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Steam Heating Processes - Load Calculating

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Steam Heating Processes - Load Calculating

Calculating the amount of steam in non-flow batch and continuous flow heating processes
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In general steam heating is used to change a product or fluid temperature maintain a product or fluid temperature

Changing the Product Temperature - Heating up with Steam

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance can be expressed as: Q = m cp dT where Q = quantity of energy or heat (kJ) m = mass of the substance (kg) cp = specific heat capacity of the substance (kJ/kg oC ) - Material Properties and Heat Capacities for several materials dT = temperature rise of the substance (oC) Preferring Imperial Units - Use the Units Converter! This equation can be used to determine a total amount of heat energy for the whole process, but it does not take into account the rate of heat transfer which is: amount of heat energy per unit time In non-flow type applications a fixed mass or a single batch of product is heated. In flow type applications the product or fluid is heated when it constantly flows over a heat transfer surface.
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Steam Trap Steam Coil Heat Systems

Convert Units
Temperature

0
oC oF

Non-flow or Batch Heating

In non-flow type applications the process fluid is kept as a single batch within a tank or vessel. A steam coil or a steam jacket heats the fluid from a low to a high temperature. The mean rate of heat transfer for such applications can be expressed as: q = m cp dT / t where q = mean heat transfer rate (kW (kJ/s)) m = mass of the product (kg) cp = specific heat capacity of the product (kJ/kg.oC) - Material Properties and Heat Capacities for several materials dT = Change in temperature of the fluid (oC) t = total time over which the heating process occurs (seconds)
Example - Time required to Heat up Water with Steam

Convert!
Length

1
m km in ft yards miles nautical miles

(2)
Consulting-Specifying Engineer

Convert!
Volume

1
m3 liters in3 ft3 us gal

Vision Systems Design

The time required to heat 75 kg of water (cp = 4.2 kJ/kgoC) from temperature 20oC to 75oC with steam produced from a boiler with capacity 200 kW (kJ/s) can be calculated by transforming eq. 2 to t = m cp dT / q = 75 (kg) 4.2 (kJ/kgoC) (75 (oC) - 20 (oC)) / 200 (kJ/s) = 86 s

Convert!
Velocity

1
m/s

Engineering Standards
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km/h ft/min ft/s mph knots

Steam Heating Processes - Load Calculating

Flow or Continuous Heating Processes

In heat exchangers the product or fluid flow is continuously heated. The mean heat transfer can be expressed as q = cp dT m / t where q = mean heat transfer rate (kW (kJ/s)) (3)

Convert!
Pressure

1
Pa (N/m 2 ) b ar mm H2 O kg/cm 2 psi inches H2 O

m / t = mass flow rate of the product (kg/s) cp = specific heat capacity of the product (kJ/kg.oC) - Material Properties and Heat Capacities for several materials dT = change in temperature of the fluid (oC)

Convert!
Flow

Calculating the Amount of Steam

If we know the heat transfer rate - the amount of steam can be calculated: ms = q / he where ms = mass of steam (kg/s) q = calculated heat transfer (kW) he = evaporation energy of the steam (kJ/kg) The evaporation energy at different steam pressures can be found in the SteamTable with SI Units or in the Steam Table with Imperial Units. (4)

1
m 3 /s m 3 /h US gpm cfm

Convert!

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Example - Batch Heating by Steam

A quantity of water is heated with steam of 5 bar (6 bar abs) from a temperature of 35 oC to 100 oC over a period of 20 minutes (1200 seconds). The mass of water is 50 kg and the specific heat capacity of water is 4.19 kJ/kg.oC. Heat transfer rate:

Consulting-Specifying Engineer

q = (50 kg) (4.19 kJ/kg oC) (100 oC - 35 oC) / (1200 s) = 11.35 kW Amount of steam: ms = (11.35 kW) / (2085 kJ/kg) = 0.0055 kg/s

Vision Systems Design

= 19.6 kg/h

Example - Continuously Heating by Steam

Water flowing at a constant rate of 3 l/s is heated from 10 oC to 60 oC with steam at 8 bar (9 bar abs). The heat flow rate can be expressed as: q = (4.19 kJ/kg.oC) (60 oC - 10 oC) (3 l/s) (1 kg/l)

Engineering Standards

= 628.5 kW The steam flow rate can be expressed as: ms = (628.5 kW) / (2030 kJ/kg) = 0.31 kg/s = 1115 kg/h
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Steam Heating Processes - Load Calculating

Pipe Sizing - Sizing steam and condensate pipes - pressure loss, recommended velocity, capacity and more Steam and Condensate - Steam & condensate properties - capacities, pipe sizing, systems configuration and more Thermodynamics - Thermodynamics of steam and condensate applications

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