The use of enzymes in the pulp and paper industry was introduced in the 1986.

Cellulase, xylanase, laccase and lipase Enzymes innovation fiber modification Web of Science database ,CAPES portal from 1945 to July 2010 International Patent Classification (IPC) C12N ,IP=(C12N*) TS=(enzyme and pulp or paper) 1048 documents 602 of the original 1048 documents were strictly related to the use of enzymes in the processing of pulp and paper

Xylanase prebleaching technology

8% of Canadas bleached kraft pulp (830,000 tonnes) in 1994 In Scandinavia , 9 mills using xylanase in 1999 In 2002 , 20 mills using xylanase in North America Nissen et al. (1992) xylanases , pH adjustment of pulp from pH 1011 to 68 extremophilic bacteria Tolan et. al. (1995) enzymes to be more resilient to pH temperature conditions, for greater delignification Van der Burgt (2002) xylanase ,more effective Nagar et al., 2010; Azeri et al., 2010; Bai et al. 2010; Zhang et al., 2010; Kaur and Mahajan, 2011; Joshi and Khare, 2011; Mishra and Thakur, 2011 , more thermostable and highly pH-adaptable recombinant DNA mutagenesis

Biopulping
Fungi as a pretreatment prior to refining Treatment of wood chips or other lignocellulosic raw materials White-rot fungi Improve cooking liquor penetration lower refining energy requirement higher strength two-week fungal treatments suggested , wood weight loss is only 2%

Phanerochaete chrysosporium Ceriporiopsis subvermispora

Enzymatic pathways associated with lignin and cellulose degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. (1) glyoxal oxidase, (2) lignin peroxidase, (3) manganese peroxidase, (4) laccase, (5) cellobiose dehydrogenase, (6) cellobiose: quinone oxidoreductase, (7) protease (8) lactonase, (9) endo-1,4--glucanase, (10) exo1,4--glucanase, (11) 1,4---glucosidase, (12) glucose-1-oxidase, (13) catalase.

Lignin peroxidase Manganese peroxidase

Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
laccase and Mn-peroxidase

Phanerochaete chrysosporium

lignin peroxidase (LiP) nonphenolic lignin by , -cleavage Mn-peroxidase , catalyze selectively delignifying fungi , colonize wood via the ray cells uranyl acetate , acidic groups lumen to within the secondary wall easier penetration of the ions into the fiber wall decreased UV for lignin of middle lamellae and secondary walls

proteins of defined size Insulin (5,700 Da) Myoglobin (17,600 Da) Ovalbumin (44,287 Da) chelated Mn(III),direct product of Mn-peroxidase action Biodegradation of wood polysaccharides nonligninolytic fungus,Ophiostoma piliferum, known commercially as the Cartapip process increases the rate of diffusion of NaOH into the wood USDA Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin

Yadav et all, biopulping and its potential to reduce effluent loads from bleaching of hardwood Kraft pulp
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora 8.4% 7.4% 6.23% COD 5.14% BOD 21% AOX (organohalogens)

Albino Fungal Effects on TMP and Dissolving Pulp Mill Operations

Hydrocarbons, Fatty acids, Resin acids, Steroid hydrocarbons, Sterols, Steroid ketones , Squalene, -Tocopherol , Sterol esters & triglycerides

Application of thermoalkalophilic xylanase from Arthrobacter sp. MTCC 5214 in biobleaching of kraft pulp

Hydrolysis of different chain length xylooliogmers by cellulase and hemicellulase

Production and partial purification of xylanase from a new thermophilic isolate

Xylitol production via catalytic hydrogenation of sugarcane bagasse dissolving pulp liquid effluents over Ru/C catalyst

Enzymatic grafting of simple phenols on flax and sisal pulp fibres using laccases

Wood and Cellulose Conference April 9-11, 2000 Syracuse, New York, USA
Chemicals and Biofuels from Hardwood, Fuel Crops and Agricultural Wastes Expression of white-rot fungi manganese peroxidase (MnP) in the yeast Pichia pastoris Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Thermobifida Fusca Cellulases Cel6A and Cel6B The Biofine Technology: Thermochemical Conversion of Cellulosic Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals Improved Cellulases for Bioethanol Production Laccase Enhancements in Lignocellulosic Biotechnologies Enhancing Mechanical Pulping with Fungal Pretreatment in the Wood Yard Mechanisms in Cellulose Biosynthesis


Pratima BAJPAI , BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR PULP AND PAPER PROCESSING , SPRINGER 2012 Andr Ferraz,Ana M Crdova, Angela Machuca; Wood biodegradation and enzyme production by Ceriporiopsissubvermispora during solid-state fermentation of Eucalyptus grandis Braz J. Demuner, Nei Pereira Junior, Adelaide M.S. Antunes, Technology Prospecting on Enzymes for the Pulp and Paper Industry I. D. Reid, R. Bourbonnais, and M. G. Paice , Biopulping and Biobleaching Lignin & lignans 2010 Taylor and Francis Group Yadav et al, biopulping and its potential to reduce effluent loads from bleaching of hardwood Kraft pulp Dinesh Kumar,et al, Production and partial purification of xylanase from a new thermophilic isolate HM Baudel, CAM de Abreu and CZ Zaror ,Xylitol production via catalytic hydrogenation of sugarcane bagasse dissolving pulp liquid effluents over Ru/C catalyst Elisabetta Aracri et al, Enzymatic grafting of simple phenols on flax and sisal pulp fibres using laccases Roberta L Farrell,et al, Albino Fungal Effects on TMP and Dissolving Pulp Mill Operations Rakhee Khandeparkar, Narayan B. Bhosle , Application of thermoalkalophilic xylanase from Arthrobacter sp. MTCC 5214 in biobleaching of kraft pulp Qing Qing, Charles E. Wyman , Hydrolysis of different chain length xylooliogmers by cellulase and hemicellulase BRIAN VAN DRIESSEL, BIOREMEDIATION OF A BLEACH PLANT EFFLUENT FROM THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin_peroxidase http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Phanerochaete_chrysosporium http://www.micron.ac.uk/organisms/csu.html http://www.jgi.doe.gov/sequencing/why/csubvermispora.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_peroxidase