: c. 6.05 m ASL on Level 31611 May be wall of tomb. [S]. Foundation Unknown. Orientation: Material: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) mudbricks c. 15 x 10/12 courses identified. Masonry pattern is unknown. This may be a tomb. Level: c. 5.81 m ASL. along E face of Wall 31504. [S]. Foundation Orientation: East-west(?). x 30/32 cm. Two

Wall 31503

Wall 31524

Light Yellowish Brown (10YR 6/4) to Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) mud? bricks of undetermined size Very eroded and not much known, possibly a tomb. Level: c. 5.85 m ASL on 31502. [S]. Foundation Material: Orientation: Unknown.

124

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Table 5.4.

N Area 316:

Stratigraphic

Sequence

ofLoci

Deposition N5

Topsoil

D31605

N4

W31604-

W31606

W31626

D31608/ D31611/ D31616/ D31617/ D31619/ D31621/ D31624

N3

S31612

S31612a/ S31621

W31616/W31603

?W31631/ W31632/ ?W31434

D31612 (+others?)

N2

W31613-

S31629P

W31628/ ?W31631/ ?W31632

D31629 Ground Water

N 1

1998

Excavations in the North Area

125

Table 5.5.

N Area 315: Topsoil

Stratigraphic

Sequence

ofLoci

Deposition N5

?D31521/D31522

-D31519

N-

W31505-

?W31524

D31502/ D31526

N3

S31528

S31508

S31514

W31515/ 31504

D31512/ D31513/ D31514/ D31529/ D31535/ D31537/ D31547

N2

D31541

N 1

D31543 Ground Water

126

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Locus Summaries Locus 31501 Phase N5 Description. Pottery 31502 N3 Bag. Topsoil and artificial loci.

List Area 315 Description

N.I.315.01.

Thick layer of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) mudbrick detritus and de? Description. tritus soil. [N,S,E,W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.315.02, Material Culture. 03, 05, 06, 07, 10, 15, 17, 27, 42.

Animal bone: #2, fish bone plate; #4, mammal frags of lg shaft (UF, burnt); #9, OvislCaprasized frags including butchered ribs; #16, OvislCapra-sized frags including ribs and butchered vertebra spine Metal: #15, metal wire. Modern? Plaster. ud bits.

31503

N4

Installation Description. in the balk. Construction 31522 Balks]. Pottery Bag.

or wall of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) bricks known only techniques and plan not clear but 31503 together with 31521 and is presently interpreted as a tomb similar to those known in SE areas of mound. [S, E N.I.315.04.

31504

N3

Description. Pottery

Major N-S wall of Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbricks, temporary wall 31515. [S Balk]. Bag. N.I.315.31.

abutting S face of con?

31505

N3

Description. wall 31504.

Thin layer of Brown to Dark Brown (10YR 4/3 to 3/3) mudbrick detritus E of [S, E Balks]. 11-12, 16.

Pottery Bags. N.I.315.08, Material Culture.

Animal bone: #3, sm/med mammal frag; #7, lg mammal frag; #8, sm mammal mammal caudal vertebra (UF). Shell: #10, fresh-water bivalve frag. 31506 N3 Scree of white limestone 09. chips in detritus lens 31505. [S, E Balks].

rib; #10, sm

Description.

Pottery Bag. N.I.315 Material Culture.

Stone: #6, sm chip of white limestone. 31507 ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 31526.

31508

N3

Layer of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) mudbrick detritus, the top of Description. which was apparently utilized as a surface inside cornering of walls 31504 and 31515. [S, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.315.14, Material Culture. 18-19,40,75.

Animal bone: #11, med mammal rib (butchered)

1998

Excavations in the North Area

127

Locus

Phase

Description Shell: #30, lg fresh-water bivalve frags, Bellamaya. Stone: #83, two chips of white limestone and one chip of fine-grained Other: kiln waste.

red garnet.

31509

N3

Compacted Very Dark Grayish Brown Description. eroded mudbricks. [S Balk].

(10YR 3/2)

within

31526,

probably

31510

N3

Description. [None].

Pit of Very Dark Gray soil, ash, and charcoal S of wall 31515, 34.

cut from 31526.

Pottery Bags. N.I.315.24, Material Culture.

Animal bone: #20, fish bone plates. Other: soil sample. 31511 ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 31515.

31512

N2

Description. Walls 31515

Thick layer of Dark Grayish Brown (1OYR 4/2) mudbrick detritus, upon which and 31504 were founded see 31514 and 31529. [S, W Balks]. 76.

Pottery Bags. N.I.315.20, Material Culture.

Faience: #12, rim (fig. 7.12.10). Stone: #85, corner frag ofa roughly hewn, limestone block No. 33 (preserved: 7.0 x 7.0 x 6.5 cm). 31513 N2 Layer of fine Dark Grayish Brown (1 OYR 4/2) mudbrick detritus, probably same Description. as 31537 layer E of (but earlier than) Wall 31504. [S, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.315.22, Material Culture. 77.

Animal bone: #86, rodent bones; #87, fish bones and rodent.

31514

N2/3

Thick layer of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) mudbrick detritus, upon Description. which Walls 31515 and 31504 were founded. Equivalent to 31512, but stratigraphic connection not made directly. [S, E Balks]. Top of locus used as Phase 3 Surface. 33, 36-39, 41, 48-50, 52, 55, 58, 60, 62, 63, 73, 80. Pottery Bags. N.I.315.26, Material Culture. Animal bone: 323, mammal frag and fish frags; #26, fish bone frag; #31, fish; #50 mammal frags and fish frags; #57, mammal frags and bird phalanx 1. Shell: #24, fresh-water bivalve frag; #31, lg fresh-water bivalve frag; #51, fresh-water bivalve frag, lg land snail, and snail. 7.11.21); Faience: #22 and #28, rims (figs. 7.11.12 and 7.11.13) from same vessel(?); #58, rim (fig. #27, bead (not illustrated); #81, pierced bead white with blue-green exterior (not illustrated); #42, ud frags.

Metal: #39, frag of iron nail. Preserved length 4.6 cm, W. 0.8 cm. Completely mineralized; #40, frag of copper or copper alloy nail. Preserved length 4.2, W. 0.7 cm. Completely min? eralized, oxide core; #88, frag of copper or copper alloy nail. Preserved length 5.7, W. 0.6 cm. Very active bronze disease, heavily mineralized, but a sm (0.4 cm) core remains.

128

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Locus

Phase

Description Other: shell; kiln waste; stone; soil sample (PB 41, float contained fish and emmer wheat [lx], spikelet forks [9x], lentil [4x], cereal frags [5x], Lolium [6x], and Vicia [2x]).

31515

N3

Description. Pottery Bags.

Major E-W N.I.315.21,

Wall of Yellowish 23.

Brown (1OYR 514) bricks. [E, W Balks].

31516

N3

Thin lens of charcoal, ash, and burnt detritus along N face of Wall 31515, Description. associated with 31619 only a few meters to the West. [None]. ably Pottery Bags. N.I.315.44, Material Culture. 51.

prob?

Other: soil sample (PB 51, float contained 31517 ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 31504.

Lolium

[lx]).

31518

N4

Layer of coarse Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) mudbrick detritus known only Description. inbalk. [SBalk]. Thin lens Very Dark Brown (10YR 2/2) charcoal and ash known only in balk.

31519

N4

Description. [SBalk].

31520

N4

Small deep pit cut from top of 49131 filled with Dark Yellowish Description. detritus at West face of Wall 31504. [S Balk]. 414)

Brown (10YR

31521

N4

Yellowish Brown (10YR 5/6) layer known only in balk, perhaps deteriorated Description. brick debris from the superstructure ofa relatively modern tomb (see 31503). [S Balk]. Layer of Dark Grayish Brown mudbrick debris (see 31521).

31522

N4

Description. Balk].

(10YR 4/2)

[S

31523

N5

Description.

Shallow modern dung pit.

31524

N4

Apparently architectural debris of mudbricks of two colors: Light Yellowish Description. Brown (10YR 6/4) and Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2). Possibly this is a tomb of type known in other parts of mound. Known only in balk. [S Balk]. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 31526.

31525

31526

N3

Layer of fall of Dark Grayish Brown to Dark Brown (10YR 4/3-3/3) Description. detritus. [N,S,E,W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.315.13, Material Culture. 25, 28-30, 32, 35, 43, 45-47, 53.

mudbrick

Animal bone: #17, mammal frags including teeth, sm mammal vertebra, and fish cranial frag; #33, mammal frags, OvislCapra-sized ribs, and fish plates; #35, lg mammal frags, bird scapula, and fish plate; #37, mammal frags and bird phalanx. Cerastoderma; #21, lg fresh-water bivalve frag; #33, bivalve frag. Faience: #13, ud frags; #36, rim (fig. 7.11.9). Metal: #34, flake of copper alloy. Preserved dimensions: 0.6 x 0.5 x 0.1 cm. Fragile. Unstable. Shell: #14,

1998

Excavations in the North Area

129

Locus

Phase

Description Other: shell; stone; kiln waste bits of MC.

31527

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 31514.

31528

N3

Thin layer of Dark Grayish Brown to Very Dark Grayish Brown Description. 2-3/2) detritus, apparently a use surface. [N, E, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. N.I.315.54, Material Culture. 56, 74.

(10YR 4/

Animal bone: #43, mammal frags. Shell: #45, Donax trunculus. Other: kiln waste; fired brick. Thick debris layer of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) detritus upon which and 31504 were founded (see 31514 and 31512: although direct connection not excavated, these three loci seem to be the same layer). [N, W Balks]. 59.

31529

N2

Description. walls 31515

Pottery Bags. N.I.31557, Material Culture.

Animal bone: #48, fish frags; #87, fish frags. Shell: #55, lg fresh-water bivalve frag; #82, land snail. Faience: #53, ud frags. Other: kiln waste.

31530

N4

Description.

Thin water-washed

lens below 31518,

known only in balk. [S Balk].

31531

N4 ?

Description. Cancelled.

Eroded detritus of Wall 31504.

[S Balk].

31532

Combined

with Locus 31514.

31533

N2

Description.

Shallow lens or pit in 31514,

of Dark Reddish Brown (2.5YR 3/4) detritus.

Pottery Bag. N.I.315.61. Material Culture. Other: soil sample (PB 61, float contained spikelet forks [lx], Lolium [6x], Scorpiurus [lx], and indet. grass [lx]). 31534 ? Cancelled. Combined with Locus 31514. grape [lx], cereal frags [5x],

31535

N2

Thin burnt lens of Dark Reddish Brown to Dark Grayish Brown, and Black Description. 4/2, 2.5YR 2.5/0) detritus on top of 31537 debris. [S, E, Balks]. (2.5YR 3/4-10YR Pottery Bag. N.I.315.64. Material Culture. Animal bone: #65, bird frags and fish spine (all stained green). Shell: #62, lg fresh-water bivalve frags. Metal: #60, sm frags of iron, largest 1.0 x 0.2 cm. Conservator noted that this may be the re? mains of a pin, needle, or nail. With the sample were sm shreds of organic fiber (flax or other reed material?); #61, flat piece (3.1 x 1.4 x 0.2 cm) of asheet of tin. Gray with white corrosion. Other: soil sample (PB 64, float contained fish vertebrae); kiln waste.

130

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54

Locus 31536

Phase N2 Description. Material Culture. Concentration

Description of crushed red-fired brick associated with 31535 burnt lens.

31537

N2

Other: soil sample. Thick layer of Dark Brown and Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/3 and 3/ Description. 2) detritus, interpreted as wall fall episodes in this earliest phase. [S, E Balks]. 68. Pottery Bags. N.I.315.66, Material Culture. Animal bone: #68, lg bird shaft frag (stained green); #72, fish bone. Shell: #69, fresh-water bivalve frag. Metal: #66, lump (0.8 x 0.6 cm) of copper-alloy Other: kiln waste; mudbrick. bronze. Mineralized.

31538

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 31537.

31539

N2

Pit cut into 31537, Description. ments. [None]. Pottery Bag. N.I.315.67. Material Culture.

filled with Dark Grayish Brown detritus and limestone

frag?

Animal bone: #77, fish dentary frag. Other: soil sample (PB 67, float contained 31540 N2

spikelet fork [lx],

and Lolium

[lx]).

Pit cut into 31545. Filled with limestone Description. of Very Dark Grayish Brown detritus. [None]. Material Culture. Faience: #74, ud frags. Other: kiln waste; soil sample.

fragments and fired bricks in matrix

31541

Nl

Description.

Thin layer possibly an early use surface, above 31543.

[S, E Balks].

Pottery Bags. N.I.31571. Material Culture. Other: kiln waste. ?

31542

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 31541.

31543

Nl

Layer of Dark Yellowish Description. used as a surface. [S, E Balks]. Pottery Bag. N.I.315.72.

Brown (10YR 3/4) mudbrick

detritus. Top possibly

31544

N2

Description. [EBalk]. Pottery Bag.

Concentration, N.I.315.78.

possibly a brick, of Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) detritus.

31545

N2

Description.

Thin sediment of fine, Weak Red (1OYR 4/3) matrix, below 31537. N.I.315.70.

[S, E Balks].

Pottery Bag. Material Culture.

Animal bone: ud frags.

1998

Excavations in the North Area

131

Locus Summaries Locus 31601 Phase N5

List Area 316 Description

had originally been dug as Locus Top soil and artificial loci. PB N.I.316.20 Description. but was contaminated and subsequently combined with topsoil Locus 31601. 31614, 06, 16, 20, 22-23, 30, 33, 35-36, 38, 40-41, 57. Pottery Bags. N.I.316.01-02, Material Culture. Animal bone: #18, mammal frag; #34, bird shaft frag; #44, lg mammal frag; #59, Equus asinus molar (very worn down); #68, mammal frag and lg mammal rib; #74, lg mammal vertebra frag; #79, mammal frags including Bos scapula with chop marks - butchered across gelnoid, Bos ribs (some are butchered), OvislCapra-sized ribs, vertebrae spine frags (one #84, med/lg mammal frags and fish plate. Shell: #60, lg fresh-water bivalve frags and land snail. Metal: #35, lump (0.7 x 0.7 cm) of copper alloy. No definite shape. Mineralized; #49, flat(?) piece of iron. Preserved dimensions: 4.1 x 1.1 x 0.3 cm. Dark red-brown oxides; completely mineralized; #60 and #69, lg piece of iron. Preserved length c. 7.4 cm; greatest W. 2.0 cm. Appears to have been originally rectangular in section c. 1.3 x c. 0.8 cm. Min? is butchered); eralized. Thick red oxide; #80 and #83, sm (1.8 x 1.0 cm) "lump" of mud with iron oxide stains. Not magnetic so there is very little iron remaining in the sample. Crumbly, ud. Stone: #1, coarse-grained (pink, gray, white and black) feldspar-mica-granite; plus fineblack basalt; and coarse-grained olivine (green and black) basalt(?); #5, chip of grained fine-grained black basalt; #9, chip of coarse-grained felspar-mica granite; #75, approxi? mately twenty chips of (weathered) white limestone; plus one chip of granite, coarsegrained felspar mica; #78, a variety of stone chips including: coarse-grained black diorite; coarse-grained biotite (mica) granite; coarse-grained feldspar basalt; and fine-grained black basalt; #85, two groups of stone flakes and chips. Fine-grained basalt (largest was 7.0 x 2.5 x 1.0 cm); and red-pink-gray (Aswan?) granite (largest was 10 x 9 x 2.5 cm); #86, coarse-grained biotite (mica) granite. Mostly black with traces of pink and white; #88, chip of fine-grained black basalt; #109, frag of med-grained mica schist; #116, frag (12 x 10 x 10.5 cm) of limesone block. Top has been fired gray. relief plaster, surface color between 5Y 8/3 and Plaster: #46, frag of three-dimensional 7/3 (Pale Yellow). Fabric color as exterior surface; innermost 4 mm, was c. 2.5Y 8/4. Other: kiln waste; burnt daub.

31602

Cancelled.

31603

N3

Description.

Major N-S

wall of Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbrick. 27.

[S Balk].

Pottery Bags. N.I.316.19, Material Culture.

Animal bone: #53, mammal frag. Shell: #52, Unio. wall of Grayish Brown (10YR 5/2) bricks abutting E face of earlier

31604

N4

Description. Wall 31603.

E-W

[SBalk].

31605

N4

Debris layer of Grayish Brown (10YR 5/2) mudbrick detritus, known only Description. inbalk. [SBalk]. E-W Wall of Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 4/2) Description. bricks abutting W face of earlier Wall 31603. [S Balk]. and Brown (10YR 5/3)

31606

N4

132

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54

Locus 31607

Phase N4

Description Description. Undulating surface of flattish chips of white limestone, with use of Walls 31606-26 and 31603. [S, W Balks]. possibly associated

31608

N3

Thick layer of wall fall detritus including Dark Gray (10YR 4/1) Description. bricks in finer Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) detritus matrix. [N, S, E, W Balks]. Pottery Bags. 59,71. Material N.I.316.08-09, 11, 13-14, 17-18,21,24-26,42-43,45-46,49-51,53,

broken

Culture.

Animal bone: #26, bird shaft frags; #38, mammal frags; #41, med/lg mammal frag (cut down shaft); #48, med/lg mammal frag; #51, fish plate; #90, Bos(?) carpus/tarsus and fish plate frags. Shell: #23 and #43, Aspatharia frag. Terracotta: #101. Faience: #17, rim (fig. 7.11.7); #47, rim (fig. 7.12.8); #20, #21, #39, and #50, ud pieces. Metal: #13, broken piece of copper or copper alloy nail/pin. Preserved dimensions: 1.2 x 0.6 cm. Corroded; #16, fragmentary disc of copper or copper alloy. Preserved dimensions c. 1.7 cm diameter, 0.6 cm thickness. Completely mineralized. possibly a coin; #89, Frag? ment (1.5 x 0.3 c. 0.1 cm) of copper or copper alloy. Fragile. Mineralized; #115, head(?) of copper or copper alloy nail. Preserved dimensions: 1.0 x 0.8 cm. Active bronze disease, completely mineralized. Stone: #40, med-grained pink quartzite; #42, sm frag of limestone; #93, sm limestone chip, cm) plus sm piece of coarse-grained pink quartzite (weathered); #102, frag (14x13.5x5 of a limestone slab with rasp marks, No. 34 (not illustrated). Other: charcoal; soil sample (PB 26, float contained and Lolium [59x]); kiln waste; burnt brick. emmer wheat [4x], cereal frags [5x],

31609

N3(?)

Thick Grayish Brown (10YR 5/2) debris layer of mudbrick detritus known Description. only in balk. [S Balk]. Pit filled with clear Pale Brown (10YR 6/3) mudbrick detritus soil, perhaps tomb of the type known in SE Areas.

31610

N5

Description. deteriorated

31611

N3

Leveled Pale Brown (10YR 6/3) debris layer of mudbrick origin upon which Description. Wall 31606-31626 was founded. [S, W Balks]. Thick layer of Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) detritus including 90% broken, Description. fallen, slumped mudbricks of 3 clays: Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2), Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) and most frequently Dark Gray to Very Dark Gray (10YR 4/1-3/1). Interpreted as fall from Walls 31613 and 31628, leveled and compacted for foundation Wall 31616 of walls of next phase. Top of Locus used as a Phase 3 surface (?). Note area to north of was dug as Locus 31612a [S Balk]. 47, 54-55, 58, 60, 62, 64, 70. fish bone.

31612

N2/3

Pottery Bags. N.I.316.15, Material Culture.

Animal bone: #29, med mammal frag and fish bone; #33, bird frag; #120, Shell: #119, fresh-water bivalve frags and land snails. Terracotta: #105-#106, Faience: #103, Stone: #104, #114 and #121; #30, Gnathian sherd. ud frags. frag of coarse-grained

quartzite. Other: charcoal; kiln waste; mud daub; burnt brick.

1998

Excavations in the North Area

133

Locus 31612a

Phase N2/3 Description. As 31612

Description but excavated N of Wall 31616-31632.

31613

N2

Description. Major N-S wall of Very Dark Grayish Brown (1 OYR 3/2), Very Dark GrayDark Gray (10YR 3/1-4/1) and Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) bricks. [S Balk]. Cancelled. Pottery bags quite contaminated. Combined with Locus 31601

31614

(Topsoil).

31615

N3

Description. interpreted

Debris of Brown (1 OYR 513) to Pale Brown (1 OYR 6/3) mudbrick detritus, as a lens of eroded fall from Walls 31616 and/or 31603. [S, E Balks]. 31-32, 34, 37.

Pottery Bags. N.I.316.28, Material Culture.

Animal bone: #56, bird shaft frag; #63, mammal frag and fish frags; #65, mammal frags, lg mammal frag, and bird shaft frag; #70, lg mammal rib; #72, mammal frags, lg mammal frags, bird frags. Shell: #72, land snail frag. Faience: #64b, white (pierced) bead, No. 24, not illustrated; #76, white (pierced) bead with light blue exterior, No. 25, not illustrated. Metal: #61, sm frags (c 1.0 x 1.0 cm) sheets of copper or copper alloy, hopelessly and completely mineralized. friable

Stone: #67, rim of bowl, No. 27 (fig. 7.14) of white, medium-grained, marble; #71, chip of basalt, black, med-grained. Other: soil sample (PB 28, float contained emmer wheat [2x] and indeterminate [lx]. 31616 N3 Description. Major E-W Wall of Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) mudbricks, end with N end of Wall 31603. [E Balk]. bonded at West

31617

N2/3?

Coarse ashy lens of Very Dark Grayish Brown to Dark Brown (10YR 3/2Description. mudbrick detritus and ashy fire debris associated with installation 31632. Includes 3/3) large limestone chips at bottom, and large sherds at top. [W Balk]. Pottery Bags. N.I.316.29, Material Culture. 56, 63.

Other: soil sample (PB 29, float contained emmer wheat [39x], spikelet forks [317x], lentil and indet. grass [86x]; PB 56 float contained emmer wheat [17x], [lx], Lolium [lllx], forks [300x], barley [lx], lentil [lx], grape [2x], and Lolium [225x]); mudbrick; spikelet burnt detritus. ?

31618

Cancelled.

31619

N3

Irregularly shaped fire pit on/in top of 31612. 52, 61. Pottery Bags. N.I.316.48, Material Culture. Description.

[None].

Animal bone: #99, fish frags; #123, fish dentary. Shell: #100, fresh-water bivalve frag; #119, lg fresh-water bivalve frag. Stone: #98, piece (1.4 x 0.6 cm) of yellow, fine-grained, limestone marl. Other: charcoal, soil sample (PB 29, float contained emmer wheat [39x], spikelet forks and indet. grass [86x]; PB 56, float contained emmer [317x], lentil [lx], Lolium [lllx], wheat [17x], spikelet forks [300x], barley [lx], lentil [lx], grape [2x]. and Lolium [225x]); kiln waste.

134

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

Locus 31620

Phase ? Cancelled. Combined

Description with Locus 31608.

31621

N3

Well compacted debris layer of Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) soil origin heavy with broken Dark Gray (10YR 4/1) bricks. Level top used as surface inside corner of Walls 31603 and 31616. [S, E Balks]. Description. of mudbrick Pottery Bags. N.I.316.37-39, Material Culture. 44, 65, 68. and fish frag; #131,

Animal bone: #129, mammal frags (some butchered) lg mammal femur shaft and rib frags. Shell: #128, Glycymeris (water-worn, hole at umbo). Faience: #76, bead, no. 25 (not illustrated). ?

ud frags; #134,

31622

Cancelled.

Combined

with Locus 31615.

31623

N3

Description.

Charcoal ash lens within 31624.

[S Balk].

31624

N3

Description: Light Yellowish Brown (10YR 6/4) mudbrick detritus sediment leveled for foundation of Wall 31604; covers lumpy top of 31609 brick slump. [S Balk]. Cancelled. Combined with Locus 31604.

31625

31626

N4

Very slumped wall section or tomb of type known all across mound, Description. Wall section 31606 and probably surface 31607. [S, W Balks]. ciated with Cancelled. Combined with Locus 31612.

asso?

31627

31628

N2

Major N-S Wall parallel to and contemporary with Wall 31613, of Brown Description. (10YR 5/3) and Dark Gray (10YR 4/1) bricks. Top of 31628 was later used as foundation for Wall 31603. [SBalk]. Trodden surface between Walls 31628 and 31613, comprised of Very Dark Description. Brown (10YR 3/2) mudbrick detritus soil heavily covered with flat lying sherds. Grayish [SBalk]. Pottery Bag. N.I.316.66.

31629P

N2

31629

Nl

Description. concentration

Very Dark Grayish Brown (10YR 3/2) mudbrick of pottery, sealed below surface 31629P. 69.

rubble including

a large

Pottery Bags. N.I.316.67, Material Culture.

Animal bone: no #, bird shaft frag. Terracotta: #136, potter's wheel (pl. 7.9). 31630 N3 Debris of brown (10YR 5/3) slumped mudbrick fall inside corner of Walls Description. 31603 and 31616, probably fall from those walls. [E Balk].

1998

Excavations in the North Area

135

Locus 31631

Phase N2/3 Description. 31632. Brown (10YR 5/3)

Description mudbricks are apparently part of Wall installation

31632

N2/3

Wall or installation of Grayish Brown (10YR 5/2) mudbrick known only Description. in balk. Construction technique not clear, may include 31631. See 31617. Loci 31631 and 31632 may be a continuation of 31616-31515. [W Balk]. Lens of Pale Brown (10YR 6/3) detritus, possibly a crosssectioned Description. E face of Wall 31603, covered by leveling Layer 31624. [S Balk]. along

31633

N3

pit

31634

N3

N-S Wall of Dark Brown (10YR 3/3) bricks found within unexcavated Description. after excavation. Apparently contemporary with Walls 31616 and 31603 but its 31608 southern limit is unknown. [N Balk]. Possibly a small installation of Dark Gray (10YR 4/1) Description. 31612. Only two bricks clearly defined. [S Balk]. mudbrick

31635

N3(?)

upon

Notes Excavation in Area 315 was supervised by James Rehard while Area 316 was supervised by Cynthia Romy. This description of the excavation in Areas 315-316 represents a more detailed presentation than that offered by the author in Coulson and Leonard (1981b: 42-44). In reality, only North Phases 1, 2 and 3 were actually ex? cavated by us. North Phase 4, although representing an ar? chitectural phase, had already been dug away by the local villagers during the course of the mudbrick making opera? tion that had originally called our attention to this part of the mound. This phase could only be defined during the trimming of the south balks of the two squares. North Phase 5, of course, consisted of open loci forming the equivalent of topsoil. Neither of these upper two phases (North Phase 4 or Phase 5), therefore, contained sealed loci. The top of Surface 31629P was recorded as c. 4.65 m ASL in square 315, the tops of Locus 31541 and 31543 were recorded at c. 4.73 and 4.69 respectively. Ground water was encountered c. 4.60 m ASL. Wall 31504 is considered to have been an integral part of this structure although it was built later than these two walls since it abuts Wall 31515-31616 and was not bonded into it as was Wall 31603. However, after watching the local villagers build with mudbrick, it is impossible to say whether this situation represents a negligible interval such as a few hours or days, or actually should constitute a subphase in itself. The homogeneity of the material culture suggests the former position. The "a" (Locus 31612a) was assigned to all pottery ex? cavated from Locus 31612 north of Wall 31616 in order to keep it separate from the material dug as Locus 31612 to the west of Wall 31603. However, the matrix, Locus 31612, ap? peared to have been identified in both areas. The "a" locus represents a device for the purpose of control only. Note that Wall 31603 was used later in North Phase 4. Both Walls 31606-31626 (on the west) and Wall 31604 (on the east) were built against it. Nor could a plan be produced since it no longer possessed a horizontal dimension. Locus 31626 may actually be the western continuation/ collapse of (east-west) Wall 31606 where it has suffered from a greater degree of slumping.

Chapter The and

Six

Pottery North

from Areas

the

Northwest

Andrea

M.

Berlin

Introduction and A great deal of pottery was recovered on and in the walls, floors, and fills of the Northwest North Areas of the Kom Ge'if excavations. Virtually every sherd was collected and drawn, and is il? These are arranged by phase and locus, with the entire North? lustrated on the accompanying plates. west Area assemblage presented first, followed by that from the North Area. This report discusses only nor typologically ceramic types, since the bulk of the pottery is neither chronologically the significant remains lay too far apart to be physically connected, Whereas the architectural and so are significant. ceramic types that the two areas can presented separately above, there is enough overlap of diagnostic be correlated. The ceramics are therefore trates on the evidence the Northwest The pottery and the following discussion concenpresented together, for dating each of the architectural phases, as well as for linking in date. Considering early to later Hellenistic exclusively of wares and types recovered is unfortunate, and certainly and/or decorated types occur. Instead, well-dated, imported

they provide and North Areas. from Kom Ge'if

is almost

its chronological import, the assortment somewhat surprising: few of the familiar, the vessels

wares manufactured are almost wholly local and utilitarian: plain, undecorated largely of Delta silt from which the site itself is formed. These serviceable and undistinthe heavy, red-brown permutaguished vessels do, however, conform in general shape and in many specific morphological datable contexts at other sites in the southeastern Mediterranean. tions to vessels found in objectively of the traditionally datable Hellenistic wares, then, the Kom Ge'if ceramics do at the site to be fixed chronologically. permit each phase of construction The architectural remains from both areas reveal a neat succession and occupation Despite the absence phases, Area (NW 5-9), the exposure is broad and at least for the upper phases in the Northwest most of a large building. However much of and the remains coherent enough to reconstruct enough the pottery gives the appearance of residual debris or secondary fill material perhaps carried within soil Few com? that was brought in for construction purposes rather than primary household assemblages. plete or restorable vessels were found; instead the ceramics the site's ten discrete

are almost all fragmented sherds. Moreand approximately three hundred years of over, throughout occupation phases one complete ceramic assemblage occurs, in NW2B. In the remaining two hundred only occupation, less than twenty new forms or types appear. While it is true that local Egyptian of occupation, years at this is an especially striking absence of change, and one unparalleled pottery tends to monotony, other Hellenistic Egyptian sites. Of course, that a construction buildings small enough, to characterize the pottery as at odds in its entirety, so it may be misleading of a mass of unaffiliated the impression sherds remains. Nevertheless, The datable, tion phases in no phase were the excavations extensive a ceramic assemblage) (and consequently with enough, or the was recovered the architecture.

ceramics are discussed below according to the architectural and occupa? diagnostic of the Northwest and North Areas (for a summary see Table 6.1). The bulk of the finds 136

2Z

1 ^ ^ s ^ ~ .6 ? .2 6.2 ^2 g _rt, S J2 ? g 3 6 &8 o ?-> o O3 " u C rt 6-&J &"* rt -d rt ? oo

5v

a2"3 3 5 !i -*bO"d ?!S * e-S e 33 g ^ e.s : "0 a .5^ ?c-o ? 6 -o "C 3 B ?? a >

F!J3llil

CN CN CN CN v5\o \6 \6 1

2 ^ <^ ^2 I -^ co o -vo ? U"N r^^^i/>cNoq^^^oovoc\cooq.-H o CN

oor^r^t\ oooq *ovovo^dvovd

~ CNCN \6 ^6 \6 s 0) <5> o ^ S2Z

vqt\

\6 vd

">vf u5 00 00 J2 m j: ? ir\ =3O 'Z ia CN

w O

JD? 0 ? c _o .5 _g > o -r. bbSj

"m _2r oi -d ZZ ? o u -> 6 fc: 2 -c -d

CN C\fO ~ QO r-H -^ CO O ?o*o*o -

?<_rvr\ o. ? ?' 0 ^ -h -; *-*. xr ^i 06 ?< CN vdK ? ' o-l

2 Z

U Q

=3O

^ ^>^ Uhc^^o "> ^ CN S e* r; -H ? ^ ^ ^O ?C - S ^ \o , ^ j(U-j .a CN t: u> O ? xr

?^ IT\ r~ -rjs^

10cN O v>

-C <*-" ? .

O CN o ? cL ? ^ ^ -H^ -1 2 C\ co CN ? 2 OO

o ^

CN -* ? qji/N -2 ?

2? oo?2S J2^ 2 cn

-d co co m s U

J3 ro

?1 OhT3

?.5 3j li s s-

^ovo^o^ov?*o

ON ON v?\o

vo\o vovo

^O \0 ^ \fl \fl VO v? < VO v?

^ ? ^ <N \6 ON

x< "^cO S ? O ON ON Nt

Xm

EU cO ? cO ^f ON ? 2 .* ?1 M _ ~ jo ON g C ? lllgrt ~ ON UHf is _d-^ 2 -o E ^ o 3 ON O -d r- _?^ o g? ^ 2 a cs ^ *o h ri cnro

s* CO o I22

J^

?1

^3(NM <U ON ON -OHfxf

?2 $ s ? <N -O2 .2 CN _DCN ^ -d 5 -O^ ^ u ON

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^ - CN O CN ^ on.a cl0 ? 2 2^ o 00 q o rs o ?H CN Ov?

140

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

were

on collapsed walls built in the immediately preceding divisions do not always precisely follow the architectural subphase. In some phases no pottery was recovered phases, and that not every phase and subphase is represented. NW phases 1 A, 6A, 7C). In others, no new or recognizably datable types occur (e.g. NW phases (e.g. 5, 6C, 7A). In a few cases, ceramic types that first appear late in the Kom Ge'if sequence occur earlier recovered It will be seen that the ceramic elsewhere, phases 8A, and 9A). 1A-B were not excavated; Ge'if. There their foundations lay below the water table at the lowest is consequently no associated pottery. Pottery was found in (NW1B) piled up in the corner between two of the walls. None of their tardy appearance here is probably not chronologically meaningful (e.g. NW

from

the debris

accumulated

Northwest

The walls of NW1A excavatable levels of Kom

the three successive these loci contained

loci of debris

and only from the uppermost Hellenistic, (locus 2038) anything demonstrably are there sherds distinctive to categorize confidently. These include two forms: a mortarium enough both dated elsewhere to the fifth/early fourth centuries B.C. These (fig. 6.2.1) and a jar (fig. 6.2.4), may then be taken as providing and dates a terminus ante quem for the NW1A walls.

Key pieces, parallels, Mortarium, Lower

1982: pl. 16.1, 5th c. B.C.); Palestine: Anafa (Berlin 1997: (Holladay PW 348-56, 1971: fig. 6.11, Area A, stratum 5, pls. 38, 82, first half 3rd c. B.c), Ashdod (Dothan 4th c. B.c), Dor (Stern 1995, fig. 2.2. 1, 2, 5th-4th c. B.C; Guz-Zilberstein 1995, fig. 5th/early fig. 13.30, Phase F, 5th/4th c. B.c, fig. 12.30, lower

fig. 6.2.1 Egypt: Tell Maskhuta

1970: 6.9.1, 2, 3rd c. B.c), Samaria (Hennessy Phase E, 3rd c. B.C but probably residual). Rounded Lower 1970: rim jar, fig. 6.2.4 Egypt: Tell Maskhuta fig. 14.2,

(Holladay

1982:

fig. 14.2,

phase G, 5th/4th

pl. 12.16, 5th c. B.C.); Palestine: Samaria (Hennessy c. B.C, fig. 12.33, lower phase E, 3rd c. B.c but probably

residual). Northwest 1C-2B and North 1-2B

The pottery associated with these subphases is uniformly (third to early second early Hellenistic century B.C.) in date, and includes the largest and most varied group of ceramics found at the site. These quantity NW2B; ceramics should nor variety and second, as a single unit for two reasons: first, there is neither sufficient in the finds of NW1C or 2A to consider them as separate assemblages from both Nl and 2B contain types that occur together in NW2B. Taken together, be considered

the constructions the site. The donment?)

of these subphases represent the first Hellenistic period activities at in the Northwest area with a sediment abanphase begins layer (indicating temporary that sealed the walls and fills of NW1A-B and in the North Area (locus 2036, NW1C),

and ceramics

These must be at least roughly contemporary, Nl). by debris found at the water line (locus 31629, since the same two forms were found in both: an angled rim cook pot (figs. 6.2.11, and a 6.55.13) necked delta rim jug (figs. 6.2.12, each dated elsewhere to the early third century B.C 6.55.17), long

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

141

Subsequent

activities

in both

areas included

new wall

constructions

(NW2A

and N2A)

and their

and N2B, which comprise floors atop the leveled debris of Nl). partial collapse and leveling (NW2B A late third century B.C. Knidian stamped (see amphora handle came from locus 2022 in NW2B construction NW3A 7.6). This provides a terminus post quem for the succeeding fig. phase. The pottery of these three subphases includes an appropiate number and ratio of vessels necessary for table, serving, cooking, and storage use and therefore comprises a complete household assemblage. For eating and drinking there are, most commonly, 6.5.15, 6.6.1, plain rim saucers (figs. 6.4.1-3, 6.55.14) 6.6.2) and incurved and carinated rim bowls bowls (figs. 6.3.2, 6, 6.55.1-3), as well as everted and one possible grooved As (figs. 6.5.1, 6.55.12), in most Hellenistic is common all these vessels are fairly small, ranging from 8 to 12 cms. households, in diameter, and would therefore have been appropiate for single servings only. No large platters or bowls occur. For preparation and serving use, this assemblage contains a couple of ledge rim kraters as well as several jugs of varying types: folded rim (figs. 6.4.6, (fig. 6.4.10), narrow ledge rim (fig. 6.4.16), 6.5.21?, 6.58.20?), long necked squared rim (figs. 6.5.8, 19, 6.55.18), and long necked globular (fig. 6.55.16). In addition to the angled rim cook pots cited above (figs. 6.2.11, 6.55.13), cooking could be done in the high necked flattened rim cook pots (fig. 6.6.6) as well (fig. 6.4.8) as broad A couple of small dishlids (figs. 6.5.3, angled rim casseroles (figs. 6.6.9, 6.57.20). 6.55.6) might have covered the cook pots while in use. Wine, oil, water, and other liquid commodities (and perhaps also milled grain) were purchased and/or stored in amphoras, some locally produced A last item is a single, small unguentar? 12, 6.6.7). (figs. 6.6.4, 8) and others imported (figs. 6.3.10, ium (fig. 6.3.5), of the short, narrow form common in the third century eastern Mediterranean. Some from wider-bodied, also occur (figs. 6.4.23, sherds, possibly body deriving painted unguentaria 6.55.22). These very few personal vessels highlight the rigorously utilitarian nature of the entire as? bodied and dinoi rim (figs. 6.4.14, rim bowl (fig. 6.6.5). 15,

semblage. The vessels

detailed above are certainly to be interpreted as the primary household goods of the site's third century inhabitants. include many of the most familiar shapes of the Hellenistic cor? They rim bowls, ledge rim kraters, beaded rim amphoras, and short unguentaria, pus, such as incurved albeit produced in the local Delta of the southeastern Mediterranean silt. The conformity of their local plain wares to the ceramic koine indicates that in early Hellenistic times the residents of Naukratis

were aware of and participated to some extent in the period's material culture. That extent was clearly as the wholesale absence of imported or decorated wares reveals. This is a notable limited, however, the status and function of the site as a commercial center for phenomenon, especially considering Greek wares in Archaic The early Hellenistic after the foundation then transferred. and Classical times (or in local terms, in the second ceramic corpus may be the physical reflection of Alexandria, to which traders and vendors part of the Late Period). of the site's wholly altered status at Naukratis stationed previously

Key pieces, parallels, Angled Upper 1991, 31.87, rim cook Egypt:

and dates 6.55.13)

pot (figs. 6.2.11, (Berlin

Coptos

fig. 28.W11.61, 3rd c. B.c).

late 4th-3rd c. B.C.); Cyprus: Paphos (Hayes personal study, C92P231, estimated date mid-2nd c. B.C.); Palestine: Samaria 1966, pl. (Zayadin

142

Andrea M. Berlin

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6.55.17) Long necked delta rim jug (figs. 6.2.12, Lower Egypt: Maskhuta 1982, pl. 30.11, (Holladay second half 2nd C91P136, (Berlin personal study, 11.1, pl. 14.11, Area A, stratum 3A,

second

half 2nd c. B.c); Ashdod

Upper

Egypt:

Coptos fig.

c. B.C.); Palestine:

(Dothan

1971,

late 2nd c. B.c).

(figs. 6.3.2, 6, 6.55.1-3) Lower Egypt: Alexandria 1940, figs. 40.1, (Adriani Maskhuta 1982, pl. 28.9-13, (Holladay fig. 70.23), (Berlin Short personal study, H1.3, late 4th-3rd c. B.c);

Incurved

rim bowl

4, 6, 53.55, second Cyprus:

63, 64),

Plinthine Upper

(Adriani Egypt:

1952, Coptos

half 2nd c. B.c); Paphos (Hayes

1991,

fig. 13.1-9).

(fig. 6.3.5) unguentarium Lower Egypt: Alexandria (Adriani Egypt: 83-84, Coptos (Berlin

1940,

personal study, Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995, photo 6.25.C, h, fig. 6.26.14, pls. 12, 75, first half 3rd c. B.c), c. B.c). 3rd c. B.c); Greece: Athens (Thompson 1934, A64, fig. 9, B6, fig. 15, late 4th-3rd 21, 29, Plain Lower Folded Upper Ledge Upper Ledge Upper 1995, Everted Lower Egypt: 210.323, Tarsus Narrow Lower (Berlin sions rim saucer Egypt: 6.5.15, 6.6.1, 6.55.14) (figs. 6.4.1-3, Maskhuta 1982, pl. 15.10, 5th c. B.c). (Holladay 6.5.21, 6.58.20) study, C92P244, 3rd c. B.c).

(Adriani fig. 53.3, 18), Plinthine late 4th c. B.C.); Palestine: C92P189,

1952, Anafa

fig. 70.17); (Berlin

1997,

Upper PW

rim jug (figs. 6.4.6, Egypt: Coptos

(Berlin

personal

rim krater (fig. 6.4.8) Egypt: Coptos (Berlin personal study, C92P228, 3rd c. B.c).

rim dinos Egypt:

(fig. 6.4.10) (Berlin personal study, C91P28, 3rd c. B.C.); Palestine: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 3rd c. b.c).

Coptos

fig. 6.12.2-5, rim bowl Egypt: Coptos 324, (Jones ledge Egypt:

15, 6.6.2) (figs. 6.4.14, Alexandria 1940, (Adriani study, personal 3rd c. B.c), Paphos (Hayes (Berlin

fig. 40.3), C92P238, 1991,

Plinthine 3rd c. B.c);

(Adriani Cyprus: 3rd-early

1952, Kition

fig. 70.25); (Salles

Upper

fig. 15.12-14,

2nd c. B.c);

fig. Asia Minor:

1993,

1950,

fig. 179.41,

42, H).

rim jug (fig. 6.4.16) Maskhuta (Holladay

personal also occur

pl. 30.7, second half 2nd c. B.C.); Upper Egypt: Coptos marl ver3rd c. B.C; this is Aswan fabric, though uncatalogued study, C92P253, in this phase); Palestine: Ashdod 1971, fig. 11.5, Area A, stratum 3A, late (Dothan 1982,

2nd c. B.C). Painted wide-bodied unguentarium (figs. 6.4.23, 6.55.22) 3rd-early 2nd c. B.C.); Palestine: Dor (Guz-

Upper Egypt: Coptos (Berlin personal study, Zilberstein 3rd c. b.c). 1995, fig. 6.26.3-5, Carinated bowl (figs. 6.5.1, 6.55.12)

C92P260,

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

143

Lower Small Lower

Egypt: dish-lid

Alexandria (fig. 6.5.3, Alexandria

(Adriani 6.55.6) (Adriani Palestine: 3rd-2nd no. 223,

1940,

figs. 40.5,

53.56,

pl. 48.5,

early 3rd c. B.C.).

Egypt: 3rd c. B.c); C92P460, stein 1995, nor: Tarsus 4th-early Long Upper (Hayes Grooved Upper

1940, Ashdod c. B.c);

pl. 30.25); (Dothan

Upper 1971,

Egypt: fig. 24.11,

Coptos 1991,

(Berlin

Hellenistic),

ms., unpublished Dor (Guz-Zilber30.3); A58, Asia Mifig. 8, late

fig. 6.24.1-8, (Jones 1950,

figs. 25.5, Cyprus: Paphos (Hayes Greece: Athens (Thompson 1934, figs. 135, 187);

3rd c. B.c). squared Coptos fig. 16.7) (fig. 6.6.5) (Berlin personal study, C92P54, late 4th-3rd c. B.c). rim jug (fig. 6.5.8, (Berlin personal 19, 6.55.18) study, C91P148, second half 2nd c. B.c); Cyprus: Paphos

necked Egypt: 1991,

rim bowl? Egypt: Coptos

Flattened Lower Coptos 1957,

rim cook

Egypt: (Berlin

pot (fig. 6.6.6) Maskhuta (Holladay personal 43.12,

1982,

figs. 41.6,

study, C92P25, first half 2nd c. B.c).

pls. 29.2, 30.1, 2, second half 2nd c. B.c); Upper Egypt: et al. first half 2nd c. B.C.); Palestine: Samaria (Crowfoot

Angled rim casserole (fig. 6.6.9, 6.57.20) Lower Egypt: Alexandria 1940, fig. 53.53); (Adriani c. B.c); Palestine: Ashdod 3rd C92P266, C92P382, late 2nd c. B.C, fig. 7.34, Beaded Upper fig. 99.11, pl. 90.1, Area K, stratum (Hayes 1991, 2nd c. B.c); rim amphora Egypt: Coptos

Upper (Dothan

Egypt: 1971,

Coptos

(Berlin

3, 3rd-2nd figs. 32.1,

fig. 8.18, c. B.c), Samaria

personal study, Area A, stratum 3b, (Hennessy 1970,

Cyprus: (fig. 6.6.8) (Berlin

Paphos

4, 33.1).

personal

study,

C92P20,

3rd-first

half 2nd c. B.c).

Long necked globular jug (fig. 6.55.16) Lower Egypt: Alexandria 1940, (Adriani first half 2nd c. B.c) C92P271, Northwest Northwest in NW3B. recovered 3A-B and North 2C

fig. 53.14);

Upper

Egypt:

Coptos

(Berlin

personal

study,

which in turn collapsed new walls built upon the collapse of NW2B, 3A comprises Some ceramics were recovered from the NW3A walls, but the bulk of the pottery was

from the 3B collapse. This material certainly represents the household goods of the people local versions of two com? who rebuilt the walls in 3A. Several new types and forms appear, including rim saucer (figs. 6.7.4, 20) and a type of cup mon late third century B.C table vessels: the thickened A locally produced with a recurved wall and handle (fig. 6.8.2). along lagynos appears (fig. 6.7.8), with small a variation ledge of the flattened rim cook pot of the previous phase, this time with a short neck and rim (figs. 6.7.6, 6.8.6). Finally, a new amphora form appears, with a high squared rim An imported Aegean amphora base toe (fig. 6.8.10). 2) and possibly a doughnut-shaped

(figs. 6.7.1,

144

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

was also found stamped mulated Rhodian

in this assemblage amphora in the North and above

handle,

Meanwhile, within

In addition, a locus 2020 of this deposit produced (fig. 6.8.11). B.C. (see No. 10 in next chapter and fig. 7.4). dated c. 220-180 in 2C, and a great deal of pottery accu? Area, the 2A walls collapsed almost

all examples of types already attested in the preceding phase. Only one sherd belongs to one of the new types found in the NW3A-B phase: a rim fragment of a rim amphora This single point of comparison the constitutes (locus 31612, squared fig. 6.56.16). N2C with the activities of NW3A-B. The occupation sole evidence for correlating by represented them, N2A-B the NW3A-B may in fact have continued phase (or even longer); the appear? throughout ance of the squared rim amphora fragment need only suggest that N2 did not end until NW3 began. Key pieces, parallels, Squared Upper rim amphora and dates (figs. 6.7.1, 2, 6.56.16) study, C92P457, 3rd c. B.c); Cyprus: Paphos (Hayes 1991,

(Berlin Egypt: Coptos late 2nd c. B.c). 47.129, fig. rim saucer Maskhuta ms., 1991,

personal

Thickened Lower (Berlin

(fig. 6.7.4, (Holladay C92P71,

20) 1982, second half 2nd c. B.C.); Upper pl. 29.6-8, Palestine: Samaria (Hennessy 3rd c. B.c); 1970, 6, 10). Egypt: Coptos Cy?

Egypt:

unpublished (Hayes

fig. 9.16);

prus: Paphos Lagynos Upper Small Upper nessy

fig. 15.5,

(fig. 6.7.8) Egypt: Coptos (Berlin personal pot (figs. 6.7.6, (Berlin lower study, 6.8.6) first half 2nd c. B.C.); Palestine: Samaria (Hen? C92P216, first half 2nd c. B.C; this is an Aegean import).

ledge Egypt: 1970,

rim cook Coptos fig. 12.35,

personal study., C92P3, Phase E, 3rd c. B.c).

Cup with recurved wall and handle (fig. 6.8.2) Lower Egypt: Alexandria (Adriani 1940, fig. 53.57, 58), Plinthinge (Adriani 1952, fig. 70.24); first half 2nd c. B.C; this is in marl); Cyprus: Egypt: Coptos (Berlin personal study, C92P46, (Salles 1993,

Upper Kition

late 3rd c. B.c), late 3rd-early 2nd c. Paphos (Hayes 1991, figs. 12.1-3, fig. 209.322, 2nd c. B.c), Ashdod (Dot? B.c); Palestine: Anafa (Berlin 1997, PW 149, pls. 17, 76, late 3rd-early Dor (Guz-Zilberstein han 1971, figs. 9.15, 10.15, strata 3a-b, late 2nd c. B.c), 1995, fig. 6.7.1-7, 2nd c. B.C). Amphora Upper Aegean Cyprus: Northwest In NW4A eventually doughnut Coptos toe (fig. 6.8.10) (Berlin personal study, C92P133, 3rd c. B.c).

Egypt:

amphora Paphos

(fig. 6.8.11) (Hayes 1991, similar North to fig. 37.7). 3A-B and in NW4B phase, debris accumulates against those walls, which several new

4A-B,

5 and

new walls are constructed collapse.

partially

As in the preceding

the bulk of the pottery,

including

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

145

forms and types, was recovered from the later debris and collapse. In the subsequent NW5 phase new walls were built, but very little pottery was found, and no new types. In the North Area, of the preceding above the accumulated (N3A) slump and sediment building was constructed No pottery was recovered from the and several associated floors were identified (N3B). phase, construction, contained a vessel The subsequent and no new types from the N3B occupation. period of collapse in the Northwest area until Hiatus A (see further below). unattested type that can only be correlated appear in NW4B

more a new N2C N3A

(N3C) Conse-

quently N3A-B New types 6.11.8), locally several

in general with NW4A-8B. bowl (fig. include a locally produced small hemispherical probably used as a drinking vessel; a narrow ledge rim jug of a similar type to one produced but in Aswan fabric, and so acquired from Upper Egypt (fig. 6.13.19); (see above, NW2B) made krater century B.C

new stew pots with a ledge/folded rim (figs. 6.10.13, 6.12.8, 9, 11); and a locally rim (figs. 6.11.13, with an overhanging 14). All are types with parallels from mid-second contexts elsewhere. parallels, and dates rim stew pot (figs. 6.10.13, Ledge/folded Key pieces, Upper Egypt: Coptos and Johnson (Whitcomb (Berlin 1982, personal

6.12.8, study,

9, 11) late 2nd-early Paphos 1st c. B.c), (Hayes Quseir al-Qadim c. A.D.); Cyprus:

C92P272,

pl. lOv, pre-lst

1991,

fig. 30.1-2).

bowl (fig. 6.11.8) Hemispherical Asia Minor: Tarsus (Jones 1950, 2nd c. B.c). Krater with Lower overhanging Egypt: Maskhuta

fig. 181D);

Greece:

Athens

(Thompson

1934,

C7, fig. 29, early-mid

rim (figs. 6.11.13, (Holladay 1982,

14)

pl. 28.18, second half 2nd c. B.c); Upper Egypt: Coptos first half 2nd c. B.c); Cyprus: Paphos (Hayes 1991, fig. 56.20, ms., C92P125, (Berlin unpublished Ashdod Palestine: Anafa (Berlin 150-125 1997, PW 393-99, (Dothan B.c); early 1st c. B.c), 1995, fig. 6.11.1-11, 10), Dor (Guz-Zilberstein fig. 61.9, Corinth mid 2nd c. B.c), 1934 D67, figs. 76, 122, (Thompson 1971, 175-125 (Williams B.c); 1978, Greece: Athens no. 8, pl. 23, first

half

2nd c. B.C.). ledge Egypt: rim jug, Aswan Coptos 6A-8B (Berlin fabric personal (fig. 6.13.19) study, C92P253, 3rd c. B.c).

Narrow Upper

Northwest These

a continuous series of new wall and room situation: nine subphases display a paradoxical and a great deal of asso? wall fall and subsequent debris accumulation; constructions; constructions; ciated pottery, but singular examples of only six new types. As noted above, this absence of changes in or additions excavated that to the ceramic area was more corpus is peculiar. Despite the fact that in these phases the size of the than three times larger than in the previous phases, it nevertheless appears of the inhabitants' household representative pottery should not be considered occupations,

the associated

from earlier goods. Much of it may in fact have been churned up, residual fragments elsewhere. household while the bulk of the inhabitants' goods were kept or deposited

146

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

The with

few new types lip (fig. in NW8A,

inset

6.14.10);

6.17.15);

that do appear include the following: in NW6B, a shallow casserole or pan in NW7B, a deep casserole with a ledge rim and squared lip (fig. a bevelled lip saucer (fig. 6.20.12), rim and an everted rim bowl and thickened

saucer in terra nigra, the local imitation of imported black glaze ware (see Berlin unpublished ms., fig. and in NW8B, a wide, heavy baking pan, probably imported Dated parallels for 6.22.1); 6.22.3). (fig. these types suggest that the order in which they occur at Kom Ge'if may not be significant. The lip saucer, as well as the terra nigra bowl and saucer, all occur elsewhere in third century B.C the casserole/pan with inset lip is dated at Coptos to the late third century B.C; and the contexts; in the later second century B.C. The baking dish cannot be squared lip casserole occurs elsewhere bevelled dated more precisely than the second century all of these subphases to be placed within quire tradicted by the new types found. and dates (fig. 6.14.11) (Berlin personal study, C92P10, first half 2nd c. B.c). B.C. The the second dates suggested for the preceding phases rehalf of the second century, a date not con-

Key pieces, parallels, Inset lip casserole Upper Egypt:

Coptos

Squared lip casserole (fig. 6.17.15) Lower Egypt: Maskhuta (Holladay 1997, PW 248-53,

1982, pl. 30.4, second half 2nd c. B.C.); Palestine: Anafa (Berlin 29, 80, late 2nd c. B.c); Cyprus: Paphos (Hayes 1991, figs. 33.5, 73.1). pls. (fig. 6.20.12) (Berlin 41.31, personal study, 3rd c. B.c). C91P222, second half 2nd c. B.C.); Cyprus: Paphos

Bevelled Upper (Hayes

rim saucer Egypt: 1991, Coptos

fig. 15.8,

Terra nigra everted rim bowl Lower Egypt: Tell el-Fara'in-Buto schlager 1967, fig. 27, early-mid2nd

(Charlesworth c. B.C.); Cyprus: (Leonard,

1969,

fig. 3.1, (Hayes

10), 1991,

Tell Timai-Thmuis fig. 5.9, 10, late2nd

(Ochsenc. B.c).

Paphos

rim saucer Terra nigra thickened Lower Egypt: Tell el-Fara'in-Buto schlager B.c); 1967,

in press, fig. 6.22.1) 1969, fig. 3.8, 11, 12), Tell Timai-Thmuis (Berlin personal study, (Ochsen3rd c. C92P52,

(Charlesworth Upper

fig. 12, mid 2nd c. B.c); Paphos (Hayes 1991,

Cyprus:

fig. 5.4-6,

Egypt: Coptos late 2nd c. B.c)

Baking dish (fig. 6.22.3) Palestine: Ashdod (Dothan

Anafa (Berlin 1997, PW 298-301, fig. 24.6, Hellenistic), pls. 34, 81, late 2nd c. B.c); Asia Minor: Tarsus (Jones 1950, figs. 187A, 190A, B, 191.F); Greece: Athens 1934, E139, fig. 105, late 2nd c. B.c). (Thompson 1971, Hiatus A-B and North 3C previously the NW8B evidenced structure;

Northwest

with Hiatus A, the rhythm and continuity of new construction Beginning ceases. Three subphases of debris, some leveled off as floors, accumulate within

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

147

As in other periods they are here called Hiatus A-C. from these levels. Among them were three new types,

appear a casserole with offset rim (figs. 6.23.19, new types were found in Hiatus B): a hydria (fig. 6.24.16), This last shape occurs 5, 6.30.10). 6.26.3, 6.29.4, 20), and a deep piriform stew pot (figs. 6.24.8-12, a secure ceramic marker of this occupation in sufficient quantity that it may be considered phase. Forsug? fig. 6.64.3), layer (loc. 31608, tunately, a fragment also appears in the North 3C abandonment of NW Hiatus A. occured shortly after the beginning gesting that this subphase's wall fall may have first century B.C. levels Both the offset rim casserole and the stew pot are found in late second/early at Coptos, so Hiatus A-B at Kom Ge'if may be dated around that time as well. A stamped Rhodian in this assemblage (see no. 9 in Chapter Seven and amphora handle of uncertain date was also found fig. 7.3). Key pieces, parallels, Offset Lower rim casserole and dates

of building all of which

use, much

pottery was recovered in Hiatus A contexts (no

C92P466, Dor 73.6). Piriform Upper

Egypt: late 2nd c. B.c);

20) (figs. 6.23.19, Alexandria 1940, (Adriani Palestine:

(Guz-Zilberstein

1995,

(Berlin personal study, Upper Egypt: Coptos fig. 53.51); Anafa (Berlin 1997, PW 254-58, pls. 30, 80, early 1st c. B.c), 175-125 B.c); Cyprus: Paphos (Hayes 1991, figs. 33.6, fig. 6.22.4,

stew pot (figs. 6.24.8-12, Egypt: Coptos (Berlin

6.26.3,

6.29.4,

5, 6.30.10,

6.64.3) Cyprus: Paphos (Hayes 1991,

personal

study,

C91P124,

2nd c. B.c);

fig. 5.3). Hydria (fig. 6.24.16) Lower Egypt: Alexandria 1940, fig. 48.1, 2, pls. 47, 48.5, (Adriani Greece: Athens (Thompson 1934, Kition (Salles 1993, fig. 198.222; mid-late Northwest 2nd c. B.C.). Hiatus C-IOA

7; 1952, D26,

figs.

13,

16); Cyprus: figs. 87, 88,

fig. 60, E59,

The pottery associated with these final subphases of ancient Kom Ge'if indicate that occupation of this part of the site ceased very close to the end of the Hellenistic period, probably by the middle Med? the southeastern this was a period of growing use, throughout of the first century B.C Although table ware known as Eastern Sigillata A, the as well as in Egypt, of the fine red-slipped iterranean to acquire this or any other im? either too poor or too disinterested residents of Kom Ge'if remained to from Kom Hadid). Instead they continued ported ware (a total of three fragments were recovered of these did copy types made elsewhere in vessels exclusively, use locally manufactured though some the larger region. Within these subphases, new types appear only in the debris of Hiatus C; in the sub? sequent NW10A cient accumulations there occured of NW9A, wall constructions of NW9B, and further accumulations of an? pottery but no new types. In the North after the wall collapse of N3C. or occupation much Area there was no further

construction New types

folded pithos

in Hiatus C debris include a broad casserole with a wide ledge rim and appearing an Italian style pan with grooved rim (figs. 6.34.15, 16); a deep storage jar or lip (fig. 6.37.4); and two new locally made amphoras, one with a concave with a thick squared rim (fig. 6.36.4);

148

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

rim (figs. 6.36.10-12) These last occur 21, 6.37.8). beaded the casserole

and another at several

other

a "bitronconique" form with sites in mid-first Egyptian

a squared

and pan. Taken together, this last group of ceramics provides end date for this occupation in the South Mound at Kom Ge'if. Key pieces, parallels, Folded lip casserole and dates (fig. 6.37.4) C88P12, mid-lst c. B.c);

century a consistent

B.c

rim (figs. 6.35.20, as do contexts, and convincing

Upper Egypt: Coptos (Berlin personal study, PW 259-65, pls. 30, 80, early lst c. B.c).

Palestine:

Anafa

(Berlin

1997,

21, 6.37.8, 19) "Bitronconique" amphora with squared rim (figs. 6.35.20, Lower Egypt: Tell el-Haraby and Shennawi 1991, type B, fig. IB, later than Ptolemaic); (Majcherek late lst c. B.c); Quseir al-Qadim (Berlin personal study, C88P121, (Whit? Upper Egypt: Coptos comb and Johnson lst c. B.C-A.D.). 1982, pl. 14.g, Italian-style Upper Concave Upper Qadim Paphos Northwest In both Egypt: pan (figs. 6.34.15, Coptos (Berlin 16) personal study, C92P462, C92P461, late lst c. B.C-early lst c. A.D.).

beaded Egypt:

rim amphora (Berlin

(figs. 6.36.10-12) personal study, pls. C92P13B, 21z, 1979, late lst c. B.C-early 22e; 1982, pl. I4.f; lst lst c. A.D.); c. B.C-A.D.); Quseir al-

Coptos 1991,

(Whitcomb (Hayes

and Johnson fig. 30.8). and North

Cyprus:

10B-C

4-5 modern built tombs?and constructions?largely a tremendous amount Unsurprisingly, topsoil immedi? of Hellenistic pot?

areas of the mound,

stratum. ately overlay the late Hellenistic was found within these levels, practically all of which includes types and forms already accounted tery for. Two examples of previously unattested yet ancient types do occur within topsoil loci of NW10C: a deep cook

and a stew pot with angled rim and flanged lip pot with a ridged ledge rim (fig. 6.49.6) Both are contemporary with the latest Hellenistic (fig. 6.49.10). types that appeared in the preceding Hiatus C-NW10A elsewhere are dated from the later second to around the parallels assemblage; middle tor of Kom of the first century Ge'if. B.C These fragments confirm that date as the final occupation of this sec?

Key pieces, parallels, Ridged Upper 1950, ledge Egypt:

and dates pot (fig. 6.49.6) (Berlin personal c. B.c). study, C91P183, late 2nd c. B.c); Asia Minor: Tarsus (Jones

rim cook

Coptos fig. 190.G, mid-lst

Flanged Upper al-Qadim

lip stew pot (fig. 6.49.10) Egypt: Coptos (Whitcomb (Berlin personal study, C91P140, and Johnson 1982, pl. lOr, pre-lst C92P217, c. A.D.), first half lst c. B.C.), Quseir

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

149

Notes The figures omit only those sherds that are too small to be recognizable forms or are types already amply repre? sented. Leonard analyzed the pottery in the field, as well as overseeing all drawing and restoration work. Leonard also created the original fabric typology, from which derive the field fabric readings included in the figure explanations (see Appendix). Leonard and Berlin are responsible for the lay? out of the figures. Berlin is responsible for the assignment of type names and general fabric designations included in the figure explanations, the identification of indicative ceramic types (from drawings and occasional color pictures), and the ceramic discussion included here. Berlin's work is based exclusively on study of the drawings, written descriptions, and occasional color photographs/slides. The pottery remains in storage in Egypt. For further discussion of most of the ceramic types that occur at Kom Ge'if, see the second part of this report, on the ceramic typology from Kom Hadid. I consider a complete assemblage to contain the entire assortment of household necessities, including an appropiate quantity and ratio of storage, preparation, cooking, serving, and personal vessels. It is especially odd considering the location of Naukratis, so close to the bustling metropolis of Alexandria, and situated in the well-populated and easily traveled Delta region. Compare the Hellenistic period ceramic assemblages at Coptos, in Upper Egypt (Berlin personal study). As at Naukratis, a great variety of early Hellenistic types appear in the third century B.C. deposits; however, during the subse? quent two centuries, seventy new ceramic forms or types (including imports) appear. This amphora form, as well as the lagynos, may have been manufactured at the nearby kiln site of Kom Dahab, where warped fragments of both types were found among the kiln's interior debris (Coulson and Leonard, 1983, figs. 4A and 5A, D, E). The kiln apparently went out of use sometime in the first century B.C, but no evidence was re? covered to date its beginning. The appearance of these forms in a stratified context at Kom Ge'if suggest their ini? tial appearance towards the end of the third or the begin? ning of the second century B.C. A detailed discussion of the date of production of the Kom Dahab kiln will appear in the forthcoming volume on Kom Hadid. Though it is of interest that in the well-dated series of deposits from Paphos, vessels in terra nigra do not appear until the second half of the second century B.C. (Hayes 1991, 130, discussing the quarry pit in room AL).

150

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.1.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Phase

IB.

1These fabric types are further described in the Appendix.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

151

Ocm

10

4 \

152

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.2.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Phases

IB and IC.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

153

T f

Ocm

10

10

13

fi

11 14 /

12

/ 15 Fig. 6.2 f

154

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.3.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phases 2A and 2B.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Delta silt (Fabric IIB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Coarse marl (Fabric IV with mottled orange slip on exterior). Moderately well levigated red fabric (10R 5/8), white grit to 1 mm, sand-size mica, and straw casts to 3 mm that break the surface. Coarse marl (Fabric IV with mottled orange slip on exterior). Delta silt (Fabric I) Smooth marl (Fabric IXA) Smooth marl (Fabric IXA) Smooth marl (Fabric IXA) Smooth marl (Fabric IXA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Dark pink fabric, white slip Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Coarse marl (Fabric IV)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

155

^ 1

m~

10

Ocm

10

11

13

14

15

16

17 12 Fig. 6.3

156

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.4.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Phase 2B.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

157

15

<r

20

21

22 C 10 T

Ocm

10 Fig. 6.4

23

158

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.5.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phase 2B.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Moderately well levigated pale red fabric (10R 6/4), white grit to 1 mm, infrequent gray grit to 1 mm, sand-size mica, and straw casts 1-2 mm that break the surface. Light red slip (10R 616) sloshed on exterior. String-cut base. Delta silt (Fabric I) Handmade Smooth (Fabric VA)

marl, slipped (Fabric X)

Smooth marl, slipped (Fabric X) Handmade (Fabric VA) Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Coarse marl (Fabric IVB) Smooth marl (Fabric IXA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Smooth marl, slipped (Fabric X)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

159

r ^

/ lu v

14

LA

15

16

17

^f 18

7 0cm

19

F^rr 7

21 10 1

ii

12 Fig. 6.5

160

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.6.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phases 2B and 3A.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric VI) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Very well levigated pink fabric (5YR 7/3), red and white sand-size grit, sand-size mica, fine straw casts rarely breaking the surface. Pink to red yellow slip (5YR 714-716). Smooth marl (Fabric IX) Delta silt (Fabric III) Handmade (Fabric VA) Smooth marl, slipped (Fabric X) Delta silt (Fabric IIC). Secondary firing at one used as lamp? spot over rim?vessel

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

161

10

jr

0cm Fig. 6.6

10

162

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.7.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no. 239

Phases 3A and 3B.

No. 1

Shape Amphora

Phase NW3A

Locus 1019

Pottery bag no. N.I.l.37

Description Moderately well levigated clay with sand-sized (occasionally to 1 mm) white grit and mica? ceous inclusions. Fine straw casts to 3 mm. Core (to 4 mm): 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown), sandwiched by fabric: 7.5YR 5/6 (Strong (Red? Brown). Slipped, in/out: 5YR 5/3-5/4 dish Brown). Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Smooth marl (Fabric IXB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB). Wheel burnish? ing on interior. Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Well levigated light red fabric (2.5YR 614), white grit to 1 mm and fine straw casts rarely breaking the surface. Weak red core. Light red slip (2.5YR 6/8) on interior and upper exterior. Randomly spaced horizontal burnish, some overlapping, tighter at rim. Smooth marl (Fabric IXA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Handmade (Fabric VB)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

163

l^

10

~P 13 v 17 )

11 14 18

12 15 0cm 16

20 \0 0

21

\d 22 Fig. 6.7

164

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.8.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no. 375

Phase 3B.

No.

Shape Casserole

Phase NW3B

Locus 2020

Pottery bag no. N.I.2.28

Description Delta silt (Fabric III). Wheel burnishing interior. Delta silt (Fabric I) Smooth marl (Fabric IX) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Smooth marl (Fabric IXA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB). Drippy slip on interior. Delta silt (Fabric IIIA) Delta silt (Fabric IIIA) Delta silt (Fabric VIA). Pink slip on interior. Delta silt (Fabric VI) Pink fabric, white slip. Aegean. on

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

165

Fig.

6.8

166

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.9.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no. 193 Delta

Phases 3B and 4A.

No.

Shape Bowl

Phase NW3B

Locus 2029

Description silt, slipped (Fabric IB). Finger nail on exterior at rim. ridges Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped and burnished Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Coarse marl (Fabric IVC) Delta silt (Fabric I)

N.I.1.35

(Fabric VII)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

167

Ocm

10 V

^T

10

11 13 J

"i

\?4 Fig. 6.9

14

168

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.10.

Pottery from Pottery bag no.

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phase 4B.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1-2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on in? terior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Fabric: between 10YR 714 (Very Pale Brown)-7/6 (Yellow). Slip in/out: 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown). Import. Moderately well levigated clay with very frequent white grit sand-sized to 1 mm giving sherd a sandy "feel." Fabric/core: Slip in/out: 5YR 716 (Reddish c. 2.5Y 8/2 (White). Yellow).

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

169

I )

10

11

12

13

<

Ocm 15 Fig. 6.10

170

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.11.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no.

Phase 4B.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Coarse marl (Fabric IVA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

171

7 c

11

12

13

Ocm 14 Fig. 6.11

172

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.12.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Phase 4B.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

173

=1

=t

11

Ocm 12 Fig.

10

6.12

174

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.13.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no.

Phases 4B and 4BI5.

No.

Shape

Phasi

Locus

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Moderately well levigated light red fabric (5YR 5/6), gray and white grit, sand-sized to 1 mm and sand-sized (10R 5/4) on exterior. Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slippped (Fabric IA) Terra nigra, unslipped (Fabric IID) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Coarse marl (Fabric IVC) Very well levigated pale yellow fabric (2.5Y 8/4), some sand-sized white grit and mica. Fully fired. Aswan? Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Coarse marl (Fabric IV). Light red bands (of slip?) on exterior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Combination of Delta silt (Fabric I) and coarse marl (Fabric IV). Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Delta silt (Fabric I) mica. Red slip

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

175

i 15 ? 16 ) 17 ) f / 7

10

18

~4

19 ii 7

^7'

*_ 12 j 21 22

13

14 23

Ocm

10 24

25

26

27 6.13

Fig.

176

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.14.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phase 6B.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Well levigated light red fabric (5YR 6/8), some sand-sized white grit and mica. Pink slip (7.5YR 8/4) on exterior, fired white (2.5Y 8/2) on interior.

Cookpot/jar Cookpot/jar

NW6B NW6B

49161 49161P

N.I.491.193 N.I.491.191

135 129

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Moderately well levigated light red fabric (2.5YR 5/8), white grit to 1 mm and sandsized mica, light red core. Pale yellow slip (2.5Y 8/4) on exterior and rim. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Handmade (Fabric VB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Very well levigated light red fabric (5YR 776), some grit to 1 mm. Pale brown slip (10YR 8/2) on interior and exterior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Rhodian: fabric 2.5YR 616, surface 10YR 8/3.

21

Jug?

NW6B

49146P

N.I.491.105

1221

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

177

v ; V

Ocm

10

11 10 t

12 13

15 14 > v 17 16 r 19 18 f

21 Fig. 6.14

20

178

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.15.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phase 6C.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA/B) Smooth slipped buff fabric. Palestinian import? Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II). String-cut Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Very well levigated pale brown fabric (1OYR 4/8), frequent sand-sized white and red grit, reddish yellow core. base.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

179

I )

K 1 11 ) J

10

112

13 )

Ocm

10 14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

C F 26 "f \ 27 28 29 i

Fig.

6.15

180

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.16.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no. 130

Phases 6B, 7 and 7B.

No. 1

Shape Amphora

Phase NW6B

Locus 49161P

Description Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized to 1 mm white grit occasionally to 2 mm Core/fabric and interior surface: (Yellowish Red). Exterior slipped (very thin) c. 10YR 8/2 (White). Delta silt (Fabric II). Exterior tool(?) marks. 5YR 5/6-5/8 Sherd secondarily used for carding? Terra nigra, black slipped in/out, gray core Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1 -2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Moderately well levigated clay with white grit to 1 mm and fine straw casts. Core/ fabric: c. 7.5YR 5/4 (Brown). Exterior slipped(?) as core; interior slipped(?) 7.5YR 6/4 (Light Brown).

N.I.491.191

9 10

Cook pot? Amphora

NW7B NW7B

49141 49141

N.I.491.85 N.I.491.88

775 1361

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Well levigated clay with white and gray grit to 1 mm and sand-sized micaceous in? clusions. Core: light gray (no Munsell) throughout. Slip in/out: 2.5YR 6/4 (Light Reddish Brown)-6/6 (Light Red). Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Terra nigra, unslipped (Fabric IID) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Coarse marl (Fabric IV)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

181

Ocm

10

) r T 13 ( ^ 17

i 10 15

V \ 11 Fig. 6.16 16

182

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.17.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Phase 7B.

22

Amphora

NW7B

49145

N.I.491.99

1108

Moderately well levigated clay with very frequent white grit sand-sized to 1 mm giving sherd a sandy "feel." Fabric/core: 5YR 716 (Reddish Yellow). Slip in/out: c. 2.5Y 8/2 (White).

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

183

I Ocm / 10

N 10

12 ?

ii

13

14

15

?*> 20 /

16

17

21

18 22 19 f Fig. 6.17

184

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.18.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'i Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no. 4335

Phases 7D and 8A.

No. 1

Shape Amphora

Phase NW7D

Locus 49139

Description Well levigated clay with white and gray grit to 1mm, and frequent straw/chaff casts to 2 mm. Fabric: between 10YR 8/4 and 714 (Very Pale Brown). Slipped in/out as fab? ric. Import. Delta silt (Fabric II) Handmade (Fabric VB). Surfaces slipped c. 10R 5/8 (Red). Terra nigra black slipped in/out. Gray core. Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Terra nigra black slipped in/out. Gray core. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Handmade (Fabric VB) Well levigated clay with occasional white grit to 1 mm and some fine straw casts. Fab? ric/core: 7.5YR8/6 in/out: c. 7.5YR8/4 (Reddish Yellow). Slip (Pink). Neck of vessel through as illustrated.

N.I.491.67

drilled completely Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric I)

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB). burned black. used as lamp?

Interior

Moderately well levigated clay with white grit to 1 mm. Fabric and interior surface: 2.5YR 6/6-6/8 (Light Red). Traces of slip/ wash on exterior: 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown). Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Moderately well levigated clay with white grit to 1 mm and sand-sized micaceous inclusions. Core: 2.5YR 4/2 (Weak Red) c. 3 mm sandwiched by 2.5YR 5/8 (Red). Slip out and over rim: 2.5Y 8/4 (Pale Yellow). Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

185

10

11

12

15 13 j

16 V 14

17

0 1CM

18

19

20

yt 21

Fig.

6.18

186

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.19.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phase 8A.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric I) Very well levigated clay with white grit to 1 mm. Fabric: 7.5YR 716-616 (Reddish Yellow). Slip, in/out: 10YR8/3-8/4 Pale Brown). Import. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) (Very

6 7 8

Cook pot Saucer Jug

NW8A NW8A NW8A

49149 49149 49149

N.I.491.152 N.I.491.64 N.I.491.64

4070 809 808

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Very well levigated clay with occasional sand-sized white grit. Core/fabric and in? terior surface: 7.5YR 8/6-7/6 (Reddish Yellow); exterior slipped 10YR 8/4 (Very Pale Brown). Import. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) that is nearer the "orange" of Fabric IB on interior. Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized white grit and micaceous inclu? sions. Core/fabric: 2.5YR 5/8-4/8 (Red). Slipped in/out 10YR 8/4 (Very Pale Brown). Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized (occasionally to 1 mm) white grit and micaceous inclusions. Fine straw casts to 3 mm. Core (to 4 mm): 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown), sandwiched by fabric: 7.5YR 5/6 (Strong Brown). Slipped, in/ out: 5YR 5/3-5/4 (Reddish Brown).

9 10

Jug Amphora

NW8A NW8A

49149 49150

N.I.491.61 N.I.491.180

305 65

11

Amphora

NW8A

49150

N.I.491.181

69

12

Amphora

NW8A

49150

N.I.491.184

71

Well levigated clay with sand-sized white grit and micaceous inclusions. Core/fabric: c. 7.5YR 5/6 (Strong Brown). Slipped: 5YR 6/3-6/4 (Light Reddish Brown) on exterior; 5YR 616 (Reddish Yellow) on interior. Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

187

_< T

I 10

J 15 /

16

f S"

17

1 13 19

188

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.20.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no.

Phases 8 and 6C?8.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Poorly levigated clay with white grit c. 12 mm, and straw/chaff casts c. 5 mm and occasionally to 1 cm. Straw/chaff in slip also. Core/fabric: dark gray. c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on Slipped interior; 5YR 5/4-4/4 (Reddish Brown) on exterior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Brown ware but slipped 5YR 7/4 (Pink)-7/6 (Reddish Yellow). Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1-2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Fabric as II, Mineral-tempered

16

Jug

NW6C-8

49238

N.I.492.44

118

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

189

KL>

Ocm

10

10

11 )

12

13

7 i 15 U Fig. 6.20 16

190

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.21.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no. 1008 1007

Phase 8B.

No. 1 2 3

Shape Cook pot Amphora Amphora

Phasi NW8B NW8B NW8B

Locus 49214P 49214P 49214P

Pottery bag no.

Description Delta silt (Fabric III) No field description available Fabric: between 10YR 7/4 (Very Pale Brown)-7/6 (Yellow). Slip in/out: 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown). Import. Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized white grit and micaceous inclusions to 1 mm. Thick, medium gray core/fabric. Slipped: 2.5YR 616 (Light Red) to 5/6 (Red) on interior; 7.5YR 8/4 (Pink) on exterior.

N.I.492.23

1006

Amphora

NW8B

49149P

N.I.491.151

4054

Amphora

NW8B

49150P

N.I.491.131

3058

Moderately well levigated clay with white grit to 1 mm and sand-sized micaceous Core: 2.5YR 4/2 (Weak Red). Slip out and over rim, 2.5Y 8/4 (Pale Yellow). inclusions.

Jug

NW8B

49150P

N.I.491.132

3055

Delta silt (Fabric II). Poorly applied slip, 10YR 8/4-7/4 (Very Pale Brown) dripped on exterior. Interior and unslipped exterior as fabric. Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

191

=k

Ocm

10 \. 11 I 1

I 10

12 ^

mi

13

14 7 15

16

18

19 17 Fig. 6.21

192

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.22.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phase 8B.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Terra nigra, unslipped Delta silt (Fabric II) (Fabric IID)

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA). Wheel bur? nishing on interior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA). Wheel bur? nishing on interior. Handmade (Fabric VB) Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 12 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior. Krater? Jug NW8B NW8B 49214 49214 N.I.492.34 N.I.492.40 45 106 Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Very well levigated clay. Very little temper. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6-6/6 (Reddish Yellow). Slip in/out: Brown). 10YR 8/3-8/4 (Very Pale

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 12 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior. 13 Juglet NW8B 49214 N.I.492.40 103 Well levigated clay. Fabric as Mineraltempered Red ware but with White (No Munsell) slip on exterior. Traces of 5YR 8/4 (Pink) slip on interior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Well levigated clay. Fabric/core: 7.5YR 8/6 (Reddish Yellow). Slip in/out: 10R 4/6-4/8 (Red). Terra nigra, black slipped in/out. Where glaze does not cover interior it is 7.5YR 714 (Pink) as fabric. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

193

1 C

16 18 0 1CM 10 rn #1 ii 13 17 19 5

y\

^ 12 15 20 u

Fig.

6.22

194

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.23.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Hiatus

A and B.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

195

j J

c 10 7 13

I 12 15

-/

7 17 19

Ocm

10 20 Fig. 6.23

196

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.24.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no.

Hiatus

A and B.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Terra nigra, unslipped Terra nigra, unslipped (Fabric IID) (Fabric IID). Kiln

warped. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Coarse marl (Fabric IVB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Well levigated clay with sand-sized white grit averaging 1 mm occasionally to 2 mm, and fine straw casts. Fabric and interior surface: 5YR 8/3-8/4 (Pink). Exterior 7.5YR 8/4 (Pink). Import? slipped Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized white and gray grit often to 1 mm. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6-6/6 (Reddish Yellow). Exterior surface fired (?) c. 2.5YR 5/6 (Red). Interior as fabric. 19 Jug Hiatus A+B 49004 N.I.490.20 1216 Coarse marl (Fabric IV)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

197

tT

C W

Ocm

10

10

\ \ 12

T 13

CT 17 \ H r^rx

E ? 19 15 Fig. 6.24

198

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.25.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no. 3612

Hiatus

A and B.

No. 1

Shape Amphora

Phase Hiatus A+B

Locus 49004

Description Moderately well levigated clay with sandsize to 1 mm white grit, occasionally to 2 mm. Core/fabric: c. 5YR4/2 (Dark Red? dish Gray). Interior surface as fabric, exte? rior slipped 2.5Y 7/2 (Light Gray) to 714 (Pale Yellow).

N.I.490.91

2 3

Juglet Amphora

Hiatus A+B Hiatus A+B

49004 49004

N.I.490.98 N.I.490.37

4036 1555

Delta silt (Fabric I). Traces of White Slip/ Wash(?). Poorly levigated clay with white and gray grit to 1 mm, and straw/chaff to 3 mm. Fabric: 7.5YR 4/4 (Brown). Slipped in/ out: 5YR 5/6 (Yellowish Red).

Amphora

Hiatus A+B

49004

N.I.490.37

1556

Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized micaceous inclusions and white grit to 1 mm. Core/fabric: 10R 5/8 (Red). Slipped in/out: 2.5Y 8/2 (White)-8/4 (Pale Yellow). Secondary burning. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized micaceous inclusions, white grit to 2 mm, and straw/chaff casts 2-3 mm. 5YR 5/3-5/4 (Reddish Interior as fabric, exterior slipped c. 5YR 616 (Reddish Yellow). Moderately well levigated clay with sandBrown). sized micaceous inclusions and white grit to 1 mm. Fabric/core: 7.5YR 5/2 (Brown). Slipped in/out: 5YR 5/4 (Red? dish Brown)-2.5YR4/4 (Reddish Brown). Fabric/core:

5 6

Cook pot Amphora

Hiatus A+B Hiatus A+B

49004 49004

N.I.490.98 N.I.490.82

4038 4027

Amphora

Hiatus A+B

49004

N.I.490.91

3613

8 9 10 11 12

Cook pot Cook pot Saucer Bowl Amphora

Hiatus A+B Hiatus A+B Hiatus A Hiatus A Hiatus A

Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt (Fabric IIC). Warped at neck. Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Well levigated clay with white grit to 1 mm, and straw casts (to 3 mm) in fabric and slip. Fabric: 7.5YR 5/6 (Strong Brown) with core of 7.5YR 5/2-5/4 (Brown). Interior (Dark Brown). Exte? slipped(?) 7.5YR4/2 rior slipped with splotchy 10YR 8/1 (White). Delta silt, very hard (variant of Fabric I?) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

199

Ocm

13

l 7 14

r 15 Fig. 6.25

"\

200

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.26.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Hiatus

A.

1998

Tfe Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

201

J J

^ )

0cm

10 y>

t 20

/ 10 Fig. 6.26 21

202

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.27.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field

Hiatus

A.

No. 1 2 3 4

Shape Bowl/Basin Jug Jug Amphora

Phase Hiatus A Hiatus A Hiatus A Hiatus A

Locus 49137 49137 49137 49137

Pottery bag no. N.I.491.153 N.I.491.119 N.I.491.159 N.I.491.153

Description 4090 1872 4156 4089 Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Coarse marl (Fabric IVA) Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1 2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior. Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt (Fabric II), with 10YR 8/4 (Very Pale Brown) slip on exterior only. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Moderately well levigated clay with white grit 1-2 mm and chaff averaging 3-5 mm. Fabric: c. 5YR 616 (Reddish Yellow) with dark gray core. Interior as fabric, exterior slipped c. 5YR 5/3 (Reddish Brown).

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

203

t r

^ T

\ I 10

_?

0cm

16

12

13 Fig.

15 6.27

17

204

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.28.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Hiatus

A.

No.

Shape

Phase

Pottery bag no.

Description Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric III) Delta silt (Fabric III) No field description available Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1-2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior.

Amphora

Hiatus A

49207P

N.I.492.21

634

Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized micaceous inclusions and white grit to 1 mm. Fabric/core: 7.5YR 5/2 (Brown). Slipped in/out: 5YR 5/4 (Red? dish Brown)-2.5YR Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Moderately well levigated clay with white grit to 1 mm and sand-sized micaceous inclusions. Core: 2.5YR4/2 (Weak Red) c. 3 mm sandwiched by 2.5YR 5/8 (Red). Slip out and over rim: 2.5Y 8/4 (Pale Yellow). 4/4 (Reddish Brown)

13 14 15 16 17

Stew pot Lid/Disc Cook pot Bowl Cook pot Jug?

Hiatus A Hiatus A Hiatus A Hiatus A Hiatus A Hiatus A

49207 49207 49207 49207 49207 49207

N.I.492.22 N.I.492.22 N.I.492.22 N.I.492.22 N.I.492.22 N.I.492.22

997 1001 1000 1002 999 996

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric I) Coarse ware (Fabric VB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric III) Very well levigated clay with occasional sand-sized grit and micaceous inclusions. Core (thin): 7.5YR7/6 (Reddish Yellow). Fabric: 5YR 7/6 (Reddish Yellow). Slip out: 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown); in: un? slipped as fabric. Import?

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

205

0 cm

10

l 1

Fig.

6.28

206

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.29.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no. 3870 3871 3873 3868 3869 3872

Hiatus

A and B.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus 49004 49004 49004 49004 49004 49004

Description Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized micaceous inclusions, 1 mm white grit, and chaff 2-3 mm and occasionally to 1 mm. Core: 5YR (Reddish Brown)5/6 (Yellowish Red). Surfaces: c. 5YR 616 (Reddish Yellow).

N.I.490.85 N.I.490.85 N.I.490.85 N.I.490.85 N.I.490.85 N.I.490.85

7 8 9 10 11 12

Casserole Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Juglet

Hiatus A+B Hiatus A Hiatus A Hiatus A Hiatus A Hiatus A

49004 49024 49024 49024 49024 49024

N.I.490.102 N.I.490.71 N.I.490.95 N.I.490.93 N.I.490.95 N.I.490.71

4196 3833 3997 3865 4001 3834

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Terra nigra, unslipped Delta silt (Fabric I) (Fabric IID)

Fabric I variant. Mineral-tempered Red ware with 10YR 8/2 (White) slipped exte? rior and over rim to form c. 1 cm band on interior. Very well levigated clay with no trace of temper. Fabric: 5YR 714 (Pink). Slipped: 10YR 8/4 (Very Pale Brown)-2.5Y 8/4 (Pale Yellow). Incised decoration rior. Import? Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Fabric II variant. Mineral-tempered Brown on exte?

13

Body sherd

Hiatus A

49024

N.I.490.93

3864A

ware with c. 2.5YR 6/8 (Light Red) slip in/out. Reserve band of unslipped fabric in interior. Delta silt (Fabric I). Fired very hard. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Fabric IA variant. Mineral-tempered Red ware with Slip. Slipped as Fabric IA but firing(?) has resulted in series of radial bands on top of rim alternating weak red of fabric with 5YR 8/4 (Pink).

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

207

i?11?i i?? 0 1CM

??i 5

i?i

i=j 10 I

11

J r

12 I

10

1-^ 13

17

14

18

15

19 Fig. 6.29

208

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.30.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no. 223

Hiatus

A and B.

No.

Shape Amphora

Phasi Hiatus A

Locus 49137

Description Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 12 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) but color nearer 5YR 716-616 (Reddish Yellow)

N.I.491.54

Jug?

Hiatus A

49137

N.I.491.54

224

Casserole

Hiatus A

49137

N.I.491.169

4365

Black Glaze out. Interior plain except 1OR 4/8 (Red) at top. Fabric: c. 5YR7/6 (Red? dish Yellow). Import. Delta slip (Fabric I) with firing variations. Exterior has alternating bands of normal color and 7.5YR 4/2 (Weak Red). Interior fired almost to color of Mineral-tempered Red ware with Orange slip. Burnishing on interior. Delta silt (Fabric I)

932

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric I) No field description No field description available available

Delta silt (Fabric I). Traces of burning on interior. used as lamp? Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

209

^ c

<

10

0 1CM

11

"V

1 7

19

13

20

14

21

15

17

22

16

18 ~?

23

Fig.

6.30

210

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.31.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no. 2055 2058 2054 4003

Hiatus

B and C.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus 49004P 49004P 49004P 49004P

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Delta silt (Fabric I) Very well levigated clay with infrequent sand-size to 1 mm grit. Fabric/core: 5YR 8/4-7/4 (Pink). Surfaces slipped 10YR 8/2-8/3 (Very Pale Brown). Import. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Moderately well levigated clay with white and greenish grit to 1 mm. Core/fabric: 5YR 5/3-5/4 (Reddish Brown). Surfaces (Pale slipped 5Y 7/2 (Light Gray)-7/3 Yellow).

N.I.490.64 N.I.490.64 N.I.490.64 N.I.490.97

49004P 49004P 49004P 49004P 49004P

N.I.490.31 N.I.490.31 N.I.490.64 N.I.490.64 N.I.490.64

1486 1485 2056 2053 2057

10

Amphora

Hiatus B+C

49004P

N.I.490.31

1487

Well levigated clay with white and gray grit c. 1 mm. Fabric/core: 5YR 7/6-6/6 (Red? dish Yellow). Exterior slipped c. 7.5YR 8/ 4 (Pink), interior slipped (?) as fabric. Import. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II). Secondary burning on interior and exterior of rim. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Well levigated clay. Litlle trace of temper but strange gritty "feel." Fabric/surfaces: c. 5Y8/4 (Pale Yellow). (Fabric IID) Terra nigra, unslipped Delta silt (Fabric I)

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Red ware variant with Mineral-tempered in/out: 5YR 8/4 (Pink)-7/6 splotchy slip (Reddish Yellow). Delta silt (Fabric I)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

211

I \

10

20

21

~f

\ 17

\AjT 18 22 \et 19

Fig.

6.31

212

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.32.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Hiatus

B.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

213

7 11

; 12

13 )

15

j 16

17

i 18

19

/ 20

if 10 0 1CM Fig. 6.32

21

214

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.33.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no. 709 1611

Hiatus

B.

No. 1 2

Shape Stew pot? Cookpot/jar

Phase Hiatus B Hiatus B

Locus 49131 49131

Pottery bag no. N.I.491.72 N.I.491.46

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II) with 5YR 8/4 (Pink) slip on exterior and over rim (as illus? trated). Some areas nearer 5YR 716 (Red? dish Yellow); Painted bands on exterior of 7.5R 4/2-4/4 (Weak Red). Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) (same vessel as no. 5). Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) (same vessel as no. 4). Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Very well levigated clay with occasional white and red grit sand-sized to 1 mm surface: c. 5YR7/4 (Pink). Ex? terior Slip: 10YR 8/3-8/4 (Very Pale Brown). Core/inner

8 9 10

Amphora Amphora Amphora/jar

Hiatus B Hiatus B Hiatus B

49131 49131 49131

N.I.491.82 N.I.491.82 N.I.491.145

650 649 4018

Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric II) Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1-2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior. Mottled to gray on exterior.

11

Amphora

Hiatus B

49131

N.I.491.141

3423

Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized micaceous inclusions, sand-sized to 1 mm white grit, and some fine straw casts to 2 mm. Core: 5YR 6.6-6/8 (Reddish Yellow). Slip in/out: 10YR 8/3-8/4 (Very Pale Brown).

12

Amphora/jar

Hiatus B

49131

N.I.491.140

3652

Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized to c. 1 mm white grit. Fabric: 2.5YR 614 (Light Reddish Brown). Slip: 5YR 8/4-7/4 (Pink). Well levigated clay with white grit sandsized to 1 mm and sand-sized micaceous inclusions. Fabric: 5YR 5/6 (Yellowish Red). Surfaces in/out: 1OYR 6/6 (Reddish Yellow). Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Handmade (Fabric VB). Traces of slip in/ out 10YR 8/2 (White) where thin and 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown) where thick.

13

Amphora

Hiatus B

49131

N.I.491.26

1666

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

215

0 1CM

1 / 10

l 1

1 l 12

f c 13

l u

15 1

Fig.

6.33

216

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.34.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Hiatus

C.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

217

? 7

7 7

/ 20

22

7 15 23

0cm

10

Fig.

6.34

218

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.35.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Hiatus

C.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (I) Delta silt, slipped (IA) Delta silt, slipped (IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) with White-Pink on exterior only. Delta silt (Fabric II) Moderately well levigated clay with fre? quent, sand-sized white and red grit and micaceous inclusions. Very fine straw casts. Fabric and surfaces: 7.5YR 716-616 dish Yellow). Import? Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I). Spatula(?) marks on exterior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA). Burnishing on exterior. Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1 -2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and 5YR 5/4-4/4 (Reddish Brown) on exterior. (Red?

Slip

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Jug Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl Bowl

Hiatus C Hiatus C Hiatus C Hiatus C Hiatus C Hiatus C Hiatus C

49136 49136 49136 49136 49136 49136 49136

N.I.491.121 N.I.491.111 N.I.491.166 N.I.491.122 N.I.491.112 N.I.491.81 N.I.491.81

1791 1464 4296 1861 1484 770 769

Amphora

21

Amphora

Hiatus C

49136

N.I.491.134

3080

Brown Fabric as II Mineral-tempered ware, but large 3-7 mm chaffin fabric and slip.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

219

) l 10

20

VJ^

0cm

10

Fig.

6.35

220

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.36.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no. 9294 657 663 4277 1465

Hiatus

C.

No. 1 2 3 4 5

Shape Stew pot Stew pot Stew pot Pithos

Phase Hiatus C Hiatus C Hiatus C Hiatus C Hiatus C

Locus 49136 49136 49136 49136 49136

Pottery bag no. N.I.491.166 N.I.491.137 N.I.491.137 N.I.491.166 N.I.491.111

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Delta silt, slipped (IA) Delta silt, slipped (IA) Handmade (Fabric VB). Traces of 2.5Y (White) slip on exterior surface.

Jar

Handmade (Fabric VB). Traces of 10YR 8/ 2 (Very Pale Brown) slip on interior (!) surface. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Moderately well levigated clay with white grit averaging 1-2 mm, and straw/chaff casts 2-7 mm. Core and surfaces: 7.5YR 5/4 (Brown). Very well levigated clay with occasional white and gray grit c. 1 mm. Fabric be? tween 2.5YR 616 (Light Red) and 5/8 (Red). Slip(?) out and over rim (in): 10YR 8/4 (Very Pale Brown). Import. See below no. 12.

6 7 8 9

Jug/Hydria Stew pot Stew pot Amphora

Hiatus C Hiatus C Hiatus C Hiatus C

49136 49136 49136 49136

N.I.491.122 N.I.491.127 N.I.491.48 N.I.491.111

1868 1869 206 1460

10

Amphora

Hiatus C

49136

N.I.491.124

1792

11

Amphora

Hiatus C

49136

N.I.491.134

3078

Very well levigated clay with slight trace of temper: white grit to 1 mm. Fabric: 2.5YR 6/8 (Light Red)-5/8 (Red). Slipped in/out: 10YR 8/3-8/4 (Very Pale Brown). Import. Redraw of no. 10 after joins were made.

12

Amphora

Hiatus C

49136

N.I.491.124

1792

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

221

Ocm

10

Fig.

6.36

222

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.37.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. Field no.

Hiatus

C and Phase 9A.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB). Burnish marks on interior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA). Burnish marks on interior.

Jug

Hiatus C

49033

N.I.490.113

27

Very well levigated clay with sand-size white grit and micaceous inclusions. Fabric: c. 2.5YR 616 (Light Red). Slipped in/out: 2.5Y 8/2 (White)-8/4 (Pale Yellow). Moderately well levigated clay with white grit to 1 mm and occasionally to 2 mm, straw casts to 3 mm, and sand-size micaceous inclusions. Thick, light gray core; thin sandwich of fabric c. 2.5YR 5/6 (Red) below exterior surface. Interior surface gray as core. Very abraded slip c. 2.5Y 8/2 (White). Well levigated clay with fine straw casts, sand-size mi? caceous inclusions, and occasional white grit c. 1 mm. Core/fabric: 5YR 5/6-4/6 (Yellowish Red). Slip in: c. 5YR 4/4 (Reddish Brown); out: traces of thin c. 10YR 8/2 (White) slip, but very splotchy, most of surface is c. 5YR 5/4 (Reddish Brown). Moderately well levigated clay with sand-size white grit occasionally to 1 mm, sand-size micaceous inclu? sions, and fine straw casts to 2 mm (in slip also). Core: 3 mm 5YR 5/6 (Yellowish Red). Fabric/sandwich: 7.5YR 5/6-4/6 (Strong Brown). Slip in: c. 2.5YR 5/4 (Reddish Brown); out: mottled 2.5YR 5/4 (Red? dish Brown)-5/6 (Red). Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB), but rim fired toward weak red. Delta silt (Fabric I). Stance uncertain. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Moderately well levigated clay with sand-sized mica? ceous inclusions, white and gray grit to c. 1 mm, and straw casts to 3 mm. Fabric: 5YR 5/3-4/3 (Reddish Brown) with core of 10R 4/4 (Red). Traces of slip/ wash 10YR 8/2 (White) on exterior; Plain interior.

Amphora

Hiatus C

49033

N.I.490.116

40

Amphora

Hiatus C

49033

N.I.490.121

42

Amphora

Hiatus C

49033

N.I.490.113

23

20

Amphora

NW9A

49148

N.I.491.98

1058

Moderately well levigated clay with white grit to 1 mm and straw csists to 3 mm. Core: dark gray throughout. Surfaces vary from 10R 6/8 (Red)-5/8 (Red).

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

223

1 y

\ 0cm ^V 10 16 \ 10

11

J 17

18 12

^\

13

19

/ 14

20 15 Fig. T 6.37

224

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.38.

Pottery from Pottery bag no.

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field

Phase 9.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Well levigated clay with sand-sized micaceous inclusions and fine straw casts. Fabric and in? terior surface: 2.5YR 6/6-6/8 (Light Red). Exterior surface and bottom: slipped(?) 2.5Y 8/2 (White) with small areas approaching color of fabric. Import?

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

225

KL7

20

/ 22

23

w Ocm 10 24 Fig. 6.38

226

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.39.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Phase 9A.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

227

c s

Ocm

10

e F 11

\ 12

<

13

14 s= Y 10 Fig. 6.39 T

228

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.40.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no. 3388 3577

Phase 9.

No. 1 2

Shape Amphora Amphora

Phase NW9 NW9

Locus 49017 49017

Pottery bag no. N.I.490.83 N.L490.75

Description Delta silt (Fabric II with chaff (c. 2-5 mm) tempering) Poorly levigated clay with white grit (1-2 mm) and straw (3 mm-1 cm). Core/fab? ric: 5YR 5/6-5/8 (Yellowish Red). Slip out: 5YR 5/3 (Reddish Brown); in: as out, but wiped(?) with streaky 5YR 4/2 (Dark Reddish Gray). Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric IIC). Traces of burnish? ing on interior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric I) Well levigated clay with white grit c. 1 mm. Core: c. 2.5YR 616 (Light Red). Slip in/ out: 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown). Import. Delta silt (Fabric I) Coarse marl (Fabric IVC). Gray core. Chaff much finer (c. 1-2 mm) than normal. Much less chaff in slip. Traces of hor? izontal burnishing on exterior.

15

Jar

NW9

49017

N.I.490.92

3914

Delta silt (Fabric I) with 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown) slip in/out. Band of c. 7.5R 4/4 (Weak Red) "painted" on exterior below rim. Terra nigra, unslipped (Fabric IID) Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) but exterior is mottled as Fabric IIC. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II), with added chaff (c. 2-4 mm) temper. Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized micaceous inclusions and white grit averaging 1 mm. Fabric: 10R 5/6 (Red). Slip in/out: 2.5YR 6/8 (Light Red).

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Jug/Bowl Jug/Bowl Bowl Saucer/Lid Cook pot/Jar Cook pot Amphora Amphora

NW9 NW9 NW9 NW9 NW9 NW9 NW9 NW9

49017 49017 49017 49017 49017 49017 49017 49017

N.I.490.63 N.I.490.80 N.I.490.53 N.I.490.92 N.I.490.92 N.I.490.83 N.I.490.83 N.I.490.92

2068 3645 3206 3912 3907 3382 3391 3910

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

229

J 10

[ H

^ 12 f= 13 Ocm 10 I ^

^ 15

16

17

7 18

19

T 20

7 21

1 22 r

^1 23

Fig.

6.40

230

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.41.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Pottery bag no. N.I.490.92 N.I.490.54 Field no. 3918 3170

Phases 9, 9A and Hiatus

C.

No. 1 2

Shape Bowl

Phase NW9 NW9

Locus 49017 49017

Description Black "glaze" in/out. Fabric Pink. Stance un? certain. Import? Well levigated clay with sand-sized micaceous inclusions and white grit to 1 mm. Core/ interior surface: 5YR 5/4 (Reddish Brown). Exterior slip: 5YR 716 (Reddish Yellow).

Basin/Jar

3 4

Juglet? Amphora

NW9 NW9

49017 49017

N.I.490.92 N.I.490.56

3917 3791

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Moderately well levigated clay with white and pink grit to 1 mm and 2-3 mm straw casts. Black core. Fabric: 5YR 614 (Light Reddish Brown)-6/6 (Reddish Yellow). Slip: c. 5YR 5/3 (Reddish Brown).

Amphora

NW9

49017

N.I.490.80

3647

Moderately well levigated clay with sand-sized micaceous inclusions and sand-sized to 1 mm white grit. Core/interior surface: 5YR 5/6 (Yellowish Red). Exterior traces of thick but fugitive slip c. 2.5YR 616 (Light Red).

Body sherd

NW9

49017

N.I.490.48

1922

Well levigated clay with sand-sized white grit. Fabric and surfaces: 5YR 7/6-7/8 (Reddish Yellow). Exterior decorated with "bands" of 7.5R 5/6-4/6 No. 7? (Red) "paint." Same vessel as

Body sherd

NW9

49017

N.I.490.26

1439

Well levigated clay with numerous sand-sized white grit. Fabric and both surfaces: 5YR 7167/8 (Reddish Yellow). Exterior decorated with splotchy 7.5R 5/6-4/6 vessel as No. 6? Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Terra nigra, slipped (shiny-lusterous) Gray-brown fabric. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) in/out. (Red) "paint." Same

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

231

\Jr

16 10 17 11

12 18

13

CT

19

14

r 20 7

15 Fig.

0cm 6.41

232

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.42.

Pottery from Pottery bag no.

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phase 9A.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA). Stance uncer? tain, here reconstructed as an open form. Cf. no. 14 below. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt (Fabric I) Handmade (Fabric VB). Trace of thin, 10YR 8/2 (White) slip on exterior. Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) with 10YR 8/3-8/4 (Very Pale Brown) slip on exterior and bottom. Delta silt (Fabric I) Terra nigra, slipped out. Core and interior surface of Dark Gray. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA). Stance uncer? as a closed form. tain, here reconstructed Cf. also no. 1 above. Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) (Fired Black Inside) Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA). Fired(?) as Fabric IIA on exterior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

233

Ocm >

10

b 12

13

f U

18

r r 15 19

\ 16

20

21

1 17 Fig. 6.42 22

234

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.43.

Pottery from Pottery bag no.

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phase

10.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric burning on exterior. Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) but color variegated firing. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric II) in IA). Secondary

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

235

BZ 0 1CM

16

r 17 Fig. 6.43

236

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.44. No. Shape Phase Locus

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field)

Phase 9. Description

Pottery bag no.

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Terra nigra, unslipped (Fabric IID) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

237

) J

10 ^

11

12

13

Ocm

10

14

15

17

16

18

19

Fig.

6.44

238

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.45.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phase

10A.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I). Irregular profile. Coarse marl (Fabric IVA) Well levigated clay with occasional sandsized to 1 mm grit. Fabric: 2.5YR 5/8 (Red). Slip: exterior and dripped on in rim 7.5YR 716 (Reddish Yellow) and stripe of fabric color on exterior. Import? Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric III) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric IIC) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Coarse marl (Fabric IVA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Brown ware with 5YR Mineral-tempered 8/4 (Pink) slip in/out. 2 bands of paint c.

18

Jar

NW10

49005

N.I.490.74

3893

2.5YR 614 (Light Reddish Brown). Mineral-tempered Brown ware. Thick slip out 5YR 8/4 (Pink). Burnished areas: c. 5YR 5/4 (Reddish Brown). Delta silt (Fabric I)

19

Basin

NW10

49005

N.I.490.72

3252

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

239

<ZL \ n*

I 0 1CM 5 10

11

J J 15 1

12

/ 16 \

13

17

14

19

Fig.

6.45

240

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.46.

Pottery from Pottery bag no. N.I.490.21

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no. 1213

Phase

10.

No. 1

Shape Amphora

Phase NW10

Locus 49005

Description Well levigated clay with white grit 1 -2 mm. Fabric/interior slip: c. 7.5YR 716 (Reddish Yellow). Exterior slip (thin): 7.5YR 8/2 (Pink). Import. (Pinkish White)-8/4 Moderately well levigated clay with white grit to 1 mm and chaff 2-3 mm. Fabric: 5YR 5/4 (Reddish Brown). Exterior slip: c. 5YR 6/4 (Light Reddish Brown). Local amphora. Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1-2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior.

Amphora

NW10

49005

N.I.490.74

3892

Amphora

NW10

49005

N.I.490.74

3894

NW10 NW10 NW10 NW10 NW10 NW10

49005 49005 49005 49005 49005 49005

N.I.490.72 N.I.490.21 N.I.490.21 N.I.490.72 N.I.490.79 N.I.490.72

3247 1215 1214 3249 4024 3250

Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I), with slip interior: 10YR 8/2 (White); out: 7.5YR 8/4 (Pink). Red ware with slip out Mineral-tempered and bottom: 5YR 8/4 (Pink)-(where thick) 716 (Reddish Yellow). Very well levigated clay with sand-sized mi? caceous inclusions and white grit. Core: c. 5YR 716 (Reddish Yellow). Slip in/out: 5Y 8/3-8/4 (Pale Yellow). Import? Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Terra nigra, slipped in/out. Core: 10YR4/2 (Dark Grayish Brown). Import? Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Fabric as 1006 (Fig. 6.21.3) but with 10YR 8/3-8/4 (Very Pale Brown) Slip. Delta silt (Fabric I)

NW10

49002

N.I.490.43

1901

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Jar Amphora Bowl Bowl Jar Amphora Bowl/Jug

NW10 NW10 NW10 NW10 NW10 NW10 NW10

49002 49002 49002 49002 49002 49002 49002

N.I.490.22 N.I.490.44 N.I.490.27 N.I.490.52 N.I.490.23 N.I.490.43 N.I.490.43

1231 1588 1483 3786 1224 1900 1899

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

241

m 0 1 CM

12

10 13 /

x/?or

ii

L?o>

14

15

^ xy 16 Fig. 6.46 17

242

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.47.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phase

10.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description lt, slipped (Fabric IA) lt (Fabric II) lt (Fabric I) lt (Fabric I) lt (Fabric I) lt, slipped (Fabric IA) lt, slipped (Fabric IA) lt, slipped (Fabric IA) lt (Fabric II) lt (Fabric I) Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1-2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 2 mm, straw and chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior.

15

Amphora?

NW10

49130

N.I.491.43

166

Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1-2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip, Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and traces of 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown) slip on exterior.

16 17

Jug Amphora

NW10 NW10

49130 49130

N.I.491.97 N.I.491.43

1286 165

Fabric I variant. Mineral-tempered ware with White Slip in/out.

Red

Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1-2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped with weak red wash on interior and exterior.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

243

z> j

) /

10

11

*-Ji?j *?i 0 1CM

>?? i?i 5

^?>

12

7) 13 t

iJTP

16 17

Fig.

6.47

244

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.48.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Phase

10.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

245

"L X

* 7 j

^ 7

10

11

12

0 1CM

10

c 13

15 14 I

16

17

\A 18 Fig. 6.48

19

246

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.49.

Pottery from

Kom Ge 'if Northwest Field no.

Phase

10.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Handmade coarse (Fabric VB)

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Black glaze in/out, exterior fired to silver in (Reddish Yel? places. Fabric: 5YR 7/6-7/8 low) . Band of white "paint" below rim in/ out as illustrated. Import? 8 9 10 11 Jar Stew pot Jug/Hydria Amphora(?) NW10 NW10 NW10 NW10 49101 49101 49101 49101 N.I.491.80 N.I.491.40 N.I.491.96 N.I.491.45 771 182 1240 186 Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Poorly levigated clay. White grit c. 1-2 mm, straw/chaff casts c. 5-10 mm. Straw in slip. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior. 12 13 14 15 Bowl Bowl/Jug Bowl Bowl NW10 NW10 NW10 NW10 49101 49101 49026 49101 N.I.491.75 N.I.491.80 N.I.490.101 N.I.491.40 705 772 4152 181 Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric II)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

247

XI

I c r ?

0 1CM

10

fi

14

12

\ 13

Fig.

6.49

248

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.50.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Phase

10.

Description Delta silt (Fabric I) Terra nigra, unslipped Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I). Exterior base fired gray. Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Well levigated clay with white grit sand-sized to 1 mm and occasional fine straw casts. Fab? ric: c. 7.5YR 7/6-6/6 (Reddish Yellow). Slip interior: 7.5YR 7/6 (Reddish Yellow); exterior and interior over rim: 7.5YR 8/2 (Pinkish White)-8/4 (Pink). Painted band 10R 5/84/8 (Red). Import. Moderately well levigated clay with sand-sized white grit and micaceous inclusions and straw/chaff 3-5 mm. Fabric: 2.5YR 5/4-4/4 (Reddish Brown). Slip in/out: between 5YR 6/3 (Light Reddish Brown). Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Brown)-5/3 (Reddish (Fabric IID)

18

Amphora

NW10

49001

N.I.490.14

1277

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

249

7 ED 0 1CM

10

11

T 12 V I* 13

14

15

16

17

7 19

20

18 21 Fig. 6.50 X

250

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.51.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest Field no.

Phase

10.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) (Secondarily fired black inside). Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I). String-cut base. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB variant, in? terior slip mottled between orange and weak red).

Bowl

NW10

49156

N.I.490.177

64

Terra nigra, slipped lustrous in/out. Gray core to 3 mm. Exterior fired to light graybrown in places. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I), but splotches of orange and weak red. Delta silt (Fabric II). Rim warped. Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I). Delta silt (Fabric I). Sherd abraded. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric I). Spiral (fingernail?) incision on exterior. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Coarse marl (Fabric IV)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

251

<

7 11

V> 13

14

15

^-^ I?I I?t 0 1CM

l?i 5

i?i -R

,n

H-

L~a<~aJ 16 17 Fig. 6.51 18

252

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.52.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Phase

10.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

253

s 7

1*3 13

\ 10 7

7 16

11 Fig. 6.52

0cm

10

254

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.53.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Phase

10.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

255

"<,

"f

c Ocm 10 1

J y

N=W 13

10

Y H

15

J 11 12 16

"^S" 1 17 19 Fig. 6.53 18

256

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.54.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if Northwest

Phase

10.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

257

J 7 10 I

7 )

; /

13

S H

^ 15

X 16 17

19

j-r Ocm 18

10 20

Fig.

6.54

258

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.55.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if North Pottery bag no. Field no.

Phases

1 and 2.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IC) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Coarse marl (Fabric IVC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II) Coarse marl (Fabric IVC) Very well levigated clay with sand-sized white grit occasionally to 1 mm. Core (c. 2 mm): 10R 4/8-5/8 (Red), sandwiched with 5YR 5/6 (Yellowish Red). Traces of 10YR 8/2 (White) leaving surface 5YR7/4 (Pink). Interior slipped(?) 5YR6/ 6 (Reddish Yellow)-5/6 (Yellowish Red). Fabric IVA. Chaff-tempered Brown ware. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA, bands of Weak Red "paint" on exterior). Fabric as #1010 (no. 20) with c. 7 mm red core.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

259

Ocm

10

L s 1 11

1 12 7

\ 7 13

14

7 15

r 16

7 17

t 18

19

h 21 20 Fig. 6.55 22

I 23

260

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.56.

Pottery from Pottery bag no.

Kom Ge'if North Field no.

Phase 2.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVA) Very well levigated clay with no signs of temper. Fabric: 5YR 7/2 (Pinkish Gray) Lustrous black "glaze" in/out. Import? Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IVC) Handmade (Fabric VB, coarse). Fired through dark gray in/out. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) 6/6-6/8 Delta silt, slipped (Fabric I variant, 2.5YR (Light Red) slip. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric IA, burnished) Delta silt (Fabric III) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric II) Extremely well levigated clay. No trace of temper. Fabric: c. 2.5YR 616 (Light Red). Interior, as fabric; exterior, lustrous black glaze. Import, West Slope Style.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

261

Ocm

Q S

c f 7 K

7 < A \ / 23

f 4 2U

t_ 20 25

^1 26

=9 22 I 27

C I 28

Fig.

6.56

262

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.57.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if North Field no.

Phase 2.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description

\7 # 12

13

1 14 V///////////A f 7 10 ? 7 11 15 V 16 \

7 17

?i 18 21

Q 4? 19 22

N 27 Fig. 28 6.57

264

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.58.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if North

Phase 2.

Interior slip: c. 7.5YR 716 (Reddish Yellow). Exterior slip (thin): 7.5YR 8/2 (Pinkish White)-8/4 (Pink). Import. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric I)A Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Delta silt (Fabric I) Smooth marl (Fabric X) Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Smooth marl (Fabric X) Smooth marl (Fabric X)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

265

Ocm

10

i 7

1 l 20

7 7 \

22 7 23

Fig.

6.58

266

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.59.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if North Field no.

Phase 2.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Pottery bag no.

Description Coarse ware (Fabric VB) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Very well levigated clay. No trace of temper. Fabric/core varigated 7.5YR 714 (Pink) through 7/6-7/8 (Reddish Yellow). Lusterous Black glaze in/out. Import? Delta silt (Fabric I) Moderately well levigated clay. White grit c. 1-2 mm, straw casts c. 2-5 mm. Dark gray fabric/core, slipped 5YR 5/4 (Brown) on interior and c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Dark Brown) on exterior.

7 8

Bowl/Dish-lid Amphora?

foot

N2 N2

31514 31514

N.I.315.49 N.I.315.33

485 473

9 10 11 12

Bread disc? Body sherd Body sherd Body sherd

N2 N2 N2 N2

31514 31514 31514 31514

N.I.315.60 N.I.315.62 N.I.315.62 N.I.315.60

475 489 399 398

Coarse ware (Fabric VB) Fabric IXA. White Gritty-slipped ware. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB, slip in horizontals bands). Delta silt, slipped (Fabric I B), with hor? izontal band of slightly darker slip on interior. Handmade (Fabric VA)

13 14

Perforated Bowl/Basin Body sherd

N2 N2

31514 31514

N.I.315.80 N.I.315.80

437 486

Very well levigated clay. No visible tem? per. Fabric/core: c. 7.5YR 716 (Reddish Yellow). Interior as fabric, exterior cov? ered with lustrous black glaze. Import. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric I A) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVA) Handmade (Fabric VA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric I A) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric I B) Delta silt (Fabric I ) Coarse marl (Fabric IV)

22

Jug

Coarse marl (Fabric IV)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

267

=\

L?

A-hQ t I Ocm 10

T 20

1 Tl

22

Fig.

6.59

268

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.60.

Pottery from Pottery bag no. N.I.315.18

Kom Ge'if North Field no. 271

Phases and 3.

No. 1

Shape Jug handle

Phasi N3

Locus 31508

Description Very well levigated clay with occasional sand-sized white grit and micaceous inclu? sions. Fabric: 5YR 716-6/6 (Reddish Yel? . Black "glaze" in/out lustrous to silver. low) Import. Extremely well levigated clay with occa? sional sand-sized micaceous inclusions and very fine straw casts. Fabric: 5YR 616 (Red? dish Yellow). Black in/out, dull to shiny. sherd abraded all surfaces. Import. Coarse ware (Fabric VB) with 5YR 616 (Reddish Yellow) slip in/out. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta slit, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Coarse marl (Fabric IV). Very fine. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric I A) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA)

Krater?

N3

31621

N.I.316.38

644

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

269

Ocm T=

T%

"^

?>

11

e 10

1 12

13

14

1 15

7 16 17

7 20

/ 18 Fig. 19

7 21

6.60

270

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.61.

Pottery from Pottery bag no.

Kom Ge'if North Field no.

Phase 3.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Smooth marl (Fabric IXB) White slip mottled pink. Coarse ware (Fabric VA) Coarse ware (Fabric VA) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVB) Moderately well levigated clay with white grit sand-sized to 2 mm. Core: varies 10YR 7/3-8/3 (Very Pale Brown). Sand? wich: 5YR 6/4 (Light Reddish Brown). Thin slip out: 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown); in: unslipped(?), color as sandwich. Import? Amphora rim? Smooth marl (Fabric X) Smooth marl (Fabric X) Smooth marl (Fabric X) Delta silt (Fabric II) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC, Interior: plain. Exterior: red slip horizontally brushed). Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IID) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVB) Mineral-tempered ware with white/pink slip but here streaky in/out. Note section?similarities with some local amphora necks. Core (c. 2 mm): c. 10R4/8 (Red). Sandwich: 7.5YR 5/6-4/6 (Strong Brown). Streaky slip?where thick: 10YR 8/3-8/4 (Very Pale Brown). Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Smooth marl, slipped (Fabric IXA) Extremely well levigated clay with occasional sand-sized white grit. Fabric: 5YR 7/4 (Pink). Slip out: c. 2.5Y 8/2 (White); interior: unslipped(?), color as fabric. Import. Smooth marl, slipped (Fabric IXA) Delta silt (Fabric I), with bands of 7.5R 5/2-4/2 "paint" on exterior. Smooth marl, slipped (Fabric X) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Smooth marl, slipped (Fabric X) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC with Horizontal Burnish) Extremely well levigated clay. No trace of temper. Fabric: 7.5YR 6/6-6/8 (Reddish Yellow). Brown "glaze" out c. 5YR 5/6 (Yellowish Red). Import. Delta silt (Fabric I) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Very well levigated clay sand-sized white and red grit and sand-sized to (rarely) 1 mm micaceous inclusions. Fabric: 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown). Slip out only: 5YR 6/6-6/8 (Reddish Yellow). Import? Very well levigated clay with occasional sand-sized white and red grit, sand-sized micaceous inclusions, and some fine straw casts. (Unslipped?) surfaces: c. 5YR 6/6-6/8 (Reddish Yel? low). (Weak Red)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

271

r=nr

0 cm

( i 22

7 20

7 23 7 T Ik TT7 25 I

26 1 28 27 Fig. 6.61 \ 29 l 30

272

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.62.

Pottery from Pottery bag no.

Kom Ge'if North Field no.

Phase 3.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Handmade (Fabric VA) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Handmade (Fabric VA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Smooth marl, slipped (Fabric X) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Very well levigated clay with occasional sand-sized white grit and fine straw casts. Core: 10YR 6/2 (Light Brownish Gray). Sandwich below exterior surface: 10YR 714 (Very Pale Brown). Slip in/out: 10YR 8/4 (Very Pale Brown). Secondarily fired to light gray. Import? Amphora?

12

Amphora

N3

31608

N.I.316.18

403

13

Table amphora?

N3

31608

N.I.316.24

453

Very well levigated clay. Occasional sand-sized white grit and micaceous inclusions fabric/core 2.5YR 616 (Light red). 10YR 8/3 (Very pale Brown) slip in/out. Import. Very well levigated clay with occasional sand-sized white grit and micaceous inclusions. Fabric: 7.5YR 5/6 (Strong Brown). Slip in/out: 1OYR8/4-7/4 (Very Pale Brown). Paint out rim and over rim in: 10R 5/8 (Red). Import? Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Moderately well levigated clay with frequent white grit to 1 mm and straw casts to 2 mm. Fabric: 2.5Y 8/4 (Pale Yellow). Below exterior of surface is 2 mm of 5YR 616 (Reddish Yellow). Slip in/out: 2.5Y 8/2 (White). Import? Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Fabric IXA. White Gritty-slipped ware Coarse ware (Fabric VB) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) No field description available Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IV variant). Slip exterior/ interior rim: c. 7.5R 4/4 (Weak Red). Slip interior: c. 2.5YR 6/4 (Light Reddish Brown). Drop of other slip(?) on exterior: 1OYR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown).

14 15 16

Jug Jug Jar

24

Jar

N3

31608

N.I.316.59

928

25

Stew pot

N3

31608

N.I.316.25

844

Well levigated clay with sand-sized white grit and rarelywhite and red grit c. 1 mm. Core/fabric: 5YR 716-616 (Reddish Yellow). Slip in/out: between 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown) and 2.5Y (Pale Yellow). Import? Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

273

^^ 7

^^1

^T I =r T

f t Ocm r

20

22

23

l 24 Fig. 6.62

25

274

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.63.

Pottery from Pottery bag no.

Kom Ge'if North Field no.

Phase 3.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Coarse ware (Fabric VB) Coarse ware (Fabric VB) with traces of abraded slip out: 10YR 8/4 (Very Pale Brown)-7.5YR 8/4 (Pink). Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Delta silt (Fabric I) Caorse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) with traces of burnishing in/out. Coarse marl (Fabric IV, but very coarse) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVB) Moderately well levigated clay. Gritty fabric with frequent sand-sized white grit and occasional sand-sized micaceous inclusions. Fabric: 5YR 614 (Light Reddish Brown). Thin sandwich: 5YR 6/6 (Reddish Yellow). Surfaces: 5YR 7/3714 (Pink). Very well levigated clay with white grit c. 1 mm and fine straw casts. Fabric: 7.5YR 6/6 (Reddish Yellow). Surfaces: 7.5YR 8/4-7/4 (Pink). Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Coarse marl (Fabric IV)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

275

"V

l Ocm

( T f X

c J

t t

Fig.

6.63

276

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.64.

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if North Field no. 848 267 773 293 458 806

Phase 3.

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Shape Bowl/Basin Bowl Jar/Cooking Jar Bowl bottom Jug foot pot?

Phase N3 N3 N3 N3 N3 N3

Locus 31608 31608 31608 31608 31608 31608

Pottery baz no. N.I.316.53 N.I.316.09 N.I.316.42 N.I.316.14 N.I.316.24 N.I.316.49

Description Coarse ware (Fabric VB) mottled gray. Handmade (Fabric VA) pink and

Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Delta silt (Fabric I) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IV-IVA, mottled pink and brown. Interior fired dark gray). Smooth core). Delta silt (Fabric I, with 10YR 8/2 (White)8/3 (Very Pale Brown) slip(?) on exterior only. Delta silt (Fabric I, white to pink slip(?) in/ out). Smooth marl, slippedFabric IXA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Exceptionally well levigated clay with occa? sional sand-sized micaceous inclusions. Fab? ric: 7.5YR 716 (Reddish Yellow) fired to 7/4 (Pink) just below exterior surface. Black glaze shiny to lustrous. Bottom: (Red) band. Import. 7.5YR 4/6-4/8 marl, slipped (Fabric IXA with buff

Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Smooth marl, slipped (Fabric IXA) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Extremely well levigated clay with infrequent sand-sized micaceous inclusions and rarely sand-sized white grit. Fabric: 5YR 614 (Light Reddish Brown) to 616 (Reddish Yellow). Black "glaze," shiny to lustrous. Import. Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt (Fabric I) Extremely well levigated clay with occasional sand-sized white grit. Fabric: 7.5YR 7/6 (Red? dish Yellow). Thin white slip turns surfaces C.7.5YR8/4 (Pink). Import. Delta silt (Fabric I) Fabric X. Pink slipped ware

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

277

*3-

i-e20

UJ ) ) 22

\-l-t

13

23

24 nI^

/N Ocm 10 25

Fig.

6.64

278

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.65.

Pottery from Pottery bag no. N.I.316.31 N.I.316.34 N.I.316.34

Kom Ge'if North Field no. 549 616 615

Phase 3.

No. 1 2 3 Jar

Shape

Phase

Locus 31615 31615 31615

Description Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Well levigated clay with frequent red grit sand-sized to 1 mm and sand-sized micaceous inclusions. Fabric: 5YR 7/6-7/8 (Reddish Yellow). Slip in/out: c. 7.5YR 8/6 (Reddish Yellow). Import. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Very well levigated clay with sand-sized white grit and micaceous inclusions. Fabric: be? tween 2.5YR 5/8 (Red)-6/8 (Reddish Yel? low). Slip: 10YR 8/3-8/4 (Pink). Import. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Extremely well levigated clay. No trace of temper. Fabric: between 2.5YR 6/8 (Light Red)-5/8 (Red). Surfaces: 5YR7/6 (Reddish Yellow). Import. Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric II variant with Gray Core and weak red stripe on exterior). Coarse ware (Fabric VB) Exceptionally well levigated clay with infre? quent sand-sized white grit and very fine straw casts. Fabric: 10YR 7/3 (Very Pale Brown). Slip in/out: 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown).

Jar/Jug Jar

4 5

Jar Juglet

31615 31615

N.I.316.31 N.I.316.32

550 570

6 7

Jug Jar

31615 31615

N.I.316.32 N.I.316.34

574 613

14

Jar

N3

31619

N.I.316.61

889

Import? Extremely well levigated clay with occasional sand-sized white grit and micaceous inclu? sions and rarely sand-sized red grit. Fabric: 5YR 6/6-6/8 (Reddish Yellow). Surfaces: slipped(?) 5YR 7/6 (Reddish Yellow). Import. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt (Fabric II) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIC) Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Handmade (Fabric VA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

279

?t

1 t I

?\ r

15 20 y

Ocm

f 22

23

24

25 Fig. 6.65

280

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.66. No. 1 Shape Moldedbowl Phase N5

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if North Field no. 187

Phases and 5. Description Very well levigated clay with occasional sand-sized white grit and micaceous inclusions. Fabric: 5YR 6/8 (Reddish Yellow). Sandwich: 7.5YR 7/6 (Reddish Yellow). Black "glaze," lustrous in/out. Import. Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA). Stance is correct. Delta silt (Fabric I) Fabric IVD. Chaff-tempered Black ware. Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IID) Very well levigated clay with occasional sand-sized white grit. Fabric/core: 5YR 714 (Pink)-7/6 (Reddish Yellow). Slip in/out: between 10YR 8/4 (Very Pale (Pale Yellow). Import? Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Hori? zontal burnish. Brown)-2.5Y8/4 Fabric VA. Smooth Slipped Coarse ware. Secondary burning. Fabric I. Mineral-tempered with 5YR 8/3-7/3 Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Coarse marl (Fabric IV) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVA) Delta silt (Fabric I variant with 10YR (Pink) Slip in/out) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVB) 8/2 (White)-5YR8/3 Red ware

Locus 31501

Pottery bag no. N.I.315.01

(Pink) Slip out only.

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

281

12 C

13

^^)

I 7 15 y y 16 7 d 7" 17

18 10

l 11 HM M 0 1 cm M 5 M M 10 Fig. 6.66 s=

19

20

282

Andrea M. Berlin

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54

Fig. 6.67.

Pottery from Pottery bag no.

Kom Ge'if North Field

Phase 5.

No.

Shape

Phase

Locus

Description Delta silt (Fabric 10 Handamde (Fabric VA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Delta silt (Fabric I) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Coarse marl, slipped (Fabric IVC) Delta silt (Fabric I) Secondary in/out. burning

Extremely well levigated clay with occa? sional sand-sized white and red grit, mica? ceous inclusions, and fine straw casts. Fabric: between 5YR 716-616 (Reddish Yellow). Slip in/out: where thick?10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown); where thin? c. 7.5YR8/4 (Pink). Import. 10 Amphora N5 31601 N.I.316.38 598 Very well levigated clay with sand-sized micaceous inclusions and sand-sized to occasionally 1 mm white grit. Fabric/core: 2.5YR 6/6 (Light Red)-5/6 (Red). Sand? c. 5YR 6/5-6/6 wich: (Reddish Yellow). (Very Pale Slip in/out: 10YR 8/3-8/4 11 Jug N5 31601 N.I.316.38 602 Brown). Import. Amphora rim. Moderately well levigated clay with white and gray grit to 1 mm and straw casts to 3 mm in slip that also break surfaces. Core (thick): 10R 5/8-4/8 (Red). Thin sandwich: 7.5YR 5/6 (Strong Brown). Surfaces: c. 7.5YR 7/6 (Reddish Yellow). Import? 12 Jug/Jar N5 31601 N.I.316.40 693 Moderately well levigated clay with sandsized micaceous inclusions and white grit sand-sized to occasionally 1 mm. Core (c. 1 mm): 10R4/8 (Red). Fabric: 5YR 5/4 (Reddish Brown)-5/6 (Yellowish Red). Surfaces: slipped(?) 5YR 7/6-6/6 (Reddish Yellow). 13 14 15 Jug Jug/Jar Jar N5 N5 N5 31601 31601 31601 N.I.316.02 N.I.316.16 N.I.316.16 200 369 365 Delta silt (Fabric I variant with white, pink slip, out only) Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Coarse marl (Fabric IV)

1998

The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

283

Ocm I ^

7*

r f

f^

Fig.

6.67

284

Andrea M. Berlin

AASOR

54

Fig. 6.68. No. Shape Phase Locus

Pottery from

Kom Ge'if North Field;

Phase 5. Description Delta silt (Fabric III) Delta silt (Fabric I)

Pottery bag no.

Fabric IXA. White Gritty-slipped ware. Well levigated clay with white and gray grit sand-sized to 1 mm light gray core. Fabric/ surfaces: 7.5YR 616 (Reddish Yellow). Very well levigated clay with infrequent sand-sized white grit, red grit to 1 mm, and very fine straw casts. Fabric: 5YR 7/4 (Pink)-7/6 (Reddish Yellow). Slip in/out: between 6 Juglet foot N5 31601 N.I.316.38 600 10YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown)2.5YR 8/4 (PaleYellow). Import? Extremely well levigated clay with occa? sional sand-sized grit and micaceous inclusions. Fabric: c. 5YR 8/4-7/4 (Pink). 8/3 Slip out: c. 2.5Y 8/2 (White)-IOYR (Very Pale Brown); interior: as fabric (plain?). Import? Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IIA) Well levigated clay. No temper. Core/ fabric: 10YR 8/4 (Very Pale Brown). Slip in/out: near 5Y 8/3 (Pale Yellow). Import.

Delta silt, slipped (Fabric IB) Well levigated clay with frequent white and gray grit c. 1 mm, red grit c. 1 mm and rarely to 2 mm, and sand-sized mica? ceous inclusions. Fabric: 5YR 616 (Red? dish Yellow). Slip (sandy/gritty): 2.5Y 8/2 11 12 Body sherd Juglet handle N5 N5 31601 31601 N.I.316.02 N.I.316.40 199 689 (White). Import? No fabric type assigned. Islamic/Modern? Very well levigated clay with sand-sized white and red grit to 1 mm. Core/fabric: between c. 2.5YR 616 (Light Red)-5YR 61 6 (Reddish Yellow). Slip: between 10YR 8/ 8/4 (Pale Yel? 3 (Very Pale Brown)-2.5Y 13 Perforated sherd N5 31601 N.I.316.16 370 low); slip is slightly gritty as Fabric IXA. Delta silt (Fabric I with slightly orange surface and some straw casts. Nos. 13 and 14 may be from the same vessel but did not join). Delta silt (Fabric I with slightly orange surface and some straw casts).

14

Perforated sherd

N5

31601

N.I.316.16

371

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The Pottery from the Northwest and North Areas

285

\]4

Ocm

Fig.

6.68

Chapter Miscellaneous

Seven

Material

Culture

Albert

Leonard,

Jr.

in the assemblage of material culture retrieved from the four seasons in the South Mound were the broken bits of pottery vessels that had been used to store, of excavation In addition, however, there were several other prepare and present the meals of its early inhabitants. both in terracotta and a variety of other materials faience, stone, and metal), items, (for example, The most common element that can help us to gain a better understanding These are presented of Naukratis. emporium crafted. Ceramic In addition this volume, other system Plaques ceramic to the large corpus of domestic and household pottery in the South Mound also produced terra-cotta excavation items that, because separately of their distinctiveness, of "material culture." were removed as items that is presented by Berlin in below of those who lived in, or passed through, the ancient to the material from which they were according

plaques, figurines, lamps, and from the normal recording

and treated

and Figurines

arts It appears that the Greeks at Naukratis began to utilize the local Nile clays in the coroplastic their settlement toward the end of the seventh century B.C. (Higgins soon after they had founded The earliest archaeological evidence for this practice is a series of Daedalic 1967: 56; 1969: 404). plaques It is assumed that in a hybrid style that mixed Rhodian and local Egyptian elements. of such figurines continued at Naukratis the fifth and fourth centuries B.C, but, production during in the absence of a sizeable corpus of well-dated examples, very little can be said about the develop? ment of the genre during that period (Higgins 1967: 93). It was after the cosmopolitan city of Alex? executed andria that the choroplasts' art can be seen to flourish in Egypt At first, the immigrant artisans in the new city had been forced to compete 1967: 129-33). (Higgins at Naukratis, "school" of terracotta figu? for sales with their counterparts but soon a true Alexandrian was founded however, rine production developed, from the cemeteries amples Naukratis became and Alexandria ex? one that can be clearly defined by the large number of well-preserved 200 B.C, of the ancient capital (Chatby and Hadra, for example). By have shared and figurine production had lost whatever exclusivity they may in 331 B.C,

the Ptolemaic of Egypt, especially at sites around the Faythroughout Kingdom in new workshops oum by an eclecticism produced figurines and plaques characterized an array of complex and distinctive motives appeared side-by-side which "Graeco-Egyptian" religious with a wide range of themes and characters that had been drawn from the Greek comic stage. Many widespread Oasis. These of these manufacturing Terracotta figurines, over four hundred 1899 alone. centers continued to be prolific and masks were some well into the Roman of the earliest Period. finds at the site of Naukratis,

plaques, of them being reported by Gutch (1898/99: of 67) from the spring campaign Our work at the site, however, was much less productive in this regard with a combined

286

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Material

Culture

287

total of fewer than two dozen Kom Hadid.3 of a plaque.

fragments

having

been retrieved

from the excavations

at Kom Ge'if

and

1. Fragments Locus 2020

Papposilenos(?) P.B. N.I.2.28

(pl. 7.1) MC#65 (278)

if this piece was originally intended Mold-made. Technique: Open back. It is difficult to determine to "clean up" plaque, and to emphasize to have a back. Hand-tooling some features (such as feet). Fabric: Well levigated Delta silt. Interior surface and fabric range from 7.5R 5/6 (Red) to to 5YR 5/3 (Reddish Brown) with c. 7.5YR 4/2 (Weak Red) white, gray and red grit, with frequent micaceous man's garment. Bearded male with long phallus, wearing long (to mid-calf) tunic, advancing on a douDescription: base. Left arm cradles an oval pot(?) against his hip and upper body, and he leans(?) ble (stepped) an architectural element (altar/shrine/herm?) to his left. A small animal (?) may be to his left against feature. The figure's right arm hangs to the side holding a below (and in front of) the architectural missing) phiale (? or animal?) in his hand. The head of the male is not preserved above the bridge of the nose. Adjacent to the right foot a piece of shrubbery possibly existed (now broken: compare the same area in no. 2, below, which is iconographically very similar to this piece). Maximum preserved H. c. 17.2 cm, W. c. 10.2 cm. (broken and now century B.C. The stance and action(s) of the figure are Discussion and Possible Papposilenos(?). Comparanda: A similar scene appears on a plaque depicting an older, offering-bearer with a long difficult to interpret, nos. 1134, 1135, Taf. 189); on a bearded figure 1989: 301-2, phallus carrying a round pot (Schurmann Date: 3rd-2nd identified as Herakles (Laumonier 1956: 132, no. 353); ror (Bell 1981: 189, no. 482, the stance and even a standing woman with phiale or mir? of the figure on the Naukratis plaque is core. Tempered with fine (sand-size to 1 mm) of similar size. Traces of white paint on inclusions

pl. 93). Interestingly, quite similar to the Lysippan (Type B) portrait statue of Socrates, a marble copy of which once stood on in Alexandria (Stewart 1990: 188, pl. 558; cf. Also Ridgeway 1990: 79-80, pl. 39). Observations Socrates' satyr-like features have been made since the time of Plato, Pliny and Xenephon (Beiber 1961: 45 for references), be seen on several and these same facial characteristics, masks or figurines representing have been figurines from Morgantina complete the comedic with a "double theatre (Bieber corkscrew" 1961b: 94,

beard, can

as Papposilenos At least eight such interpeted character in such plays (Bell 1981: 68, nos. 754-763, 119). Later, although probably drawing pl. quent of Naukratis described the number of satyrs sources, Athenaios upon third century B.C. Alexandrian and sileni that frolicked in the luxurious procession

fig. 331). who was a fre?

of Ptolemy (Ridgway 1990: 320). The elongated The attributes of the figure are especially confusing. phallus, although distinctive, and Harpocrates, as well as in the would certainly be at home among the worshipers of Isis-Aphrodite in the Ptolemaic minor arts. The figure appears to "fertility" scenes that are predominant el? cradle a jar against his side with his left hand, possibly bracing his left elbow on the architectural ement below. This vessel does not appear to be a standard-shaped amphora (with its body tapering to a point) often carried against the left side by many characters in the Ptolemaic coroplastic reper? numerous rim. Possibilities for the object car? perhaps with outsplayed ried in the right hand include a phiale, as carried at the right side by an elderly, bearded man with his left hand on his hip (Birmingham Museum 1968: 18. no. 42, pl. 6). toire, but a smaller, more ovoid vessel, the identity of the figure and the task in which he is engaged Although in a cultic setting is offered here. as Papposilenos tative identification are less than certain, a ten-

288

Albert Leonard, Jr.

AASOR

54

2. Fragments Locus 2020

of a plaque Mold-made.

(pl. 7.2) P.B.N.I.2.36 Open back. It is difficult

MC#65a

(277)

Technique: to have a back.

to determine

to "clean up" plaque, Hand-tooling has been added to the "shrubbery" in the foreground. punctate pattern Fabric: Well levigated Delta silt. Interior surface and fabric range from 7.5R with a 7.5YR 4/2

if this piece was originally intended some features (such as feet). A and emphasize 5/6 (Red) to 5YR 5/3

(Weak Red) core. Tempered with fine (sand-size to 1 mm) white, (Reddish Brown), of similar size. Traces of paint: white on garinclusions gray and red grit, with frequent micaceous that overhangs the base. ment, yellow on "altar" and red on both the phallus and the vegetation Description: on a double advancing long phallus wearing long (mid-calf) garment element to his left; drooping base. Architectural (shrine/herm/altar?) vegetation (?) to his (stepped) the top step of the base. The figure, which is preserved only from the thighs to the right overhanging this plaque is very similar to no. 1. feet, appears to lean awkwardly to his left. Iconographically, Male with Maximum Date: preserved H. c. 18 cm, W. c. 10.3 cm. 3rd-2nd century B.c and Possible is considered This and the previous piece Comparanda: to have been the same. See the discussion above. are so similar that the subject

Discussion matter

3. Figurine: boot/foot Locus 49214 Mold-made.

(pl. 7.3) P.B.N.I.492.40 but seams

MC#76 not detectable.

Hollow, Technique: Fabric: Well levigated Delta silt. Fabric ranges from 5YR 6/3 Brown) with a 7.5YR 5/6-5/8 (Red) core. Temper consists inclusions white, gray and red grit, and frequent "micaceous" thick, white (lime?) concretions: not paint. of a single foot (right or left?),

(Light Reddish Brown) to 5/3 (Reddish of finely ground (sand-size to 1 mm) of similar size. Covered in places with at mid-calf.

Description: Fragment Maximum preserved H. 4.0 cm, W. 2.8 cm. Date: Indeterminate. Discussion

broken

It is very difficult to determine whether the Naukratis piece and Possible Comparanda: as preserved, or whether originally it had been part of a larger figurine. Since the same is complete exists with the comparative whether the confusion material, it cannot be said (with any certainty) of something frivolous: such as a figure of Eros (Bell 223, no. 841, pl. 129), or a foot is indicative "doll" (Thompson et al. 1987: 241: no. 7 a-b [pl. 2], 268: no. 3 [pl. 15]); or whether it served a more serious purpose, Schtirmann such 1989: as a votive 254, no. Baubo 1956: pls. 43, 45, 75, Demeter offering (Laumonier of 1990: 39, the sanctuary 969, Taf. 159; and Ammerman

[Priene]; Amynos

[Athens]).

Lamps at Naukratis. This is Fragments of five lamps were found during our four seasons of excavations small number when one considers the amount of other ceramic material that the work a surprisingly had produced, and the fact that Petrie had found (or purchased?) two hundred eighty lamps during his first season at the site in 1884-1885 approximate (1886: 45). The here can only be considered not only because assignments the fragments and dates are so small, that are suggested but also because

1998

Miscellaneous

Material

Culture

289

r M C

Fig. 7.1. Profile of a fragment of a local, terracotta lamp. NW Phase 8A, Locus 49149. MC#85 (278).

the study

by the fact that most were derived primarily from lamps has been hampered burial funerary contexts or appear (without in museum collections. multiple provenance) They are from stratigraphically domestic secure, rarely deposits. (pl. 7.4) N.I.1.35 portion of the upper body no MC# (shoulder assigned to filling and nozzle

of Ptolemaic

4. Lamp fragment, Locus 1020 Preservation: Small

imported

hole)

(complete)

preserved. L. 5.1 cm; W. 4.7 cm. Wheelmade. Technique: Fabric: Very well levigated and micaceous black Date: inclusions. to Dark

Reddish Exterior Brown

Yellow covered

(no Munsell) 2nd half

sand-sized white grit (5YR 6/6-6/8) clay with occasional with a shiny "glaze" (dilute in spots) that is mottled from (5YR 3/4). Abraded.

(?) of the 5th Century B.C. Discussion: This small fragment is difficult to identify with certainty because such important morphocharacteristics as the type and thickness of the base, or even the presence or absence of a logical both the relatively wide filling-hole with grooves, and the tube, handle or lug are unknown. However, of Howland Type 22C from the Athenian length of the nozzle are reminiscent Agora An alternative would consider this to be a short-nozzled variant of (1958: 54-55). interpretation Howland no. 245). Together, these two Agora types cover the Type 24A (1958: 63?64, especially second through final quarter of the fifth century B.C; and both can be equated with Broneer's Type abbreviated V from Corinth fragment (Broneer 1930; Howland 1958: 246). as non-Egyptian. local It may be the earliest (pl. 7.5) N.I.491.172 The color of the fabric definitely imported lamp in the present corpus. identifies this

5. Lamp fragment, Locus 49150 Preservation: hole.

MC#202a Concave discus with small, ovoid

Portion Raised

filling L. 3.2 cm; W. 3.3 cm. Technique: Moldmade.

of top/shoulder with vestigial lug preserved. decoration (?) on side toward nozzle.

290

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Fabric:

quent 10R 5/8 (Red) from gray, through thick, 5YR 5/3 (Reddish Brown) slip. Date:

Well levigated Delta silt. Fine of similar inclusions micaceous

gray and red grit temper with fre? Core ranges size. Fabric c. 5YR 6/3 (Light Reddish Brown). to 5YR 4/6 (Yellowish Red). Exterior covered with a (relatively) (sand-size to 1 mm) white,

1st century B.C. Late 2nd-early on no. 6 below. See the comments Discussion: ments a lamp. 6. Lamp fragment, Locus 49149 Preservation: cave discus Small local (fig. 7.1, pl. 7.6) N.I.491.64 (Nos. 5 and 6) cannot

similar in fabric and type these two frag? Although be from the same piece since they both represent the same portion of

MC#85

with a small section of lower body adhering. Con? portion of the top/shoulder linked (?) volutes on shoulder at front, ovoid filling hole. Raised decoration: small, vestigial lug with cable pattern (?) at side. L. 6.1 cm; W. 3.5 cm. with in bipartite mold. Moldmade Technique: Fabric: Well levigated Delta silt. Fine (sand-size to 1 mm) white and dark gray grit temper with some of similar size. Fabric c. 5YR 6/3 (Light Reddish micaceous inclusions Brown) to 5/3 (Reddish Brown) with a core ranging from gray, through 10R 5/8 (Red) to 5YR 4/6 (Yellowish Red). Traces of a slip exhibiting underside Date: the same color variation (s) as the fabric. Secondarily (?) mottled to gray/black on

Late 2nd-early 1st century The three-dimensional Discussion: embellished eastern "Knidian" lamps

B.C. decoration on this fragment relates it to the series of similarly to, and imitated at, several sites in the Aegean and

that were exported

region. That this lamp was manufactured as well as by the fact that the raised was not formed separately and most other imitations. Museum) nos. 172 that and had been 173)

Mediterranean

fabric, locally (in Egypt) is certainly indicated by its distinctive decoration had been an integral part of the upper mold and and subsequently applied to the lamp, as was the case with the "originals" lamps from the Fayoum (now in the Royal Ontario in his "Standard Nile Valley Ware" (1980: 34-36, especially with the Knidian type (Broneer XIII). At Karanis, he saw similarities noted similar

Hayes fashioned

in which

'Cnidian' lamps") but in those examples such lamps are classified by Shier as Type A.4.2 ("imitation nos. 12 and 13). Shier's observation has been applied and not molded (1978: 18-19, the decoration of the "flatness" of the copies molded in Egypt is certainly true of this lamp (1978: 19). of Knidian or Knidian-inspired In all, two examples lamps were recovered from our work at Naukratis in other forming Egyptian twenty percent of the total sample. This would contexts 1924: 8; Shier 1978: 19). (Osborne (fig. 7.2, pl. 7.7) N.I.491.172 of the upper body: certainly belie their relative scarcity

7. Lamp fragment Locus 49150 Preservation: Small

MC#202b shoulder to filling hole preserved.

portion L. 3.7 cm; W. 2.3 cm.

Wheelmade (?). Technique: Fabric: Well levigated Delta caceous inclusions of similar

silt. Fine

(sand-size

to 1 mm) (Light

white, Reddish

size. Fabric c. 5YR 6/3

gray and red grit temper with mi? Brown) to 5/3 (Reddish Brown)

1998

Miscellaneous Material

Culture

291

^ Fig. 7.2. Profile of a fragment of a local, terracotta lamp. NW Phase 8A, Locus 49150. MC #202b.

C M

with

a core ranging face abraded. 3rd/2nd

from gray, through

10R 5/8

(Red)

to 5YR 4/6

(Yellowish

Red).

Unslipped?

Sur?

Date:

Discussion:

century B.C. (?) Despite the similarity

came from the same locus same lamp. Their fill, a matrix in which

in fabric, and the fact that both this and the last fragment (No. 6) to be part of the the same pottery bucket!), they are not considered (even the nature of Locus 49150 as deliberate close stratigraphical association underscores such "coincidences" would not be out of place. Unfortunately, most of the from this fragment, and even the method of man? of a "cable" pattern indi?

elements are either uncertain or missing diagnostic ufacture (wheel or mold) is unclear. It should be noted cated in the drawing was not discernible The fragment can be loosely compared

that the suggestion to all who viewed this piece.

with Howland Type 25C Prime or Type 25D Prime, on the original stance of the Naukratis lamp. Both Agora types date from the third quarter depending of the fourth century through the first quarter of the third century B.C; and both can be equated with Broneer Type VII from Corinth 1958: 246).12 (Broneer 1930: Howland 8. Lamp fragment Locus 49201 (pl. 7.8) N.I.492.31 MC#74

Preservation: only L. 3.9 cm; W. 3.5 cm. tubular nozzle for moldmade Handmade (?) body. Technique: Fabric: Well levigated Delta silt. Fine (sand-size to 1 mm) white, Nozzle quent Red) micaceous inclusions of similar size. Fabric c. 10R 5/4

gray and red grit temper with fre? (Weak Red), with a 7.5YR 4/2 (Weak

core, and thick 10R 5/8-4/8 (Red) slip. Traces of longitudinal burnishing. Burning marks on of nozzle and at spout. top lst century B.C. (?). Date: Late 2nd-early nozzle with oval wick hole is very similar to the The tapering, tubular (rounded-top) Discussion: in the way that it has broken from the nozzles on Daszewski's Type 9 (1987: 55, fig. 2) especially mold-made body Amphora handle of the lamp. Handles fragment with stamp N.I.492.52 (fig. 7.3) MC#79

Stamped

9. Amphora Locus 49233 Fabric:

well levigated clay. Occasional sand-size white grit and micaceous inclusions. Exceptionally Exterior slipped 10 YR 8/3 (Very Pale Brown), interior Core/fabric: 5 YR 7/6-6/6 (Reddish-Yellow). band of 10 YR 5/8-4/8 5 YR 7/4 (Pink). Poorly preserved, horizontal (Red) paint below exterior rim. Secondary deposit of "plaster" on exterior.

292

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Fig. 7.3.

Rhodian amphora handle with stamp. NW Hiatus A, Locus 49233.

MC#79.

Fig. 7.4. Rhodian amphora handle with stamp. NW Phase 3B, Locus 2020. MC #88.

Stamp; <PiA,u)ia

rectangular with anchor (?) or caduceus(?) Rhodian fabricant

on right

Date:

Discussion:

2nd century B.C (?). This stamp also occurs handle fragment with N.I.2.19A

on Rhodes

(Lindos)

and on Delos.

10, Amphora Locus 2020 Fabric;

stamp,

fig. 7.4 MC#88

sand-size to 1 mm; white grit and micaceous inclusions, Very well levigated clay. Infrequent Exterior slipped 10 YR 8/3 (Very (Reddish-Yellow). very few fine straw casts. Fabric 5 YR 7/6-7/8 Pale Brown), interior 10 YR 8/2 (White). Stamp: 9E7t[l A0avo5]o tou AptajitTtoi) Date: 220-180 Discussion: rectangular stamp Rhodian eponym B.C

to be Rhodian on the basis of the The stamp is considered is incomplete. The inscription profile of the handle, the fabric, and the slip. The eponym appears at Athens in Middle Stoa fill de? posits with a terminal date of c. 183 B.C 11. Amphora Locus 49136 Fabric: handle fragment with stamp, N.I.491.166 unillustrated MC#196 Fabric: fine micaceous inclusions. grit and occasional interior 5 YR 8/3 (Pink). slipped 10 YR 8/2 (White), with anchor

Very well levigated clay. White Exterior 5 YR 7/6-6/6 (Reddish-Yellow).

sand-size

Stamp: illegible rectangular Rhodian?

1998

Miscellaneous

Material

Culture

293

n \ MHU

rA5lTPA?ToV amphora handle with Fig. 7.5. Knidian stamp. South Mound surface. MC#202a.

Fig. 7.6. Knidian amphora handle NW Phase 2B, Locus 2022. MC#87.

with

stamp.

Date:

Uncertain. The stamp 16 and the slip handle Surface is incomplete but it is considred to be Rhodian because of the handle profile,

Discussion: fabric,

12. Amphora South Mound Fabric: Fabric Stamp:

fragment (initial

with clean

stamp (fig. 7.5) up); MC#202A and gray grit average 1 mm; sand-size micaceous inclusions. Surface slipped(?) 5 YR 6/3-6/4 (Light Reddish-Brown). rectangular with bee in lower right Knidian fabricant and eponyn Knidian Type #568 at: Athens, Asine, and Delos.

Very well levigated clay. White 5 YR 6/6-6/8 (Reddish-Yellow).

'Emcpd] ysuQ 'Etu KapvsoSoTou Kvt8[i]ov Date: 125-108 B.c Stamps handle Discussion:

from the same die also occur fragment with N.I.2.49

13. Amphora Locus 2022 Fabric: Fabric: Stamp: Ki)8oKXfja

stamp

(fig. 7.6) MC#87

Very well levigated clay, White 5 YR 6/6-6/8 (Reddish-Yellow).

inclusions. and gray grit average 1 mm; sand-size micaceous Surface slipped(?) 5 YR 6/3-6/4 (Light Reddish-Brown). circular, Knidian

inscription

retrograde

(retrograde) Date: Late 3rd century B.C This stamp also occurs Discussion: 14. Amphora South Mound handle fragment Surface Find with

at: Athens. unillustrated. no MC# assigned

stamp,

294

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Fig. 7.7.

Fragment ofa terracotta mortar or baking tile. Northeast Area, topsoil Locus 8801. MC#37.

Fabric:

grit between

well levigated clay. Frequent white grit averaging Moderately sand-size to 1 mm; frequent micaceous sand-size inclusions; 5 YR 6/6-6/8 (Pink) (Reddish-Yellow). to 7/6 Exterior slipped (Reddish-Yellow).

1 mm; less frequent red and gray some fine straw casts. Fabric: (?) slip producing col?

with very thin white

ors c. 5 YR 7/4 Stamp: Fl Date:

square Origin unknown Late 4th century B.C (?) Rhodian (?). wheel(?) (pl. 7.9) N.I.316.69

Discussion:

15. Potter's Locus 31629 Preservation:

MC#136 D. c. 22 cm, Th. c. 7 cm.

Technique: Fabric: Moderately

Slightly over half preserved. Handmade.

well levigated clay with sand-size to 1?2 mm white, gray and red grit and fine straw casts. Fabric and (unslipped) surfaces, c. 5YR 6/2 (Light Reddish Brown). Possible (slightly raised) "hub" in the Disc of coarse clay flattened on top and bottom. Description: center Date: c. 6 cm in diameter. Ptolemaic.

The location of the break makes it very difficult to determine whether the center of this been pierced originally. The interpretation the piece as a potter's wheel (or "tournette"), of piece had as well as the chronological are hypothetical since no suitable comparanda can be cited. assignment, Discussion: 16. Mortar Locus 8801 Portion or baking tile(?) (fig. 7.7 and pl. 7.10) N.I.88.18

MC#37 Th. varies from c. 8 to 10 cm.

Preservation:

of rim preserved.

D. indeterminable,

Handmade. Technique: Date: Ptolemaic?

1998

Miscellaneous

Material

Culture

295

Fig. 7.8.

Terracotta brazier or lamp, from Field II.

Thick piece of moderately well levigated, 2.5YR 5/4 (Reddish Brown) Description: and gray grit to 2 mm and fine straw casts. Concave top and bottom surfaces, with around the sides. finger-impressions Discussion: The original

clay with white vertical rows of

but a square or a rectangular shape of this pieces could not be determined, seems most likely since, if it had been circular, the diameter would be tremendous. Both the upper which may be the result of the function of the piece. The finger and lower surfaces are smooth impressions baking rather than functional. appear to have been decorative as well as the date, are speculative. tile, Its identification as a mortar or a

(fig. 7.8 and pl. 7.11) N.II not assigned no MC# assigned Preservation: Intact. Rim D. c. 12 cm, Base D. c. 21 cm, H. c. 13 cm. Locus Wheelmade. Technique: Fabric: Fabric/surfaces

17. Brazier

of c. 5YR 5/3

(Reddish

Brown)

with

sand-size

micaceous

inclusions,

white

and gray grit to 1 mm and fine straw casts. Date: End of 6th century B.C. (?). Brazier (or lamp) with outsplaying Description: (D. c. 2.5-3 cm) in the vessel wall for ventilation. Discussion: The identification in a context at Tell Defenneh 67:70). 18. Molded Locus 2019 bowl (fig. 7.9 and pl. 7.12) N.I.2.22

"keel" at the carination,

and circular

perforations

as a brazier or lamp follows Petrie who found an almost identical piece that he assigned to the end of the 6th century B.C. (Petrie 1890: 63 and

fragment

MC#85

Preservation: Fabric: 8/4 Date:

portion of base and lower body only: H. c. 6.2 cm, Max. W. 3.2 cm. well levigated 7.5YR 7/6 (Reddish Yellow) clay with very little evidence of temper. Very (Yellow) slip in/out. (Very Pale Brown)-8/5 Ptolemaic.

10YR

296

Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Fig. 7.9. Fragment ofa Locus 2019. MC#85.

mouldmade,

terracotta bowl depicting the Egyptian god Bes (in relief.

Northwest Area,

Fig. 7.10. Tiny fragment from NW3B, Locus 1019.

of Gnathian

("West Slope")

Ware

Molded bowl with raised decoration on exterior preserved in two registers. Top register: Description: frontal Bes on pedestal flanked by fluted column on his right; Bottom register: two vegetal fronds. Discussion: The Egyptian nature of the iconography coupled with the yellow color of the clay would 1967: 132). In the Naukratis suggest an Alexendrian origin for this piece (see Higgins example Bes appears (Weber no. in an architectural 1914: 110, Abb. setting, but he can also appear 73). For the scene with more as an Atlantid standard figure in a temple to Athena see Breccia (1930: columns, 47,

196, Taf. XXV:7). Ware (fig. 7.10 N.I.l.24 and pl. 7.13, inverted?) no MC#

19. Sherd of Gnathian Locus 1019

assigned small, 2.8 x 1.8 cm body sherd (shoulder?). Very Fabric: Exceptionally well levigated clay with no trace of temper. 5YR 6/6 with a lustrous black "glaze" in/out. Preservation: 3rd to 2nd century B.C. The interior is completely covered with the lustorus Description: reserve band showing the natural color of the clay, and two clusters in the color Discussion: ance of the fabric. The scarcity of this ware at Naukratis especially in the tombs of Alexandria reinforces the impression Date:

(Reddish

Yellow)

fabric,

"glaze" while the exterior has a of grapes (?) in slight relief, also

when compared to its frequent appear? of stagnation at Naukratis during this

period.

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Faience In Egypt, the manufacture and use of glazed wares, often termed "faience," can be traced back to of B.C. (Lucas and Harris 1962: 155). Fabrication Period of the fourth millennium the Predynastic with the site of Naukratis material has had an especially strong association items from this distinctive since the early work of Petrie at the site (Petrie 1886: esp 5a, 36-37, 40; Webb 1978 passim). Our excavations determine noted kinder, egories: Figurines 20. Bes figurine Locus 2036 White (pl. 7.14) N.I.2.58 faience Intact. with yellow (to white) H. 1.5 cm, W. 0.6 cm. frontal with MC#64a surfaces. in the South Mound produced many fragments of faience that were simply too small to the type of object from which they had come, and the presence of such finds are simply had been In other instances, the wet soils of Naukratis in the Locus Summaries. however, and identification figurines, of the original object beads and small dishes. could be ascertained. These pieces fall into three cat?

Fabric:

Preservation: Description: 21. Crocodile 1020 White

Bes standing

feathered

crown,

Pillar at back.

or Oxyrhynchos faience with

fish(?), N.I.1.42

figurine

Locus Fabric:

(pl. 7.15) MC#28

Preservation: Description: Beads 22. Discoidal 2035 White

pale blue (to white) surfaces. Broken. H. 1.1 cm, L. 2.2 cm, W. 0.8 cm preserved. fish. Profile of crocodile or Oxyrhynchos

bead

(pl. 7.16) N.I.2.52 MC#46 east in places. with an "X" or cross. with

Locus Fabric:

faience Intact. Discoidal

Preservation: Description: 23. Bead

slight bluish-green D. 1.1 cm, T. 0.5 cm. bead. One surface

impressed

(not illustrated) N.I.315.38 faience Intact. Bead. with MC#27 (to white) surfaces. pale blue-green 0.2 cm. D. 1.4 cm, Th. 1.0 cm, with perforation for suspension.

Locus Fabric:

31514 White

Preservation: Description: 24. Faience 31615 White

Pierced

bead

(not illustrated) N.I.316.32 MC#64b

Locus Fabric:

faience. Intact. Bead. D. 0.4 cm, Th. 0.2 cm, with Pierced for suspension. perforation 0.1 cm.

Preservation: Description:

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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25.

Faience 31615

bead,

(not illustrated) N.I.316.37 MC#76

Locus Fabric:

White

faience. Intact. Bead. D. 0.5 cm, Th. 0.2 cm, with less than 0.1 cm perforation. Pierced for suspension.

Preservation: Description: In addition

to the faience objects presented above (Nos. 20-25), our work at Kom individually also produced a surprisingly number of very poorly preserved (and unstable) large fragments from small faience plates, cups, and dishes. When possible, these fragments were drawn, and they are below in figs. 7.11 (1-22) and 7.12 (1-12). presented They are very similar in shape to the most Ge'if popular forms of the ceramicists' repertoire, vidual pieces see the locus summaries. Lithic Objects to which appeal is usually made for their date. For indi?

Delta, many different types were encoun? Despite the relative scarcity of stone in the Egyptian in the South Mound. tered during the excavations The lithic material is presented below according to function: and tools. All identifications as to the type of elements, objet d'art, vessels, architectural stone were made in the field by geologist C. Villas.

Objet d'art Petrie and Hogarth had found evidence for monumental sculpture in a variety of hard their excavations at Naukratis, the only piece of stone sculpture encountered during our work at the site was a small limestone plaque. Although stones during 26. Carved 49136 Soft, white bifacial plaque (fig. 7.13 and pl. 7.17) N.I.491.111

Locus Fabric:

MC#118

limestone. H. 4.5 x W. 3.6 x Th. 2.5 cm.

Preservation: Date: Ptolemaic

Broken. (?)

Description:

Fragment

of a plaque.

Two original

edges are preserved. Carved on both Side A: Cobra (Agathos Daimon?), Side B: Uncertain.

faces:

Vessels The These 27. of these small stone dishes closely parallel similar forms in pottery shape(s) offered here. parallels have formed the basis for the chronological assignations dish (fig. 7.14) N.I.316.31 marble. and faience.

Rim ofa 31615 White,

Locus Fabric:

MC#67

Preservation: Date: 3rd-lst

medium-grained Rim only. century B.C Small dish.

Description:

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Miscellaneous Material

Culture

299

10

11 Fig. 7.11. Fragments of faience plates, cups, and small dishes, from the South Mound.

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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) 10

> 11

7 12

HH H 0 1cm Fig. 7.12.

H 5

H 10

Fragments of faience plates, cups, and small dishes, from the South Mound.

Fig. 7.13. Carved, limestone plaque depictinga cobra (Agathos Daimon?) on one face and an unknown scene on the other. NW Hiatus C, Locus 49136. MC#118.

CM

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Miscellaneous Material

Culture

301

CM Fig. 7.14. Rim from a white, marble dish. North Area Phase 3, Locus 31615. MC#67.

CM Fig. 7.15. Rim from a black, basalt dish. Northwest Area Phase 8B, Locus 49214. MC#73.

CM Fig 7.16. Rim from a green, diorite dish. Northwest "topsoil" Locus 49156. MC#101.

28.

Rim of a dish 49214 Black, 3rd-lst

Locus Fabric: Date:

(fig. 7.15) N.I.492.24 basalt.

MC#73

medium-grained century B.C. Rim only. Small dish.

Preservation: Description: 29.

Locus

Rim of a dish (fig. 7.16) N.I.491.177 49156

MC#101

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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Fabric: Date:

Green, 3rd-lst

diorite. fine-grained B.C. century Rim only. Small dish.

Preservation: Description: Architectural In most suitable ever,

Elements excavations, small chunks of limestone as building material would hardly be considered the heading of material culture. At Naukratis, how? that each piece was given its own number in the

candidates

building

for subsequent study under stone was so rarely encountered

The use of stone as a building recording system whether it showed traces of being worked or not. in the structures encountered material was also the exception In addition by the earlier excavators. to its scarcity, however, the presence of stone assumed added importance our excavations in during the South since it was Petrie's firm belief that Ptolemy II (Philadelphus) had built a huge (100 m structure in the entrance to the Great Temenos (Petrie 1886: 6, 8, 26-27), and long), limestone-faced the location of the modern "South Mound" closely coincides with the claimed location of Petrie's ancient Mosaic 30. structure (fig. 1.10).

Flooring of mosaic (pl. 7.18) N.I.12.120 with inclusions

Fragment Locus 1245

MC#77 of small (quartz) pebbles and fired brick chips (grog). limestone nor marble, they may be alabaster

Fabric:

Lime-matrix Weber

mortar noted

Conservator or dolmite. Preservation: Date:

that the tessarae were neither

Fragmentary. Ptolemaic?

H. 3.7 x W. 3.8 x Th. 2.2 cm.

Small piece of a pebble mosaic flooring(?).The Description: have been clipped to a uniform size or shape. Limestone 31. Slabs block or slab (pl. 7.19) N.I.491.31

tesserae are natural

and do not appear to

Limestone 49116

Locus Fabric:

MC#47

Soft limestone. Complete(?). Ptolemaic? Block block of stone 11.8 x 12.2 x 6.6 cm.

Preservation: Date:

Description: 32. Limestone 49204

with

cutting/rasp

marks.

Locus Fabric:

or slab (pl. 7.20) N.I.492 (white) limesone.

MC#85

Fine graineded

Preservation: Date:

Fragmentary. Ptolemaic? Stone slab with rasp marks.

Description:

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Miscellaneous Material

Culture

303

33.

Limestone 31512 White

block

or slab, not illustrated N.I.315.76 MC#85

Locus Fabric:

limestone. 7.0 x 7.0 x 6.5 cm.

Preservation: Date:

Fragmentary. Ptolemaic? The surviving

Description:

corner

of roughly

hewn

block

of stone.

34.

Limestone 31608 White

block

or slab, not illustrated N.I.316.53 MC#102

Locus Fabric:

limestone. 14 x 13.5 x 5 cm.

Preservation: Date:

Fragmentary. Ptolemaic? Stone

Description:

slab displaying

rasp marks.

35.

Limestone 49148

block

or slab, not illustrated N.I.491.165 MC#189

Locus Fabric:

(white) limesone. Fine-graineded Preservation: 18 x 9.0 x 6.5 cm. Fragmentary. Date: Ptolemaic? Description: Tools or other Ptolemaic sties. The mortar? The use of stone for tools is not very evident at Naukratis take advantage of the physical properties of basalt to grind grain. The flint ium fragments obviously blades could be much older than their Ptolemaic but similar blades have been used (and find-spots in threshing sledges until modern times. Strangely, of use, was discernible on these blades. cation(s) reused) neither a silica sheen, nor any other indiStone slab with rasp marks.

36.

Mortaria 8801 Black,

fragments

Locus Fabric:

(pl. 7.21) N.I.88.18 basalt.

MC#30

medium-grained

Preservation: Date:

Fragmentary. Ptolemaic? stones {mortaria). Wavy lines incised

Two, similar (but non-joining) pieces of grinding Description: surface. radially from the rim of the exterior (non-use)

37.

Flint

blade,

not illustrated N.I.l 5.77 MC#111

Locus Fabric:

1546 Flint. Fragmentary. Uncertain. Segment

Preservation: Date:

Description:

of blade,

trapezoidal

in section.

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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38.

Flint

blade,

not illustrated N.I.490.70 flint. L. 3.4 x W. 1.1 cm. MC#57

Locus Fabric:

49017 Brown

Preservation: Date:

Fragmentary. Uncertain. Segment blade,

Description: 39. Flint

of blade,

both

ends snapped.

not illustrated N.I.492.32 MC#53

Locus Fabric:

49214

Light gray flint/chert. Preservation: Fragmentary. Date: Uncertain. Description: 40. Segment tool(?), of blade. Not retouched.

Burnishing Locus 49004

not illustrated N.I.490.91 MC#86

Fabric:

Gray limestone. Preservation: Intact. 0.7x05 Uncertain. An approximately

x05

cm.

Date:

Description: tool.

rectangular

piece

of "polished"

stone,

posibly

used as a burnishing

In addition pieces

to the stone

artifacts

discussed

above

as items

of material

culture,

of a surprisingly wide variety of geological and types were encountered during sieving. The types and their findspots are included here, in an attempt to present a lithic profile of the South Mound were made by staff geologist Cathleen (Table 7.1). The majority of the identifications Gail Weber. Villas, while some were made by conservator

chips both excavation

small

and

Table 7.1 South Mound

Lithic

Profile

Garnet

fine-grained

red

Locus 31508

1998

Miscellaneous

Material

Culture

305

Lithic Type Granite

Description feldspar mica medium/coarse-grained very coarse-grained feldspar-mica pink, gray and black coarse-grained, felspar mica coarse-grained biotite (mica), mostly black with traces of pink and white. red-pink-gray (Aswan?) in the salt lakes around Alexandria

Locus(i) Found Loci 1023, 2035, 31601 Loci 2040, 3160 Loci 49131, 31601 Locus 31601 Locus 31601 Locus 49131 Loci 1023, 2035, 31506, 31508,

Gypsum Limestone

rosette, common white, fine-grained white-yellow,

fine-grained

31601,31608,31619 Locus 49017 Locus 2040 Locus 49005 Loci 31608, 31612 Locus 31601

Marble Quartzite

gray> medium-grained light brown, coarse-grained medium-coarse grained pink medium-grained mica

Schist

Metal objects, whether they were of bronze or iron did not survive well in the moist soils of the of metal disease and of these items was the byproduct Mound. all that remained Usually, of an individual and the original shape and function corrosion, piece was often merely a matter of Metal South speculation. Coin Bronze coins were encountered in several in the South loci during the excavations mineralized and non-diagnostic. completely sequence. Mound, No. but

all except the following piece were almost to Hiatus B Phase of the NW low) is attributable 41. Coin of Ptolemy Bronze III (pl. 7.22) N.I.492.20

41 (be?

Locus

49213

MC#42

Material:

Preservation: Date: 247-221

Worn,

(copper alloy). but metal is sound

beneath

mineralized

crust.

B.C.

Description: Obv.: Head

of Alexander

III r., wearing BAZIAE[QI]

Rev.: ITTOAEMAIOYl., between cornucopia; See Coulson Discussion: Miscellaneous 42. Fishook(?) 49203 Bronze (copper Metal

elephant-skin r., eagle with

headdress. closed

Punch

mark in center. in front,

>R; (Coulson legs, monogram and Leonard (1982b: 375, pl. 48:11-12).

wings and Leonard 1982b).

1. on thunderbolt; Punch

mark in center.

Objects

(pl. 7.23) N.I.492.10 alloy). MC#34

Locus

Material:

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Fig. 7.17. Earring consisting of flat pieces of copper connected by gold wire. Southeast Phase 5, Locus 1542.

Preservation: Date:

Broken.

Dimensions:

2.3 cm.

Ptolemaic(?). Lower, curved end of fishook(?), upper portion missing.

Description: 43.

Earring Locus 1542

(fig. 7.17,

pl. 7.24) N.I.15.130

MC#60

and 151

Material:

Bronze.

Preservation: Date:

Severely corroded. 14th century A.D.

of copper alloy sheet in triangular form suspended on a gold wire. Description: Earring comprised A series of four "chains" of three discs (each) are suspended from the triangle and from each other or copper alloy wire. by gold 44. An Assortment As noted loci. These above, of Iron Nails (pls. 7.25, 7.26) the Northwest Areas produced individually of the group. in the Locus

are listed

Summaries,

iron nails (and larger "spikes") from a variety of but a selection is illustrated here in order it is assumed that they should be assigned

to give a general to the Ptolemaic

impression Period.

By their context,

Notes For other terracotta figurines from Naukratis, in addi? tion to those published by Petrie (1886), Gardener (1888), and Gutch (1898-1899), see also Higgins (1969: 404-7), for pieces in the British Museum (nos. 1542-1550) that for the most part predate the material presented here; as well as Dunand (1979: 74-75 [no. 142] and 108 [no. 252]), and Dunand (1990: nos. 146-151, 153-157). It is unfortunate, but understandable, that Gutch illustrated only about twenty percent of the figurines with which he dealt. For coroplastic material found at Naukratis that is illustrative of the ancient Greek theatre, see the following works by Webster. For tragedy and satyr plays: a terracotta

1998

Miscellaneous

Material

Culture

307

mask (male?): ET7 (Webster: 1967: 66, cf. Gutch 18981899: 96, no. 322); the terracotta head of a Satyr figurine: ET16 (Webster: 1967: 67 [= B.M. C638]), and two satyr heads from clay braziers: AV50 and AV51 (Webster 1967: 53; cf. Conze 1890: 130, no. 814, 816 [= B.M. C889 and C891]). For Old and Middle Comedy: a terracotta (male ?) mask: AT120, possibly of Attic fabric (Webster 1969b: 127, 221 = Webster 1969a: 100, UT12); and New Comedy: a terracotta mask of a young man: ETl 1 (Webster 1969a: 103); terracotta heads of male slaves: ET41, ET42, ET 43, and possibly ET 44 (Webster 1969a: 107-8; cf. Petrie 1886: fig. 14, pl. 15; and Walters 1903: Cat. no. 261). The author wishes to thank Dr. Irene Bald Romano for her helpful comments on photographs of these pieces. Errors and misstatements, of course, are those of the author. An excellent integration of the coroplastic arts with Alexandrian society in general can be found in Connelly (1990). There are also some similarities between the Naukratis piece and a Silenus/Dionysos group in the British Museum (C 281) where attention is called to the pedagogue's "Socratic satyr face" (Hutton 1899: 74, fig. 36). Also related: the "Horus" with similar pot published by Weber (1914: Abb. 35); the "Markethandler" with two such jars (Weber 1914: 194, no. 326, Taf. 31); and a Harpocrates "au pot" (Perdrizet 1921: 30-32, especially no. 92 for the shape of the pot; see pl. XXXIII, lower right). Graindor (1939: 91) lists a pot ovide as a frequent attribute of Harpocrates. Cf. pl. IX, no. 20, and XXII, no. 59. For a young, seated Harpocrates who clutches a round/ovoid wine jar against his left side, see Birmingham Museum (1968: 39, no. 159, pl. 28). In general, the standard ampho? rae seem to lean away from the body while the smaller, ovoid vessels are clutched to the side as seen on the Naukratis piece. For the shape of the Naukratis pot/jar, cf. Bayer-Niemeyer (1988: #209, Taf. 40:6), and Philipp (1972: 20-21 and 3233, Cat nos. 11 and 48, Abb. 8 and 45-46). A nude youth, with a similar pot cradled in his left arm and holding a phiale in his relaxed right hand, identified as a slave carrying perfumed oil to his master is published by Perdrizet (1921: 19, no. 75, pl. XLVI, upper left) from Achmounein. Other comparanda might include a male carrying a lantern (with hole in garment for genitals [Adriani 1940: 168 (Inv. no. 24016), pl. LXIX:7]); a bearded grotesque with phallus (Dunand 1990: nos. 804-813); and Priapus with a similar beard (Pedrizet 1921: 88-91, especially nos. 225, 228, and 231, (pl. XLVI). Hollow boots/shoes are known from Gordion with comparanda at Sardis, the Kerameikos (Athens), and Bogazkou. Their function is vague and uncertain (Irene Bald Ro? mano, personal communication). The first attempt to classify the "Greco-Roman" lamps of Egypt was made by Petrie (1904) based primarily on the tremendous number of lamps found during his excavations at Ehnasya (Herakleopolis Magna). Subsequent schemes

have been presented by Osborne (1924), Robbins (1939a and b), and recently Daszewski (1987). The last of these has been the most useful to this study. Excellent discussions of the development of the various types of lamps are given by Bailey (1975) in connection with the examples in the British Museum, and by Hayes (1980) in his discussion of the lamps in Royal Ontario Museum. At least during the Hellenistic period, Egyptian lamp production was more influenced by events and trends in the eastern Aegean and eastern Medi? terranean (Shier 1978); but the corpora of lamps from the Athenian Agora (Howland 1958), Corinth (Broneer 1930), and Isthmia (Broneer 1977) remain indispensible to any study of the form. Also valuable is Shier's (1978) presenta? tion of the lamps from the site of Karanis in the Egyptian Fayoum. Note, however, that one of the main defining features of Howland's Agora Type 43A (1958: 133) is the fact that the delphiniform lugs are east in the upper mold (only). For the history and development of this group of lamps, see Bailey (1975: 124-59). On the Greek mainland these lamps are Broneer's Type XIII at Corinth (1930: 53-54, nos. 190-92), while in the Athenian Agora, wheelmade imported Knidian Lamps are Howland Type 40A (locally imitated as Type 40B) whereas moldmade imports are Type 50A (locally imitated as Types 50B and 50C, the latter of which can appear well into the first century A.D.). Both actual imports and local copies of this type of lamp formed a significant part of the corpus of lamps as far afield as Sidi Khrebish (ancient Bernice) in Libya (Bailey 1985: 191). If, however, it could be demonstrated that this piece had been fashioned in a mold, it should most probably be in? cluded with such Knidian-inspired lamps as nos. 5 and 6, since no. 5 also exhibits a bit of cable pattern on the shoul? der, and there are some similarites in the profiles of the two pieces. In this case a date in the second century (or later) would be preferable. For a fuller treatment of the stamped amphora/handles from the Naukratis excavations, see Coulson, Wilkie and Rehard (1986), and Rehard (in Coulson 1996: 147-61). The latter work became available to the present author in March 1997, well after this section was written. It should be noted, contra Rehard p. 152, that pottery bag N.1.492.52 was assigned to Locus 49233. See Locus Summaries above. 14 See Coulson, Wilke and Rehard (1986: 541, no. 17), and Rehard in Coulson (1996: 152, no. 17, fig. 59:17). 15 See Coulson, Wilke and Rehard (1986: 540, no. 3), and Rehard in Coulson (1996: 148, no. 3, fig. 57:3). 16 See Coulson, Wilke and Rehard (1986: 541, no. 20), and Rehard in Coulson (1996: 154, no. 20, fig. 59:20). 17 See Coulson and Leonard (1982b: 375, no. 3, pl. 47, 7), and Rehard in Coulson (1996: 154, no. 24, fig. 60.24). fig. 18 See Coulson and Leonard (1982b: 374, no. 1), Coul? son, Wilke and Rehard (1986: 541, no. 25), and Rehard in

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Albert Leonard, Jr.

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54

Coulson (1996: 154, no. 25, fig. 60:25 and pl. XXI:5). Note that pottery bag N. 1.2.49 was excavated as Locus 2034, a Lo? cus that was subsequently combined with Locus 2022. See Locus Summaries above. 19 See Coulson, Wilke and Rehard (1986: 541: no. 18), and Rehard in Coulson (1996: 153, fig. 59:18 and XX:8). 20 See Andrews (1994: 39-40, and fig. 37). For a similar piece identified as a crocodile, see Scott (1992: 157 and 159, no. 109b). Our excavations, however, were much less productive in this regard than had been the work of the earlier excvators at the site, for, in addition to stone architectural elements (assembled in Pryce 1928, and Shoe 1936), Petrie had dis? covered the battered remains of a red granite sphinx and three marble rams near his Great Temenos (1886: 27-28, and note preceding p. 1; and also Hogarth 1905: 122). Gard? ner found a huge granite sphinx that required the efforts of at lest six men to lift just one of its fragments, as well as pieces of a door, jamb of similar material that (if intact) would have measured over three meters in length (18981899: 30-31). Reference is made by Griffith (in Gardner 1888: 83) to a copy (dated to Year 23 of the reign of Ptolemy V) of (at least) the hieroglyphic text of the Rosetta stone that had been found at Naukratis in 1884 in the area of the Great Temenos. Cf. Bouriant (1885) and Kamal (1904/05). See also the fragments of larger bowls found by Petrie within the Great Temenos (Petrie 1886: 34, pl. 36; and Gardner 1888: 81,87 and pl. 23). Most of the smaller vessels

("schalen") published by von Bissing (1907: pl. VIII) have much more inturned rims. For individual occurrences, see the Locus Summaries. An exception to this was the rubbish from masons' shops encountered by Petrie in the area of his Great Temenos (1886: 33). Petrie gave chronological importance to the use (and type) of stone when he appealed to it as one of his main criteria for differentiating between the seventh century B.C. (limestone) Apollo Temple I, and the fifth century B.C. (mar? ble) Apollo Temple II (Petrie 1886: 5-6). Most of the (lime? stone and marble) architectural sculpture recovered by the earlier excvators, and which is now in the British Museum, has been collected by Pryce (1928) and Shoe (1936). It will be remembered that Petrie never actually saw these slabs in situ, but rather he inferred their existence and position from what he felt was their impressions in mud? brick walls excavated in the area. Petrie felt that the ultimate demise of the entryway were the "slag heaps" that he placed on his plan to the northwest and northeast of his Great Temenos (1886: 26-27, pl. XL) but which were no longer evident during our tenure at the site. In addition, ud coins were found in Hiatus B, Locus 49131 (N.I.491.128, MC#142), and a single unidentified bronze coin was encountered in Hiatus C, Locus 49156 (N.I.491.175, MC#207). Three unidentified coins were found on the surface of the South Mound during different cleaning operations, and a very poorly preserved bronze coin was found in Locus 49136, which consisted of post1982 backfill of unknown origin.

Chapter The

Eight Carbonized Plant Remains

Patricia

Crawford

Introduction Plant remains retrieved from archaeological sites can be used to provide information about the of the immediand characteristics

of past subsistence, past. Reconstructions aspects of the economy, ate natural environment are possible. The purpose of plant retrieval at Naukratis was primarily to answer questions regarding the econ? and to clarify the nature of the domestic occupation of the site. Plant remains omy of the settlement

were preserved at Naukratis by conditions that produced charred or carbonized material (organic ma? in a depleted oxygen environment) terial exposed to high temperatures with primarily in association fires or hearths. debris from domestic Method seasons (1980-1983), plant remains were retrieved from archaeolog? During the four excavation ical contexts a flotation devised and implemented system by Julie Hansen and adapted from using one to two liters were taken the Siraf-Syria system (Williams 1973). Soil samples of approximately from each locus contents and held until it could be determined whether of pots and bowls as well as pieces of mudbrick Some samples were not ples were stored in sealed and labeled plastic bags until they were processed. floated either because they were composed of clay-like soils or, in the case of pieces of mudbrick, be? cause they were too hard to break up. In these cases the plant remains, where visible, were removed samples were dried and stored in plastic until the end of the final season (1983) time a number of randomly selected samples were sent to the U.S. with the permission of of Antiquities. were sorted under a binocular dissecting the Egyptian microSamples Organization (7-40x) Julie Hansen and Patricia Crawford with further analysis done by Crawford. by scope by hand. at which For the purposes of this study, thirty-seven samples were selected from the four seasons of exca? vation. These samples were given priority (by Leonard) as coming from stratigraphically secure and loci. Only twenty of these priority samples contained remains of charred or carbonized promising seeds. Nine of the "seedless" samples contained wood charcoal only, while eight had no preserved deposits in the North Building, plant material. Eight of the productive samples came from domestic eleven deposits sociated buildings. Results in Table 8.1. The remains are prinThe plant materials retrieved from Naukratis are summarized in the form of carbonized seeds and in some cases plant parts (spikelet forks). Desiccated cipally in this study. The plant types are materials and wood charcoal, though present, were not included grouped according to cultivated vs. non-cultivated (weeds) 309 categories. from the Northwest examined include and one from the Temenos Building, pits, ash lenses, debris accumulations, domestic (the Southeast Area). The and soils from surfaces, types of and are as? The floated a deposit was sealed or not. The soil were also included for analysis. These sam?

with "secondary" Deposits

designated

rather than with the original or "primary" uses of the occupations as "fire pits," for the most part, contained wood charcoal only.

(S)V9A[N fyWMN QSMN fytfMN VSMM fylRAiN V6MN

?6LWI 1916* iziwi d0?l6^ 9?TT6^T 0?l6fr ?ZV\6Vl 8H6fr zorwi 9H6* OZTI ?WZ <&'Z'\ 8?0c" 80TI ?101" ZfrTI cTOI i^ rs

89 MN fyWMN ffrMN fyWJAM ffl MN

SJAN

VZMN fyWMN QZMN

oz:ot KTI 1301 9?"9iei ZI9IS 6Z'9\?'l L\9\? 8r9l?'I b o ,-

RZMN $pjg c/uoN i?/ZM $m huom i?IZN

^9 00

tipjQ CfUON

$m

huom

9V9\?'l 809I? Z9'?iei 6?$\? 19'^iei ??$l? i^iei 9l?l? i^iei n^\? G?^Vl c"Hl

%&

$m

huom

?N $m w?n ?N w?n f/ZN soudiudjf ?3S

$ J

$m

fco 1-1 toJD C '3 o u 5 WO I ?i (U **3 CL, u3 U ^ ? ^ r ^ ^ ^ 3 k S ? ^

1998

The Carbonized Plant Remains

311

Cultivated Plants plants

Plants in this as food items or economically may be considered important category generally Cereals (wheat and bar? information regarding possible diet choices at Naukratis. plentiful of the cultivated plants

and provide lentils, grapes, and possibly figs are present. Wheat is the most ley), role in the economy. and appears to have played a dominant Emmer Wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum Schubl.)

and/or

The principal cereal found at Naukratis to emmer spikelet forks attributable

is emmer

occur in over half (55%)

are spindle-shaped and widest across the middle. or concave with a deep furrow running vertically. The grains from Naukratis range in length from 4.7 to 6.0 mm with the breadth less than half the length, and the thickness less than the breadth (Table 8.2). for cereals and other seeds are expressed unless otherwise ness, respectively, specified.) (Dimensions in millimeters as length x width/breadth x thick?

or partial caryopses (cereal grains) the samples (fig. 8.1). The grains The dorsal side is domed and the ventral side is flat wheat. Whole

in and introduced from the eastern Mediterranean, it emmer was first domesticated Although times and remained the principal type of wheat produced during was grown in Egypt in predynastic and Roman times when free-threshing the Pharaonic periods. It was grown as late as Hellenistic types such as bread wheat and durum wheat became more prevalent (Dixon 1969; Zohary and Hopf 1988: 44-45). base for the diet. In ancient provided a carbohydrate beer-like beverage (Renfrew bread as well as a fermented 1973: Cereals 248-50). Emmer had a variety 1989: L.) of medicinal 152-53). purposes ranging Egypt wheat flour was used to make and Tackholm 1941: 67; Tackholm of hair growth to

from the stimulation

contraception Barley

(Manniche vulgare

(Hordeum

Barley is rare in the Naukratis samples. Only two grains occur in the contexts studied. One grain Area is described as a "trench find." The other occurs in the North Building in from the Southeast No rachis the same context with wheat grains and other plant remains (Locus 31617, PB 1.316.56). fragments or other parts relating to barley were found. The grains are the naked type, oval in outline are 6.3 and convex on both the dorsal and ventral faces with a deep ventral groove. The dimensions x 3.2 x 2.8 mm and 5.9 x 3.3 x 2.0 mm respectively (fig. 8.2:a). Both exhibit "puffing" and damage from charring. in Egypt from Predynastic times to the present and is Barley was a cereal commonly produced remains have been studied. As a crop it is tolerant to dry found in most sites where paleobotanical and can prosper in poor or saline soils. In addition to being a source of flour for bread, it conditions was used to make 84; Darby and as a predictor Lentil beer and was also a common 484). Its medicinal fodder et al. 1977: plant included (Tackholm and Tackholm 1941: 283bones use as a paste material 1989: 107-8). for setting

of the sex of an unborn Medik.)

properties child (Manniche

(Lens culinaris are found

Lentils

in four of the samples

in varying states of preservation age 3.3 mm in diameter putting variety of lentil (Table 8.3).

seeds occur lens-shaped The Naukratis specimens aver? (often only 1/2 of a seed) (fig. 8.2b). a small-seeded them in the category of L. culinaris var. microsperma, from Kom circular,

Ge'if.

The

312

Patricia Crawford

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Fig. 8.1.

Cultivated Plants: a, b, c: Emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum); d, e,f: Spikelet forks of emmer.

1998

The Carbonized Plant Remains

313

Table 8.2. N=20 Max. Min. Avg.

Dimensions

of Wheat Samples Breadth 2.8 2.2 2.5

(in millimeters) Thickness 2.0 2.0 2.0

Length 6.0 4.7 5.2

Lentils were a popular food in ancient Egypt and provided both protein and starch in the diet. in Egypt since the Neolithic. This legume has been grown and consumed Some of the earliest remains in the western Delta and from the Predynastic site of Nagada in Upper Egypt come from Merimde (Wetterstrom Grape (Vitis n.d.; Zohary vinifera L.) and Hopf 1988: 91).

The Grape seeds are found in six samples from four loci in the North and Northwest Buildings. with the stalk and chalazal scar preserved in some seeds are generally in good condition pear-shaped A broad range of seed sizes and shapes from a single context (Locus 31617 PB 1.316.29) specimens. various stages of maturity for the fruits represented Table 8.4). suggest (fig. 8.2:b-d; The Delta (Germer 1985: 116-18). Grapes are found in Egypt from as early as the Old Kingdom was a prominent area during the Graeco-Roman 1971: 196-99). wine-producing period (Erman The fruits were consumed in were also grown in private gardens for household consumption. Grapes both the fresh and dried form (raisins) and the leaves were eaten as a wrap for rice or meat. The fruits and leaves were also used medicinally 155-56). Fig (Ficus carica L.) rich context in the Northwest (Locus Building fig seeds were found in a botanically The small comma-shaped seeds (1.2 x 1.0 mm) have a tiny hole on the ventral sur? face and a slight ridge on the rounded dorsal surface (fig. 8.2:e). These small seeds may belong to the to Egypt, the sycamore fig (Ficus sycomorus L.). type of wild fig common The fruits and leaves were used as food for both humans and animals and had medicinal properTwo possible 2038, PB 1.2.63). ties as a laxative The wood 102-5). Summary of Cultivated Plants and as a remedy for heart complaints 708-11, 744-48). (Darby et al. 1977: 615-16, of the sycamore fig was used for timber and the sap was used medicinally 1989: (Manniche as components of laxatives and as poultices (Manniche 1989:

lentils

plant used as food at Naukratis appears to have been the cereal emmer wheat with a source of plant protein and grapes and possibly figs as fruits. The absence of re? providing mains of dates and other fruits is difficult to explain especially since the large woody stone of the date Remains of the olive, an important is highly visible and easily preserved by carbonization. food and The principal

oil plant in ancient Egypt, are also not present. This sparse grocery list may reflect specialized preser? rather than a limited diet. It is possible that only the remains produced vation or deposit conditions Remains specifically are represented. identified as debris uses of buildings secondary by short-term from tabuns, kitchen middens, further ing excavation, in both building complexes. refuse deposits could not be documented or long-term domestic dur? domestic the scenario of a series of short-term (secondary) phases supporting

314

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o L

mm

Fig. 8.2. Cultivated Plants: a: Barley (Hordeum vulgare); b: Lentil (Lens culinaris); c, d: Grape (Vitis vinifera); e: Fig (Ficus carica or E sycomorus).

Non-

Cultivated Carbonized

Plants remains of non-cultivated or industrial, species can reflect plants used for domestic, animal fodder, fuel, construction medicine, material, fiber, dyes, from the processing and shrubs, or trees, may be

ritual

purposes

hallucinogens final cleaning

as food, beverages, etc. They can also be crop contaminants as residue deposited of cultivated plants. Some species, especially woody annuals,

1998

The Carbonized Plant Remains

315

Table 8.3. N=6 Max. Min. Avg.

Dimensions Diameter 4.0 2.7 3.3

ofLentil

Samples

(in millimeters)

Thickness (of complete specimens) 1.8 1.2 1.5

introduced remains foraging

of animal dung burned as fuel. Plant directly as fuel or as foraged plant components derived from the burning of dung can further indicate aspects of the environment within the area or catchment of the site.

of non-cultivated (Table Specimens types generally are not present in great quantities at Naukratis The greatest variety of types occurs in the Northwest in the same context (Locus 2038 8.1). Building PB 1.2.63) with the greatest variety of cultivated plants. Darnel (Lolium sp. L.) found in the Naukratis samples.3 It occurs with the same plentiful weed-type cases in the same contexts as wheat caryopses or spikelet forks. Its small seed ranges in length from 2.8 to 3.7 mm and has a faint ventral groove (fig. 8.3:ain most

Darnel frequency

is the most and

there is considerable variation in the shapes and sizes of the seeds, comparison Although of size range with archaeological material from eastern Mediterranean sites and other Egyptian sites material in the minimum 1994: 129? puts the Naukratis range of Lolium temulentum L. (Crawford 31; Germer 1985: 214-15; Helbaek 1958: 315; van Zeist and Heeres species of darnel is known to be a host for a poisonous fungus the grain crop. The mature grains themselves are toxic or fatal to livestock be used as fodder (Boulos and el-Hadidi 1984: 98). Darnel is a common This particular that taints the flour if not cleaned from 1973: 33, 35). but the young plants can

spindle-shaped d; Table 8.5).

of cereal crops and the seeds are separated and disgrass contaminant carded from the threshed and winnowed with undersized or damaged cereal grains, other grain along weed contaminants, and chaff debris such as spikelet forks and rachis fragments. Its presence in the Naukratis samples, in most cases along with cereal grains and spikelet forks, suggests that the deposits are residues den deposit. Since burning of dung. Vetch types (Vicia Two damaged (Locus 31514, from cleaning cereal crops and have been burned in a hearth fire or discarded into a midthe mature plant is not palatable to animals, its presence does not likely reflect the

spp.L.) and partial vetch-like The seeds were found in a single context in the North characteristics Building makes

PBI.315.41).

lack of a hilum

scar or other

distinguishing

316

Patricia Crawford

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0 L I I I

mm

0 L 1 J_

mm I_I_I

mm

Fig. 8.3. Non-Cultivated Plants: a, b, c, d: Darnel (Lolium cf. temulentum); e: Scorpion tail (Scorpiurus muricatus); f: Clover (Trifolium sp.); g: Medick (Medicago sp.); h: Goosefoot (Chenopodium murale).

1998

The Carbonized Plant Remains

317

identification

uncertain.

The

seed sizes (3.0

x 3.2

x 1.5 mm and 3.0 be classified

x 3.0 as weed

x < 1 mm)

suggest

that

these are smaller Vetches

species. = as food and plants (cf. vetchling leguminous Lathyrus sp.) are cultivated of cereal crops and would have been cleaned fodder plants. The wild types are found as contaminants from the threshed and winnowed and discarded 1988: grain (Sa'ad 1980: 37; Zohary and Hopf of vetch have been found in Egypt since Predynastic times and were probably used 102-9). Species and related as fodder clude at Kom el-Hisn (Germer 1985: 76-81; Moens and Wetterstrom (Manniche 1988). 153). Medicinal uses in? a paste for the external tail (Scorpiurus treatment of teeth and gums 1989:

than cultivated

types and may therefore

Scorpion

muricatus

L.)

A damaged specimen of this leguminous weed was found in the North Building (Locus 31533, from the hilum area on the dorsal PB 1.315.61). The C-shaped seed has organic material extruding of the seed coat (fig. 8.3:e). A less wellside (3.2 x 2.3 x 1.3 mm). Ribbing follows the C-contour preserved specimen was the only seed found in a context associated with small pieces of wood charcoal PB 1.491.123). in the Northwest (Locus 49148, Building into the site as a cereal crop Scorpion tail is a weed of cereal fields and may have been introduced with other probable it does not seem to be associated contaminant crop debris from although Naukratis (Sa'ad 1980: 37). It is reported from the Old Kingdom sites of Kom el-Hisn and the Djoser complex periods 1988). Clover (Trifolium at Saqqara as well as from Middle Kingdom at Tell el-Maskhuta 1994: 137-38; (Crawford Abusir Germer and the Second 1985: 73-74; Intermediate Moens and Saite and Wetterstrom

spp.L.) Building remains, (Table but are

The seeds of this leguminous plant occur in several samples from the Northwest in Locus 2038 (PB 1.2.63) with cereal associated are most numerous 8.1). They otherwise found of such materials. These small ovoid seeds have

a slightly raised independent x 1.2 x 1.0-1.2 one side and vary greatly in size and shape (1.7-1.8 mm; embryo extending along from the small sample of seeds present if this plant occurs It is not possible to determine 8.3:f). fig. or wild form. as a cultivated at Naukratis Clover is cultivated as a fodder called "berseem" (T. alexandrinum L.) in modern Egypt and is also

into archaeological con? foraged as a wild plant {Trifolium spp.). In either case it can be introduced of dung fuel (Miller 1984; Miller and Smart 1984). Its presence in great quan? texts as a component there as fodder for royal cattle tities at the Delta site of Kom el-Hisn suggests that it was cultivated herds during the Old of Second Saite, Intermediate, dung in the Wadi Tumilat (Crawford 1994: 100-101). contexts at Hawara (Germer 1985: 71-73). Kingdom fuel in (Moens and Wetterstrom 1988). and Clover Clover Persian seeds are also present as a contexts at Tell period were found

component el-Maskhuta

leaves and blossoms

in Graeco-Roman

318

Patricia

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54

0 I_L J_L J_I

mm

0 L J_L l J_I

mm

0 L i

mm

Fig. 8.4. Non-Cultivated h: Cyperaceae.

Plants: a, b, c: Boraginaceae; d: Polygonaceae; e: Caryophyllaceae; f, g: Compositae;

1998

The Carbonized Plant Remains

319

Medick One (Locus 1.1 mm sides,

(Medicago

spp. L.) in the Northwest and measures 3.1 Building x 1.8 x

seed of this leguminous plant was found in a "wall fall" context it is flat, crescent-shaped, 1021, PB 1.1.34). Although damaged, weed

(fig. 8.3:g). Medick or burclover is a common and waste areas (Boulos and el-Hadidi 1984:120;

of grain fields as well as gardens, roadSa'ad 1980: 35). Species of medick are im? at Kom el-Hisn and Wetterstrom

as fodder. portant as pasture plants and are cultivated Seeds of various species of this plant have been found 1988), Tell el-Maskhuta (Crawford murale L.) 1994: 136-37),

(Moens

and el-Hibeh

(Wetterstrom

1984).

Goosefoot One

(Chenopodium

of this small lens-shaped seed was found in the Northwest (Locus 2038, specimen Building PB 1.2.63). The size of the seed (1.0 mm diameter) and the presence of a ridge around its circumference identifies this species of goosefoot as C. muraleL. seed (fig. 8.3:h). A small, flat, comma-shaped from a surface in the same building of plants, i.e. Chenopodiaceae. (Locus 49150P, PB 1.491.171) may also be from the goosefoot gardens, roadsides, and waste (Sa'ad 1980: 33). The fact that

family This weed

ground. The the leaves of goosefoot are palatable suggests that it may have been eaten by either humans or ani? mals and the seeds could have been burned in dung fuel (Boulos and el-Hadidi 1984:19). Chenopo? dium spp. is found at sites as early as Nagada (Wetterstrom n.d.), and at Kom el-Hisn (Moens and Wetterstrom 1988), Tell el-Maskhuta (Crawford 1994), and Amarna (Renfrew 1985).

is widespread and found in a variety of habitats?fields, with include cereals and clover crops it is associated

Borage Family-Boraginaceae = 6) from this plant family were found in a single locus in the Northwest are wedge-shaped with a flat (surface Locus 2015, PB 1.2.08). All specimens building base surrounded a distinct rim or "collar" and taper to a pointed apex. Each seed type by triangular in the Naukratis sample exhibits different surface features. The largest seed ( N=l, 4.2 x 2.3 mm) has Three different types of seeds (total 2.5 x 1.3 mm) has wart-like glossy surface (fig. 8.4:a). The second type (N=l, bumps the surface (fig. 8.4:b). The most numerous (N=4) is covered with small spikes and covering type x 1.2-1.5 mm; fig. 8.4:c). Seeds or "nutlets" of the borage family bumps and varies in size (2.4-3.0 are hard and turn gray or white rather than black when exposed to fire. It is sometimes difficult, therefore, to determine 1982: whether 211-12). the seeds are ancient The or intrusive (Helbaek 1970: 237; van Zeist and are Echium sp. L., Bakker-Heeres at Naukratis a smooth,

types and a fragment of a grape seed, but are not found with plant material associated with cereal debris. Plants from this family are found in archaeological contexts during the Pharaonic periods and later. The leaves of some types are eaten and the roots of others provide a red dye color (Germer 1985: 159-62). introduced Buckwheat Two 1.2.08). with disturbed soils and waste Borage is generally associated to the record as debris from plants being used as fuel. Family-Polygonaceae seeds The from this plant three-sided family occur in the same context with the borage (Locus 2015, PB seeds (1.2 x 1.3 mm, fig. 8.4:d) come from plants such as knotweed ground and may have been

genera probably represented Buglossoides sp L.(Lithospermum sp. L), and Arnebia sp. L. These weed seeds are found in the same context with the remains

of three

other

weed

small,

320

Patricia Crawford

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54

that grow in a wide spectrum of habitats, including cultivated (Polygonum sp.) and dock (Rumexsp.) wheat or clover fields, disturbed or waste areas, canal banks, and refuse ditches (Boulos and el-Hadidi 1984: 140-44; Sa'ad 1980). in contexts in domestic animal 1994; from all periods in ancient Egypt (Germer 1985: contexts at Kom el-Hisn, Tell el-Maskhuta, dung being Renfrew 1985). used as fuel or crop cleaning 27and Knotweeds 29). Remains and dock are found

Amarna (Moens

of dock specifically occur of either and may be indicative and Wetterstrom 1988; Crawford

activity

Pink Family-Caryophyllaceae A single seed from this family of plants occurs in building debris (Locus 49146, PB 1.491.107) seed has parallel along with two clover seeds and bits of charcoal. The small (1.7 mm D.) C-shaped rows of bumps following its curved contours and resembles the seeds of catchfly (fig. 8.4:e). Weeds in this genus (Silene sp. L.) are often associated with cultivated fields (Boulos and el-Hadidi 1984: 10-12; Tadros and Atta 1958). Seeds from this family of plants are not commonly contexts. The small reported in archaeological size makes them difficult to retrieve from the soil or they can be overlooked in later stages of analysis. Eleven dung are reported from the site of Kom fuel (Moens and Wetterstrom 1988). seeds el-Hisn where they may have been components of

Daisy

(Composite)

Family-Compositae seeds (achenes)

Two different on a surface

cal, tapering x 1.0 mm (fig. 8.4:f). at the bottom.

to this large family of plants. Both are found may be attributed One of the two seeds is cylindri(Locus 2015, PB 1.2.08) in the Northwest Building. at the bottom with a slight ridge encircling both the top and bottom. It measures 2.1 The other length x 1.0 mm breadth) is incomplete, a square cross section defined by four longitudinal ridges. specimen (1.8+ to genus, damaged There is a

It is oblong with raised collar around top (fig. 8.4:g). slight these specimens are not identified Although like plants included in the composite are not helpful for the reconstruction

their morphology resembles that of thistleare diverse in habitat ranges and therefore family. plants of microenvironments. They are generally annuals that persist Such foraging except fires and may by be

The spiny nature of the thistle types discourages through dry summer months. camels and donkeys. The dry, woody stems provide tinder for small domestic included in the archaeological record as fuel debris. Remains

of composites are a common occurrence in the tombs of ancient Egypt A wide variety of uses include dye and oil sources, salad greens, medicinal 172-86). sions, insecticides, bouquets and decorative garlands in burials, and woven containers (Boulos common (Moens and el-Hadidi crop and Wetterstrom cereal 1984: 21-46; Manniche composites 1989: 22-32). Except for Anthemis from contaminant, 1988). are not commonly

(Germer

1985:

teas and infusuch as baskets

reported

sp., which is a domestic contexts

Sedge Family?Cyperaceae Two seeds resembling Building breadth) types from the sedge family occur in a plant-rich context in the Northwest PB 1.2.63). The small ovate or heart-shaped seeds (1.0 length x 0.6 mm (Locus 2038, are biconvex in profile and have faint vertical striations on the surface (fig. 8.4:h).

1998

The Carbonized Plant Remains

321

Generally, sedges are indicators of moist ground and are often found on canal banks or irrigation ditches. Because of the uncertainty of identification, that there was a however, one cannot conclude wet ecozone in the vicinity of the settlement. The richness of weed types in this sample from the NW building suggests that dung fuel may have been used in this context. Sedges and rushes provide many useful resources such as edible tubers, animal feed, fuel, materials for baskets, boats, mats, rope, and paper (papyrus). They occur in quantity in sites where animal dung is a primary domestic fuel, such as Kom el-Hisn (Moens and Wetterstrom 1988) and Tell el-Maskhuta (Crawford Summary The limited 1994). of Non-cultivated seeds of weed information Plants encountered in the Naukratis samples are few in number and provide environment. The richest samples of non-

species

and natural regarding the economy come from two samples (PB 1.316.29 in the same locus (31617) cultivated and PB 1.316.56) plants in the North Building. One sample from the Northwest is comparable?Locus 2038, PB Building grass species are most likely field weeds found in the debris from as field presence of other types of weed species may also be explained cleaning grain samples. as woody annuals used as fuel or tinder, or as the residue of animal weeds present in grain cleanings, used as fuel. Burned dung can represent possible fodder plants or plants foraged by the animals dung 1.2.63. Darnel and other unidentified The grazing natural Fuel within the catchment environment Choices in the vicinity area of the site. Foraged of the site. plants may partially represent elements of the

The fuel choices observed suggest something about the domestic economy especially in regard to the availability and utilization of certain resources. in ancient Egypt as it is in the present. Egypt was known to Wood was as scarce a commodity furimport woods such as cedar from the Levant and ebony from the land of Punt for shipbuilding, 1982: 57-62). niture, funerary objects and crafts (Germer 1985: 6-13; Lucas 1962: 429-56; Meiggs Wood thickets was sparse both in the desert and in the Nile of shrubs and hydrophilic suffice as domestic floodplain. Along the Nile banks overgrown tree species such as tamarisk and willow could thrive. fuels but were not the most useful for construction or

composed Such types of wood would industrial uses. Fruit trees were grown primarily in private gardens above the flood level and irrigated by hand. The wood of dead fruit trees such as sycamore fig and palm, as well as acacia was harvested for domestic purposes. Prunings from olive trees and grape vines were also utilized. The conservation resources for industrial uses was an important of fuel for domestic purposes. economic strategy in the past, making

of wood dung

animal

a preferred source Animal dung as an alternate fuel is a common resource both in the present (ethnographic evi? and in the past (archaeological 1988; Crawford 1994; evidence) dence), (Moens and Wetterstrom Miller and Smart 1984). The type of archaeological evidence expected to support the use of dung fuel is that of the presence of identifiable burned dung combined with the presence of a relatively large of a single fodder plant or range of fodder plants (Moens and Wetterstrom 1988) as well as quantity a broad spectrum of weeds incorporated as foraged plants (Miller 1984; Miller and Smart 1984; Crawford 1994). wood charred does not occur remains in great quantities in nine of the samples in the flotation examined. samples. It does, however, Evidence for the use of dung as At Naukratis occur as the only

322

Patricia Crawford

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in which both wood and seeds are present resemble Contexts and inconclusive. fuel is speculative final stage of cleaning grain. Such debris was used as an alternative fuel source both debris from the in which a greater variety of weeds are present may cauin domestic and industrial contexts. Deposits to dung fires rather than wood fires since some of the seeds are those of known tiously be attributed fodder-type tities, Natural The Possible fodder plants do not occur in sufficient quan? plants (clover and other legumes). of fodder crops or the burning of dung. indicate either the production however, to definitively Environment few weed in the Naukratis remains provide a very limited range of en? species encountered The reason for limited information, as mentioned information. above, may be due to the lack of presence of types found within the foraging range or

vironmental

lack of dung used as fuel and therefore catchment of the site.

of cultivated fields, The presence of weed types associated with cultivation suggest the proximity a finding not surprising specifically cereals. The same weeds also suggest disturbed plant communities, settlement. the presence of a large permanent given it is not appropriate based on the past natural environments procedure to reconstruct Although saline absence (rather than presence) of specific weed types, it can be noted that weeds representing and hydrophytes) are not present in the material from Naukratis. Since the or wet soils (halophytes Delta is known as an area of marshes and wetlands in both the past and present (Butzer 1976: 3638), this "absence" that were may be the result of conditions of environmental indicators (such as dung burned Subsistence of Naukratis derived from the plant remains alone economy in and some fruits as foods. No one species is represented an emphasis on the production of a specific resource. Although the not favorable as fuel). for the deposition and

preservation Economy

And

Information is limited sufficient wheat

regarding the domestic of cereals to the utilization

to suggest with darnel seeds and spikelet forks crop appears in a relatively clean state, the contamination and possibly for export. The sparseness of probably for local consumption suggests local production in the archaeological record suggests that this crop was not heavily utilized in domestic context. barley quantity utilization of animal dung as fuel

It may have been grown as a fodder crop but the limited (or non) into the archaeological record. would inhibit its introduction The lack of evidence grape pips are present. and were an important There is no direct evidence context.

or the consumption of dates is notable, especially since for olive production The three plants were often grown together in the same agricultural setting of the Egyptian in the Late Period (Bowman 1986: 101). economy aspect for wine production either, although grapes were consumed in a domestic

rather than animal dung as the preferred fuel in most contexts suggests bone re? not have been closely affiliated with the settlement. may husbandry Although such as mains suggest sheep, goat, cattle, and pig were probably utilized as food, their byproducts not have been collected and directly available for domestic uses. dung may are not surprising in that Naukratis had originally been established Such observations primarily a trading colony, the implication that food resources could be obtained by exchange rather as being The use of woody plants that animal than by reliance on internal production.

1998

The Carbonized Plant Remains

323

Conclusion plant remains from Naukratis provide limited information regarding the domes? of the site. The species represented are not unusual for the tic economy and natural environment but and cultural context of the site. The species absent, on the other hand are remarkable, temporal The carbonized cannot osition be used to represent a definitive and preservation. Information of information (faunal reconstruction of the past because of problems in conditions of dep? from the materials present must be combined with gleaned record, material culture, written record) to provide a more com? picture during its Hellenistic occupation.

other sources plete Notes

of life at Naukratis

1 North Building: Loci 31514 and 31617; Northwest Loci 2015 and 2038. Building: North Building: Loci 31533 and 31617 (three samples); Northwest Building: Loci 2015 and 2038.

3North Building: Loci 31514, 31516, 31533, 31608, and 31617 (two samples); Northwest Building: Loci 1022, 2038, 49150, and 49161. 4Loci 1021,2015, and 49146.

Chapter The

Nine

Human

Burials

in

the

South

Mound

A.

Joanne

Curtin Hourston-Wright

Jeanne Brian S.

Chisholm

Introduction in the South Mound of Naukratis Kom Ge'if were complicated excavations by Archaeological intrusive burials. Both in Petrie's day and in the present, excavators have the presence of numerous Greek been faced with the necessity of first removing these burials in order to expose the underlying that were the focus of their research. Petrie (1886) addressed this problem by having the deposits The Naukratis and reburied away from the area of investigation. by workmen that these burials were a worthy object of study in their own right, arranged to Project, recognizing This report have the burials carefully excavated and properly analyzed by physical anthropologists. and presents the results of the osteological and ancillary analyses. the excavation describes skeletons removed Aims ofthe As Analysis of

or examined sciIslamic burials are rarely excavated proscriptions, religious little is known about the physical anthropology of earlier Islamic populaentifically; consequently to examine an Islamic skeletal sample and tions. The Naukratis Project affbrded a unique opportunity In conducting of this population. this analysis, two major a preliminary construct profile biological a result research goals were identified a complete 1. to compile skeletons, descriptive profile of the excavated of appropriate data for future research should other body comparative become available for study. if possible, through the biological of Kom Methodology The physical 1. Burial sured, anthropological The component vertical of the Naukratis Project was undertaken of tombs in three stages. were mea? Ge'if in order Islamic to provide a skeletal samples

2. to reconstruct,

specialized

and demographic features of the earlier inhabitants of the basic descriptive data. analyses and interpretation

excavation.

and horizontal

dimensions

and burials

within each excavation and given a map placement square. Burials were excavated using fine and were photographed and drawn to scale prior to removal. Where skeletal preserva? In extreme cases, re? were first treated with a polyvinyl acetate solution. tion was poor, elements solution before removal was mains were stabilized with gauze wrappings soaked in the preservative instruments burials was sieved through fine-mesh and bones

(see pls. 3.10 and 3.11). The back dirt from infant attempted to ensure recovery of the smallest elements window screening

fragments.

Field Examination. 2. Preliminary Burials were unwrapped and cleaned in the field laboratory, and pertinent and osteological observations were recorded on standard data recording archaeological

324

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forms.

The

information

collected

of each individual, intracranial

determination

at this stage of the analysis included of sex (where feasible), estimation

a complete skeletal inventory of age-at-death, cranial and variants, morphological Selected portions of each

of cranial and intracrainial presence/absence and assessment of all visible skeletal and dental pathologies and anomalies. in the field photography skeleton were then photographed lab. measurements, 3. Subsequent Analyses. sample of fourteen skeletons

the courtesy of the Egyptian of Antiquities, a Through Organization from Kom Ge'if, representing half of the human remains approximately recovered during the 1981 field season, was later sent to the Physical Anthropology Laboratory of the of Archaeology for more intensive at Simon Fraser University Department Analyses investigation. at this stage included of diet through stable-carbon conducted radiocarbon determination dating, and long bones. At the same isotopic analysis, and a complete survey of all dentitions radiographic time it was possible to reexamine and reevaluate made in haste and under observations, previous in the field lab. somewhat primitive conditions The Burial The Sample skeletal

burials sample from the South Mound at Kom Ge'if consists of seventeen the complete or partial remains of at least twenty-nine The majority of these individuals. containing were recovered from Areas 12 and 15 in the Southeast Area; while one burial, containing the remains human of two individuals, These was removed from excavation Area 88 in the Northeast Area. remains by no means represent the entire inventory of Islamic burials interred in the South At least nine other tombs were partially or completely exposed in the four main excavation An additional tombs in varying due to time constraints. areas, but were not excavated thirty-five of the South Mound, of preservation were observed around the periphery exposed by ondegrees going natural erosion of the sides of the mound. It seems likely that the present skeletal sample rep? Mound. of the burial population at Kom Ge'if, and that at least a hundred and only a small proportion within the South Mound. possibly many time this number of burials are contained the recovered This observation raises the question of how representative skeletal sample is of the total Kom Ge'if burial population. in Potential sources of sample bias include cultural patterning resents which to such attributes as age, sex, or personal status; differential according preservation, bias the sample in favor of large, robust, male skeletons at the expense of the smaller, more delicate remains of infants, children, or perhaps even adult females; and simple sampling bias be selected for excavation. There is whereby a particular age/sex class of burial may more frequently could no indication that the first two factors have affected the Naukratis composition. burial This however, may have had a significant length below. Archaeological Tombs of disturbed, Content effect on sample sample; the third factor, factor is addressed at greater burial location

and Chronology at two separate levels in the South Mound. The top stratum consisted current ground surface.

were encountered

and with one exception, empty tombs, located just beneath or were completely of the coverings of these tombs had been damaged considerably, missing. A second level of tombs, containing both primary and secondary burials (see section on burial pat? the second level of tombs 50 and 100 cm below the first. Surrounding terns) was located between Most was extensive mud brick debris, containing ceramic inclusions dating to the Ptolemaic period. Tomb

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of a more recent, style and burial patterns, however, were characteristic as the last half of the nineteenth century. Tomb design was generally uniform, though size and architectural Construction from substantial tombs, built

Islamic

period,

possibly varied

as late

by mortar, to ranged large, of fired and mud bricks piled around and over the body. Some tombs disorganized arrangements featured corbelled roofs (pl. 9.1) whereas others were of slab construction (pl. 9.2). Potsherds often formed ( C) anal? by radiocarbon Three samples were submitted ysis of bone collagen extracted from two of the excavated skeletons. at Simon Fraser University for analysis, but collagen preservation to the Radiocarbon Laboratory in one individual was so poor (probably as a result of the extremely hot climate to which it has been in the other two samples, poor collagen preservation is that no date could be obtained; exposed) in the relatively large calculated errors of estimate. Unfortunately the single skeleton recov? for further analysis by the Egyp? ered from the upper level of burials was not among those submitted the radiocarbon tian government; dates relate only to burials in the earlier, lower level consequently reflected of tombs. The rwo bone samples were dated at 550 ? 160 years BP (SFU 403) and 610 ? 200 years BP (SFU the method of Damon et al. (1974: 350-66). estimates have these radiocarbon 404). Following to the following calendrical dates: A.D. 1390 ?164 years, and A.D. 1340 ? 202 years, Both dates coincide with the period of Mamluk domination in Egypt, a time of Egyp? respectively. tian preeminence over the Arab world, characterized by extensive trade with Europe and agricultural been converted of existing systems and dam and aqueduct expansion irrigation construction unaffected 1980). The common (Vatikiotis fellahin were probably by these developof Kom Ge'if probably differed little from ments, however, and the lives of the medieval inhabitants intensification through the pattern Burial established by their ancestors. at home, an intrinsic part of tomb walls and covering. The date of the burials in the South Mound cemetery was determined

sophistication of fired brick held together

widely.

Patterns

In general, the burials from Kom Ge'if may be categorized as single, simple (as opposed to comThe majority (twelve out of seventeen burials, or 70.6% of the sample) were pound) inhumations. in well-articulated found in primary context, buried singly in individual tombs. Bodies condition, were invariably oriented east-west, with their right sides in a semi-flexed position. lying hands on its back with legs extended. to face, or extended alongside fragments cases, bodies of unidentifiable were heads to the west, and with The single exception were variably positioned, with one exception, were placed on was a one to two year old child found either flexed at the elbow with

Arms

Small in some shroud. The tained

the body. cloth were found

three skeletons,

No other

forms

five burials

by being dressed prepared for interment of grave inclusions were observed. that diverge from this common pattern share certain

that at least indicating in clothing in a or wrapped characteristics. Each con?

and incomplete remains of more than one individual, and, with fragmented the tombs. It one exception, each is located not in a tomb, but in the mud brick debris surrounding is possible that these burials represent a totally different pattern of burial at the site, i.e., multiple, A more plausible explanation inhumation. is that they represent primary burials that had compound been partially disturbed turbed and disarticulated of another tomb; by later activity at the site, such as construction bones were then collected together and reburied at the conclusion the dis? of this

the disarticulated,

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Table 9.1.

Age and Sex Distribution

ofthe

Kom Ge'if Burials

activity cupant. context,

either

alongside its primary ocin the sense that they are no longer in primary Such burials may be classed as "secondary" is most probably the result of accidental disturbance but their condition rather than deliberpractices. Osteology

outside

the new tomb,

or as in one instance,

inside

the tomb,

ate mortuary Descriptive

Sex and Age Determination were employed in determining sex and age-at-death physical anthropological techniques of adolescent and adult skeletons. No attempt was made to attribute gender to younger individuals on which such assessments since it is unlikely that the secondary sexual characteristics are based would Standard be apparent before puberty. children: dental development associated with age estimates Two main criteria and eruption, for immature in assessing the age of infants and were employed The problems and diaphyseal (long bone) measurements. are discussed at greater length below. individuals

Table 9.1 presents the age and sex determinations of the Kom Ge'if burials, summarized accord? to the following seven age classes: fetus (< 40 menstrual weeks); infant (newborn-1 year); child ing adult (21-45 (7-14 (1-6 years); juvenile (15-20 years); adolescent years); young/middle years); and middle/old adult (> 45 years). Greater precision in the age estimates of adult skeletons was not since possible recovered. with one exception they were very fragmentary and few diagnostic elements were

of immature The Kom Ge'if burial sample is characterized by a striking preponderance uals. Fully 80% of the excavated skeletons are from individuals less than six years of age at of death, and nearly 50% are less than one year old (infants and fetuses). The presence of six and a half fetuses is of particular interest since they are all the same age (approximately

individ? the time the four months'

and appear to have been buried together in the same tomb, associated with the skeleton gestation), of a young adult female (unexcavated). these circumstances Together, suggest that the remains are those of aborted or miscarried quadruplets whose premature delivery may have resulted in the death of their mother Although century as well. high levels of infant are a distinguishing feature of earlier, pre-twentieth mortality of infants in this sample is greater than would be expected even

populations,

the proportion

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burial sample deviates in other ways from in adult mortality. Among females, typically display expected mortality patterns, a mortality adult years as a result of maternal peak is usually apparent in the late adolescent/young in agricultural and childbirth deaths. Male mortality, is generally significantly societies, particularly which sex differences lower mortality during age. The Kom Ge'if burial sample, in adult mortality. From than female the early and middle adult years, reaching its maximum differences between by contrast, exhibits no meaningful with old the scxes

under the most adverse

natural

conditions.

The Kom Ge'if

this it is logical to conclude that the Kom Ge'if sample is not representative of a natural but is heavily weighted towards immature This bias may have been introindividuals. population, duced in the field through deliberate selection of small, infant burials for excavation in preference over larger, more is supported tombs to excavate. This interpretation complex adult burials which are more time consuming the fact that at least four, and perhaps more, of the nine exposed but unexcavated by contained adult burials, whereas the bias towards individuals

adults comprised only 13.3% of the excavated sample. or reliable demographic reconstruction Although precludes young of such vital statistics as birth rate, fertility, age and sex-related calculation rates, and life mortality (44.4%) the relatively expectancy, other useful opportunities analyses. Cranial Morphology immature large number of complete, well-preserved for research. These will be discussed in the following skeletons section does afford on specialized

The sample contains only four adult crania, and three of these are very incomplete. Consequently few inferences in the medieval Kon Ge'if may be drawn regarding typical skull size or morphology Table 9.2 presents the few cranial measurements and indices that could be calculated for population. three of the existing skulls (Burials 880IA, and 1253). In general 880IB, of intermediate size and relatively long and narrow (dolichocranic), with orbits are wide (chamaeconch), cranic). Foreheads are broad (eurymetopic), Sutural anomalies very broad (platyrrhine). inca, os japonicum were seen, and accessory 50% incidence. approximately Nuchal nuchal incidence lines. musculature The was apparently absence of maxillary these crania high cranial and the nasal aperture no examples of metopism, suture, appear to be vaults (acrois os

appear to be uncommon: sutural ossicles occur only in the lambdoidal as all three crania exhibit

with

well-developed, tori,

of mandibular

tori in this sample

prominent highest and zygomaxillary tuberosities and low palatine muscles were less well-developed. suggest that masticatory tori,

Infracranial

Morphology is available regarding infracranial one morphology in the Kom Ge'if

popula? is represented a complete the skeleton; by sample, only infracranial skeletons of the remaining adult individuals are represented few incomplete by only a both axial and appendicular elements of the complete skeleton have been Unfortunately, fragments. the effects of advanced age and severe osteoarthritis, altered by so any inferences regard? significantly be suspect. AU available infracranial measure? stature, body build, or limb proportionality may ing tion. Of the four adults in the burial ments for this individual (Burial 1253) possible, since these may often be observed in incomplete Of particular interest are the extremely and fragmentary skeletons. Steida's processes, which occur bilaterally on the tali of Burial 1253, the old adult female prominent The occurrence of non-metric are presented in Table 9.3. infracranial variants was recorded where

Even less information

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Table 9.2.

Cranial

and Mandibular

Measurements

and Lndices

* All measurements recordedin mm. are

(pl. 9.3). Other variants observed bilateral acetabular notches. A large fossa was noted of the adolescent individual, skeletons

in this individual

are a suprascapular

foramen

(right side only),

and

at the insertion Burial 1573A.

of young individuals, particularly discrete traits on muscular development 1978: 143). The only other infracranial (Saunders growth recorded in this sample occur in the vertebral column of a one to two year old child. Two cervical vertebrae pletely Skeletal have bilateral double transverse foramina, and an additional cervical vertebra has an incomtransverse foramen on the right side only.

muscle on the left femur gastrocnemius in the trait occurs with relatively high frequency and may be related to the effects of long bone adolescents, for the medial This

bridged

Pathology

and Anomalies skeletons revealed few gross indications conditions apparent of disease or ill-health, are severe degenerative

of the Kom Ge'if Visual inspection and no evidence of trauma. The only

two pathological

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Table 9.3. Measurements* Clavicle - Maximum Humerus Humerus Humerus Humerus

Lnfracranial

Measurements

and Indices,

Burial

1253 Right ?

Left length 153.0

- Maximum length - Deltoid perimeter - Subdeltoid perimeter - Maximum head diameter 264.0 ? 266.0 239.5

Ulna - Maximum Radius - Maximum

length length

Femur - Maximum length Femur - Oblique length Femur - Midshaft A-P diameter Femur - Midshaft M-L diameter Femur - Subtrochanteric A-P diameter Femur - Subtrochanteric M-L diameter Femur - Maximum head diameter Tibia - Maximum length Tibia - Nutrient foramen A-P Tibia - Nutrient foramen M-L Fibula - Maximum 349.0 348.0

length

Indices - Platymeric Indices - Pilastric Indices - Platycnemic * All measurements recordedin mm. are

in the aged female skeleton (Burial 1253), and indeterminate disorders in hemopoietic a newborn (Burial 1230) and a two year old child (Burial 1256). or degenerative disease Osteoarthritis, called, is the most common joint disease as it is sometimes osteoarthritis human populations (Jurmain 1977; Ortner and Putschar 1981). Primary degen? affecting prehistoric as part of the normal aging process, with progressive erative arthritis develops of the deterioration articular cartilage of most joints. In extreme cases, degeneration may progress to the point of com? destruction of the articular cartilage, leading to erosion and polishing of articulat(eburnation) plete surfaces. In Burial 1253, osteoarthritis is expressed by extensive pitting of joint surfaces and of joint margins with osteophytic is apparent in Particularly severe involvement lapping outgrowths. the hand and foot phalanges, and in the lumbar spine, where many of which are grossly deformed, has almost completely the third, fourth, and fifth lumbar vertebrae (pl. 9.4). ankylosed osteophytosis ing bone

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disorders are characterized of the blood cell forming marrow, usu? by hypertrophy Hemopoietic et al. 1977; El-Najjar, ally in response to one of the anemias (Ortner and Putschar 1981; Cybulski of the cancelbone lesions occur primarily in the cranium, and include expansion Associated 1976). of the outer table, or, in extreme cases, destruction of the outer lous bone accompanied by thinning table with of the exposed diploe. The two most common locations of he? and outgrowth thickening lesions in the skull are the orbital roof, where the defect is termed "cribra orbitalia,"and in

mopoietic the parietal region of the cranial vault, where it is called "porotic hyperostosis." Both affected individuals from Kom Ge'if (Burials 1230 and 1256) exhibit the orbital anterior roof mandible. (pl. 9.5), and the older individual The lesions are well-developed a relatively (Burial recent onset also exhibits

cribriform

lesions

of

perhaps reflecting The newborn

on the also displays an area of porotic hyperostosis in the two year old, but only slight in the newborn, of the disease process in this individual. another skeletal

which, while perhaps not anomaly does not occur as part of the normal range of variation in the human skeleton. One disease-related, has an unusually of the right ribs of this individual mortem and reconstructed) broad (broken post ribs are and flattened sternal end with a double tip (pl. 9.6). Since all of the remaining twenty-three 1230) present, perhaps mal rib. Dental not appear that this condition from some developmental disturbance it does has arisen from the fusion of two normal ribs, but of a nor? that has resulted in incomplete bifurcation

Pathology

and Anomalies good dental health. Not in the oldest individual, loss of almost the entire

In general, the individuals at Naukratis exhibit reasonably excavated the most widespread is found and severe dental pathology surprisingly, disease has resulted in the antemortem Burial 1253. Advanced periodontal mandibular present evidence almost and approximately at the site of the left mandibular of this lesion. two-thirds Extreme dentition

half of the maxillary teeth. A healed dental abscess may be has obliterated most of the canine, but alveolar remodeling alveolar recession has exposed the roots of the remaining teeth for

these teeth. caries.

of their length, and large calculus deposits cover both crown and root portions of teeth (two maxillary incisors and a mandibular second molar) display large dental All recovered teeth from this individual with severity display some degree of hypercementosis, Three

of involvement

distally along the dental arcade. increasing In the remainder of the burial sample, enamel hypoplasia is the most common con? pathological dition of the teeth. It appears in the form of deep lines, grooves, or pits in the enamel surface of a tooth crown as a result of a systemic insult occurring during the period of enamel formation. Enamel does not have a specific etiology, hypoplasia or disease-dependent conditions (El-Najjar, two of the three adults In both but may occur in response to a number of nutritionally et al. 1978: 185-92). lines were observed in Hypoplastic

with teeth present, and in three of the immature individuals. the hypoplastic lines occur in the maxillary canines and/or incisors. Location of adults, occurred at approximately three years of age. The the lines suggests that the developmental disruption this condition include a 12-18 month old child with a faint three immature individuals displaying hypoplastic hypoplastic horizontal line on a deciduous lesions bands on both incisor; lower enamel an 18-24 month old child (Burial 1562) with small, with circular broad deciduous canines; and an 18-24 month old child

of deficient central

edge of an upper

incisor

on all eight deciduous incisors, and a deep notch on the incisal (pl. 9.7) that may be an example of incisal hypoplasia.

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in the initial stages of occurs when enamel formation is severely disrupted hypoplasia since the deciduous at approximately tooth calcification; central incisors began calcifying fourteen in weeks intrauterine of a severe disruption (Kraus and Jordan 1965), this lesion may be indicative Incisal environment Dental caries occurring during the third or fourth month of pregnancy. have begun to form in the incisal notch and on the labial surfaces of both upper central incisors An association where the enamel is most deficient. between dental caries and enamel hypoplasia has and Sahar 1962), and may be a relatively common been observed by other researchers (Rosenzweig the maternal occurrence. anomaly was observed in the same young child (Burial 1562), a relatively rare incisor. The lower left deciduous feature called a geminated lateral incisor has two separate crowns of a single, abnormally root that appears to consist of two normal roots broad nearly equal size, and fused together (pl. 9.8). The crowns are slightly rotated, so that lingual surfaces face each other at an One other dental 110 degrees. This anomaly does not appear to have resulted from the fusion angle of approximately of two normal teeth, since the full complement of deciduous teeth are present. Instead, it appears to tooth that has partially adhered to the lateral incisor. Radiographs of the represent a supernumerary nordentition indicate that the permanent successor to this tooth is developing unerupted permanent in permanent is generally more common mally, with a single crown. Since gemination maxillary teeth in a deciduous et. al. 1958), this occurrence mandibular incisor may represent a rather rare (Brabent, anomaly. Ancillary Dietary Analyses Analysis examination of diet in the Kom Ge'if

sample was attempted through stable-carbon The measurement C to used in this analysis is the ratio of C for the sample isotope analysis. as compared to a standard and expressed as d C in parts per mil (%c). There are three groups of spe? cies that can be identified and used in diet reconstructions (fig. 9.1): 1) terrestrial -26.5. 2) terrestrial 3) marine plants ratio -12.5. cycle; average isotopic using the C4 (Hatch-Slack) and plants which use a cycle similar to the C3 plants but obtain ratio -19.5. reservoir; average isotopic plants that use the C3 (Calvin Benson) photosynthetic cycle; average isotopic ratio

A preliminary

plankton from a different

their carbon

isotopic ratio for all consumers, and hence the food chains that support The

humans, is determined by and reflects their diet including In them, and can therefore be used in diet reconstruction.

situations the tissue measured is bone collagen extract because collagen is the only tisarchaeological sue known that preserves its initial isotopic composition reliably through time in sufficient quantity will allow a calculation of an average value for to permit analysis. A measured value for a consumer the consumer's Since Naukratis, 1) the all three of 5%c diet, allowing for an average displacement of the dietary alternatives mentioned above there are seven different options that must be considered: is composed exclusively In this case the consumer of values are present within 100 km of

diet

plants.

herbivores that C3 plants and/or would all be about d C=-21.5%c

consumed

only and -20.5%c;

C3

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Fig. 9.1.

A tripolar graph ofthe results ofstable-carbon

isotopic analysis.

2) the diet sumer 3) the diet about

is based

values

only on C4 species and/or their herbivore will all be about d C=~7.5%c and -6.5%c; solely of marine and -12.5%*; species, in which

consumers,

in which

case con-

is composed dl3C=-\4.5%c

case the consumer

values

will

all be

4) the diet is based on a mixture between d13C=-2L5%c 5) the diet is based be between 6) the diet is based

of C3 and C4 species, and -6.5%c; of C3 and marine and -12.5%*; of marine and

in which

case the humans

will have values

on a mixture

species,

in which

case the human

values

will

d13C=-21.5%* on a mix

C4 species

and will

give result

human

values

between

d13C=-l4.5%*

and -6.5%*; of all three, in which case the human will lie between d C= but not at the extremes.

7) the diet is a combination -2l.5%o and -6.5%c,

Collagen samples from eleven individuals, ranging in age from fetal to old adult, were prepared at Simon Fraser University to the method of Longin (1971: 241-242) and measured on an according mass spectrometer at McMaster isotope-ratio University. Resulting values range from -13.3 to-18.5, ? l.7%c Comparison with an average value of -15.0 of these values with the seven dietary options above indicate that options outlined This leaves three options for 1, 2, 3, and 6 may be eliminated. consideration: Since numbers 4, 5, and 7. to consider and only one measured the easiest way to parameter, handle the interpretation is to use tripolar graphing techniques (fig. 9.1). If we calculate the C3 versus and the C3 versus marine proportions for the latter two options applicable at Naukratis then we C4 can plot the proportions of C3 species eaten as maximum and minimum values for the percent C3 species in the local diet. All mixtures from option 7 will fall within these limits. We can further limit there are three variables

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the range of proportion interpretations possible for the observed results, by plotting the mean value for the samples and its ls limits. These two sets of lines will then define the range within which the diet mixture proportions will lie for this particular sample population. Individual results will lie somewhere in the range represented their measured d C value and its measurement error. It can be seen by that the plotting of these lines also defines a maximum value for the percent of C4 species eaten, of if we based the result on the mean value line only the C4 maximum 55% (if we include the ls lines); would be 43%. Without at a reasonable further limit evidence, we cannot achieve greater accuracy than this, but if we could arrive or the C4 intake, we could further limit the range if faunal or other evidence strongly suggests a maxi?

species of possible proportion estimates. For example, mum marine species of 30%, then we can plot this on the tripolar graph and thereby restrict the pro? portion range to the area left of the 30% marine line. As can be seen, this also reduces the possible and limits the C4 intake to a range of 17-55% if (or of 25-43% range for C3 species to 33-57%, we use only the mean value and ignore the ls range). It is impossible, based on the data presented here, to provide complete and accurate determinations of the proportions of C3, C4 and marine species in the diet of the Naukratis inhabitants. How? must lie. Based only ever, it is possible to establish reasonable limits within which these proportions on the d C mean value and its ls range (and with no information about any of these alternatives) it is possible to state that the C3 proportion must lie between 27 and 57% of the dietary intake, that the C4 proportion must be less than 55%, and that the marine proportion must be less than 72%. If information about either (or both) of the C4 or marine species intake is obtained, then it will be pos? sible to further define and limit the range of these proportion estimates. Health and Development

for the marine

intake,

of age-at-death for immature individuals is essentially an attempt to predict chro? A positive correlation exists between chrono? nological age from dental and/or skeletal development. dental formation, and skeletal growth but the three variables are not identical due to logical age, Determination variations in the timing and rate of developmental processes. It is generally accepted that dental de? is a more reliable criterion for estimating chronological age than skeletal development is less variable, shows fewer and less profound (Gleiser and Hunt 1955; differences between the scxts, and is

velopment since the former less affected Sundick

insult Lewis and Garn 1960; Miles 1962; by environmental the same token, significant differences between age estimates based on these two 1977). By different criteria may provide useful information regarding health problems in earlier populations. both dental age and skeletal age were calculated for all immature burials from the Accordingly, site. Ideally, these estimates from which on developmental standards established for the same was drawn. In the absence of appropriate maturation and dental formation Egyptian populations, long bone measurements with several existing standards, derived primarily from modern American and the sample to be able should be based

biological standards stages

population for medieval were compared

several different maturational standards, we hoped By employing European populations. to recognize and eliminate internal inconsistencies and population-specific biases. The five comparative standards used to determine skeletal age all provided generally age estimates Three of the dental for the Kom Ge'if infants standards and children. This was not the case with and Schour, Aprile maturation (cf. the tables of Massler

consistent series. and

the dental

and Figun,

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The Human Burials

335

21.5V.,

-16.7V..,

13.3V.. -6.5%./-1_<_x_s_A ?..marine\ .K5%#

Fig. 9.2. A comparison of dental age and skeletal age for infants and children.

MacCall derived

and Ward from other

in Legoux those 1966) produced anomalously high age estimates, exceeding standards by several years; these discrepancies were considered in the final dental

in patterns of development between the apparent inconsistencies and the comparative standards. The first discrepancy is in the order of eruption sample of the deciduous mandibular second molars. The comparative standards depict the mandibular sec? ond molar as erupting before its maxillary counterpart; at Kom Ge'if this sequence is reversed. Dis? Kom Ge'if in the rates of development of two teeth, the deciduous second molars Deciduous molars in the Egyptian at sample appear to be developing a significantly slower rate than is typical in the comparative standards. Consequently, when age esti? mates based on several teeth from the same individual are compared, the deciduous second molars often canines dentition, considered yield the permanent Conversely, estimates in comparison with other teeth in the same produce anomalously high age that they are developing at a relatively faster rate. These inconsistencies were suggesting when assigning a final dental age estimate for each individual. considerably younger immature skeletons number were complete enough to allow calculation includes four fetuses, five infants (newborn of both dental to 12 months) and skel? and four age estimates than the anterior teeth. are also apparent crepancies and the permanent canines.

of each individual. age assessment Of greater interest are several

typically

Thirteen

etal age (fig. 9.2). This young children (12-24 for whom

months). Fig. 9.2 presents calculated ages in graphic form for each individual an age estimate was available. The skeletal and dental age curves coincide closely during the fetal period and the first months after birth. By one year of age, however, a significant divergence is apparent, with skeletal age estimates lower than dental age estimates. There are two consistently interpretations for this observed discrepancy. First, the comparative standards upon which

possible

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the age estimates were based may not reflect the normal developmental pattern of this population, of skeletal age retardation. The alternate hypothesis is that the impression creating an erroneous of real inhibition is a product of skeletal growth in relation to dental matura? observed discrepancy tion. Since growth and maturation even when growth is arrested, kind of stress that inhibited their skeletal balances (Blanco, in particular et al. 1974). vitamins in which maturation can continue are independent processes it is possible that the infants in this sample were subjected to some growth. These or minerals, childhood stresses could be caused and infections, imby malnutrition, certain congenital diseases

Laboratory of During the third stage of analysis, which took place at the Physical Anthropology we were able to test this hypothesis of a 50% examination Simon Fraser University, by radiographic sample of the excavated burials from Kom Ge'if. Long bones from all available skeletons were x-rayed, were examined for evidence of lines of arrested growth (LAGs), or and the resulting radiographs The results of this analysis indicate Harris's Lines, as they are sometimes called, in their metaphyses. that severe growth disruptions have indeed occurred in individuals between discrepancies exhibiting skeletal age. Burials 1239, 1256, and 1560A all display two or three separate episodes of from shortly after birth to within a few months before death. By growth arrest ranging in occurrence for whom dental and skeletal age coincided none of the individuals contrast, (burials 1230, 1551, and dental the "Balk Babies") exhibited any evidence of growth ar? 1556, 1569, and the four fetuses designated for by the fact that these individuals died at birth or shortly rest. This latter finding can be accounted external from deleterious afterwards, so that for most of their existence they were buffered somewhat forces by the maternal environment. Conclusions Seventeen the South burials the remains of at least twenty-nine in were uncovered individuals containing at Naukratis. the course of the 1981 excavations Radiocarbon ( C) analysis during

Mound

suggests that the burials from Kom Ge'if date to the time of Mamluk rule in Egypt during the fourteenth century A.D., and as such, this group represents one of the few samples of medieval Islamic skeletons that have been excavated or studied scientifically. The sample is not demographically of the medieval Kom Ge'if population, representative being of individuals consists of infants and age groups. The largest proportion young children, aged three years or less. Four fetuses were identified in the sample, and were thought The majority of the infants appear to have died at or to represent miscarried or aborted quadruplets. morbid condi? around the time of birth. Infants that survived childbirth were exposed to numerous skewed towards in their first years of life that significantly inhibited skeletal growth. Some form of anemia may factor in the deaths of at least two of the infants, but the specific cause or have been a contributing for the remainder of the sample. Interpersonal manner of death is unknown violence does not appear tions to have figured prominently of skeletal trauma. Little is known about in village the adults life at the time, from Kom since none of the skeletons exhibit any evidence the subadult

Ge'if

in the sample. The presence survived to old age, at which disease.

of one old adult

female

time they were exposed

since they are significantly under-represented indicates that at least some of the population to the debilitating effects of arthritis and dental

Human burial analysis has the potential of making an enormous to our understand? contribution of earlier human populations because it deals with aspects of culture that are not readily accesing

1998

The Human Burials

337

sible through relationships, yses of small,

other lines of archaeological health and disease, biological enquiry, such as demography, and residence patterns, social organization, and ideology. anal? marriage Unfortunately, skeletal samples, such as the one from Kom Ge'if, often raise more questions incomplete areas of research that must of sex and age related and disease. Although an introduction more research must be conducted that has been intimated await larger and less biased samples in? rates and life expectancy, and mortality has been made in the area we can clarify the rela? for anemia in the skeletal before

than they can answer. Promising clude demographic reconstruction identification of dietary tionship sample. Despite the limitations first step in the examination laborers of medieval Egypt. of patterns reconstruction, between of health much

diet and disease

in the evidence

of the data base, it is hoped that this study will provide that important of a heretofore the Islamic agricultural virtually unknown population:

Table 9.4.

Human

Remains

Catalog

The following Human Remains Catalog lists units of bone material according to groups by which it was removed from the field to be preserved by our conservation staff. Within each Area, the material is presented sequentially by Material Culture number (MC#) and not necessarily by Locus/Burial number.

dThe catalog (abbreviated HRC in the Locus Summariesof the individualexcavationareas)was createdin the field by J. Curtin and as J. Hourston-Wright,modified by D. Reese, edited and modified by A. Leonard,and arrangedin a tabularformat by J. Kramer.Some human remainswere not included in the HRC and maybe found in the individuallocus summaries.

338

A. Joanne Curtin, Jeanne Hourston-Wright,

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54

Table 9.4. ?continued

Tooth

hypercementosis); one heavy hypoplastic line buccally from anterior dentition: I or C? Heavy attrition to neck prevents positive ID. Slight hypercementosis

7A

1245

1998

The Human Burials

339

HRC* 75

Locus 1255

Element

Side

Age

No.

Comments Burial 1255: Articulated, incomplete remains. In poor condition. Hair and vegetal material recovered

HRC#

Locus

Element

Side

Age

No.

Comments Balk burial (Bag 1 of 3): Remains of at least four, all fetal, excavated outside the area in balk extension Balk burial (Bags 2 and 3): Remains of at least four, all fetal, excavated outside the area in balk extension Burial 1256 Burial 1256 Burial 1253 Burial 1253

AREA HRC# 52 Locus 1507 phalanx 55 62 1507 1542 5 th metatarsal atlas h rib metacarpal rib epiphysis frag frags 65 68 69a 69b 71 72 74 75 76 1542 1542 1566 1521 1526 1566 1538 1573 1538 vert. centrum hand phalanx frag zygoma R ? ? ? ? R ? ? _ ? ? ? ? ? _ ? Element Side R ? L ? L L L? A I I I ? ? ? I ? I Age ? I? A A

15 No. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 ? 1 ? 13 1 1 1 ? ? _ ? 0-1 attrition, Comments no caries

middle phalanx of foot? (II or III) distal end (broken) Burial 1572 calculus on labial surface sternal frag distal end (II?) shaft frag ud 2 pieces ud immature ud Burial 1572 Burial 1572 Burial 1566 frags prob. proximal ud roots broken off Burial 1566 Burial 1572 Burial 1573 Burial 1572

340

A. Joanne Curtin, Jeanne Hourston-Wright,

Brian S. Chisholm

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54

Table 9.4. ?continued HRC# 78 79 Locus 1532 1542 rib hand phalanx vert. centrum clavicle lst metatarsal 82 1542 rib metacarpal 83 84 1573 1542 2nd phalanx, foot prox foot pha? lanx metatarsal lateral occiput rib frags 86 1541 vertebral 1/2 arch distal hand phalanx metacarpal or metatarsal 90 92 1541 1542 skull mandible rib L R ? ? 3 rd metatarsal frags temporal rib rib skull ischium 98 100 102 1542 1542 1566 frags 1 /2 vert. arch metatarsal? R p p p A p C p A ? ? 5 2 1 R A YA ? ? 2 ? 1 15 3 fitted pieces-occipital? condyle only (Recatalogued with Burial 1572 head. 18-24 years (Recatalogued with Burial 1572 ud (Recatalogued Burial 1573 2 pieces ud petrous portion shaft frag artic. facet unfused 2 fitted pieces frag Burial 1573 Burial 1573 Burial 1566 Burial 1566 < 2 years Burial 1566 with Burial 1572) L? R? p R R head-both ud < 2 years old epiphysis fusing R L p Element Side No. in 2 pieces-head Comments and shaft frag

Age

proximal (?) newborn or fetal (in crypt) lateral 2/3 distal epiphysis fusing; prox unfused shaft frag (or metatarsal?) Burial 1573 Middle. Epiphysis fused Epiphysis fused distal fusing-epiphysis fusing

80

1542

frags 93 97 1542 1542

1998

The Human Burials

341

HRC*

Locus

Element

Side

Age

No.

Comments

342

A. Joanne Curtin, Jeanne Hourston-Wright,

Brian S. Chisholm

AASOR

54

Table 9.4.?continued

balk

1998

The Human Burials

343

344

A. Joanne Curtin, Jeanne Hourston-Wright,

Brian S. Chisholm

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54

AREA HRC* Locus Element Side Age

66 No. Comments

1998

The Human Burials

345

AREA 88 HRC* Locus Element Side Age No. Comments bone cluster. See Burial notes B8801 scapula 1 1 superior & vertebral borders broken ud ID frag

1 1 2

shaft and prox end frag incomplete incomplete LIC

49101

49101

90

49130

346

A. Joanne Curtin, Jeanne Hourston-Wright,

Brian S. Chisholm

AASOR

54

Notes In assessing sex, heaviest reliance was placed on pelvic attributes as defined by Phenice (1969: 297-301) and Houghton (1974: 381-90). Anatomical features of the skull as well as size and robusticity of infracranial elements were also considered, where applicable following Krogman (1962) and Stewart (1979). Adult age determinations were based on dental attrition (Brothwell 1972), endocranial suture closure (Ferembach, et al. 1980: 517-49), and general degenerative changes, such as vertebral osteophytosis, cortical thinning and degenera? tive joint disease (Stewart 1979). Two main criteria were employed in determining age of immature remains: dental formation and eruption, and long bone length, following standard techniques described in Stewart 1979. Standard measurement techniques were employed, fol? lowing Bass 1971, and Olivier (1969). A compilation and summary of know cranial discrete traits is available in Curtin (1984). Intracranial variants are described in Saunders (1978). For a complete description of the sample pretreatment techniques, benzene synthesis, and numerical analysis em? ployed by this laboratory, refer to "Simon Fraser University Radiocarbon Dates I," Radiocarbon 24:3 (1982) 344-51. This method adjusts for fluctuations in the atmospheric inventory of C02 by recalibrating radiocarbon dates with reference to the established dendrochronological time scale. Burial terminology follows Sprague (1968: 479-85). Model life tables depicting infant mortality rates in various skeletal populations may be found in Acsadi and Nemeskeri (1970). Leonard does not agree with this interpretation since only those burials were selected for excavation that were inhibiting the excavation of the pre-cemetery strata of the mound, which was the goal of the Naukratis Project. Personal communication from Dr. Ross Gifford, D.D.S., Vancouver, British Columbia. This research was conducted by Mr. Brian Chisholm of the Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University; the following discussion of his results is derived from his unpublished research report "Human Diet at Naukratis: Stable-Carbon Isotopic Analysis Results." The theory underlying the technique of isotopic analysis for dietary determination has been explained for marine versus terrestrial comparisons by Chisholm, et al. (1982: 1131-32 and (1983: 396-98), and for maize determinations by DeNiro and Epstein (1978: 495-506), and van der Merwe and Vogel (1978: 815-16). Long measurements from the following sources were used for this study: Aremelagos, et al. (1972), Fazekas and Kosa (1979), Gindhart (1973), Johnston (1961), and Maresh (1970). For the dental standards used for this study Fanning (1961), Fanning and Brown (1971), Haavikko (1970), Kraus and Jordan (1965), Meredith (1954) Moorees, Fanning, and Hunt (1963), and Legoux (1966; in particular Table 19 [Aprile and Figun], Tables 21 and 35 [MacCall and Wald], Tables 14, 31, and 32 [Massler and Schour]).

Chapter The

Ten

Animal

Bones

and

Shells

David

S.

Reese

Introduction Kom Ge'if sieved, was excavated from 1980 through selected the excavated material Although loci and that material was water-sieved 1983. to the faunal the bones collection. and shells was not dry("floated"),

a sample of soil was taken from and the fauna extracted by Julie Hansen 1982 seasons (when most of the digging were and studied

and added took

vation

place), and Joanne fashion by Jean Hourston-Wright in a preliminary catalogued conducted both of whom formed part of the project's physical anthropology Curtin, by component Since it was not possible for the project to have a specialist study the shell Simon Fraser University. of these objects, the director of excavations material in the field, and in order to facilitate registration (Leonard) These cards were shell forms present in the excavations. "type cards" of twenty-six of the individual for identification specimens. At the end of the in-field study season (1983), a division of the faunal remains was made in Cairo,

During the 1981 and retrieved from the exca?

prepared sent to me in 1982

portion of that material was sent to me in 1985. Because of the division "process" of the total excavated. There? an indeterminable the samples sent to the US. represented percentage field identification with the preliminary fore, for the present study, I have combined my observations in the Locus are presented and Curtin. The full faunal identifications made by Hourston-Wright and the excavation's Summaries of each area (see above). Cattle, and

SheeplGoaty Bone

Pig perThe

in the excavations, but most fragments fragments from large mammals were common or finds from the surface. shaft fragments sonally seen by the author were either unidentifiable remains are briefly noted here. more informative

to second half of the second century B.C. yielded OvisICapra-sized frag? Deposits of the mid-third an OvislCapra phalanx 3 B.c. loci produced Mid-second ments and one ?Bos carpusltarsus. century of second century B.C. deposits produced a Bos (adult) and one Bos molar fragment, while second-half molar ments. a Bos scapula (with chop marks) butch? from the topsoil, including adult OvislCapra molar (M ) from and a very worn-down ered across the glenoid (Locus 31601), Locus 1210, the scattered remains of an infant burial in Tomb 1207. Most of these remains came The only recorded evidence of the second half of the second cen? for pig was a ?Sus metatarsus rubble in Room 1/2), which was not available for rea deposit of mudbrick remains. the ovicaprids and cattle are the most common (from a rodent burrow), a burnt OvislCapra mandible and rib, and also unburnt tooth frag?

tury B.C. (Locus 49017, study. Not surprisingly, Equids There (Locus

were three equid remains, all from topsoil: 1204), an Equus asinus (ass) phalanx 1 (fused) 347

an Equus caballus (horse) distal radius (fused) E. asinus (Locus 1502), and a very worn-down

348

David S. Reese

AASOR

54

molar

(Locus

31601). sample.

These

were probably

draught

animals.

Note

that no camel

bones

were present

in the available Fish

were recorded as having produced fish remains, from loci, seven of them water-sieved, Thirty-six dates: fifth/early fourth century B.C. (two), late third century B.C. (three), contexts of the following late third to early second century B.C. (five), mid third to second half of the second century B.C. (seven), late third to second half of the second century B.C. (two), mid second century B.C. (two), sec? ond half of the second soil included Turtle Remains 31526 Birds Bird remains with most often were recorded from thirty-two loci. Many of these bones were unidentified shafts, remains being Chicken (Gallusgallus). Many of the smaller bird bones, are of unspecified and were probably intrusive into the occu? songbirds of soft-shelled turtle (Trionyx) were encountered in two deposits at Kom Ge'if (Loci century B.C. (six), open deposits in Areas five (see Chapter Eleven and the locus summaries). 12 and 15 presented four, and top?

and 31618).

of the identifiable burrows,

from rodent

pation deposits Their distribution

they were found. is as follows: late third century B.C. (two loci, two bones), late third to early second century B.C. (two loci, two bones), late third century B.C. to second half of the second cen? tury B.C. (two loci, two bones), mid third to second half of the second century B.C. (three loci, thircentury B.C. (one locus, three bones), second half of the second century B.C. small bird bones with twenty(twelve loci, about one hundred fifty bones, including ninety-seven a debris layer in Room 2), first half of from at least twelve birds (Locus 49139, three tarsometatarsi the first century B.c. (seventeen plus bird bones from Locus 49136, which included a rodent burrow), teen bones), mid second and topsoil Rodents Small (nine and loci, thiry-two bones).

in which

Shrews and shrew remains and most probably very common represent post-occua shrew late third century B.C. sample (Locus 1020) produced were

rodent

One water-sieved pational intrusions. rodent bones from produced thirty-seven jaw. A late third to early second century B.C. locus (31513) A second half of the second century B.C. deposit with shrew/rodent burrows (Locus two individuals. about two hundred seventy-five bones from at least four shrews and one rodent; 49131), produced while dent a first half of the first century B.C. deposit (Locus 49136) produced over one hundred fifty ro? bones from over four individuals, again largely from a burrow. Several burials in the Southeast intrusive rodent remains, as did the topsoil loci.

Area produced Marine

Invertebrates Mediterranean marine

Donax trunculus, with thirtyshell was the wedge-shell four fresh valves from as many as twenty-three individuals. Donax was probably a food item at Nau? kratis. There were seven valves from the topsoil: two valves (1 left, fresh from Locus 49001), four The most common

1998

The Animal Bones and Shells

349

valves

from Locus 49130 and one fragment from Locus (2 right [1 lg], 2 left, 3 fresh, 3 individuals) 1204. Stratified contained one valve from the first half of the first century B.C. (Locus deposits valves from the one fragment from the mid second century B.c. (Locusl229), 49136), twenty-three second half of the second century B.C: three fragments (2 left, 1 right, 2 individuals) (Locus 49131), six valves (Locus 49004) three valves one valve (Locus 49137), two fragments four (left, right) (Locus 49233), three fragments (1 right, 1 left) (Locus (Locus 49203), are also one mid third to second half of the second cen?

valves 49214),

(Locus

49017),

and one valve (Locus

(left, large) There 49139).

tury B.C. valve (left) (Locus 31528) (1972: 226) has noted that Donax coast by the mouths local inhabitants." The other of the Nile,

and one late third century B.C. fragment (Locus 1565). Davidson in many parts of the Mediterranean, the "is plentiful including where it is the bivalve most heavily fished and very popular with the include: century B.C, an unmodified from the mid third to second half of the second 31526; and a water-worn from the late third Arcu-

Mediterranean

shells

laria gibbosula (basket shell) in Locus 1555; B.C, a fresh Cerastoderma (cockle) in Locus a hole Locus (venus 49150. at the umbo 1229; shell) in Locus 31621; and from in Locus the second 49203, half

from the mid-second of the second

century, century a fragment

century with Glycymeris (dog-cockle) a fresh Cerastoderma fragment in

The Mediterranean

There cowrie)

V. verrucosa valve and a complete coast is today about 50 km from the site. are two Red Sea cowries from Kom Geif, a late third century

of a large Venus verrucosa in Locus of a smaller individual

fragment with an open dorsum appeared in Locus 1565; and open dorsum was found on the surface (Locus 1502). and may have derived from the graves. The Red Sea is today personal ornaments the site. down Fresh-water The Invertehrates of several fresh-water

B.C. Cypraea annulus (money and another Cypraea with a groundBoth of these pieces were probably about 225 km from

remains

(mainly Bellamaya) were also present that can be dated from the mid third to the second provided a food source, while the fragments could

rubens, Etheriay Unio) and gastropods (Aspatharia in the Kom Ge'if sample. Most of them were found in contexts half of the second also have derived century B.C. All could from decayed mudbrick. have

bivalves

Chapter The Fish

Eleven

Bones

Douglas

J.

Brewer

The piscene The assemblage tively), followed (Lates niloticus). areas. The branch Nile

remains

recovered

from Naukratis

are similar

to other non-marine

delta assemblages.

is dominated

by the Nile and schall catfish (Clarias spp. and Synodontis spp. respec? the mouthbrooder by (Tilapia spp.), elephant fish (Mormyrus sp.) and Nile perch These taxa, with the exception of the Nile perch, can be found in slow backwater which prefers well-oxygenated some current. water, was likely to have come from a larger

Perch,

of the Nile

possessing

Table 11.1. Locus 1006 1009 1009 1021 1210 1229 1565 2016 2038 2038 2038 2038 2043 2043 2043 2043 31502 31514 31514 31514 31514 31514 31514 31526 31526 31529 31529 31529 31529 31535 Taxon ud Synodontis ud ud ud Clarias Clarias ud Clarias Synodontis Tilapia ud cf. Synodontis Synodontis ud ud Clarias Synodontis Synodontis Synodontis Synodontis Tilapia ud Clarias Synodontis Clarias Clarias Lates Synodontis Mormyrus #, Side 3 1 2 2 1 1 4, 1 1 1, 1 1 1 6 1 1, 1 2 2 1 1, r 1, r 1 1, 1 1 1 4 1 1, r 1 1 1, 1 1

Piscine

Remains Comments Burnt Burnt

Element ud Pectoral spine vertebra vertebra vertebra Cranial Dentary Spine Pectoral spine Pectoral spine Pterygiophore vertebra Cranial Pectoral spine vertebra frag vertebra Cranial Humeral process Humeral process 2nd Dorsal spine Cleithrum Dorsal spine vertebra (caudal) Cranial Humeral process Pectoral spine Cleithrum Pterygiophore (dorsal) Pectoral spine vertebra (caudal)

All from one element

med frag Too small

Too small Two parts

350

Chapter The Fish

Eleven

Bones

Douglas

J.

Brewer

The piscene The assemblage tively), followed (Lates niloticus). areas. The branch Nile

remains

recovered

from Naukratis

are similar

to other non-marine

delta assemblages.

is dominated

by the Nile and schall catfish (Clarias spp. and Synodontis spp. respec? the mouthbrooder by (Tilapia spp.), elephant fish (Mormyrus sp.) and Nile perch These taxa, with the exception of the Nile perch, can be found in slow backwater which prefers well-oxygenated some current. water, was likely to have come from a larger

Perch,

of the Nile

possessing

Table 11.1. Locus 1006 1009 1009 1021 1210 1229 1565 2016 2038 2038 2038 2038 2043 2043 2043 2043 31502 31514 31514 31514 31514 31514 31514 31526 31526 31529 31529 31529 31529 31535 Taxon ud Synodontis ud ud ud Clarias Clarias ud Clarias Synodontis Tilapia ud cf. Synodontis Synodontis ud ud Clarias Synodontis Synodontis Synodontis Synodontis Tilapia ud Clarias Synodontis Clarias Clarias Lates Synodontis Mormyrus #, Side 3 1 2 2 1 1 4, 1 1 1, 1 1 1 6 1 1, 1 2 2 1 1, r 1, r 1 1, 1 1 1 4 1 1, r 1 1 1, 1 1

Piscine

Remains Comments Burnt Burnt

Element ud Pectoral spine vertebra vertebra vertebra Cranial Dentary Spine Pectoral spine Pectoral spine Pterygiophore vertebra Cranial Pectoral spine vertebra frag vertebra Cranial Humeral process Humeral process 2nd Dorsal spine Cleithrum Dorsal spine vertebra (caudal) Cranial Humeral process Pectoral spine Cleithrum Pterygiophore (dorsal) Pectoral spine vertebra (caudal)

All from one element

med frag Too small

Too small Two parts

350

Appendix Field Pottery Fabric Types

Albert

Leonard,

Jr.

How much further can the process of parceling out the motley fabrics of Naukratis among her equally motley population be carried? (Lorrimer in Hogarth, Lorrimer and Edgar 1905: 120)l a small number of imported sherds were found during our four seasons of excavation, Although the vast percentage of the ceramic material represented plainer wares, the majority of which are con? sidered to have been of relatively local production. The amount of well-excavated and well-published material for the pottery that we excavated at Kom Ge'if was quite limited during the comparative years that we were in the field. It therefore was considered number of individual fabric "types," with the understanding them best to register this pottery according to a that the divisions and differences between

or desired. These "fabrics," however, formed the basis for may not always have been intentional all work on the pottery during our seasons at Naukratis and they are included in the present publi? cation in the hopes that our material might be assimilated more easily into corpora of pottery from other sites in the Nile Delta and beyond. below, can be divided readily into two subgroups: presented those predominantly and those tempered with organic matter. The tempered with mineral inclusions, mineral tempered discussed to be a basically homogeneous fabrics, first, appear group with minor, internal variations such as the presence or absence of a slip and/or color variants that were presumably plain Naukratis, the result of differences Following discuss the pottery resource in kiln temperatures or other vagaries of the manufacturing discussions with Mike M., and later with Andrea Berlin, however, process. it seemed best to The wares from

in the final publication to the recognized of the 1990s. according terminology to photos, fabric descriptions, and actual samples, the following correlations be? Through tween our field fabrics and the more recent terminology were made, but it was felt that a great deal of information would be lost if the details the captions to the pottery (IA)" is the fabric recorded of our original groupings were not presented. Note that in both sets of information are included, for instance: "Delta silt

drawings in the field as Fabric IA (Mineral-tempered Red Ware: with a Red Slip). Such a fabric, however, is now more recognizeable to many scholars simply as "Delta Silt." Imports, local amphorae, and sherds that did not fit readily into one of these specific "fabrics" were given a more formal and specific description, and these are included in the captions to the figures. Delta Silt Fabrics

Field Fabric I Plain Red Ware. This fabric consisted of a well levigated clay, which in its ba? 4/2 (Weak Red) to 10R 5/8 (Red) below a

Mineral-tempered sic version was unslipped. surface ground

The core ranges from 7.5YR in the range of 7.5R 5/6 (Red) or 10R 5/4 (Weak Red). Temper consisted of finely generally 1 mm) white, gray and red grit with the white being the predominant to mate(sand-size

352

1998

Appendix

353

rial. Micaceous wheelmade exteriors with

inclusions

of similar

of many IA

deep finger vessels were scored

All the vessels in this fabric were size were also quite frequent. visible on the interior of the vessel, while the frequently corrugation by the potter's fingernails.

Field Fabric

variant, nished from

Red Ware, with Red Slip. Mineral-tempered a 7.5YR 4/6 (Red) to 3/6 (Dark Red)

while it was still turning on the wheel 1 to 1.5 cm apart. A preference to restrict the slip to the upper portions of the vessel was noted on the exterior of many pieces, and the slip was often allowed to drip down the sides in an irregular pattern.

some (predominantly the open) forms of this had been added. This slip had often been bur? slip in 1 to 2 mm wide horizontal bands, usually spaced

On

Field Fabric LB Red Ware, with "Orange" Slip. The fabric of this subtype was also similar to Mineral-tempered that of the main fabric with the addition of an orange slip between 10R 6/8 (Light Red) and 5/8 In some instances the slip appeared to have been used to completely cover the interior and/ (Red). or exterior upper of the vessel, while in other surface of the vessel or allowed noted in a band on the examples it has been applied "decoratively" to drip down the sides of the vase. Randomly spaced wheelon this fabric.

burnishing Field Fabric

was frequently IC Red (Leonard

Mineral-tempered only one example of the main 8/2 (Pinkish type, White)

Ware,

with

White

"Painted"

Band(s). 1981a: decorated

This

in Coulson

and Leonard had been

but the exterior paint.

surface

fig. 8:30). with an undulating

was recognized in subtype Its fabric is similar to that band of 7.5YR

Field Fabric LD " Red Ware, with Red "Painted This subtype is definitely a variant of the (Bands). Mineral-tempered main type but with the addition of a "painted" band of 7.5YR 5/2-4/2 (Weak Red) or 10R 4/4 (Weak Red) wash(?). Field Fabric LE Red Ware, with "Painted" Designs. Mineral-tempered Red Ware with the addition of designs in 7.5YR 5/2-4/2 and/or 5YR 8/4-8/3 or 10YR 8/2 (White). Examples elaborately decorated examples of Fabrics IC and ID. A variant (Weak of the main Mineral

Tempered (Weak been Red) more

Red)

or 10R 4/2-4/3 may simply have

of this fabric

Field Fabric LL Plain main Brown Ware. This fabric must be considered as a (firing?) variant of the Mineral-tempered Field Fabric I, being similar in the method of manufacture, as well as in the type and size of

354

Appendix

AASOR

54

the inclusions. (Red), slipped but

It differs,

however,

in the color (Yellowish (Light

of its core, which Red). Reddish The

is sometimes

frequently and vary in color from IIA

most

5YR 4/6 5YR 6/3

interior

gray, often 10R 5/8 and exterior surfaces are un? (Reddish Brown).

Brown)

to 5/3

Field Fabric

Brown Ware, with Brown Mineral-tempered Fabric II ware, except that it has been covered As in the "A" variant bands of wheel of the Mineral-tempered

Slip. with

subtype is identical in fabric to the main a slip of or fired to the same color as the fabric. Red Ware, this slip can exhibit randomly spaced

This

burnishing.

Field Fabric IIB Brown Ware, with "Orange" Slip. Mineral-tempered ited a slip, which was used either to cover the whole form. 5YR 7/6 slip varied in color between on the brown fabric of the main Fabric II. Field Fabric IIC The As with vessel Field Fabric IB, this subtype exhib-

or to highlight Yellow)

and 6/6

(Reddish

of the specific portions and was placed directly

Red or Brown Mineral-tempered The existence of this category reinforced the re? Ware, Mottled. between the red and brown mineral tempered wares, as well as supported the suggestion lationship the two wares were the product of vagaries in the firing stage of the vessels' manufacture. The pieces included here had either red or brown as their predominant color but were mottled through a full spectrum of earth colors to a dark gray and very occasionally black. This appeared to be the result of the primary firing, and not, as in the class of cooking pots, the result of secondary burning associated with the use of the vessels. In most cases, parallels for the shapes could be found readily among the vessels of Fabric Fabrics I and II. that the color differences between

Field Fabric IID Fired Black. The last variant of the Red (Field Fabric I) and Brown (Field Mineral-tempered: Fabric II) mineral-tempered wares was that in which the surfaces had been completely fired to black. Again, it should be noted that this is the result of primary, not secondary, firing. Field Fabric III at Naukratis Many of the cooking pots or "casseroles" from our excavations Cooking Pot Ware. from a fabric that shares many similarities had been fashioned with the red mineral-tempered ware to which it must be directly related. The clay of the cooking pots is as well levigated as that of any of the other and the grit inclusions remain about 1 mm rather than the larger, more heat that are often found in vessels with this function. Whereas the examples of Field conductive, pieces Fabric IIC were randomly mottled from their position or time in the kiln, the cooking pots exhibfabrics, of the body, below the slightly projecting areas that would be in close proximity to the heat of a secondary fire. Many of the pots had been given the same, thin, horizontally burnished bands noted above in some exam? ples of Field Fabric I and Field Fabric II. portions gray to black handles and other ited discoloration on the lower

1998

Appendix

355

Field Fabric

IIIA Pot Ware: Variant. This subfabric

in the Naukratis was represented by catalogue two pieces. Both of these fragments were from similar necked jars and differ only in their the Field Fabric I Ware, the fabric appeared to be much they closely resembled Although and the vessels were fired to a hardness paralleled completely only by the cooking levigated, above. The exteriors, and portions of the interiors, of the two certain examples were discussed Cooking ered with reveal a 7.5R 4/6 close a surface

only size. more pots cov?

(Red) Slip, as are the Fabric I pieces. Where abraded, the Fabric IIIA sherds to 10R 6/8 (Light Red), the color seen on decorated examples of Fabric IB.

Chaff-Tempered Field Fabric LV

Fahrics

Pink Ware. While the first three field types were characterized Chaff-tempered the Fabric IV fabric, and its variants, rely heavily on straw and chaff temper. per, The clay of Fabric IV vessels was poorly, or at best moderately, levigated. That fabrics of Fabrics I?III

by mineral it is related

tem?

to the

can be seen by the presence of red, white and gray grit averaging c. 1 mm, but the mineral inclusions were in the minority. As shown by the casts, the major tempering agent was straw (c. 3-5 mm in length and c. 1 mm in diameter) and chaff (up to 1 cm in length and both of which were used in large quantities. in most cases the ves? 2-3 mm in diameter), Although sels had been fired at a temperature sufficient to burn away most of this organic material, the cores of some of the fragments showed the temper itself rather than the casts. The low temperature of the kiln was also evidenced by the color of the core, which ranges from black on the thicker pieces through 7.5R 5/4-4/4 (Weak Red) on some of the thinner sherds. The interior and exterior surfaces of all ex? of this type had been heavily coated with a slip that ranged from 2.5YR 61A (Light Reddish Brown)-6/6 (Light Red) to a 10R 6/4 (Pale Red)-6/6 (Light Red), but this slip was as rich in organic inclusions as the fabric. Hence the surfaces were heavily pocked by the casts of the temper. This slip amples was very thick, up to 2-3 mm, and readily adhered to the surface corrugation resulting from the formation of the pot. Only a single example (an unillustrated ring-base fragment) varied from this norm, a thick 10YR 8/2 (White) slip on the interior surface. In all other respects, however, it was exhibiting the same as the standard Fabric IV Field Fabric LVA Ware. As with the mineral-tempered fabrics also wares, the chaff-tempered that were most probably the result of differing kiln conditions. Examples of Fabric IVA had cores of 5YR 5/3-4/3 (Reddish Brown) with surface between 7.5YR 6/4 (Light Brown) and 5/4 (Brown), but in other and Leonard Yellow). LVB of the chaff-faced wares with surface respects they were the same as the major Fabric IV A small base (Leonard both its core and its surface have 5YR 1981a: fig. 5:7) was the exception; Brown

Chaff-tempered had color variants

in Coulson 7/8 (Reddish

Field Fabric

Mottled Ware. Fabric IVB was a version Chaff-tempered colors mottled between those of Fabrics IV and IVA.

356

Appendix

AASOR

54

Field Fabric IVC Red Ware. Three sherds Chaff-tempered but covered on the exterior with a 7.5R 6/8 these Unfortunately, assemblage. of the shapes of this variant. edge the sake of completeness. Field Fabric IVD Black Ware. the colors of the chaff-tempered class did vary and motChaff-tempered Although did occur, only one example had been fired completely black. It was assigned a special subfabric tling in order to balance the Fabric IIC of the mineral-tempered in the cor? ware and to hold a position of the type. for future occurrences pus Field Fabric IVE Painted Ware. ware had been noted that Only one example of chaff-tempered Chaff-tempered This is, unfortunately, a body sherd, which shows a broad (4 cm) band bore a painted decoration. of 5YR 8/3-7/3 (Pink) paint around the body of the vessel, bordered above and below by a c. .06.07 cm band Coarse of 5YR 6/2 (Pinkish Gray) paint. were They of a fabric similar to that of Fabric

(unillustrated)

IV,

(Light Red) slip, stood out sharply from the rest of the all body sherds and thus did not contribute to our knowlare included here because of their distinctive nature and for

Fabrics VA in two very appeared in the Naukratis assemblage formed Fabric VA (Smooth-slipped Coarse Ware) whose use of chaff tempering the chaff-faced wares of Fabric IV and the very rudimentary Fabric VB (Coarse Coarse Ware. Coarse wares below. Morphologically, The fabric was poorly Fabric VA vessels consisted basically of low, thick-

Field Fabric

Smooth-slipped distinct sub-types: a bridge Ware) walled between

to be discussed bowls or platters.

and the large (1.0-1.5 cm) pieces of chaff levigated, in clumps in the thick gray and/or 10R 5/4 (Weak Red) sections. The inte? temper appeared in rior and exterior surfaces of these vessels had been covered with a thick slip, which corresponded often to the various IV was on on

of the chaff-faced with the Fabric group. Surprisingly, compared subtypes fabrics, much more care has been taken to remove the large organic temper from the slip. It to .01 cm) white and gray mineral temper. Admittedly, the surfaces, replaced by small (sand-size are broken by the casts from the small organic tempering but, occasion, agents which remained, color the whole,

a much better appearance wares and recalled the slip presented than the chaff-tempered vessels. This fact can, perhaps, be used to argue the relative hothe slips of the mineral-tempered of the local fabrics at Naukratis during this period. mogeneity Field Fabric VB Fabric VB consisted of the truly coarse vessels of the assemblage. Forms had thick of chaff, to 1.50 cm in length and up to 3 mm in diameter, fabric, and thick gray cores are common. Most fabric colors

Coarse Ware.

walls and simple shapes. Large pieces were frequent in the poorly levigated

1998

Appendix

357

Brown) to 616 (Light Red) and slips, when present, were the same range from 2.5YR 5/4 (Reddish color as the fabric but broken by the chaff casts. To judge from the marks on the preserved surfaces, with a handful of chaff before they were fired. smoothed some of the vessels were apparently and Leonard 1981a: fig. 13.B:2), One vessel, illustrated appeared from its by Leonard (Coulson charred interior and fenestrated of holes also had traces cation body to have functioned their wall, but neither as a type of brazier. Two other fragments was sufficiently preserved to give any indiof the Fabric VB coarse-ware sherds come from low bowls

of its original

shape.

through The remainder

and platters. Local Amphora VI Fabrics

Field Fabric

it is readily constituted our Field Fabric VI. Although from amphorae Fragments Amphorae. best it was thought horses in mid-stream, to changing that this is equivalent admitted typological form together in one section. of such a distinctive to keep fragments rim. The fabric was The most common amphora type had a long neck, and slightly outsplayed mineral temper similar to, but larger (up to 2 mm) than, the well levigated, moderately containing The thin (c. 3 mm) cores range from gray to 7.5YR a 10R 6/6 (Light Red)-5/6 5/2 (Brown), usually sandwiched (Red) fabric. Traces of a very thin slip by appeared on the exterior of most of the examples. Where relatively thick, this slip was approximately 5YR 8/3-8/4 10YR 8/3-8/4 (Pink). It is here (Very Pale Brown), but where thinner, it approached mineral-tempered fabric, Fabric I, and its variants. that this is the same slip and that the color of the pinker variant is simply a result of the of a thin layer of whitish slip over the reddish fabric. The slip was entirely missing from overlapping some parts of these vessels, especially near the rim and in the handle zone, where raised ridges of clay the junction of these features to the main form. had been left after paring or hand-smoothing considered of Fabric VI, the neck fragment illus? similar to the other amphorae morphologically Although in terms of fabric and and Leonard 1981a: fig. 12:4) differed completely trated by Leonard (Coulson temper. It was made of a poorly levigated fabric with a thick black core and surface colors not unlike the redder variants of the amphorae previously discussed (5YR 6/3 [Light Reddish Brown]-5/3 [Red? seen also in some of the amphora "toes," that caused it to It was the temper, however, dish Brown]). stand out so sharply from the other vessels of this form, for it is closely related to the chaff-tempered fabrics of Fabric IV and its variants. In fact, this similarity might, at first, suggest that it was a local of the majority form were it not for the fact that the temper and levigation version of an imported wares of Fabric I. It of being related to the mineral-tempered of the amphorae gave the impression in that were included from Naukratis that almost all of the amphorae is here considered, therefore, with the mineral-tempered Fabric VI represented being the norm and the relatively local products, chaff-tempered Field Fabric forming VLA noted in the assemblage amphorae and Leonard 1981a: (in Coulson above, The and exterior an evidently not too successful variant.

The only variant to the local Amphora with Pink PaintlSlip. of a small vessel illustrated was the upper portion by Leonard as the standard The fabric was 7.5YR 5/2 (Brown), fig. 12:8). the well levigated clay showed only sand-sized white

considered amphorae inclusions. grit and micaceous

358

Appendix

AASOR

54

surface, which

however, had been

had carried

been

covered

with

a 5YR

7/4

(Pink) band

to 7/6

(Reddish

over the rim to form applied

a horizontal is illustrated

c. 3 cm wide

Yellow) slip/paint, on the interior. That down into

this paint was extremely fluid when the interior of the vessel. Delta Silt and Burnished

by the way that it had dripped

Slipped VII

Ware

Field Fabric

Ware. Three sherds from the corpus had a 10R 5/6 (Red) paint Drip-painted in drips on their exterior surfaces. The fabric, temper and color of these fragments were all applied but at this embryonic similar to Fabric IIA, with which they are probably to be grouped, stage in the development of the present corpus they are best kept as a separate entity. That they should be horizontal considered by the randomly-spaced, among the finer wares is evidenced band-burnishing Red Burnished, on the interior appeared Leonard 1981a: fig. 12.7). that Miscellaneous Field Fabric VIII Fabrics surface of the fragments (illustrated by Leonard in Coulson and

has Ware. the use of randomly Red Slipped Closely-burnished spaced band-burnishing Although of the entire exterior surface of a vessel to a high been previously noted, examples of the burnishing four offered were body sherds, while the remaining luster are quite rare. Three of these fragments forms. The fabrics of two sherds appeared to be related about their complete minimal information to the mineral-tempered pered class. wares, while one fragment might suggest a relation with the Chaff-tem?

in this category was an (unillustrated) body fragment of a well levigated Perhaps to be included and well-fired fabric. The color of the fabric was within the range of the Fabric I clays, 10R 6/8 (Light from the but the burnishing strokes (applied after the vessel had been removed that it was an import and closely spaced. The possibility wheel) were "vertical" rather than horizontal to Naukratis would not be excluded. Red)-5/8 (Red), Field Fabric IX Ware. White Smooth-slipped fabric resembling, well levigated tained white The vessels included Field in this category were made of a moderately Red Ware). It con? Fabric I (Mineral Tempered

in color,

1-2 mm, and fine straw casts could be present, but and gray grit temper averaging One surface was left as the fabric, while the other surface was covered by a smooth were infrequent. or "white" (no Munsell of 7.5YR 8/2 (Pinkish coat White) equivalent) slip. Below the slip, the color of the core could more thinly, was unbroken smooth. range from 7.5YR 7/4 (Pink) to 5YR 7/4 (Pink). Where the slip was applied the slip the surface often took on the pinkish hue, but even where thinly applied of the fabric with the result that the surface was always by the mineral inclusions at Naukratis, handle and it may have been an import. in this fabric would point to an East

Perhaps Greek origin.

The range of shapes in this fabric is limited of a double amphora the minute fragment

1998

Appendix

359

Field Fabric LXA Ware. This ware was characterized 10YR 8/2 by a slip approximating Gritty-slipped that was slightly gritty to the touch. The clay was well levigated and tempered with sand(White) sized to 1 mm white grit and fine straw. The firing of the individual vessels varied as did the color 5YR 7/3 (Pink). The range of range from the color of the slip through vessel types was larger than that of Fabric IX from which the presence of the gritty slip definitely sets it apart. The shape of the "baggy" base (Leonard in Leonard and Coulson 1981a: fig. 13A:7) rim (Leonard in Coulson and internally and Leonard 1981a: fig. 13A:6) might suggest that grooved could we are dealing here with products of a local workshop. of the cores, which White

Field Fabric LXB Coarse Ware. The two, rather abraded, sherds (Leonard in Coulson and Leonard White-slipped and one unillustrated of this category were definitely from amphorae; 1982: fig. 13A:12, fragment) different from the more standard amphora of Fabric VI, and but, because the shapes are completely they may be related by fabric to Fabric IX, they were classified as a separate entity. The fabric was well levigated with c. 1 mm white grit, which was surprisingly fine for vessels of this size. The core was approximately below a fabric of 5YR 7/4 (Pink). The interior 5YR 5/3 (Reddish Brown) surface teriors 8/2 of both of the amphora "toe" had been given a coating of a 5YR 7/3-7/4 (Pink) slip, while the exsherds had been covered with a slip between and 7.5YR 5YR 8/2 (Pinkish White) White.) This IX may suggest category is considered an East Greek origin. to be an import at Naukratis, and its similarities since

(Pinkish

to Fabric

Field Fabric X Ware. there was some variety within Fabric X, the common denominaPink-slipped Although tor was the presence of a thick slip ranging in color from 5YR 8/3-8/4 (Pink). In some cases the color of the slip appears to be the result of how thickly it had been applied, since it can vary on the same fragment. The fabric was well 5YR 8/3 (Pink) to 10YR 8/2 (Pinkish White) through and tempered with c. 1 mm white, gray, and occasionally red temper. The core was gray levigated on the thicker fragments, sandwiched between the 2.5YR 6/4 (Light Reddish Brown) of the fabric, but in the thinner sherds the color of the fabric predominates the entire section. Al? throughout more variety than other types noted here, it was definitely though Fabric X contained them and, in that sense at least, warranted consideration as a separate class. Terra Nigra Fabrics distinct from

A significant quantity of "Black Glazed" or Terra Nigra sherds were encountered during the ex? In the field such pieces were separated by Leonard into seven groups, which cavations at Naukratis. of a given appeared to him to represent five different and distinct "fabrics." The surface appearance was recorded on a simple, tripartite scale: dull/shiny/lustrous. piece Terra Nigra 1

Terra Nigra 1, as defined in the field is the equivalent to our standard Fabric IID (Mineraltempered Ware: Black) whose fabric and surface color appear to have occurred during the firing process.

360

Appendix

AASOR

54

Terra Nigra

Examples of Terra Nigra 2 differ from the above fabric in that a lustrous black slip has been ap? color that range from fabrics of distinctive plied over extremely well levigated and (usually temperless) c. 2.5YR 616 (Light Red) to 5YR 6/6 (Reddish Yellow). Such pieces appear to have been genuine imports from the "Greek World." 3 to a light to medium gray, often approaching 5YR

Terra Nigra

6/1

The fabric of Terra Nigra 3 is fired throughout (Gray). There is no distinct "core." 4

Terra Nigra Consists other.

fabrics that may be variants of a group of three, visually-related, gray-brown In the field these were separated into three subgroups (4A through 4C). 4A (Very Dark Grayish Brown) that can range to 10YR 4/3-3/3 distinct core. The surfaces are usually shiny to lustrous. any (Dark

of each

Terra Nigra

A fabric c. 10YR 3/2 It does not exhibit Terra Nigra 4B 3/2

Brown).

(Dark Brown). It (Very Dark Grayish Brown) that can range to 10YR 4/3-3/3 there differs from the above fabric in that it exhibits a very distinct gray or black core. In addition seem to be minute pieces of lithic temper in the slip. Surface appearance is shiny to lustrous. A c. 10YR Terra Nigra 4C.

fabric with red or red and gray core. A. c. 10YR 3/2 (Very Dark Grayish Brown) to Gray-brown 10YR 4/3-3/3 (Dark Red) (Dark Brown) fabric, with a distinct c. 5YR 4-8 (Red) or 7.5YR 3/6-3/8 and recorded but not isolated in the field) core. An evidently related variant of this fabric (recognized displayed a c. 7.5YR N5/ at least shiny to lustrous. Terra Nigra A fabric 5 that has been fired c. 7.5YR N6/-N5/ (Gray) central core within a red (as above) sandwich. Surfaces were usually

(Gray) almost completely through the section, range of the Terra Ni? except just below the slip where there is a very thin sandwich in the gray-brown 4 series [c. 10YR 3/2 (Very Dark Grayish Brown) to 10YR 3/3 (Dark Brown)] and may, in fact, gra actually be related to that group. There are traces of fine organic temper in the slip. Surfaces are usu? dull to shiny. ally dull, although sometimes Notes quoted by Price (1924: 181), and answered in a somewhat different manner. The description of this fabric differs slightly from that presented after it had been isolated during our initial season 1 Also of excavation (Leonard in Coulson and Leonard 1981a). This fuller description is the result of the examination of the tremendous quantity of sherd material during subsequent

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Shier, L. A. TerracottaLampsfrom Karanis Egypt. University of Michigan, Kelsey Museum of Anthropology Studies No. 3. 1978 Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum of Anthropology Studies. Shenouda, S. Naukratis. Pp. 609-10 in Princeton Encycbpaedia of ClassicalSites, ed. R. Stillwell. Princeton: Princeton University. 1976 L. Shoe, 1936 Profilesof GreekMouldings. Cambridge: Harvard University for the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Sidebotham, S. E.; Zitterkopf, R. E.; and Riley, J. E. 1991 Survey of the 'Abu Sha'ar-Nile Road. American Journal of Archaeology 95: 4: 571-622. Smetana-Scherrer, R. 1982 Spatklassische und Hellenistische Keramik. Pp. 56-91 in Alt-Agina, Band 11:1, ed. H. Walter. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Institut fiir Klassische Archaologie der Universitat Salzburg. Mainz: von Zabern. Smith, A. H. A Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum. London: The Brit? 1892 ish Museum. Smith, E. M. Naukratis. A Chapter in the History ofthe Hellenization of Egypt. Ph.D. Dissertation, Bryn Mawr College (1924). 1926a Privately Printed in Vienna, Austria. 1926b Naukratis, A Chapter in the History of the Hellenization of Egypt. Journal for the Society of Oriental Research 10: 119-206. Sprague, R. A Suggested Terminology and Classification for Burial Description. American Antiquity 33: 479-85. 1968 Stern, E. Local Pottery of the Persian Period. Pp. 51-92 in Excavations at Dor, Final Report, vol. I B. Areas A and C: The 1995 Finds. Qedem Reports 2. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem and The Israel Exploration Society. Stewart, A. Greek Sculpture. An Exploration. New Haven: Yale University. 1990 Stewart, T. D. Essentials of Forensic Anthropology. Springfield: C. C. Thomas. 1979 Sullivan, R. Historical Introduction. Pp. 6-17 in Cities ofthe Delta, Part 1. Naukratis, eds. W. Coulson and A. Leonard. 1981 American Research Center in Egypt Reports, Vol. 4. Malibu: Undena. Sundick, R. I. 1977 Age and Sex Determinations of Subadult Skeletons. Journal of Forensic Sciences 22: 141-44. Sztetyllo, Z. Etudes et Travaux 8. Strasbourg: Le Timbres amphoriques grecs desfouilles polonaises a Alexandrie (1962-1972). 1975 de Recherche d'Histoire Romaine de l'Universite des Sciences Humaines de Strasbourg. (Association Group pour l'etude de la civilisation Romaine) Nea Paphos I: Les Timbres Cermaiques. Warsaw: Editions Scientifiques de Pologne. 1976 Tackholm, V, and Tackholm, G. Flora of Egypt I. Bulletin of the Faculty of Science. Vol. 17. Cairo: Fouad I University. 1941 Tadros, T. M., and Atta, B. A. M. The Plant Communities of Barley Fields and Uncultivated Desert Areas of Mareotis (Egypt). Vegetatio 8: 1958 161-175. Talcott, L.; Philippaki, B.; Edwards, G. R.; and Grace, V. R. Small Objects from the Pnyx: II. Hesperia Supplement X, Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at 1956 Athens. Trigger, B. G.; Kemp, B. J.; O'Connor, D.; and Lloyd, A. B. Ancient Egypt A Social History. Cambridge: Cambridge University. 1985 Thompson, D. B. 1963 Troy. The TerracottaFigurines ofthe Hellenistic Period. Excavations Conducted by the University of Cincinnati, Supplementary Monograph 3. Princeton. Thompson, H.A. Two Centuries of Hellenistic Pottery: Hesperia 3: 310-480. 1934

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Thompson, H. A.; Thompson, D. B.; and Rotroff, S. I. 1987 Hellenistic Pottery and Terracottas.Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. A. D, and Webster, T. B. L. Trendall, 1971 Illustrations of Greek Drama. London: Phaidon. Uhlenbrock, J. P. 1990 The Coroplasts Art, Greek Terracottasofthe Hellenistic World. New Rochelle, NY: Aristide D. Caratzas. van der Merwe, N. J., and Vogel, J. C. 1978 3C Content of Human Collagen as a Measure of Prehistoric Diet in Woodland North America. Nature 276: 815-16. van Zeist, W and Bakker-Heeres, J. A. H. 1982 Archaeobotanical Studies in the Levant. 1. Neolithic sites in the Damascus Basin: Aswad, Ghoraife, Ramad. Palaeohistoria 24: 165-256. van Zeist, W and Heeres, J. A. H. 1973 Paleobotanical Studies of Deir 'Alia, Jordan. Paleorient 1: 21-37. Vanderpool, E.; McCredie, J. R.; and Steinberg, A. 1964 Koroni: The Date of the Camp and the Pottery. Hesperia 33: 69-75. P. J. Vatikiotis, 1980 The History of Egypt. 2nd edition. London. Venit, M. S. 1988 Greek Painted Potteryfrom Naukratis in Egyptian Museums. Ancient Naukratis, 6. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. von Bissing, F. W 1902 Steingefasse. Catalog general Nos. 18065-18793. Vienna: Adolph Holzhausen. 1907 18001-18037, 18600, 18603. Vienna: Adolph Holzhausen. Fayencegefdsse.Catalog general Nos. 3618-4000, 1941 Zeit und Herkunft der in Cerveteri Gefasse aus dgyptischen Fayence und Glasierem Ton. Munich: Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1951 Naukratis. Bulletin Societe Royale dAnthropologie dAlexandrie 39: 33-82. Walbank, F.W 1982 The Hellenistic World. Cambridge: Harvard University. Walters, H. B. 1903 Catalogue ofthe Terracottas(Brtiish Museum). London: The British Museum. 1914 Catalogue ofthe Greek and Roman Lamps in the British Museum. London: The British Museum. Webb, V 1978 Archaic Greek Faience, Miniature Scent Bottles and Related Objectsfrom East Greece, 650-500 B.C. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. Weber, W 1914 Die Agyptisch-Griechischen Terrakotten. Mitteilungen aus der Agyptischen Sammlung, Konigliche Museum zu Berlin Band II. Berlin: Karl Curtius. Webster, T. B. L. 1967 Monuments Illustrating Tragedyand Satyr Play. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement 20. London: University of London. 1969a Monuments Illustrating New Comedy. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement 24. London: University of London. 1969b Monuments Illustrating Old and Middle Comedy. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Supplement 23. London: University of London. Wells, B. 1982 Stamped Amphora Handles from Asine. Opuscula AtheniensiaXW: 119-28. Wetterstrom, W n.d. Paleoethnobotanical Studies at Predynastic Sites in the Nagada-Khattara Region. Unpublished manuscript. 1984 The Plant Remains. Pp. 50-79 in Archaeological Investigations at El-Hibeh 1980, ed. Robert J. Wenke. Malibu: Undena. Whitcomb, D. S., and Johnson., J. H. 1979 Quseir al-Qadim 1978. Preliminary Report. American Research Center in Egypt: Cairo. 1982 Quseir al-Qadim 1980. Preliminary Report. American Research Center in Egypt Reports, vol. 7. Malibu.

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White, D., ed. The Extramural Sanctuary ofDemeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya IV. University Museum Monograph 67. 1990 Philadelphia: The University Museum. Wilkie, N. C. Kom Dahab. Pp. 73-77 in Cities of the Delta, Part 1, eds. W. D. E. Coulson and A. Leonard, Jr. Malibu: 1981 Undena. Williams, C. K. Corinth 1977, Forum Southwest. Hesperia 47: 1-39. 1978 Williams, D. Flotation at Siraf. Antiquity 47: 288-92. 1973 Williams, H. 1981 Kenchreai, Eastern Port of Corinth: Results of Investigations by the University of Chicago and Indiana University for the American School of Classical Studies at Athens IV: The Lamps. Leiden: Brill. Yadin, Y. 1970 Symbols of Deities at Zinjirli, Carthage and Hazor. Pp. 199-231 in Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century, ed. J. A. Sanders. Garden City: Doubleday. Yoyotte, J. L'Amon de Naukratis. Revue dEgyptologie 34: 129-36. 1983 Zayadin, F. 1966 Early Hellenistic Pottery from the Theater Excavations at Samaria. Annual ofthe Department of Antiquities of Jordan 11: 53-64. Zohary, D., and Hopf, M. Domestication of Plants in the Old World. Oxford: Clarendon. 1988

Plates

Plate 2.1. The western flanks ofthe South Mound prior to the beginning of excava? tion in Areas 1 and 2. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 2.2. Area 1 (foreground) and Area 2 during Photo from the north the course of excavation. (A. Leonardy Jr.).

[377]

Wall Plate 2.3. The bottom ofthe sounding in Area 2 showing the cornering ofN-S 2045> and E?W Wall 2044, just before the excavation area began to fill with water. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 2.4. The bottom ofthe sounding in Area 2 just as the excavation area began to fill with wa? Wall 2045 is visible. Photo ter. Brick(s) ofN-S from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.). [378]

Plate 2.5. East balk ofa small terracotta in the mudbrick of 2A. For the drawing Photo from the west

ofArea 1 showing the base vessel (MC#36) imbedded Locus 1022 in NW Phase of the vessel, see fig. 6.3.5. (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 2.6. Mudbrick Wall 1016 of NW Phase 3A in Area 1 being measured and drawn by C. Johnson-Romy. Note the proximity ofthe wall to the surface ofthe modern road cutting. Photo from the south (A. Leonard, Jr.). [379]

Plate 2.7. North (working) balk ofArea 1, showing Phase 3A beaten clay Sur? face 1019 situated upon Phase 2 debris Layer 1020. Phase 3A Wall 1016 (on which the scale is placed) was founded on Surface 1019. Photo from the south (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 2.8 (a) North and east balk ofArea 2. Tags in the north balk (from bottom to top) indicate the po? sition of: Wall 2030 and courses ofthe same wall that were dug as Locus 2039 (Phase 2A); Debris Locus 2034 (= Locus 2022) and 2031 (Phase 2B); Pottery-rich debris Layers 2004 and 2020 (Phase 3B); detri? tus Layer 2003 underlying the small (E-W) Wall 2002 (Phase 4A); and finally Topsoil (Locus 2001). Photo from the south (A. Leonard, Jr.). (b) Detail. [380]

Plate 2.9. N-S Wall 49013 bisected for the removal of intrusive Photo from the northwest (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Burial

49016.

Plate 2.10. N-S Wall 49013 (with tags) cut by the removal of intrusive Burial 49016. Individual bricks of lower courses are visible beyond the point ofthe trowel. Photo from the East Balk (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[381]

Plate 2.11. Phase 6, E-W screen Wall 49135 (left) shown butting against N-S Wall 49107. E-W Wall 49103-49003 is visible in the lower right corner. Photo from the northeast (A. Leonard, Jr.).

West end of Northwest Building, Phase 7 and following. Wall 49204 in with scale in doorway. Wall 49206 (with step) behind Wall 49211 closes foreground Room 4 to the south (right). Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 2.12.

[382]

The westward extension ofthe Northwest Building forming Room 3 (on Plate 2.13. right) and Room 4 on the left. Visible N-S walls (from the rightIwest): 49107, 49206 (with threshold), and the badly damaged Wall 49204 at the far left. N-S Wall 50202149013 closes the top ofthe photo. Bi-pod photograph (D. Bingham).

Plate 2.14. Northwest Building Rooms 3 and 4 as they appeared in NW Phases 7 and 8. Scale on Surface 49235 in Room 3 (NW in Phase 8); Surface 49238 Room 4. Note NW Phase 7, Wall 49211 closing Room 4 on the south. Photo from the north balk (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[383]

Plate 2.15. Room 2 looking toward the east, showing "stub" Wall 49133 (NW Phase 8B) built upon Surface 49149 and its make-up (NW Phase 8A). This surface, on which the scale is placed, was cut on the south (right) by a "fire pit" (Locus 49152) in NW Phase 8A, that was dug against the northern face ofWall 49135 that was originally constructed in NW Phase 6C. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Southwest corner ofthe Northwest Building in NW Phase 7 and subse? quent phases. Scale on Surface 49238. On the right, beyond E-W Wall 49211, the step and threshold (Phases 7 and 8) lead into Room 3. Photo from the southwest (A. Leonard, Jr.). Plate 2.16.

[384]

P/^te 2.17a. Room 4 from the west. Wall 49204 in the extreme foreground. Scale on Surface 49238, Wall 49206 with step, behind and to the right ofthe scale, leading to Room 3. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 2.17b. Wall 49107 (upper left) with Room 3 (center) and Wall 49206 down to Room 4. Photo from the Northwest (A. Leonard, Jr.). step

with

[385]

Plate 2.18. Area 491 probe excavation placed against N-S Wall 49107 (rear of photo), north ofE?W Wall 49135 (left of photo) in order to determine the relation? ship between these walls and the ephemeral, NW Phase 7C E-W Wall 49138, that is visible on the right. The tagged northern balk ofthe probe is shown in Plate 18 be? low. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 2.19. Temporary north balk against eastern face of Wall 49107 (left) showing its relationship to the small Wall 49138 (tagged at the center of the photo) that formed the eastern limits ofa tiny "bin" at the western end ofRoom 2 in NW Phases 7 and 8. Note (in the lower left): the NW Phase 6B surface, Locus 49146P has been incorrectly tagged as "Locus 49136P" and should be read as 49146P, as it is to the right of the picture. Photo from the south (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[386]

Plate 3.1. Jeanne Hourston-Wright stabilizes infant Burial 1239 in SE 4b, Tomb 1258 (Type V) while, in the foreground, Jan Sanders excavates SE 3, detritus Locus 1229. Between the two excavators are the remains of SE 4a, Tomb 1250 (also Type V). Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 3.2. Infant Burial 1239 in SE 4b, Tomb 1258. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.). [387]

Plate 3.3. Eastern half of Area 12 showing SE 4 tombs dug into SE 3 Detritus 1229, which is considered to represent the slumped, upper courses of ("Great Temenos") Wall 1271. Tomb 1248 (Type V) extends into the east balk (at the top ofthe photo), and Tombs 1224 (Type III) and Tomb 1249 (Type V) can be seen in the right foreground. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 3.4. SE 4 Tomb 1245 (Type V) sectioned in the east balk of Area 12. Adult Burial 1264 is visible on the tomb floor (pedestal). The tomb had been dug into detritus Locus 1229 upon which the arrow is placed. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[388]

Plate 3.5. Partially excavated Burial 1264 (Tomb 1245) extending into the excavation area from the east balk. Photo from the top of the balk (A. Leonard, Jr.).

H38P;

Plate 3.6. SE 7b, Tomb 1223 (Type II) built upon SE 7b, detritus Locus 1233. Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.). [389]

Plate 3.7. Tomb 1207, a Type I tomb of SE Phase 4c, during excavation. from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Photo

Plate 3.8. The closejuxtoposition of SE Phase 4 burials (Type III Tomb 1224 and Type V Tomb 1249) dug into detritus Locus 1229, which is thought to repre? sent the slumped upper courses of Wall 1254, the best candidatefor the architecture encountered by Petrie and Hogarth. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[390]

Plate 3.9. Southeast corner ofArea 12 showing probe excavated to the level of ground water. South balk shows SE 2 Tomb 1251 (Type I) that had been built built upon SE 1 Locus 1251, which is interpreted as the upper courses of ("Great Temenos") Wall 1271. Rising ground water can be seen filling the probe in the right foreground. Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.).

^S^^^^^Sifeifei?^

Plate 3.10. Cluster of bones (Locus 1573t SE 6) found in mudbrick detritus Locus 153911542 (SE 5). Possibly representing part of burial(s) from a destroyed tomb in the area. SE 6, Tomb (then being excavated as "Wall") 1506 is visible to the right. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[391]

Plate 3.11. Jeanne Hourston-Wright stabilizes bone cluster Locus 1573 prior to its removal from the excavation area. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 3.12. SE Phase 2a Tomb 1561 (Type V) built in a deep pit that had been dug into a layer of mudbrick detritus which is considered to represent the collapse or slump of the upper courses of CGreat Temenos") Wall 1555. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[392]

Plate 3.13.

Infant Burial 1551 (complete) in SE Phase 2b Tomb 1547 (Type III). Tomb 1547 was built directly upon SE 2a Tomb 1561, in the same pit that had been dug into Locus Photo from the east 1555. (A. Leonard, Jr).

Plate 3.14. View ofthe south balk ofArea 15, with SF Phase 2, Tomb 1543 (con? Burial 1569) partially in balk. In front (north) of it is SE Phase 2a Tomb taining which is considered 1553 (unopened). Arrow rests on SE Phase 1, Locus 1555/1565 to be the best candidate for evidence of Petrie's "Great Temenos." Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[393]

Plate 3.15. Looking down on Burial 1569 in SE Phase 2, Tomb 1543 (Type V) af? ter it had been excavated. Arrow rests on Locus 155511565 of SE Phase 1. Photo the south balk (A. Leonard, Jr.). from

Plate 3.16. The south balk ofArea 15 after the removal of Tomb 1543. Unexca? vated Tomb 1553 still remains in front (north) ofit; while to the right (west) Tomb 1557 can be seen protruding from the balk. Arrow rests on Locus 155511565 CGreat Temenos") ofSE 1. Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[394]

Plate 3.17. A cluster of human bones in SE Phase 3 Locus 153711538 that repre? sents the cursary burial ofa rather large adult (sex unobtainable) and a young child. Photo from the Southeast (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 3.18. Firedbrick and mud? brick Tomb 1558 (Type V, SE Phase 2b). Above an (unexca? vated) primary burial on the floor ofthis tomb, a layer of sand had been spread (Locus 1567, see arrow) upon (and into) which a group ofat least four, secondary burials (an adult male and three or four children) had been interred. Some of these can be seen in the photograph. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[395]

Plate 4.1. Area 66 showing rectangular Tomb 6605 and associated stone paving. To the right (South) can be seen Tombs 6604 and 6606. Photo from the West (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 4.2. Area 66 with Tomb 6605 in the foreground and Tomb 6604 in the upper left corner. A probe in the Northwest corner ofthe square (below the arrow) was to produce a second, lower series of burials including Tombs 6614 and 6615. Photo from the East (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[396]

Plate 5.1. Morris Weiss (left) and John Gifford (right) analyse the material from the core that was drilled in the North Area (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 5.2. Sieving the soil matrix from Leonard, Jr.).

the core sample from

the North Area (A.

[397]

Plate 5.3.

Areas 315 and 316 after excavation. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 5.4. Preparing Areas 315 and 316 for excavation. The South Balk (at left) has been trimmed back in "steps" in order to minimize contamination from above, as well as to regularize the illicit digging of the sebakhin. Photo from the east (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[398]

Plate 5.5. Areas 315 and 316. The arrow is placed on North Phase 3 Wall 31504, the upper courses of which were removed by the digging ofthe sebakhin, but which are still visible in the trimmed South Balk. Parallel to, and contemporary with, Wall 31504 is Wall 31603 to the right beyond the communal balk. Photo from the Northeast (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 5.6.

North-South Wall 31504 (arrow) of North Phase 3 with a succession of tip-lines against it. Traces ofthe upper courses ofthe wall, removed by the sebakhin, can be seen in the balk. Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[399]

Plate 5.7. North-South Wall 31603 (arrow) of North Phase 3, founded directly upon Wall 31628 of North Phase 2. See probe at the right of photograph. Photo from the west (A. Leonard, Jr.).

Plate 5.8. North-South Wall 31603 (arrow) of North Phase 3 with the upper courses that were destroyed by the sebakhin visible in the South Balk. In the probe to the right (west) of the wall, the lower (North Phase 2) Wall 31628 can be seen. Above the probe, and to the right of Wall 31603, an intrusive tomb (dug as Wall 31606) is visible. Photo from the north (A. Leonard, Jr.).

[400]

Plate 7.1. a,b. Fragments ofa terracotta plaque Locus 2020. MC#65 (D. Bingham).

depicting Papposilenos(?)

carrying a jar. NW Phase 3b,

Plate 7.2. Fragments of a terracotta plaque depicting the same scene as pl. 7.1(0- NW Phase 3b, Locus 2020. MC#65A (D. Bingham).

Plate 7.3. Terracotta foot or boot. NW Phase 8b, Locus 49214. MC#76 (D. Bingham).

[401]

Plate 7.4. Fragment of an imported, Phase 2b, Locus 1020 (D. Bingham).

terracotta lamp. NW

'?' S^.^S55L^H^r;x^.r;. -i:/,:: ::!;.ijj?,| ~:&?Z^#ji%$J?l-i ^J^^^^Sipt].

Plate 7.5. MC#202a

(Left) Fragment ofa local, terracotta lamp. NW Phase 8a, Locus 49150. (D. Bingham). terracotta lamp. NW Phase 8a, Locus

Plate 7.6. (Right) Fragment of a local, 49149. MC#85 (D. Bingham).

[402]

/Y^te 7.7. Fragment ofa local, terracotta lamp. NW Phase 8a, Locus 49150. MC#202b (D. Bingham).

Plate 7 8. Nozzle of a local, terracotta lamp. NW Phase 10, Locus 49201. MC#74 (D. Bingham).

Plate 7.9. Fragment of terracotta potters MC#136 (D. Bingham).

wheel(?).

Phase

1, Locus 31629.

[403]

Plate 7.10. Fragment ofa terracotta mortar or baking tile. Northeast Area, topsoil Locus 8801. MC#37 (D. Bingham).

Plate 7.11.

Terracotta brazier or lamp, from Field II (D. Bingham).

[404]

Plate 7.12.a,b. Fragment ofa moldmade, terracotta bowl depicting the Egyptian god Bes and a col? umn (in relief). Northwest Area, Locus 2019. MC#85 (D. Bingham).

Plate 7.13. Tiny fragment 1019 (D. Bingham).

of Gnathian

CWest Slope") Ware from NW3b,

Locus

[405]

Plate 7.14. a, b. Small, faience amulet depicting the Egyptian god Bes. NW Phase lc, Locus 2036. (D. Bingham).

MC#64a

Plate 7.15. Small, faience amulet depicting a crocodile or Oxyrhynchos fish. NW Phase 2b, Locus 1020. MC#28 (D. Bingham).

Discoidal, faience bead with an "X" on one surface. NW Phase 2a, Locus impressed 2035. MC#46 (D. Bingham). Plate 7.16.

[406]

Plate 7.17a,b. Carved, limestone plaque depicting a cobra (Agathos Daimon?) scene on the other. From NW Hiatus C, Locus 49136. MC#118 (D. Bingham).

on one face and an unknown

Plate 7.18. Small fragment ofa mosaic floor from the Southeast Area surface. MC#77 (D. Bingham).

[407]

Plate 7.19. Limestone slab with tool and cutting marks. From Petrie's claimed Ptolemaic rebuilding ofthe "Great Temenos"(?) MC#47 (D. Bingham).

Plate 7.20. Fragment ofa limestone block or slab with tool and cutting marks. From Petrie s claimed Ptolemaic rebuilding ofthe "Great Temenos"(?) MC#85 (D. Bingham).

[408]

Plate 7.21. Ptolemaic(?) mortarium fragments from Area, Square 88. MC#30 (D. Bingham).

topsoil loci in the Northeast

Plate 7.22a,b. Bronze coin of Ptolemy III. Obverse (left) depicts Alexander III wearing elephant-skin headdress; reverse (right) shows eagle with closed wings on thunderbolt with cornucopia in front. MC#42 (D. Bingham).

[409]

Plate 7.23.

Bronzefishhook(?). (D. Bingham).

MC#34

Plate 7.24. Earring with bronze discs suspended from a central, triangular piece on bronze and gold wires. From Locus 1542. MC#60 and 151 (D. Bingham).

[410]

Plate 7.25.

Iron Nails from a variety ofloci

in the South Mound.

lilllf

Plate 7.26. Iron Nails from a variety of loci in the South Mound.

[411]

Plate 9.1.

An example of corbeled tomb construction.

Plate 9.2.

An example ofslab tomb construction. [412]

Plate 9.3.

Burial 1253. Prominent

bilateral Steida'sprocesses

on talar bones.

iilllll

Plate 9.4.

Burial 1253. Ankylosed third, fourth, and fifth lumbar vertebrae. [413]

iilllllllllllllllp

Plate 9.5.

Burial 1256.

Cribriform lesions ofboth

orbits.

.'^V. yx*> /&^

_ $88!' sJ?fi

"HHfe Vi^,

:*##?*

.^'"

P/tfte 5?.61 Burial 1230. Bifurcated sternal end of right rib. [414]

Plate 9.7. Burial 1562. Deciduous up? per left central incisor with carious in? cisal notch and hypoplastic enamel on labial surface.

Plate 9.8. Burial 1562. Geminated de? ciduous mandibular left lateral incisor.

[415]