International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING &

; ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJCET)

ISSN 0976 6367(Print) ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October - December (2012), pp. 213-222 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijcet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.9580 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJCET
IAEME

A SURVEY ON TRUST BASED ROUTING IN MANET

S.Sridhar Dept. of Computer Applicatons, S.A.Engineering College, Thiruverkadu P.O., Chennai-77, ssridharmca@yahoo.co.in P.Chandrasekar Dept. of Computer Applications, S.A.Engineering College, Thiruverkadu P.O., Chennai-77, mail2chandruu@yahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a peer-to-peer wireless network where nodes can communicate with each other without the use of infrastructure such as access points or base stations. Nodes can join and leave the network at anytime and are free to move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily. In MANETs, each node should not only work for itself, but should be cooperative with other nodes. Working in such environment, MANETs are vulnerable to attacks by malicious and misbehaving nodes that try to compromise the routing protocol functionality. Neighbor based communication without any trust worthiness creates a major vulnerability in security related aspects of this network. In this type of situations, trust value plays a crucial role in all of the network activities. Continuous evaluation of nodes performance and collection of neighbor nodes opinion value about the node are used to calculate the trust relationship of this node with other nodes. Hence a mechanism to formalize trustworthiness among these anonymous nodes is needed to make sure resources are shared among trusted nodes only. Managing trust in a Mobile Ad Hoc Network is challenging when collaboration or cooperation is critical to achieving mission and system goals such as reliability, availability and scalability. This article extensively studies the various trust management approaches and presents an analyses of various trust based protocols which have provided reliability in MANET routing and increases Qos metrics. Keywords MANET, Trust, Misbehaving node, Malicious node, QoS metrics. 1. INTRODUCTION Mobile ad-hoc networks [1], are dynamically configured, multi-hop wireless networks characterized by absence of any infrastructure, dynamic topology and wireless links. MANET composed only of nodes and these nodes do not have fixed infrastructure or any centralized controller such as access point or server to determine the route of the paths. Thus, each node in an ad hoc network has to rely on each other in order to forward packets and there is a need to use a specific cooperation mechanism to forward packet from hop to hop before it reaches a required destination by using routing protocol. 213

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME As nodes may not aware to which nodes it is connected with or which nodes connected to them, therefore access to resources or information can be shared among both trusted and non trusted nodes, unfavorable situation which makes private transactions impossible. The inherent freedom in selforganized mobile ad-hoc networks introduces challenges for trust management; particularly when nodes do not have any prior knowledge of each other. Hence, to assure that access to resources is given only to trusted nodes, the trustworthiness among anonymous nodes needs to be formalized. The concept of trust originally derives from social sciences and is defined as the degree of subjective belief about the behaviors of a particular entity [2]. Battle field, emergency and disaster environments require immediate network .formation and trusted route establishment for their communication. MANET is the suitable network for such type of application areas. A trusted system[3] is defined as an entity whose security mechanisms are isolated from and are uncircumventable by unauthorized users; the system can be identified, content controlled and secure, and managed by a competent authority. All the existing MANET protocols simply trust their neighbors and make a route through the neighbors. This kind of neighbor based routing is disturbed by intruders and internal attackers or malicious nodes. In spite of malicious nodes presence in the network, the network must provide its services without any problem. This is achieved only by the trust based protocols. Trust establishment and management between entities (nodes or agents) can be done through a central trusted authority or in a distributed fashion by nodes [4], by a combination of both. Trust is a passive entity in the network. The term Trust Management was introduced by [5] and identified it as a separate component of security services in networks and clarified that Trust management provides a unified approach for specifying and interpreting security policies, credentials, and relationships. According to [6, 7], there are four major properties of Trust and they are, Context Dependence:- The trust relationships are only meaningful in the specific contexts. Function of Uncertainty:- Trust is an evaluation of probability of if an entity will perform the action. Quantitative Values:- Trust can be represented by numeric either continuous or discrete values. Asymmetric Relationship:- Trust is the opinion of one entity for another entity. That is, if A trusts B, it is unnecessary to hold that B trusts A. Although many trust management schemes have been proposed to evaluate trust values, no work clearly addresses what should be measured to evaluate network trust. Most trust-based protocols for secure routing calculated trust values based on the characteristics of nodes behaving properly at the network layer. Trust measurement can be application dependent and will be different based on the design goals of proposed schemes [8]. The metrics include overhead (e.g., control packet overheads), throughput, good put, packet dropping rate, and delay. Route usage refers to the number of routes selected particularly when the purpose is for secure routing. Trust level is a recently used system metric. Example metrics using the trust level include confidence level of the trust value, trustworthiness, opinion values about other nodes, and trust level per session. In the following section we will discuss about the various trusts based schemes which have deployed routing in mobile ad hoc network based on some form of trust. 2. ANALYSES OF TRUST MANAGEMENT IN MANETS 2.1 Forming Trust Using Direct and Indirect Approach [9] A trust schema for MANET is build to allow two nodes to use trust value computed to determine the access control action. The value computed based on formation of trust will either block or allow access to be shared between these nodes. The following definitions to be used In the schema. Definition 1: A node that services/information to be shared is known as Servicing Node (SN). Definition 2: A node that request for information/services sharing is known as Request Node (RN). Definition 3: A peer node (PN) is node which is peer to servicing node, which gives recommendation about Request Node (RN). In this model, 0 represent complete distrust and 1 represent completely trust. An assumption is also made where authentication between nodes is already handled by some certification or credential passing among nodes when nodes start to collaborate. As such the initial trust value 0.5 is given to RN once both collaborate. An initial trust value of 0.5 is assumed. After the initial collaboration, during 214

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME the interaction, the new trust value is calculated to determine the access control action. In calculating the trust value, The initial trust value plus or minus is combined with the trust value calculated during the formation of trust .The value can be increased to >0.5 or be decreased which is <0.5 based on input gather during interaction or nodes behavior. 2.1.1 Direct Approach. There are two cases where direct approach can be used. Case I: RN request to access from SN and SN already know RN. In this case, SN has the information about RN based on past knowledge via interaction. However since the new request for resource sharing could be different from the previous or it is a totally new item thus, there is a need to calculate new trust value between these nodes. Each time nodes collaborate, the initial trust value is obtained (0.5), and therefore through observation of SN do on RN, the trust value can be increased (or decreased) based on RN behavior. Both facts are supported by context specific data such as place/situation and also time. Case II: RN is new to SN and no recommendation about RN from PN. For the second case, when two nodes never met each other and no recommendation can be gather from peer nodes, therefore SN needs to evaluate RN based on observation only and SN will have to depend solely on RNs behavior to calculate the trust value. The context specific data together with time is used to support the evaluation. 2.1.2 Indirect Approach As for indirect approach, an assumption that there is an existence of peer node (PN) when RN is request for resource sharing from SN is made and also that SN has never interacted with RN before is assumed. Hence the trust value calculated will be based on SNs own observation ((O)SN(c,t)) with peer recommendation plus/minus the initial trust value . The context data and time will be used as in the previous formula. Evidences are collected via past knowledge of PN have on RN, reputation of RN and SN own observation. Reputation used as it can strengthen the recommendation made by PN. Reputation which can be defined as some idea or report of its tendency to fulfill the trust placed in it during a particular condition; its reputation is created through feedback from individuals who have formerly interacted with the entity [11]. For example, if RN is a reputable person i.e. well known tailor who make dresses for many famous people, therefore in this case the tailoring context will be very good and most importantly can be trusted. 2.1.3 Trust Mapping The mapping between the trust value and access control action for resource and information sharing is as follows. The initial trust value 0.5 for collaboration is given to RN each time the nodes collaborate. If the value is less than 0.5 than no access (block) is given otherwise the value will increase gradually if SN belief that RN is behaving well. To allow flexibility to SN, SN is allowed decide how much resource can be share with RN during the interaction. Thus a trust schema to form trust among anonymous nodes in the network is framed. The schema is constructed via direct and indirect approach. The trust schema that is build is used to allow resource to be shared among trusted nodes. The trust value calculated is then mapping with the access control privileges to allow resource/information sharing in MANET. 2.2 Hybrid Trust Management Framework (HTMF) [10] Here the focus is on trust management framework, which is intended to cope with misbehavior problem of nodes and stimulate nodes to cooperate with each other. However, there are still many intrinsic problems with the existing trust management frameworks, which remain unsolved, such as frangibility under possible attacks. To design a robust trust management framework these intrinsic problems are investigated with the existing frameworks, and propose a hybrid trust management framework (HTMF) to construct trust environment for MANETs. The proposed HTMF is more robust and reliable than the existing frameworks which face problems like Selective Misbehavior Attack and Location-dependent Attack Step S1: Update ITF through Direct Information. Each node in the network monitors the behavior of its neighbors using watchdog mechanism. Step S2: Distribute and process second-hand information. Here, the nodes receiving these information perform deviation test and another check to inhibit bad mouthing attack and conflicting behavior attack. Step S3: Evaluate trust value and confidence value. In this step, these two values are formed based on ITF obtained through steps S1 and S2. Step S4: 215

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME Evaluate trustworthiness. Since two parameters are difficult for comparison two parameters formed in S3, namely trust value and confidence value, are combined into a whole trust metric, trustworthiness. This HTMF holds objective characteristic by which trust for a node is evaluated based on not only direct observations but second-hand information. It makes HTMF robust under selective misbehavior attack and location-dependent attack in contrast to the trust establishment framework. 2.3 AMLET: Adaptive Multi Level Trust Framework [11] Adaptive Multi Level Trust model called AMLeT is proposed using two complementary trust levels. AMLeT calculates trust in one level of hard or soft and updates calculated trust considering network field, modifications of context and situations with the passing of the time. AMLeT is extensible for different fields of network, applications and situations. AMLeT based AODV routing was improved. and the results indicated overall improvement in the network performance without imposing particular overhead time in network operations. 2.3.1 Trust Criteria Three new criteria introduced to improve more accurate trust model for MANETs. The proposed criteria can lead to develop an adaptive trust model. The criteria are introduced in the following: Process time: The first one is elapsed time to evaluate and deploy trust value to target node and transmit the value to the others. It is obvious that this factor depends on the amount of process and being early or late (proactive or reactive). Optimism or pessimism: This factor firmly depends on security level of the application. The context and situation of the application have an important effect on the default trust value of an entity. Thus, the initial trust values to others are supposed to be low. Trust slope: This criterion depends on two factors. First, the elapsed time in which the trust reaches to highest value. That refers to the manner of the trust function to increase the trust value observing the positive evidences. Second, the required subsequence of negative behaviors that cause the trust value becomes lowest level. That means the manner of the trust function to decrease the trust value observing negative evidences. 2.3.2 Hard trust and Soft trust Using both the criteria, defined by the others and the criteria proposed above, two levels of trust which take into account these criteria differently are stated below. Hard trust is a level of trust that the manner of its trust function is slow in rising and sharp in falling. In Hard trust, trust function increases trust value gradually, but decreases it keenly. This level of trust is well suited to the network applications which require operating in a high security mode. The transmitting data in this networks is worthy to insider and outsider entities. So there are many incentives to express malicious behaviors. Soft trust is a level of trust that the manner of trust function is sharp in rising and slow in falling. Soft trust is appropriate for network applications with stable conditions. The proportion of needed security to the amount of the transmitting data is low. Therefore, there are not many incentives to express malicious behaviors in these networks. Continuity of life in these network applications is more important than security. It means that network will continue to operate correctly despite of light injury in some data and negative behaviors of some nodes. Hardness parameter is a numeric parameter that indicates required security level of a MANET application in an instant of network life. This parameter is computed regarding type of MANET application, optimism or pessimism, and trust slope criteria. Considering hardness parameter in every interaction, trustworthiness will be estimated using the computed Hard trust and Soft trust. Therefore in this trust model, the required level of security for the application and dynamic situations are considered to evaluate trustworthiness in each interaction between nodes. In Figure 3, a schematic view of AMLeT framework is presented. This framework consists of six operating units to evaluate trust adaptively to situation and type of the network, using two defined level of trust 2.3.3 An AMLeT based routing AODV is one of the most important reactive routing protocols in MANETs. This improvement is done by integrating AMLeT modules into AODV agent in order to boost some security and efficiency factors. Threshold value for trustworthiness is 0.5 which determines the border of trustworthiness and untrustworthiness. After packet forwarding, the AODV agents evaluate the behavior of their adjacent 216

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME nodes. Hardness parameter is determined base on N recent interactions. Finally, these values are passed to mixture trust function to calculate the trustworthiness of the target node. Trustworthiness of each node is used in routing process to punish distrusted nodes and to improve routing efficiency by isolating established routs from them and having more trusted routes. Thus two complementary levels of trust have been introduced for mobile ad-hoc networks naming Hard trust and Soft trust. These levels can be foundation to develop trust models for each application. Each of defined trust levels is desirable and usable for the applications with same security requirements. In fact, AMLeT adapts itself to context and situations changes of network. Functionality and feasibility of AMLeT were proved by AMLeT based AODV routing. 2.3.4 An AMLeT based routing AODV is one of the most important reactive routing protocols in MANETs. This improvement is done by integrating AMLeT modules into AODV agent in order to boost some security and efficiency factors. Threshold value for trustworthiness is 0.5 which determines the border of trustworthiness and untrustworthiness. After packet forwarding, the AODV agents evaluate the behavior of their adjacent nodes. Hardness parameter is determined base on N recent interactions. Finally, these values are passed to mixture trust function to calculate the trustworthiness of the target node. Trustworthiness of each node is used in routing process to punish distrusted nodes and to improve routing efficiency by isolating established routs from them and having more trusted routes. Thus two complementary levels of trust have been introduced for mobile ad-hoc networks naming Hard trust and Soft trust. These levels can be foundation to develop trust models for each application. Each of defined trust levels is desirable and usable for the applications with same security requirements. In fact, AMLeT adapts itself to context and situations changes of network. Functionality and feasibility of AMLeT were proved by AMLeT based AODV routing. 2.4 Trust Based Security Approach Using Trust Counter [12] A trust based packet forwarding scheme is designed for detecting and isolating the malicious nodes using the routing layer information. It uses trust values to favor packet forwarding by maintaining a trust counter for each node. A node will be punished or rewarded by decreasing or increasing the trust counter. If the trust counter value falls below a trust threshold, the corresponding intermediate node is marked as malicious. In this approach, by dynamically calculating the nodes trust counter values, the source node can be able to select the more trusted routes rather than selecting the shorter routes. Changes are done to the AODV routing protocol. An additional data structure called Neighbors' Trust Counter Table (NI T) is maintained by each network node. The routing process can be summarized into the following steps: 1) Discovery of routes: it is just like the route discovery in DSR. Suppose A starts this process to communicate with D. At the end, A collects all the available routes to D; 2) Validation of routes: Node A check the trust values of the intermediate nodes along the path. Assuming node B's trust value is missing in A 's trust table or its trust values is below a certain threshold, put B into a set X. 3) During the transmission, node A updates its trust table based on the observations. When some malicious behavior is found, A will discard this path and find another candidate path or restart a new discovery. 4) Compute trust values for every node in X based on the trust graph. 5) Among all paths, A chooses the one with the max ( in= 1 pi) where n is the number of nodes along with path. A trust based security protocol which attains confidentiality and authentication of packets in both routing and link layers of MANETs is developed. It uses trust values to favor packet forwarding by maintaining a trust counter for each node. The perfect security solution is hard to reach. But the average security level (for a node) can be achieved as expectation based on accumulated knowledge and as well as the trust relationship built and adjusted. 2.5 Trust Based Secure Routing Using NTC And RTC [13] Continuous evaluation of nodes performance and collection of neighbor nodes opinion value about the node are used to calculate the trust relationship of this node between source and estimations

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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME without any intruders or malicious nodes can be established with the proposed trust based routing protocol that equally concentrates both in node trust and route trust. 2.5.1 Node Trust Calculation Process Each node has opinion about other nodes (neighbor) trustworthiness. Node X has an opinion about trustworthiness of one of its neighbor node Y based on Ys previous and current behaviors. All the nodes in such environment already maintain Routing Table. Additionally added Neighbor Table should be maintaining in all the nodes for keep tracks the dynamically changing neighbor list and its corresponding node trust value.Node trust is calculated by the collective opinion of nodes neighbors. The resultant trust value is placed in Trust Value field of Neighbor Table. The node trust is computed based upon the information that one node can collect about the other nodes. 2.5.2 Route Trust Calculation Process Route trust is computed by every node for each route in its routing table. Existing Routing Table extended with one more field; Route Trust. In this approach, source node selects the route which is having the highest Route Trust value. Route Trust field of every Routing Table entry is updated at some regular interval. In this method, only one additional field is enough to monitor the route trust worthiness. Destination node in each entry originates R_ACK message packet to node which one is maintaining this routing Table. R_ACK is the modified version of RREP_ACK message packet. Each route already having the entry for number of packets sent to the corresponding destination. Usually destination node originates R_ACK message packets. This packet moves backward direction from the destination. Node which one is receiving R_ACK packet uses the entry Number of Packets Received for route trust calculation. 2.5.3 Route Establishment Process Source initiates route establishment process by broadcasting RREQ message to all of its neighbors. Each node maintains two main table; Route Table and Neighbor Table. Each node updates its Neighbor Table by broadcasting HELLO packets in the regular interval. Neighbor Table consists of two fields; Neighbor_ ID and Trust Value. Another table in every node is route Table. It maintains the route detail information like Destination IP Address, Destination Sequence Number. Valid Destination Sequence Number, Next Hop, Hop Count and Route Trust etc. for all the routes those are valid from this node. At the time of route establishment process or packet forwarding process, this table is updated. Neighbor nodes check this routing table whether they are having any route to the desired destination or not. If it exists then nodes can sent a RREP message to source in the backward path. Source waits for more than one RREP from its neighbors. In this method, Route Trust value of the RREP message plays a major role in RREP selection process. Based on the highest Route Trust level, the RREP is selected for further route establishment. Proposed modifications are in acceptable limit. With this minimum overhead, the malicious nodes are eliminated as well as a best trusted route between source and Destination is established and also it creates a secure communication in this environment without any internal attackers. 2.6 TBAODV - Trust Based AODV [14] The performance of Ad-hoc On Demand Vector protocol is modified by including the source route accumulation feature. As low transmission power of each ad-hoc node limits its communication range, the nodes must assist and trust each other in forwarding packets from one node to another. However, this implied trust relationship can be threatened by malicious nodes that may fabricate, modify or disrupt the orderly exchange of packets. Security demands that all packets be authenticated before being used. A particularly hard problem is to provide efficient broadcast authentication, which is important mechanism for MANET. Here, a routing algorithm is proposed which adds a field in request packet which stores trust value indicating node trust on neighbor. Based on level of trust factor, the routing information will be transmitted depending upon highest trust value among all. This not only saves the nodes power by avoiding unnecessary transmitting control information but also in terms of bandwidth (channel utilization), which is very important in case of MANET. Here, trusted path is used irrespective of shortest or longest path which can be used for communication in the network. Route trust value is calculated for the complete reply path which can be utilized by source node for next forthcoming communication in the network. 218

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME Algorithm for different functions used in packet transmission and reception routine as follows: Step 1:-Initially trust value 100 is assigned to all nodes in the network using assign trust ( ) function. Step 2:- Trust value are printed using Printtrust ( ) function. Step 3:- Source node broadcast request to all its neighbouring node using Send_Request( ) function.In this function hop count is initialized. Schedular class is invoked to run the simulation. Step 4:- Neighbouring node receive the request then it will check whether it is destination or not.If it is Destination then it will Send_Reply( ) function otherwise forward request to its neighbouring node. This will check in Receive_Request( ) function. Step 5:- After confirming that it is not destination, it will further forward request to all its neighbouring node using Forward_Request( ) function.Hopcount is increased at each node. Step 6:-If it is destination then it will send reply using Send_Reply( ) function. Trust value 200 is assigned to all nodes in the path from destination to source node. Now, Source becomes destination for the current node. Step 7:-After receiving the reply then the decision will take whether the index node is destination or not using Receive_Reply( ) function. If it is not destination then it will forward reply. In TBAODV an extra field is created in the route request format. This trust value is updated on every successful communication. The forthcoming communication is based on the route selection value calculated for each RREQ path. This route selection value is used to select most trusted path rather than selecting shortest or longest path. This significantly improves the trust factor on the neighboring nodes in the network. Thus the trust based routing protocol proposed here improves the security level and also prevent malicious node attack in the network. 2.7 Trusted And Shortest Path Selection Using R-AODV [15] A security enhanced AODV routing protocol called R-AODV (Reliant Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing) is defined. The implementation of this work is done by modifying a trust mechanism known as direct and recommendations trust model and then incorporating it inside AODV which will allow AODV to not just find the shortest path, but instead to find a short path that can be trusted. This enhances security by ensuring that data does not go through malicious nodes that have been known to misbehave. R-AODV does provide a more reliable data transfer compared to the normal AODV if there are malicious nodes in the MANET. 2.7.1 Reliant On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol(R-AODV) AODV can be modified to select better path (best path (Bp)) during the route discovery cycle based on the trust and number of hops (trusted and shortest). When the route request and route reply (RRREQ and R-RREP) messages in Reliant R-AODV are generated or forwarded by the nodes in the network, each node appends its own trust to the trust accumulator (trust summation accumulator S[t]) on these route discovery messages. Each node also updates its routing table with all the information contained in the control messages. As the R-RREQ messages are broadcast, each intermediate node that does not have a route to the destination forwards the R-RREQ packet after appending its trust to the trust accumulator in the packet. Hence, at any point, the R-RREQ packet contains a list of all the nodes visited with their trust value added to trust summation accumulator S[t]. Whenever a node receives a R-RREQ packet, it will check the updates of the route to the source node. It then checks for better path (best path (Bp)) for intermediate nodes. The hop count included in the request message. A new entry is made in the routing table for any of the intermediate nodes and assigns full trust to them, if one did not already exist. If a route entry for a node does exist, and if best path (Bp) to any of the intermediate nodes is greater than the previously known best path (Bp) to that node, the routing table entry is updated for that node and assigns new trust value. New trust value will be updated in routing table. The entry is updated by retaining the previously known sequence number for that node. 2.7.2 Route Discovery in R-AODV The goal of this protocol is for source node to select the secure route with less hop count to a destination node. The source node, S, broadcasts a route discovery message (R-RREQ) to its neighbours which contains: S broadcasts R-RREQ <Source_Addr, Source_Seq#, Broadcast_ID, Dest_Addr, Dest_Seq#, Hop_Count, S[t], Bp> As RREQ messages in AODV, for R-AODV, when a node receives R-RREQ message, it sets up a reverse path back to the source by recording the neighbour from which it received the R-RREQ. Meanwhile, when the node receives the R-RREQ, it will check whether it is the destination or not, if so, it will updates the routing table for that node and generate R-RREP. But if the receiver node was intermediate node, it attaches the trust value in its 219

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME routing table to the trust summation accumulator S[t] in the message. Upon receiving the message, a node verifies the Best path in the routing table with the new best path value attached in the message, if the new best path greater than the one in the routing table, the node then update the routing table 2.7.3 Route Reply in R_AODV After receiving the R-RREQ, the destination node creates a route reply message (R-RREP), signs it and unicasts the reply massage back to the source over the reverse path. The destination node, D, creates the R-RREP, and sends it back to its neighbour. Route Reply message contains: D unicasts RRREP: <Source_Addr, Dest_Addr, Dest_Seq#, Hop_Count, Lifetime, S[t], Bp> With the inclusion of trust mechanism. It is expected that using R-AODV would result in a higher percentage of successful data delivery as compared to AODV. However, it is also expected that due to the extra processing done and the possibility that the packets may take a longer route, it is also expected that the normalized routing load and end-to-end delay would increase. The use of R-AODV does provide a higher percentage of successful data delivery. It has also shown that the impact to normalized routing load and end-to-end delay is very minimal. 2.8 Reputation-Based Trust Model [16] The main objective here is to highlight critical issues that impinge upon trust management and to propose a reputation based approach for establishing trust that dynamically assesses the trustworthiness of the participating nodes in the MANET environment. 2.8.1 Critical Issues in Trusted Systems Initially certain security issues are discussed here. Identify a set attributes necessary for a mobile node to support critical infrastructure related activities in a MANET. To be deemed as trustworthy, a node must make a reasonable effort to perform its generic functions and duties in the network in a dependable manner, broadly categorized under headings of Routing/Forwarding, Quality of Service, and Security. The routing and forwarding functions are governed by routing protocols. A robust routing protocol reduces packet loss rates, eliminates the possibility of having frequent route failures, and is able to cope quickly against topological changes. Quality of Service (QoS) is the ability of the underlying network to provide preferential treatment to certain network traffic flows over others. In Security Related Functions Trust on a system is enhanced if the system has security mechanisms to safeguard its assets and actions. However, trust can also be established in a situation where trustee will act in the interests of a trustor without a guarantee and in the absence of security. What this implies is that if an entity is convinced or if enough assurance evidence exists that a target has acted in a consistent and predictable manner over an extended period of time and its actions adhere to a moral code or a standard as prescribed by a high level management policy then this target entity is perceived to be trustworthy. Certainly the presence of security services in the system such as confidentiality, integrity and access control and the ability to enforce them using a policy is likely to enhance trust on this system. The design principles of the trust model and then proposes trusted-platform architecture to support it are discussed below. The process of computing trust is based on the reputation of mobile nodes and independent of the underlying security, routing and QoS protocols, mechanisms, and algorithms being used. 2.8.2 Design Principles of Reputation-Based Trust Model The framework is built upon the following principles; Individualistic Model: This framework provides a means for node to build its trust on a target independent of other nodes. It may also use the recommendation of a trustworthy peer. Notion of reputation: The sense of trust builds upon the notion of reputation. The reputation of a target node is determined on the basis of first hand information that results through direct experience of interacting with that node, or through observation, or through recommendation / references of peers. Trust is context dependent: This means that entities can be trusted for only certain functions. In this model, trust is also a function of reputation that is 220

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME continuously changing with each new interaction. It is also time sensitive meaning an entity can only be trusted for a certain period time. Trust is reflexive, asymmetrical, non-transitive: There is a reflexive need to be able to protect ones own resources. This model also perceives trust between two nodes as an instance of asymmetrical reciprocity. Also the non transitive property of trust is preserved. Trust depends on device capability: Each participating entity in a MANET must be aware of the device capability (hardware, OS, trusted platform) of every other node or at least its neighboring nodes. 2.8.3 Protocol Stack and Trusted Platform The trust framework proposed is supported by a trusted architecture and a protocol stack. The trusted platform (TP) acts as an enforcement point of various trustworthy services in the node. It provides a tamper resistant hardware supported by a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) that provides some primitive cryptographic functions such as random number generation, RSA key generation and has a mechanism for protecting data by never releasing the root key outside the confines of TPM. Thus a decentralized framework is presented for building a trust model for MANETs. The model of trust is independent of underlying cryptographic schemes and also takes into account the hardware constraints of the devices. In this scheme the notion of trust is bound to a function the node performs in the network rather than to the node itself. 3. CONCLUSION The study covers a hand full of works related to trust management in MANETS. The routing protocol improved with enhancements and new strategies implemented to bring in reliability in MANET routing. The objective of all works listed here focuses on providing trustworthy routing in MANET, eliminating the misbehaving nodes and the nodes which bring down the performance of the network. It also focuses to improve the performance of the network by increasing the Qos metrics. Based on the observations the future work can be coined in such a way that the routing in MANET should be implemented with a trust scheme which guarantees trustworthy routing, scheme to identify and isolate misbehaving node and also to improve the QOS metrics. 4. REFERENCES
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