Sumerian Lexicon

Sumerian Lexicon
Version 3.0 by
John A. Halloran
The following lexicon contains 1,255 Sumerian logogram words and 2,511 Sumerian compound words. A logogram is a reading of a cuneiform sign which represents a word in the spoken language. Sumerian scribes invented the practice of writing in cuneiform on clay tablets sometime around 3400 B.C. in the Uruk/Warka region of southern Iraq. The language that they spoke, Sumerian, is known to us through a large body of texts and through bilingual cuneiform dictionaries of Sumerian and Akkadian, the language of their Semitic successors, to which Sumerian is not related. These bilingual dictionaries date from the Old Babylonian period (1800-1600 B.C.), by which time Sumerian had ceased to be spoken, except by the scribes. The earliest and most important words in Sumerian had their own cuneiform signs, whose origins were pictographic, making an initial repertoire of about a thousand signs or logograms. Beyond these words, two-thirds of this lexicon now consists of words that are transparent compounds of separate logogram words. I have greatly expanded the section containing compounds in this version, but I know that many more compound words could be added. Many cuneiform signs can be pronounced in more than one way and often two or more signs share the same pronunciation, in which case it is necessary to indicate in the transliteration which cuneiform sign is meant; Assyriologists have developed a system whereby the second homophone is marked by an acute accent ( ), the third homophone by a grave accent (` ), and the remainder by subscript numerals. [If the small font size prevents you from seeing whether the accent is acute or grave, click on View and Zoom and scroll up to 125%.] The homophone numeration here follows the 'BCE-System' developed by Borger, Civil, and Ellermeier. The 'accents' and subscript numerals do not affect the pronunciation. The numeration system is a convention to inform Assyriologists which, for example, of the many cuneiform signs that have the reading du actually occurs on the tablet. A particular sign can often be transcribed in a long way, such as dug 4, or in a short way, such as du 11, because Sumerian was like French in omitting certain amissable final consonants except before a following vowel. Due to this lexicon's etymological orientation, you will usually find a word listed under its fullest phonetic form. Transcriptions of texts often contain the short forms, however, because Sumerologists try to accurately represent the spoken language. Short forms are listed, but you are told where to confer. The vowels may be pronounced as follows: a as in father, u as in pull, e as in peg, and i as in hip. Of the special consonants, is pronounced like ng in rang, is pronounced like ch in German Buch or Scottish loch, and is pronounced like sh in dash. Following the definitions, the lexicon may indicate in a smaller font the constituent elements of words that in origin were compound words, if those elements were clear to me. Etymologies are a normal part of dictionarymaking, but etymologies are also the most subject to speculation. It is possible that, in some cases, I have provided a Sumerian etymology for what is actually a loanword from another language. I encourage scholars to contact me with evidence from productive roots in other proto-languages when they have reason to believe that a Sumerian word is a loan from another language family. In light of the Sumerian propensity for forming new words through compounding in the period after they invented cuneiform signs, it should not be surprising to find this same propensity in words dating from before their invention of written signs. The structure and thinking behind the Sumerian vocabulary is to me a thing of beauty. We are fortunate to be able to look back into the minds of our prehistoric ancestors and see how they thought and lived via the words that they created. The lexicon's etymological orientation explains why the vocabulary is organized according to the phonetic structure of the words, with words sharing the same structure being listed together and alphabetically according to their final consonants and vowels, as this method best groups together related words. This principle has been abandoned after words of the structure CVC(V) in this version, as words that are phonetically more complex than
Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0
this do not group together by meaning. The phonetically more complex words and the compound words are listed alphabetically simply by their initial letters. The lexicon has been in development over a fourteen-year period. Primary sources included: A. Deimel, umerisches Lexikon; Rome 1947. E. Reiner et al., The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; Chicago 1956ff. W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwrterbuch; Wiesbaden 1958-1981. R. Borger, Assyrisch-babylonische Zeichenliste, Band 33 in Alter Orient und Altes Testament (AOAT), Verffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments (Series); Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn 1978. R. Labat and F. Malbran-Labat, Manuel d'pigraphie Akkadienne, 6 dition; Paris 1995 (this is the cuneiform sign manual used by most Sumerology students - it is available from Eisenbraun's - see my links page). M.L. Thomsen, The Sumerian Language: An Introduction to Its History and Grammatical Structure; Copenhagen 1984 (this well-done grammar is currently the standard text - if it is on back order at Eisenbraun's, ask your public library's Interlibrary Loan department to obtain it for you). J.L. Hayes, A Manual of Sumerian Grammar and Texts; Malibu 1990 (beginning students can start with this book before graduating to Thomsen- if available, order it from Eisenbraun's - see my links page). R. Jestin, Notes de Graphie et de Phontique Sumriennes; Paris 1965. B. Landsberger, as compiled by D.A. Foxvog and A.D. Kilmer, "Benno Landsberger's Lexicographical Contributions", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol 27 (1975). H. Behrens and H. Steible, Glossar zu den altsumerischen Bau- und Weihinschriften; Wiesbaden 1983. K. Oberhuber, Sumerisches Lexikon zu George Reisner, Sumerisch - babylonische Hymnen nach Thontafeln griechischer Zeit (Berlin 1896) (SBH) und verwandten Texten; Innsbruck 1990. .W. Sjberg et. al., The Sumerian Dictionary of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia 1984ff. Letters B and A through Abzu have been published. M. Civil, unpublished Sumerian glossary for students. S. Tinney, editor, Index to the Secondary Literature: A collated list of indexes and glossaries to the secondary literature concerning the Sumerian Language, unpublished but now expanded and searchable at: http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu:80/psd/ E.I. Gordon, Sumerian Proverbs: Glimpses of Everyday Life in Ancient Mesopotamia; Philadelphia 1959 (with contributions by Th. Jacobsen). D.C. Snell, Ledgers and Prices: Early Mesopotamian Merchant Accounts; New Haven and London 1982. P. Michalowski, The Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur; Winona Lake 1989. C.E. Keiser and S.T. Kang, Neo-Sumerian Account Texts from Drehem; New Haven & London 1971. J. Bauer, Altsumerische Wirtschaftstexte aus Lagasch; Dissertation for Julius-Maximilians-Universitt at Wrzburg 1967 [appeared under same name as vol. 9 in Studia Pohl: Series Maior; Rome 1972]. J. Krecher, "Die mar-Formen des sumerischen Verbums", Vom Alten Orient Zum Alten Testament, AOAT 240 (1995; Fs. vSoden II), pp. 141-200. K. Volk, A Sumerian Reader, vol. 18 in Studia Pohl: Series Maior; Rome 1997 (this practical, inexpensive book includes a nice, though incomplete, sign-list). B. Alster, The Instructions of Suruppak: A Sumerian Proverb Collection (Mesopotamia: Copenhagen Studies in Assyriology, Vol. 2); Copenhagen 1974. B. Alster, Proverbs of Ancient Sumer: The World's Earliest Proverb Collections, 2 vols; Bethesda, Maryland 1997.
. Sjberg, Der Mondgott Nanna-Suen in der sumerischen berlieferung; Stockholm 1960. V.E. Orel and O.V. Stolbova, Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary: Materials for a Reconstruction (Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abt. 1, Bd. 18); Leiden, New York, & Kln 1995. M.W. Green and H.J. Nissen, Zeichenliste der Archaischen Texte aus Uruk [ZATU] (Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka, 11; Archaische Texte aus Uruk, 2); Berlin 1987. P.Damerow and R. Englund, Sign List of the Archaic Texts (electronic FileMaker database collection of ZATU signs occurring in catalogued texts from Uruk IV to ED II); Berlin 1994. P. Steinkeller, review of M.W. Green and H.J. Nissen, Bibliotheca Orientalis 52 (1995), pp. 689-713. J. Krecher, "Das sumerische Phonem | |", Festschrift Lubor Matou, Assyriologia 5, vol. II, ed. B. Hruka & G. Komorczy (Budapest, 1978), pp. 7-73. M. Civil, The Farmer's Instructions: A Sumerian Agricultural Manual (Aula Orientalis-Supplementa, Vol. 5); Barcelona 1994. M. Krebernik, Die Beschwrungen aus Fara und Ebla: Untersuchungen zur ltesten keilschriftlichen Beschwrungsliteratur (Texte und Studien zur Orientalistik, Bd. 2); Hildesheim, Zurich, New York 1984. M.A. Powell, "Masse und Gewichte" [Weights and Measures: article in English], Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archologie,.Bd. 7, ed. D.O. Edzard (Berlin & New York, 1987-90), pp. 457-517. K.R. Nemet-Nejat, Cuneiform Mathematical Texts as a Reflection of Everyday Life in Mesopotamia (American Oriental Series, Vol. 75); New Haven 1993. E.J. Wilson, The Cylinders of Gudea: Transliteration, Translation and Index, Band 244 in Alter Orient und Altes Testament (AOAT), Verffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments (Series); Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn 1996. D.O. Edzard, Gudea and His Dynasty (The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Early Periods, Vol. 3/1); Toronto, Buffalo, London 1997. W.W. Hallo and J.J.A. van Dijk, The Exaltation of Inanna; New Haven & London 1968. The Sumerian lexicon has benefitted from several classes at UCLA with Dr. Robert Englund. I dedicate this lexicon to the memory of Dr. Robert Hetzron, with whom I had the pleasure of studying during every week of the four years that I attended the University of California at Santa Barbara. Dr. Hetzron was a professional linguist and expert on the Afroasiatic language family. If you are a Sumerology student who wishes to add entries or make changes to this Word document, please do so in a colored font, so that your changes can be identified and incorporated into future versions of the lexicon. The home page for the Sumerian lexicon is http://www.sumerian.org/.
a, e4:
n., water; watercourse, canal; seminal fluid; offspring; father; tears; flood. [A archaic frequency: 519]
interj., alas!. prep., locative suffix - where; in; when - denotes movement towards or in favor of a person. def. article, nominalizing suffix for a noun or noun clause, denoting 'the'.
: a5: e: : :
(cf., i ). (cf., aka ). (cf., g) . house, household; temple; plot of land [E 2 archaic frequency: 649; concatenates 4 signs] . (cf., d) .
e11: (cf., d). i: : i7: u: :

n., cry of pain (derived from r, r, 'tears; complaint' ?) [I archaic frequency: 17]. v., to capture, defeat, overcome (cf., d, (cf., a) . (cf., da) . (cf., ). n., plant; vegetable; grass; food; bread; pasture; load [U 2 archaic frequency: 225; concatenates 3 signs] . v., to nourish, support. adj., strong, powerful (man).
; i)
n., sleep (cf., u 5). [according to S. Lieberman, u, , and u4 were pronounced /o/] v., to sleep. prep., and; the prospective modal prefix: if; when; after; often used as a polite imperative. pron., a pronominal prefix in a compound noun, to derive a more specific meaning.
u(3,4,8): u4: u5:
n., an expression of protest; cries, screams; the grunting, panting of battle; fight, dispute.
v., to bend over. (cf., ud ). n., male bird, cock; totality; earth pile or levee; raised area (sometimes written ) [U 5 archaic frequency: 1]. v., to mount (in intercourse); to be on top of; to ride; to board (a boat); to steer, conduct. adj., (raised) high, especially land or ground (sometimes written ).
u6: u8:
(cf., ug 6). (cf., us 5). huge.
u18[GIGAL]: u20[E]:
barley.
ab: window; opening; niche, nook (cf., aba) [AB archaic frequency: 384; concatenates 2 sign variants (sign also used
for and aba - for this reading and meaning in Fara period, see Krebernik, Beschwrungen] .
b: domestic cow (a,'water, liquid', + b,'middle') [AB2 archaic frequency: 288]. ib: corner, angle, nook [IB archaic frequency: 252; concatenates 2 sign variants] . b, b:
n., middle; waist; loins; thighs.
v., to be angry; to flare up in anger; to curse, insult.
ub: corner, angle, nook; a small room [UB archaic frequency: 124].
(ku)
ub3,5:
a drum.
ub4: cavity, hole; pitfall.
ad: (cf., ada). d: (cf., adda4). ad3,6: (cf., adda). ad4: lame, cripple. d, ; i:
to go out, emerge; to send forth; to lead or bring out; to rise; to sprout; to be or become visible; to appear as a witness (the final d appears in mar conjugation) [ED 2 archaic frequency: 12; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
d, e11: to exit; to rise; to descend, set; to bring down (or up); to import; to fetch; to remove; to drain (d(-d) in mar). d: (cf., da). id4,8, it4: ud, u4: d[]:
(cf., itud) .
n., sun; light; day; time; weather; storm (demon) [UD archaic frequency: 419].
prep., when; since. emmer (wheat).
ud5: (cf., z). ag: (cf., ak). g, k, g, e:

n., levee, embankment, dike, bund (a, e4, 'water', + ig, 'door') [EG 2 archaic frequency:
12; concatenates 5 sign variants] .
v., to water; to speak, say (e = sing. mar, plural hamtu, and plural mar; cf., dug 4, also di ); to do (as auxiliary verb preceded by a noun). demonstrative pron., this one; in the immediate vicinity; suffixed to ergative agent. prep., locative/terminative suffix - in; toward.
ig: door, entrance [IG archaic frequency: 43; concatenates 2 sign variants] . ug(2): lion; anger, fury; storm. ug4,5,7,8:
n., death; dead person. v., to kill; to die (singular and plural mar stem; plural hamtu, which is sometimes reduplicated; cf., ).
ug6, u6[IGI.]:
n., amazement; gaze, glance (['EYE' + 'HOUSE']).
v., to look at; to stare at, gaze; to be impressed. adj., astonishing.
: (cf., a). : (cf., a). ; u:

(cf., la ).
u(3): lice, louse; nit; flea; moth; insect, parasite, vermin [U3 archaic frequency: 14; concatenates 2 sign variants] . ; u, a:
phlegm; spittle; slaver, froth; paste; venom; malice.
ak, ag:
i
genitival suffix: 'of' (cf. also, aka ).
al: digging stick; wooden mattock, pickax; forked hoe with from 2 to 4 teeth; spade [AL archaic frequency:
95] .
al: verbal prefix: used immediately before stative verbs; indicates: 1) distance; 2) the speaker is not involved;
or 3) the lack of a transitive relationship.
l: (cf., la). il5: (cf., ili5). ul: n., joy, pleasure, satisfaction; star; flower; bud; ornament; a capacity measure of 36 liters in Presargonic
Girsu. v., to glitter, shine. adj., remote, distant (in time); ancient, enduring.
l: (cf., llu). ul4: to be quick; to hurry, hasten, harass [? KIIK archaic frequency: 21; concatenates 3 sign variants] . am: (cf., m and ma). m: (cf., a). m[A.AN]: im, em:
(gi)
the Sumerian enclitic copula - 'to be', occurs after a noun [e.g., William king-is]; who, which, what; (same) as, like (in scholarly lists).
(cf., imi).
a rope made of reeds (cf., umu ).
m: (cf., gim4). um: an: n., sky, heaven; the god An; grain ear/date cluster ('water' + 'high') [AN archaic frequency: 806].
v., to be high. adj., high. prep., in front.
en: n., dignitary; lord; high priest; ancestor (statue); diviner [EN archaic frequency: 1232; concatenates 3 sign
variants] .
v., to rule. adj., noble.
en(2,3):
n., time; enigmatic background [EN 2 archaic frequency: 17].
prep., until.
in: he, she; straw; insult, offense, invective [IN archaic frequency: 21]. un: (cf., a). ar: (cf., ara4). r: (cf., ra). r: (cf., ar). Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 6
r, r: ir(10):
n., tears; lamentation; prayer; complaint.
v., to weep. n., sweat; smell, odor, scent; perfume, fragrance [IR archaic frequency: 53; concatenation of 4 sign
variants] .
adj., scented, perfumed, fragrant.
ir(10), er: ir3,11:
v., to bring; to lead away (Emesal dialect for tm , cf.,
re7).
(cf., arad (2)).
ur: n., dog; carnivorous beast; servant; young man, warrior; enemy (cf., t) [UR archaic frequency: 114;
concatenation of 3 sign variants] .
v., to tremble. adj., humble.
ur(2,3,4):
to surround; to flood; to throw overboard; to drag (over the ground) (often with -ni -); to erase, wipe out; to shear, reap, mow (reduplication class) (cf., gur 10).
r: floor; base; lap, loins; thighs, leg(s); root; trunk of a tree [UR2 archaic frequency: 78]. r: roof; entrance; mountain pass; beam, rafter (cf., ur(2,3,4)) [UR3 archaic frequency: 27; concatenation of 5 sign
variants] .
ur4: (cf., gur10,14) [? UR4 archaic frequency: 41; concatenation of 3 sign variants] . ur5[AR]:
n., liver; spleen; heart, soul; bulk, main body; foundation; loan; obligation; interest; surplus, profit; interest-bearing debt; repayment; slave-woman (cf., ar, mur ) [UR 5 archaic frequency: 34; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
inanimate pron., it; these, the referenced; his, hers, theirs. v., to chew; to smell; to belch, burp; to roar; to clog, block; to imprison; to be bowed with grief; to rub something in; to rent. demonstrative, thus; so; in this way; in the same way; followed by a negation: not at all.
ur11:
(cf.,
uru4). bibad) (loanword into Akkadian) [US archaic frequency: 18;
as: (cf., asa). us, uzmuen:

domestic goose or duck (cf.,
s, z [U]:
n., side, edge; distance; in geometry: length; height; vertical; perpendicular.
v., to follow; to drive; to come near to, reach; to let reach; to transport, bring; to join; to be next to, border; to moor, dock; to lean against (cf., ).
us5, u8:
mother ewe, adult female sheep [US 5 archaic frequency: 86].
a: one; unique; alone. a(5): spider. : n., wish; curse (abbreviated

v., to desire; to curse.
t ? ate ? [A 2 archaic frequency: 5]. , )
a3,4,8:
six (a, 'five', + a, 'one').
e: n., many, much.

v., to anoint. adv., adverbial force suffix (sometimes followed by - ).
: (cf., e). : shrine [AB archaic frequency: 384; concatenates 2 sign variants] . e5,6,16,21: u, s:
three.
i: (cf., ii).
n., foundation (cf.,
) [GI3 archaic frequency: 16; concatenation of 2 sign variants; U archaic
frequency: 101; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
v., to support, lift; to stand upon.
U: a length measure, reading unknown, = 6 ropes = 60 nindan rods. [U archaic frequency: 101; concatenates
2 sign variants] .
: n., blood; blood vessel; death [? ZATU-644 archaic frequency: 65; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
v., to die; to kill; to block (singular hamtu stem). adj., dead.
: placental membrane, afterbirth. u7: spittle. u8: foundation place, base. u11:
venom, poison; spittle, slaver; moistening; spell, charm.
az: (cf., asa). uz: (cf., us). z: (cf., s). z, ud5, ut5:
she-goat [UD 5 archaic frequency: 109; concatenates 3 signs] .
ba: n., share, portion; rations, wages [BA archaic frequency: 523].
v., to give; to divide, apportion, distribute; to pay (interchanges with bar). conjugation prefix, used when the subject is inanimate and/or non-agentive (intransitive). possessive or demonstrative suffix
(ku6)
-bi plus nominative -a.
ba:
a shelled creature (such as a turtle or a snail); a scraping tool.
b: liver; liver model; omen. ba4: Emesal dialect, cf., , 'house'. ba7: (cf., bar).
be: (cf., bad). bi, b:

v., to diminish, lessen; to speak, say (accusative infix b 3rd pers. sing. neuter + e 'to speak'); to murmer, chirp, twitter, buzz, hum, howl, cry; mention (cf., biz; bi[z] ) [KA archaic frequency: 261; concatenates 4 sign variants] .
pron., it. poss. suffix, 'its' applies to inanimate (things and animals) and collective objects. demonstrative suffix, this (one), that (one) - in this sense can occur with animates. conj., and. art., the. adv., adverbial force suffix. conjugation prefix, differentiates the semantic meaning of certain verbs.
b: (cf., i-b). bi6 [BA]: bu(3,6):

to tear; to tear off (with -ta -).
bi7: (cf., bd).

(cf., bur 12; bul ) [BU: archaic frequency: 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
bu5: to rush around (cf., bul). da: n., arm; side; nearness (to someone) [DA archaic frequency: 227; concatenation of 4 sign variants] .
v., to hold; to be near; to protect. prep., comitative suffix, 'with'; copula, 'and' (mainly in Sargonic date texts).
da5: (cf., dab6). d: to pour (often with -ni-); to water; to increase, be full; to shape, form; to instruct; to sink (for other meanings - cf., de 6,2; g ; g...d ). d: ashes; mar form suffix - often indicates a present participle to be translated by English -ing or connotes future sense. Used like the terminative postposition - after verbal phrases to indicate intent or goal. de5, di5 [RI]: to advise; to remove (earth clods) (reduplicated). de6,2, e6: to bring, carry (-i - or -ta - denote direction); to continue on (singular hamtu, cf., tumu2,3, la4; Emesal ga(14)). di: n., lawsuit, case; judgment, decision, verdict; sentence [DI archaic frequency: 99].
v., to judge, decide; to conduct oneself; to go; to escape (di-d used as non-finite mar form of dug 4, 'to speak').
di4: (cf., tur). du: to walk; to go; to come (sing. mar, cf., in, re7, sb) [DU archaic frequency: 299]. d: (cf., tud). d('), : n., work; totality.
v., to build, make; to mould, cast; to erect something on the ground; to raise up; to set up; to plant; to fasten, apply (d-e in mar).
du5: (cf., sug5) du6: (cf., dul(6)). du7: to be finished, complete; to be suitable, fitting; to be necessary; to butt, gore, toss (reduplication class?) (regularly followed by r ) [DU 7 archaic frequency: 7]. du8: (cf., du). du9: (cf., dun5). du10: du11: du12: du14:
(cf., dg ). (cf., dug 4). (cf., tuku ). quarrel, struggle, fight.
ga: n., milk (chamber + water) [GA archaic frequency: 245; concatenation of 3 sign variants] .
conjugation prefix, 'also'; 'and then'. modal prefix, cohortative, used with hamtu forms.
ga6: (cf., gr). ge(2,6):

girl.
gi: reed; length measure, reed = 6 cubits = 3 meters (circular + to sprout) [GI archaic frequency: 484]. gi(n), ge(n): v., to act justly; to stabilize, strengthen; to confirm; to establish something as the
property of someone (dative) (loanword from Semitic, Orel & Stolbova #1403, *ka'Vn- 'be true', Akkadian knu; cf., in, en). adj., just; firm; fixed; reliable, trustworthy.
gi(4): to surround, besiege; to lock up (circle + to descend into). gi(17): g, g: gi4, ge4:
n., young man (small and thin like a reed).
adj., small. reed mat.
to return, come back; to send (back) (with -i -); to reject, dislike; to restore; to answer (person to whom answer is given resumed by dative prefix, and with -ni-) (circular motion + to go out, send) [GI 4 archaic frequency: 37; concatenation of 3 sign variants] .
gi7: (cf., gir15). gi9, ge9: gi17:

(cf., gir 10). (cf., gig ). (cf., gg ).
gi25[DUGUD]:
frequency: 53].
gu: string, thread; wool yarn; flax; hemp; snare; net; orig. word for needle (circular + grass-like) [GU archaic
10
g: neck; nape; river bank; side; other side; edge; front; land; pulse, chick pea (for 'land, district' cf., gn; for 'load; talent' cf., gun; gn, g ) (circular + u5, 'on top of'; cf., Orel & Stolbova #982, *gun"occiput, neck, nape") [GU 2 archaic frequency: 34].
gu2,4: (cf., gud(2)). g: n., noise, sound; voice.

v., to exclaim; to utter a cry (said of an animal) (throat + u(3,4,8), 'cries, screams').
gu7, k:
n., food, sustenance; fodder; angle [GU 7 archaic frequency: 236].
v., to eat, swallow, consume, use; to eat up, finish off; to feed, nurse, benefit (with -ni -) (throat + , 'food').
: basket; house; stable (cf., ar) [GA2 archaic frequency: 125; concatenation of 5 sign variants] . : (cf., l, ar, e26 and ma(3)). e: (cf., me). e6: (cf., gg). e26, : u10: *a:
I, myself; my.
i6: (cf., gg).

my, mine.
a: precative and affirmative verbal prefix: may; let; indeed.

fish (not the usual word for fish, but the fish sign may get its syllabic reading of A from * 'many' + a 'water' = 'fish', an alternative to the usual ku6, kua) [KU 6 archaic frequency: 282; concatenates 3 sign variants] . numerous; diverse; assorted; mixed. ten (usually written: u ).
, i-a: e, i:
, , a6, u:
to mix [I archaic frequency: 291].
e(2): abundance; abundant. : precative and affirmative verbal prefix (same as a). u: bird (earlier word than muen). ia2,7,9, :
five.
a, : n., oil, fat, cream.

impersonal verbal conjugation prefix, indicates distance from speaker.
ia4, i4:
pebble, counter.
ka: mouth [KA archaic frequency: 108; concatenates 2 sign variants] . ka: in late usage the difference between a rough measuring and a final measuring of a quantity of grain. k: gate [? KA2 archaic frequency: 11; concatenates 4 sign variants] . ka5-(a):
fox.
ka9: (cf., kas7 and n-kas7/ka9).
11
-ke4: often occurs at the end of a genitival compound which functions as the actor or agent of the sentence
(ak, genitival suffix 'of', + e, ergative agent marker).
ki: n., earth; place; area; location; ground; grain ('base' + 'to rise, sprout') [KI archaic frequency: 386;
concatenates 2 sign variants] .
prep., where; wherever, whenever; behind.
k: (cf., kd). ku: to base, found, build; to lie down (reduplication class) [KU archaic frequency: 64; concatenates 3 sign variants] . k: (cf., gu7). k: (cf., kug). ku4: (cf., kur9). ku5: (cf., kud). ku6, kua: ku10:
fish (k, 'food', + a, 'water') [KU 6 archaic frequency: 282; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
ku7: (cf., kuru).

(cf., gg ).
la: abundance, luxury, wealth; youthful freshness and beauty; bliss, happiness; wish, desire [LA archaic l: to penetrate, pierce, force a way into (in order to see); to know; to look after; to have a beard (cf. also, lal) [LA2 archaic frequency: 57].
i
li: juniper/cedar tree [LI archaic frequency: 14].
l: true measure; fine oil. li9: to glisten, shine. lu: n., many, much; man, men, people; sheep.
v., to be/make numerous, abundant; to multiply; to mix; to graze, pasture (reduplication class [?]) (cf., lug ).
l: grown man; male; human being; someone, anyone, no one; gentleman [LU2 archaic frequency: 85]. l: to disturb, agitate, trouble; to fluster, embarrass; to stir, blend. lu5: (cf., lub, lul). ma: to bind (Emesal dialect for l; ) [MA archaic frequency: 250]. ma(3); :
i
to go (Akk. alaaku).
m: boat [MA2 archaic frequency: 6].
m: (Emesal dialect for -e). ma4: to leave, depart, go out (cf., mud6). ma5: (cf., m). me, m; e:
n., function, office, responsibility; ideal norm; the phenomenal area of a deity's power; divine decree, oracle; cult [ME archaic frequency: 363; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
12
v., to be; the Sumerian copula; to say, tell. poss. suffix, our.
m: (cf., gg). me3,6,7,9:

battle [ME 3 archaic frequency: 4].
me6: to act, behave. mi: (cf., gg). m[SAL]:

n., woman; female (this pronunciation of the sign found in compound words and verbs or in enclitic or proclitic position, Hallo & van Dijk, p. 85) (cf. also, mu 10, munus ) (compounds are more likely to preserve an older word) [SAL archaic frequency: 435].
adj., feminine.
mu: n., name; word; year; line on a tablet, entry; oath (cf., u10) [MU archaic frequency: 99].
v., to name, speak (cf., mug ). prep., because. conjugation prefix, suggests involvement by speaker, used especially before dative infixes, preferred for animate and agentive subjects.
m: (cf., mud6). m, ma5[KA]: to mill, grind; to burn (reduplication class). mu4: (cf., mur10). mu5: well-formed, beautiful; plump, fattened. mu7[KALI]: mu10[SAL]:
to shout, scream, roar; exorcism ?. woman; female (cf. also, m,
munus) [SAL archaic frequency: 435].
na: n., human being; incense [NA archaic frequency: 105; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
adj., no. modal prefix, emphatic in past tense; prohibitive in present/future tense.
n, n: na4; na:
(cf., nud ). pebble, rock, ordinary stone; stone weight; token; hailstone.
na5: chest, box. ne(-e), ne.en:

sign variants] .
this (one); that (one); demonstrative affix [NE archaic frequency: 303; concatenation of 4
n; n: ni; na:
strength, vigor, violence; forces, host. he, she; that one (human animate pronoun or possessive suffix) [NI archaic frequency: 263;
n: self; body; one's own [NI2 archaic frequency: 34]. n; ne4:

fear; respect; frightfulness; awe.
13
n: (cf., n). ni9: (cf., nin). nu: n., image, likeness, picture, figurine, statue [NU archaic frequency: 101].
adj. & adv., no, not; without; negative. pron., a pronominal prefix in a compound noun describing a person; or a phonetic writing for l .
nu11[IR]:
(i)
light; fire, lamp; alabaster [NU 11 archaic frequency: 32].
pa:
leaf, bud, sprout; branch; wing; feather [PA archaic frequency: 378; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
p: (cf., pd). pa4,5,6(-r): ra(-g/):

irrigation ditch, small canal, dike.
p: well, cistern, pool, fountain; depth [PU2 archaic frequency: 37].

n., inundation [RA archaic frequency: 25].
v., to strike, stab, slay; to stir; to impress, stamp, or roll (a seal into clay); to branch out (from the side of a canal); to flood, overflow; to measure; to pack, haul, or throw away (with -ta -). prep., dative suffix - for - denotes the animate being towards whom or in favor of whom an action is done.
r: (cf., re7). r: (cf., ara4). re7; ri6, r, ir10; e-re7; er, ir: to accompany, lead; to bear; to go; to drive along or away; to stir, mix (plural hamtu e.re 7.er ; cf., du , in , sb ). ri: v., to throw, cast; to place, pour, put into; to place upon or against (with -i-); to be located; to touch; to moor a boat; to break open; to expel, remove, throw away, sweep away (with -ta -); to emit; to beget; to blow (said of a storm); to inundate; to exchange; to take; to gather, glean; to plan something (ri is hamtu form, ri-g is mar form, ri-ri-g is plural; cf., rig ) [RI archaic frequency: 1].
adj., far. demonstrative affix, that, those; regarding that (where the reference is to something outside the view of the speaker - over yonder).
RI: calendar month 5 at Umma during Ur III. ru: n., present, gift [RU archaic frequency: 120].
v., to blow; to give; to send (cf., rg ).
r: (cf., d). r: to be equal in size or rank. ru5: to send forth shoots, buds, or blossoms; to butt; to gore. sa: n., sinew, tendon; cord; net; mat; bundle; string of a musical instrument [SA archaic frequency: 54;
v., to roast (barley) (cf., si;
sa).
s: n., advice.
14
v., to approach or equal in value; to compare with; to compete (with -da -).
sa4: to name; to call by name. sa5: n., red ocher.

adj., red, red-brown.
sa6: (cf., sag9). sa7: well-formed. sa9[MA]: sa10: sa12:

half. to be equivalent; to buy (cf., sm ). (cf., sa ).
si: n., horn(s); antenna(e); line; ray(s); light; plowland (cf., sig5) [SI archaic frequency: 417].
v., to stand upright; to be straight; to be in order; to become completely still. adj., regular, normal.
si; su; sa; sa5:
v., to fill up; to fill with (with -da -); to survey a field; to inundate; to be full; to be sufficient, enough; to increase; to compensate, repay, replace; to grow weak (probably reduplication class) (cf., sum , sug 6, rg , sig , sig 5).
adj., suitable, fit.
s, s: si14:
(cf., sig 10).
si4, su4, sa11: red [SI4 archaic frequency: 116; concatenates 5 sign variants] .
a small pot.
su: n., body; flesh; skin; animal hide; relatives; substitute (as verb, cf., si; sug6 or rg) [SU archaic
adj., naked.
l
SU:
Subarian.
su(3): (cf., sud, sug4) [SU3 archaic frequency: 6]. s: (cf., zu) su4: to grow; to multiply. su5: (cf., su5). su6: (cf., sun4). su7: (cf., sug8). su8: (cf., sg, sb). su9; a4: su11: su13:
n., red ocher.
v., to mourn, grieve. (cf., z ). (cf., sud 4).
15
sux (TAG): : (cf., ag4). a4, e13:
to spread (cf., sud ).
a: to dry up [A archaic frequency: 97].

(cf., su 9).
a5: to cut, break (reeds). a6: (cf., sag9). e: n., barley; grain; a small length measure, barleycorn = 1/6 finger = 1/30 cubit = 1.67 centimeter in Presarg.OB period; as a surface area measure = 432 square linear barleycorns = 12 square fingers; as a volume measure = 1/180 gn = 1/3 gn-tur = 1 2/3 sla = 360 cubic fingers = 1/10800 sar = approx. 1.667 liters; 1/180 of a gn or shekel of silver = ca. 0.0463 grams (cf., e-ga/ge ) [E archaic frequency: 639; concatenates 3 sign variants] . demonstrative affix, may indicate 'there' within the view of the speaker.
: n., portion [E3 archaic frequency: 152].

prep., to, unto, as far as, up to; as regards, concerning; because of, for the sake of; until (terminative suffix and in Old Sumerian period terminative prefix).
e4: (cf., sed). e6: (cf., e6). e7: (cf., ). e8: (cf., ). e10: e17:
excrement, dung. (cf., sed 4). (cf., aa ).
e29[LKR, L-KR]:
i: contrapunctive modal prefix; terminative prefix after Old Sumerian period (cf., ). u: n., hand; share, portion, bundle; strength; control [U archaic frequency: 360].
v., to pour.
: (cf., ). u4(-g): u12:

to stand; to be deployed, set up (plural, reduplication class).
u4: (cf., u).

(cf., de ). n., nature, character [TA archaic frequency: 34; concatenates 6 sign variants] .
ta, d:
prep., from; to; for; by means of (ablative-instrumental noun suffix and verbal prefix; as a noun suffix can be a locative with remote deixis, as in an-ta and ki-ta ).
ta6: (cf., taka4). te, de4:

n., cheek, chin (cf., temen ) [TE archaic frequency: 199].
16
te, de4; ti: v., to approach, meet (someone: dative); to attack, assault; to be frightened (alternating class, hamtu stem; cf., te-e 26) . t: an alkaline plant (?); soapwort (?); cardamon (cf., naa). te8[]muen:
bearded vulture.
ti: side, rib; arrow (cf., te, di, and tl) [TI archaic frequency: 105; concatenates 2 sign variants] . tu: to interfere (cf., tud and tur5) [TU archaic frequency: 54; concatenates 3 sign variants] . tumuen:
(cf., tum 12
muen
).
t: (cf., tam). tu2,3: (cf., tumu2,3). tu5,17:

n., bath.
v., to wash, bathe; to pour; to make libation (probably reduplication class).
tu6: exorcism; conjuration; exorcistic formula. tu7: soup; soup pitcher. tu9: (cf., tg). tu10,11: tu15:
(cf., dun ). (cf., tumu ).
za: you (singular). za: to make noise (occurs as the verb in compounds with repetitive, onomatopoeic syllables symbolizing a
repeated monotonous noise or motion (Krebernik, Beschwrungen, p. 70, summarizes the different compounds that occur in ED IIIB texts).
za(2): precious stone, gemstone; bead; hailstone; pit; kernel [ZA archaic frequency: 9]. z: (cf., zag). z[Z]:
to cut; to shear, cut hair; to pluck (Emesal dialect for dg , cf., zil;
z-er).
zi: n., breathing; breath (of life); throat; soul (cf., zid, zg) [ZI archaic frequency: 116; concatenates 3 sign
variants] .
v., (with -r Auslaut) to destroy; to annihilate.
z: stench; bile; bitter. z: (cf., zd). zu, s:

n., wisdom, knowledge. v., to know; to understand; to inform, teach (in mar reduplicated form); to learn from someone (with -da -); to recognize someone (with -da -); to be experienced, qualified. adj., your (as suffix). pron., yours.
z, su11[KA]:
tooth, teeth; prong; thorn; blade; ivory; flint, chert; obsidian; natural glass.
17
zu5: (cf., azu). aba, ab: abba: ubiku6:
lake; sea [AB archaic frequency: 384; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
(cf., ab-ba ). a marine and fluvial fish [UBI archaic frequency: 7; concatenates 2 signs] . area measure, = 1/2 of an iku (= 50 sar ). n., father; shout; song [AD archaic frequency: 36; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
ubu [A]: ada, ad:

v., to balk.
adda(2), ad3,6: adda4, d:

3 sign variants] .
carcass, corpse; skeleton [ADDA archaic frequency: 4].
to dispatch, send; to drive away; shrub, thornbush [? KIIK archaic frequency: 21; concatenates
da, d, i7: river; main canal; watercourse (d,'to issue', + a,'water'). udu: aga(3):
sheep; small cattle; ram, wether [UDU archaic frequency: 452; concatenates 2 signs] . diadem, circlet, crown (of legitimate kingship); turban [TUN 3 archaic frequency: 96; concatenates 3 sign variants] . raven.
ugamuen: egi(2): gi: igi:
(cf., egir2/3). (cf., gir).

n., eye(s); glance; face; aspect, looks; front (reduplicated ig, 'door') [IGI archaic frequency: 21].
v., to see. prep., before, in front of.
igi:
reciprocal of a number (= the multiplier that will give 60; the igi of 5 is 0;12) (abbreviation of igil, 'that which is opposite') .
ugu[U.G]: n., skull; top of the head; top side; upper part; voice (cf., gun, ugu(4)) (,'after it', +
g,'neck').
pron., him, her, them, this one. prep., upon, over, on top; after; comparative enhancer of adjectives.
gu[A.KA]: debits part of account tablet. ugu4[KU]:

to bear, procreate, produce (cf., ugu4-bi). to measure out, mete; to measure (area, length, time, capacity); to check.
a, , ka, m:
a, , ku, un(-): people; population; crowd. i, a5, : arm; wing; horn; side; strength; work performance; wages; moment. [A2 archaic frequency:
3]
aka, ak, ag, a5:
to do, act; to place; to make into (something) (with -si- ) [AK archaic frequency: 149; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
18
ka: iku:
fleece. a surface measure of 3600 meters 2 = 100 sar = 1 square 'rope' = 1/18 br (plural Akk. form of g, k, 'levee').
uku2,5: ku:
(cf., ukur3,4). (cf., a).
la, li, l: n., carrier.

v., to lift, carry; to deliver; to bring; to endure; to support; to carry forward (in accounting); to be high; to shine (l-i in mar).
ili5: to rise, get up. illu: lu: ama:

high water, flood; (amniotic) fluid; resin.
(cf., u18).
leash; reins [KIB archaic frequency: 7].
llu[KIB], l: ma, am: eme:

i
mother [AMA archaic frequency: 241; concatenates 2 sign variants] . wild ox or cow (aurochs).
ama(4,5), me: women's quarters; living room.

tongue; speech; plow's share. a utensil. (cf., enmen ). (cf., nmen ). (cf., ummeda (2)). she-ass, jenny. clay, loam, mud; tablet [IM archaic frequency: 67; concatenation of 2 sign variants] . wind; direction; weather; storm; cloud; rain ( cf., tumu ).
eme:
emma: mma: me: eme3,5,6:
imi, im, em: imi, im, em: umu, um: mmu: nu:
old woman; nurse; wise or skillful teacher.
(cf., ummud). (cf., nug).

feast; chief cowherd.
nu(-d):
unu6: (cf., nug). ra, r[UB]:

v., to praise, glorify. n., praise, glory.
ara3,5:
(cf., ara).
v., to shine; to blaze.
ara4; ar; r:
adj., bright; clear; polished.
19
iri: uri(2): uri2,5:
(cf., uru).
Akkadian ( cf., knda ) [URI archaic frequency: 35; URI 2 archaic frequency: 1]. (cf., urin ).
ri[E]:
(cf., urim 2,5). city, town, village, district [URU archaic frequency: 101;
uru(2)(ki), iri, r; iri11: uru2,5,18:
concatenation of 5 sign variants; UNUG archaic frequency: 206; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
n., devastating flood; thunderstorm.
adj., high, deep.
ru(-m)[E]: n., watch fire; light; glowing, luminous object.

v., to watch, guard; to protect.
uru4[APIN], ur11(-ru): uru9: stanchion, support. uru12:
to plow, till, cultivate.
same meaning as ur (2,3,4) with the mar aspect -e suffix and vowel harmony. valiant; strong, mighty; clever. cage; fetter; bear; myrtle [AZ archaic frequency: 13].
uru16(-n): esi: isi: usu:

(na4)
asa, as, az:

(cf.,
esig).
pit; clay pit. skill; strength. eight (a, 'five', + e5, 'three').
ussu(2,3): ea, ee4: a:
aa5: (cf., aag).

emmer wheat flour.
to be satiated, full.
e, []:
rope; measuring tape/cord; length measure, rope = 10 nindan rods = 20 reeds = 120 2 cubits = the side of 1 square iku in area = 1,0,0 [60 ] fingers; a surface area measure, = 6 iku; leash (can be an adverbial suffix like e ) (e, 'much', + e, 'much') [E 3 archaic frequency: 152]. a surface measure = 2.16 hectares or 6 iku . mountain [I archaic frequency: 88; concatenates 3 sign variants] . ear of barley or other grain. a crop-devouring insect. thirty (e5,'three', + /u,'ten'). (cf., itud ). moonlight.
e: ii: eu: uu: u:
itu, iti:
d
iti6[UD.dNANNA]:
utu: the sun as a god (cf., ud).
20
tu:
a dish prepared with milk. doctor (cf., a-zu) [AZU archaic frequency: 7].
azu, zu, zu5: izi[NE]: uzu:
fire (cf., iz-zi) [NE archaic frequency: 303; concatenation of 4 sign variants] .
flesh; cut of meat; omen (z, 'goat', + z, 'to cut') .
uzu5: evening, sunset. dab(2,4,5), dib(2):
n., fetter.
v., to hold; to take, seize, catch; to bind, tie up; to take away; to hire; to receive (motion into open container) .
dab6, da5: dib(2): dub:

frequency: 6].
to surround; to beset, besiege.
to traverse, cross; to infringe upon; to pass (by/along); to send over; to wander [? DIB archaic n., (clay) tablet; document (motion into open container) [DUB archaic frequency: 229; concatenates 6 sign
variants] .
v., to store, heap up; to pour out; to move in a circle; to shake; to sprinkle off, strew (with -ta -); to dye (fabrics) (reduplication class ?).
db, tb: gaba: gib: gub: gb: gb: ab(2):
to kick, flop (said of fish, newborn animals, and slaughtered animals); to strike, hammer, knock down; to (make) tremble, quake; to rumble [DUB 2 archaic frequency: 2]. breast; chest; side (of a field or mountain) (ga, 'milk', + ba, 'to give') . (cf., gilim[-b] ). to stand; to set, erect, install (singular); to set down in writing; to stand by, to serve (with -da -); to do service (with -i -); to stand aside (with -ta -) (to be long and throat-like in open container) . to purify, cleanse. left (hand) (cf., ab and b; the left was the hand that stank from wiping excrement) [GUB 3 archaic
frequency: 15; concatenation of 4 sign variants] .
n., foul smell; resin; gall(nut) (attracting many vermin in open container) .
v., to stink; to rot. adj., malodorous.
ub, up: b, p:
frequency: 2].
depth; defeat [UB archaic frequency: 1]. acrobat, athlete; a type of weaver (?); a left-handed or ambidextrous person (?) [UB 2 archaic
kb: kib:
flaxen measuring string ?. an object, that could be made of gold.
kibx[GIG](-ba): wheat. libx[.UDU]: mutton fat; grease (abundance collected in open container) . lub[LUL](-bi):
a cut of meat.
21
urudu
lub(-bi): an ax for use in agriculture or as a weapon.

ocean; musician; Elamite word for 'god' (n, 'fear, respect', + aba, ab, 'lake, sea') [NAB archaic frequency:
10] .
nab: nib:
(i)
cheetah; leopard (n, 'fear, respect' + b, 'to be angry') . father; brother; man; leader [PAP archaic frequency: 501; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
pab, pap, pa4: rib:
rab, rap: ring; clamp; fetter, shackle; stock; pillory; snare (to slide + open container) .
to be higher in rank; to go away (Akk. rabbu). to suck; to suckle; to clog; to bless; to pray (naked flesh + open container) .
sub; su-ub:
sb, sg, su8: to lead out; to stand; to travel (plural mar su8-b, said of two or more, such as a herd; cf., also du , in , re 7). sub2/3:
(cf., sipad ). n., middle; stem (cf., sabad;
dug
ab (PA.IB):
sign variants] .
ab) [AB archaic frequency: 61; concatenation of 2
v., to subtract, deduct; to bite off; to snip out, chip out; to fall out, disappear; to apportion (lots); to gather up (portion + divide).
dug
ab:
pot; pail; vessel. exorcism.
ib, ip: ub:
to cast, throw; to be cast; (with -da -) to drop, let fall; to fall (upon); to fell a tree; (with -ta -) to throw out, remove (u, 'hand' + bu5, 'to rush around') . to lick. n., a precious stone - agate (?); a priest (cf., sipad ).
ub6[ID]: uba(2/3):
v., to be bathed, clean ('licked clean' ?). adj., pretty; shining.
tab:
n., companion; pair; sting; fever.
v., to hold, clasp; to bind; to burn; to tremble, shake; to make haste; to join (with -da -); to be/make double (sometimes reduplicated) (side + open container) . adv., together (precedes the modified verb).
tubx: (cf., tun). zib(2):

haunch; stamp, brand; distinguishing mark; color (izi, 'fire' + b, 'thigh'). sickle (z, 'flint; tooth', + bu[r], 'to pull, draw, cut off') [? ZUBI archaic frequency: 2;
zubu, zubi: bad, be:
to open; to let out; to go away; to be at a distance; to drive away; to separate, remove (regularly followed by r ; cf., bara 4 and semantics of bar ) (open container with motion away from) [BAD archaic frequency: 23]. n., (city) wall [? EZEN archaic frequency: 114; concatenation of 3 sign variants] .
bd:
v., to climb, ascend.
22
bad4: fortress; hardship, difficulty; inarable land. bd, bi7: dida: didi: gada:
n., anus (open container with motion away from) .
v., to defecate; to urinate. beer; beer ingredient. young, small. flax; linen (clothing) (gu, 'flax, thread', + da, 'to protect') [GADA archaic frequency: 96; concatenation of 2 n., length [BU: archaic frequency: 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
sign variants] .
gd[BU]:
v., to lengthen; to draw, pull, tow; to measure out; to manage; to reach out (to take) (to be long and throatlike with motion away from). adj., long; distant.
gud, gux, gu4:
n., domestic ox, bull (regularly followed by r ; cf., gur (4)) (voice/sound with
repetitive processing - refers to the bellow of a bull) [GU 4 archaic frequency: 182].
v., to dance, leap (cf., gu 4-ud ).
gudku6; gu-udku6: gud(2), gu2,4: gd:

nest.
carp ('dancing, leaping fish') .
warrior.
gud8: short (related to but opposite in meaning to gd). gda, gudu4: (cf., gudug). da, ad(2): v., to dry; to shine brightly (, 'let it become', + dg, 'brilliant').
adj., dry; dried (e.g., fish); white.
d: kad4,5:
gi
morning [UD archaic frequency: 419]. to tie, bind together [KAD 4 archaic frequency: 13; concatenates 4 sign variants] . reed mat [KID archaic frequency: 76; concatenates 5 sign variants] .
kid:
kid2,7:
to pinch off (clay); to remove; to divorce; to dispossess; to open (ground with motion away from; cf., kr, 'to nip off clay') . to build; to make; to act (ground/floor plus motion). to weave a mat (ground/floor plus motion).
kd, k:
kid6, kad6,8:
kud, kur5, ku5: lud: mud:
to cut off (with -ta -); to breach (a dike); to separate; to levy tax or tribute; to curse (regularly followed by r ; cf., gur 5, kr , and gur 10) (base with motion away from) . a small bowl; a pestle (abundance + motion). n., heel; handle; a right-angled tool [MUD archaic frequency: 88].
v., to give birth; to be afraid; to frighten (closed container with motion out from) . adj., dark, dim.
23
md: mud3,4:
blood (closed container with motion out from) . a large vat for beer [MUD 3 archaic frequency: 27; concatenates 4 sign variants] .
mud5: exultation, jubilation. mud6, m:

to sing; to blow; to ignite, kindle; to make grow; to sprout, appear (reduplication class) (mu, an amphora in the 30-60 liter range with two neck handles, = 50
'word', + d, 'to go out') .
mud8[NUNUZ-B = LAK 449]: ku-li, Presargonic Girsu.

i
nd, n:
bed, couch (n = n-a, 'to lie down' + nominative [from R. Englund]) [NA 2 archaic frequency: to lie down; to lie together with (with -da -); to lay down (with -ni -); to sleep; to kill (nu, 'not', n., bite, small repast (regularly followed by r ; cf., bur and bru ) (sprout + repetitive
72; concatenates 4 sign variants] .
nud, n: pad, pax:
+ d, 'to go out') .
processing) [? PAD archaic frequency: 38; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
v., to break off.
pd, p:
to show, reveal; to choose, call; to seek; to find; to declare; to swear, take an oath; to choose out of (with ablative prefix) (p-d in sing. mar; p-p-d in plural mar) (sprout, branch + to go out; cp., pa...d, 'to show; to make appear'; cf., r...pd) [PA 3 archaic frequency: 30].
archaic frequency: 139; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
rad[TA]: a tree, possibly a citrus tree [ITA3
sed(4,5,6), ed7,10,11,12, e4,5,17,18,23: n., cold water; coolness (si, 'to fill up', + d, 'to go out') .
v., to cool down; to repose; to be calmed, quieted; to pacify; to abate, subside.
sud, s; su:
v., to be/make remote, far away, lasting; to stretch; to wag (a tail); to rejoice, feel delight; to sip; to sprinkle; to strew; to furnish, provide; to immerse; to sink; to drown (reduplication class) (regularly followed by r ) (su4, 'to grow up, multiply', + d, 'to go out') .
adj., distant, remote; long (duration).
sd:
to pound, crush; to gnash (the teeth) (su9, 'red ochre', + motion). v., to be long; to prolong, lengthen; to last; to give, present (regularly followed by r )
(narrow line + repetitive process) [BU: archaic frequency: 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
sud4, su13:
adj., long.
ed7,10,11,12: id, ed: id3,4,5:
(cf., sed (4,5,6)). (cf., ita 5).
(cf., ita (4)). n., prayer, blessing [U 12 archaic frequency: 1].
de, du, d, u12: tud, tu, d: td:
v., to pray, bless (u, 'hand', + d, 'to hail'). to bear, give birth to; to beget; to be born; to make, fashion, create; to be reborn, transformed, changed (to approach and meet + to go out). to spank; to cane (tu, 'to interfere', + motion). n., faith, confidence; legitimacy, sanction; truth (zi, 'soul', + d, 'to go forth') .
zid, zi:
24
v., to strengthen (e.g., the levees of a canal). adj., right (hand); righteous; good; firm; faithful; true; legitimate; lawful; appropriate.
zd, z[]: dag:

4] .
flour, meal (life + motion as in grinding).
n., resting-place, dwelling, chamber (motion as in traveling + throat-like chamber) [DAG archaic frequency:
v., to add; to stretch (out); to roam about.
dg: dig: dug:
brilliant; pure; clean ('to go out' + aga(3), 'diadem, circlet, crown'). v., to become moist, soft, workable; to be in a weakened state (motion + throat-like chamber, vagina).
adj., moist. standard size earthen jar, pot, jug, vessel, = 30 liters (sla ), except at Presargonic Girsu = 20 liters
[DUG archaic frequency: 581; concatenates 5 sign variants] .
dg, du10: n., gladness; knee(s); lap; loins; member (motion + throat-like chamber, vagina).
v., to enjoy; to be/make enjoyable. adj., sweet, good; beautiful; favorable; pleasing; fresh (water).
dug4, du11:
n., speech.
v., to speak; to order, command; to sing; to speak with, converse (with -da -) (singular hamtu form, cf. also, g); to do (as auxiliary verb preceded by a noun) (nonfinite form = di) (to make a motion in the throat).
(i)
gag, kak: peg; nail, spike; bone; hinge, joint, knee (reduplicated to be long and neck-like; cf., gub)
[KAK archaic frequency: 46; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
gig, gi17:
16] .
n., illness; injury; wheat (cf., kib x) (throat + i, 'cry of pain', + throat) [GIG archaic frequency:
v., to be/make sick; to be painful to (with dative); to reject. adj., painful.
gg, g, gi6, ge6, i6, e6, mi, m, ku10; gi25

v., to be black or dark (ku 10: reduplication class). adj., black, dark (cf., kkku ).
n., night (sounds represent the throat chamber or the mouth as an enclosed dark chamber) [GI 6 archaic frequency: 105].
gug:
ninda
monthly offering; brand; carnelian (with na 4). cake; pressed-date bread (gu7, 'to eat, swallow, consume' + round and neck-like) [GUG 2 archaic
gg:
gug5: hostility, war (might be reduplicated ug5,7,8, 'to kill; to die'). kug, k:
n., silver; precious metal; money; noble (ku, 'to base, build' + aga(3), 'diadem, circlet, crown')
[KU 3 archaic frequency: 181; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
v., to cleanse, purify; to make cultically pure. adj., bright, pure; white; sacred, holy.
lag, la:
piece; lump, gob; clod; bulk size, collected mass (abundance + round).
25
lug, lu:
to swarm (said of birds and fish) (lu, 'to be numerous' + g, 'noise, sound') .
mug, muk; mu: n., chisel; short, broken wool fibers, tow; sty, eyesore.
v., to hew out, hollow out; to engrave, carve; to abrade, erode (chamber + ku, 'to build').
mug(2): nug: nig: ng:
n., nakedness; pudenda (mu10, 'female' + ig, 'door, entrance') .
v., to be in heat. a perfume plant. bitch; lioness (n, 'strength, respect, fear' + ig, 'door, entrance'; cf., nib, 'cheetah; leopard') . (cf., n ). fattened (e.g., oxen or sheep); grain-fed (n, 'body' or n, 'thing', + gu7, 'to feed, eat'
+ nominative a).
nigu, niga(2):
pag, bag[U]: to cage, shelter (birds) (branches + round chamber) . rig; ri: rg: rig5,7:
to bring; to tend; to pull; to glean, pick (reduplication class) (flowing motion such as re7, 'to
accompany, lead, drive along' + ig, 'door, entrance') .
mace, weapon (ri, 'to throw' + ug5,7,8, 'to kill'). n., list; temple ward, slave.
v., to deed, grant (see etymology of sa 12...rig 7).
rg [SU or NAM.SU]; ru:

class) (ru, 'to give; to send' + entrance).
to restore; to replace; to pay back; to receive (reduplication
sag5: (cf., zg). sag9, ag5, sig6, sa6, a6:

n., good fortune; (divine) grace, favor. v., to be/make good; to please, satisfy; to be friendly (with dative or -da -) (reduplicated in hamtu; sa 6ge in mar). adj., sweet, good, pleasant; beautiful; fruitful (sa7, 'well-formed' + ge(2,6), 'girl').
sagi [SLA.U.DU8]:
cupbearer (loan from Akk. aaq).
sig; si(-ga): adj., low; late; small, narrow; weak (cf. si-ga as noun, verb, and adjective in
compounds) [SIG archaic frequency: 66].
sg:
(cf., siki ). n., stroke, blow.
sig3,10,11,18, sag2,3, s, s:
v., to chop down (trees); to strike, hurt, damage; to beat (rhythmically, for instance a drum); to (make) totter, shake, quake; to demolish, raze; to flatten, crush; to remove, doff; to become still, settled (si, 'to stand upright' + ug5,7,8, 'to kill'; cf., sug5).
sig4: sun-dried unbaked brick; brickwork; wall(s) [? SIG4 archaic frequency: 2]. sig5, sag10:
(to be) mild, sweet, good; of fine quality (narrow, fine + throat for eating). n., silence.
sig5,9; eg5; si:
v., to stay silent; to silence (si, 'to be still' + throat for vocalizing).
26
sig7, se12(-g), sa7(-g): v., to let live; to create; to live; to dwell; to complete; to be/make
pleasant or beautiful; to garden; to pull out weeds; to tear out; to complain (in meanings 'to live', plural stem of tl) (si, 'upright stalks' + g, 'to water') [SIG 7 archaic frequency: 61]. adj., pale, sallow; green, yellow.
sig9; si:
to be narrow (narrow, fine [ + neck-like]).
sig10, s, s: to apply, place, set, put in; to engrave; to make flat, even; to subject, subdue; to sweep along; to do, cause; to surround; to compare; to match (cf., sum , sig 3) (combination of meanings
such as: sux, 'to spread', sig3, 'to knock down', and s, 'to compare') .
sig17 (GI): the color of the low or setting sun = reddish yellow or gold (cf., sig). sigga, sig14, eg8,9: sug: sg, su8:
wild mountain boar ? (cf., a , enbar ) [EG 9 archaic frequency: 10].
swamp; flood basin; lake; fertile land (to fill, inundate + g, 'levee, dike') [SUG archaic frequency: 15]. to stand (plural mar) (cf., gub,
sb) (su, 'body' + 'long and neck-like').
sug4, s; su:
adj., empty, destitute.
v., to strip naked, lay bare; to empty (su, 'body' + ig, 'entrance'; cp,
mug(2),'nakedness') .
sug5[GN]: sug6, su:

chamber) .
to bring low; to knock down (also read dn,
du5 with this meaning) (cf., tn) (si, 'to
stand upright' + ug5,7,8, 'to kill'; cf., sig3,10,11,18, sag2,3, s, s) [SUG 5 archaic frequency: 67].
to replace, restore, return (a loan, etc.) (reduplication class) (cf., rg ) (to fill up + entrance, threshing floor; grain pile; a small animal (cf., su-a , 'cat').
sug8, sul4, sur12, su7: ag4, :
n., intestines; gut; heart; stomach; abdomen; entrails; content; womb; body; interior, midst, inside; bed of a river; will, volition; mood; meaning, significance (grain/excrement + water/urine + chamber) [A 3 archaic frequency: 137; concatenates 6 sign variants] .
prep., in; at.
ag5: to slaughter (a5, 'to cut, break' + ug5,7,8, 'to kill'). ag5: (cf., sag9). eg4: frost; cold shudder, chills. eg8/9: ug: tag:
snow; ice (cf., sigga ). (cf., uku ). (cf., taka ).
tag4: (cf., taka4). tigi [BALA.NAR]; tgi [NAR.BALA]: tg, tu9:

l
harp (ti, 'life', + gi4, 'to restore') .
cloth; cloth garment (side + to encircle) [TUG 2 archaic frequency: 311; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
TG:
fuller.
tug4: (cf., tuku4).
27
zag, z:
boundary, border, limit, side; cusp, beginning; territory, district, place; sanctuary; percentage; a measure for fish; shoulder; right (side); front; outside of (life + to encircle) [ZAG archaic frequency: 71; concatenates 3 sign variants] . to choose; chosen.
zg, sag5, z, sa5[ID]: zg, zi:
n., wall, partition (z, 'side, edge', + ig, 'door').
v., to stand up, rise ; to rise up from (with -ta - or -ra -); to rouse; to go out or make go out; to tear out, uproot, weed; to take out, extract; to spend or credit; to approach; to recruit (zi-zi in mar). adj., high.
zug4[KALI]: (cf., -zug4). gi4: (cf., gn). u, un(-): to hire or rent (someone or something); to introduce (to a job); to rest, repose; to abate
(many + to mete out to).
k, kin:
n., message, order; task, work (to build + to mete out to) [KIN archaic frequency: 9].
v., to seek, fetch (with locative-terminative -ni -); to send; to order (reduplication class).
lua[PA.], l[PA], lu9: na, na8:

n., drink.
fault, error; bad; abusive remark; impudence.
v., to drink; to water, irrigate; to drink out of (with -ta -) (na 8-na 8 in mar) (n, 'body, self', + a, 'water', + , 'to mete out to') .
naa:
[i]
soda, alkali, potash (used as soap); an alkaline plant; soapwort (na, 'to drink', + a, 'water') [NAGA to crush; (with nominative -a ) pestle.
naa3,4, naX[GAZ, KUM]:
n, n:
property, treasure, valuables, assets; thing; a matter; something; used as a prefix to form concrete nouns (self + to mete out to) [GAR archaic frequency: 409]. head; point; leader; present, gift; slave; human, individual (s, 'to equal'; sa4, 'to name', +
e26, , myself) [SAG archaic frequency: 420].
sa, sa12:
adj., first, first-class, prime. prep., in front.
sa2/3:
to scatter; scattered (to multiply; to spread + to mete out).
sa5: (cf., zg). saa11, sa11, si18[KIN]:

to cut, break, harvest. captive (tied up with a rope e; cf., l-e).
aa, e29, e5[LKR, L-KR]: e3,7, e7: rain; to rain (u, 'to pour' + to mete out). e6, e6: z: da, ta:
to heat, cook, bake, boil; to be hot; to dry a field (redup. class) (a, 'to dry up' + to mete out).
(cf., zg ). n., substitute, replacement [DAH archaic frequency: 21].
v., to add; to multiply; to repeat; to say further; to help (motion into numerousness).
28
di(2):
to sting; sting, barb, point; sickness, fever; torpidity (?) (cf., ti ) (motion + cry of pain + insect). n., residue, by-product; bran (motion + plant, grass + numerous times) [DU 8 archaic frequency: 29;
du, du8:
v., to crack, loosen, open; to untie; to adorn, clothe (reduplicated); to spread; to caulk a boat (with pitch); to gouge (eyes); to bake bread/bricks; to prepare the threshing floor; to remit (a debt). adj., free.
la, [UD]; u: to dry up; to dry out; to sparkle, shine (cf.,

adj., dry.
lu, l).
la4,5: to bring (plural); to drive off; to plunder, capture, take away; to fling (away) (plural form, cf., de6, tumu2,3) (la, 'to bring', + , 'numerous'). lu, l: ma:
to be clean, fresh; to clean; to wash; to sweep (la, 'youthful freshness', + e, 'to mix').
v., to be or make large (ama, 'mother of', + numerous) [MA archaic frequency: 6; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
adj., high, exalted, great, lofty, foremost, sublime.
m[AL]: pa[LUL]: su(2,3,5):
an adjective for cows (as opposed to i for bulls). leg. n., confusion, disorder; encircling wall (cf., i-su5) (ussu, 'eight', + numerous, cf. the
ancillary meanings of imin, 'seven' - as more than seven, eight is confusing) [SU 3 archaic frequency: 4].
v., to uproot, displace; to relocate, transfer; to become confused. adj., carefully chosen.
su4: reed matting (fine, narrow + plant + numerous). a(2): za: za2,3:
domestic pig (grain + water + numerous (offspring) - pigs efficiently turn feed into food) [AH 2 to be calm, tranquil; a mark or impression, esp. on the liver. n., secrecy.
v., to flee; to hide; to abandon; to be lost; to perish (describes workers/slaves who have fled state control) (derives from zag, 'boundary, border, district', just as b relates to gb).
ze[SAL..GR]: female goat-kid (z, 'goat', + numerous, abundant). zu[Z]: kak:

to steal, rob (z, 'teeth' + numerous). (cf., gag ).
'thick, heavy' ?) [SIG 2 archaic frequency: 224; concatenates 12 sign variants] .
siki, sg: hair (of head, beard, body); wool; fur, hide (si, 'long, thin things', + ku10, 'black' ? or kul, suku5: ika:
(cf., skud ). potsherd; shell; rind (hand, portion + mouth).
uku, ug: allotted food portion, ration, provision; allotted field plot (regularly followed by r) (u,
'portion', + kud, 'to separate') .
29
taka, taga, tak, tag, t:
to touch, handle, hold; to weave; to decorate, adorn; to strike, hit, push; to start a fire; to fish, hunt, catch (can be reduplicated) (te, 'to approach' + aka, 'to do, place, make') [TAG archaic frequency: 48 ?; concatenates 7 ? sign variants] . to abandon; to disregard, neglect; to divorce; to leave with a person, entrust; to open, leave open (reduplication class - ta 6-ta 6 in mar) (ta, 'to, from', + ge4, 'turn from, restore') [TAK 4 archaic frequency: 128; concatenates 2 sign variants] . n., creditor [KAB/TUKU archaic frequency: 105].
taka4, tak4, tag4, ta6:
tuku, tuk, dk, tug, du12 , tu12 :
v., to have, own; to marry; to acquire; to receive, get (in mar reduplicated form); to have a claim against somebody (with -da- ); to sing, to play music (da, 'with', + ku, 'to build; to lie down') .
tuku4, tuk4, tug4:

enter') .
to tremble; to be angry (probably reduplication class) (tu15, 'wind', + ku4, 'to
bal; ba.al:
n., hostility; enemies (cf., bala ).
v., to dig up; to dig out (a ditch); to quarry; to tear down, demolish (ba, 'conjugation prefix' or 'turtle shell', + al, 'digging stick, hoe, spade') .
bala('), bal: n., spindle; bar; turn; term of office; rotating fund; annual contribution to the state
[BALA archaic frequency: 19; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
v., to revolve; to revolt; to transgress; to change; to transfer, deliver (to someone: dative); to cross over; to pass through; to pour (as a libation; with -ta -); to turn around, go back (bala-e in mar) (ba, 'share', + la, 'to carry, deliver, bring, support') .
bil: bl: dal:
to burn; to roast; to heat (soup) (container + to lift, be high). sprout, shoot ('it rises'). to blow; to ignite, kindle; to sprout (onomatopoeic).
bul(4); bu(5):
n., foot-race.
v., to fly (towards something, with -i -; out of, with -ta - or -ra -); to remove; to be far away; to chase (da,'to hold, be near', + ul,'remote, distant' and ul4,'to hasten') .
dalla: n., beam, ray (cf., dlla, 'needle' when made with a bright metal).
v., to be or make bright; to shine. adj., conspicuous; excellent.
dlla, dla: dl:

(cf., dlim ).
needle (da, 'to hold', + l, 'to pierce').
dellu: mast. dili, dil: one; single; only; alone; unique. dul(3,4,5); dal: n., protection.
v., to cover; to clothe; to protect; to hide (the object covered often takes the locative case) (verb can be reduplicated as in du 6-ul-du 6-ul-e) (to protect + ornament).
dul(6), du6: mound, heap; sanctuary; ruins, 'tell'; cleft, cave (redup. in plural) (cf. compound sign verb, du6-ul) (d, 'to build, erect', + ul, 'ancient, enduring') [DU6 archaic frequency: 37; concatenates 3 sign variants] . gal, al:
n., a large cup; chief; eldest son.
30
adj., big, large; mighty; great (chamber + abundant, numerous) [GAL archaic frequency: 1004; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
gala[.DR]: gal4(-la), gla: gala3,4,5: gil: gul: galla, gullax:

(cf., gilim ).
cantor, ritual singer, lamentation priest; transvestite (throat + la, 'youthful vagina, vulva, female genitalia (throat-like chamber + l, 'to penetrate, pierce') .
freshness and beauty') .
(cf., kala 3,4,5). police chief (?); a demon (cf., gal 5-l ).
v., to destroy, demolish (as preparation for rebuilding); to be destroyed; to obstruct; to extinguish; to cease; to fall upon (with -i -); to wreck to pieces, to destroy utterly (with -ta -) (reduplication class) (gu7, 'to consume' + ul, 'ancient, enduring') [GUL archaic frequency: 24].
adj., evil; enormous.
gl, gal5:
to overwhelm.
ala7, l; : to be (somewhere); to be available; to place, put (with -ni- or bi-); to place into (with -i- ); to be with someone (with -da- ); to have on one's person (with -da- ); to be possible (with -da- ); to take an oath; to dwell (, 'storage basket' + la, 'to be high') . le: al:
(cf., mli ). n., crotch, upper thigh;secret; divination expert; portion, share (cf., a-la and pap-hal(la)) (loans from Akkadian hallu I and pahallu; cf., Orel & Stolbova #1928, *pahal- "leg, thigh" and
#1929, *pahal- "break through, split") [AL archaic frequency: 53].
v., to stream, run; to divide; to deal out, distribute (al-a in mar).
ul(3):
n., evil (vermin + abundant, numerous) [UL archaic frequency: 1].
v., to destroy; to ruin; to harm. adj., bad, evil; hated; hostile, malicious.
l:
n., joy (, 'let there be' + ul, 'joy, pleasure') .
v., to be happy; to rejoice over (usually with -da -, but also -i -). adj., joyous.
kal-(l):
v., to esteem, value; to be rare; to make dear, endear; to be appreciated (cf., kalag ) (ka,
'mouth' + la, 'youthful beauty, abundance') [KAL archaic frequency: 60; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
adj., excellent; precious, valuable (cf., kalag ).
kala3,4,5, gala3,4,5: store-pit; cellar (cf., ki-lal/l, 'cellar granary, silo' with vowel harmony). kul:
heavy; thick; sexually mature; to bring together, unite (base + abundant, numerous). v., to be high; to hold; to lift; to carry; to hang (from) (with -ta -); to weigh; to pay; to deduce; to strap, harness (with -i -); to dress oneself; to place, set; to bind (a reed pillar); to stretch, extend, reach; to load; to lessen, be few, diminish; to accuse, denounce; to fall back, retreat (cf. also, l ) (reduplicated la, 'to carry, support') [LA 2 archaic frequency: 57].
lal, l:
adj., light, deficient; minus (cf. also, l ).
31
()
ll:
n., noose, lasso.
v., to hang, suspend; to bind; to silence [LAL 2 archaic frequency: 27; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
ll:
honey; date-syrup (reduplicated la, 'luxury, bliss') [LAL 3 archaic frequency: 14; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
la(l)'u(2,3,4,5,6,7): debt, owed amount (cf., l-a[NI], 'arrears'). lalla: shortage, deficiency (reduplicated lal/l, 'light, deficient'). lil: ll:
fool, moron (lallation word = unintelligible baby talk; or lal/l, 'deficiency', + la, 'to carry'). n., wind; breath; infection; spirit (of a place); back or open country (reduplicated li, 'cedar scent' ?) [?
KID archaic frequency: 76; concatenates 5 sign variants] .
v., to infect.
lul, lu5:
n., liar; lie; malicious act.
v., to lie, deceive (reduplicated l, 'to trouble, disturb') . adj., false; treacherous; malicious.
ml:
'scorching' = heartburn (?). throat, pharynx; voice (me,'to say, tell' + ?; cf., mu7[KALI]; cf., Semitic root which manifests in Akkadian as qlu, 'be silent', but which means 'voice' in Hebrew, Syriac, and Ge'ez [P.R. Bennett, Comparative Semitic Linguistics, p. 50).
mli, mli, ml, le, li[KALI]; ml:
milla[I]: (cf., zd-milla). mul: ml:

n., star; constellation; planet; meteor (i6/mi, 'night', + ul, 'star, ornament') [MUL archaic frequency: 6].
v., to (let) sparkle, shine, glow. a destructive insect; caterpillar (m,'to mill, grind', + ul, 'flower, bud'). vestments, clothing (of gods and rulers) (cf., pa-pa, 'inner sanctum', and lal/l, 'to drape'
pala(2,3): pil(2):
as in tg-n-lal).
to be/make obscure; to be/make dirty, defiled, disgraced (could refer to soot from bil,'to burn') . n., uterus; vulva (narrow + numerous) [SAL archaic frequency: 435].
sal, al: sil: sil5,6:
v., to be narrow, thin, wide, spacious; to spread; to persist; to belittle. to praise; to recline (in preparation for the love-making implied by sil5,6). pleasure, joy, bliss (si,'to stand up like a horn', and si,'to fill', + ul, 'joy, pleasure') . to cut into; to divide (si, 'long and narrow', + l, 'to
sila, sil; sl, zil; si-il:

penetrate, pierce') .
sila(3):
street; path; trail; road; market place (si, 'anything long and narrow', + l, 'to extend, reach') .
sla, sl, l:
measure of capacity, liter = 0.842 modern liters in the Neo-Sumerian period; measuring pot (si14, 'a small pot', + l, 'to weigh'; but cp. also, sal, 'uterus') [SILA 3 archaic frequency: 57; concatenates 3 sign variants] . (male) lamb; bait (cf., kir 11) (sg, 'hair, wool', + la, 'abundance') [SILA 4 archaic frequency: 73; (cf., sun 4).
sila4: sl:
32
sul4: (cf., sug8). al: l:

(cf., sal ). (cf., sla ). n., young man; warrior; invader; a bad disease involving skin eruptions (probably Akkadian
loanword from alaalu, 'to plunder; to deprive') .
ul, sul:
v., to hurry, hasten, speed up (cf., ul4); to rub into the skin (duplication class). adj., strong, heroic, proud, splendid.
tal:
large jug (sides + abundant). n., breadth; understanding (sides; character + abundant).
tl[PI]: til:
v., to be/make wide, broad; to spread, unfold (said about wings, arms). to be ripe, complete; to pluck; to put an end to, finish; to cease, perish (iti, 'moon', + l, 'to be high; to shine' ?) [? ZATU-644 archaic frequency: 65; concatenation of 2 sign variants] . n., life (tu, 'to be born', + la, 'to lift, carry').
tla, tl, ti: til4,5,6, tal3,4,5: tl:
v., to live; to keep alive; to survive (with -da- ); to dwell; to be halted (singular stem; cf. sig 7). cry, shout, scream (te; ti, 'to be frightened', + ?).
tlla: market place; crossroads (tl,'to keep alive' + nominative) [TILLA2 archaic frequency: 5].
public fountain, well, cistern; lowland (tu5,17, 'bath', + to lift, be high, deep; cf., p-l, deep well). n., supply.
zal[NI]:
v., to be full or abundant; to flow; to continue; to pass, elapse (said about time); to spend the day; to tarry, wait (often with -ni -; with -ta - in a temporal sense) (cf., zalag ) (za,'monotonous repetition' + numerous).
zil; zi; z: zl: dam:

i
to undress; to peel off; to pare, cut; to shell; to flay (cf., sila ) (z, 'to shear, pluck',
+ ul, 'joy, pleasure') .
to make beautiful, pleasing; to be loving, gentle, affectionate; to caress (usually reduplicated) (cf.,
zil).
spouse (husband or wife) (da, 'side; nearness; to hold, protect', + m, 'to be; who') [DAM archaic
frequency: 10].
dam:
the (curved) beam that connects the bottom of the plow to the pole. n., bond, tie; rope (dam, 'spouse', modified by i, 'to sprout', that indicates long and narrow as in si)
dim:
[DIM archaic frequency: 52; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
v., to make fast.
dm[GIM]:
i
to make, fashion, create, build (d, 'to build, make', + im, 'clay, mud').
dm:
post (cf., dim). n., sickness demon; pole of a water lift.
dm:
adj., weak (di4, 'small', + m, 'to be' ?).
dim4: n., begging; tendril, clinging vine (cf., dim). Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 33
v., to approach; to bow; to beg. adj., subservient (di4, 'small', + m, 'to be' ?).
dima, dimmu: dumu: gam:
news, information; intention, decision (loan from Akk. t.eemum).
child; son; daughter (d,'to bear, give birth', + m,'to sprout, grow'; probably pronounced domu). n., decline, incline; death; depth (cf., gr ).
v., to bend, curve; to bow down, kneel (for someone: dative; direction: terminative); to shrivel; to succumb (like a circle + to be).
gm:
n., sickle; handle (like a circle + to be).
v., to shine, glitter (like a crown, aga(3), + to be).
gme, me(?):
woman; workwoman; maid; slave-girl (e, 'tool', + m, 'woman').
gim, kim, gin7: prep., equative suffix; as, like; instead of; just as, during (cf., dm) (syllabic
spellings indicate both gim and gin7; cf., Akk. kiima with same meanings).
gim4, m:
n., runner( cf., ka 4).
v., to trot, run (mainly said of animals) (gi4, 'to come back' + im, 'wind').
gim7: (cf., km). gum: um: kam(2): km: (cf., kum).

to influence; to neglect, ignore (ga, 'milk' + um, 'old woman').
gm, gun5:
to wrestle; to be passionate; to bruise, punch; to smash, break; to thresh grain; to paralyze (many +
u(3,4,8), 'fight, dispute' + me3,6,7,9, 'battle'; cf., b, p, 'acrobat, athlete') .
n., grasp, grip.
v., to desire (cf., ki..., 'to love'). n., tablet; disk (of metal or wood) (ka, 'mouth' + imi, 'clay').
v., to change; to overturn; to banish, drive out (these verbs make me wonder if this became the Sumerian word for a changeable wax-coated writing tablet).
km[BU], gim7: kum, gum: km:
willow tree.
n., mortar (for grinding) [GUM archaic frequency: 47; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
v., to crush, bruise (cf., um; alternation between and k/g like the alternation between ab, b and gb). n., heat; summer; fever (k, 'bright' + to be).
v., to heat. adj., hot.
kum4 [UD]: lam:

variants] .
an adjective describing flour [that would be ground in a mortar, kum] and bread.
n., abundance, luxuriance; almond tree; netherworld [LAM archaic frequency: 47; concatenates 3 sign
v., to grow luxuriantly; to make grow luxuriantly (la, 'abundance' + to be).
lma, lm: an awe-inspiring quality (la, 'abundance' + me, 'function, power'). Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 34
lamma, lma:
a female spirit of good fortune; tutelary genius (lam, 'to make grow luxuriantly', + a,
nominative suffix) .
lima, limi, lim: thousand (four hundred greater than u, 'six hundred'). limmu(2,4,5), lm: four (cp., lam). lum:
n., fertilizer, manure; cloud [LUM archaic frequency: 23].
v., to be satiated, full; to soften, soak; to grow luxuriantly; to be fertile, productive; to make productive; to bear fruit (abundance + grass, plant + to be, behave).
lm[DUG]: nam:
a small drinking pot.
(area of) responsibility; destiny, fate, lot, sign; office; governor; province; manner, way; used mainly as a prefix to form abstract or collective nouns, such as nam-lugal , 'kingship' or nam-ma , 'greatness' (n, 'precise essence', + m, enclitic copula, 'to be') [NAM archaic frequency: 30; concatenation of 4 sign variants] . planning ability; destiny; prince, noble (time; high + to be) [NAM 2 archaic frequency: 375]. n., prince; flying insect; highland; east; morning (high + to be) [NIM archaic frequency: 109;
nm[TG]: nim, num:
v., to be high; to multiply in arithmetic. adj., high; early. adv., above.
rim4: (cf., ka4). sm, m, sa10:

n., equivalent; (barter) purchase; sale price; merchandise (Akk. loanword from mu(m) , 'to buy, purchase', cf., Orel & Stolbova #2281 *su'um- 'sell, buy') [AM 2 archaic frequency: 51].
v., to buy (with -i -); to sell (with -ra -, ablative) (sa 10-sa 10 in mar).
sim, sn[NAM]:
to strain, filter; to sift (flour); to see through (fine, narrow + to be).
sim, snmuen: swallow (Akkadian sinuntu). sum, m, sm, s: sum4: (cf., sun4). im, em; m[NAM], sim:
variants] .
to give, lend (with dative) (sum-mu in mar) (cf., sm) [SUM archaic
n., herb; aromatic wood; resin; spice; fragrance, perfume (see comments on m; sam is 'spice' in Hebrew; cf., ir-si-im) [IM archaic frequency: 50; concatenates 2 sign
adj., fragrant.
em3,5(zabar): um:
tambourine (alallatu drum in Akkadian) (many + me, 'functions') .
n., saw; sickle with serrated edge (a5, 'to cut, break' + eme, 'tongue, utensil' ?; cf., ag5, 'to slaughter')
[? TAG archaic frequency: 48 ?; concatenates 7 ? sign variants] .
v., to slaughter, butcher.
m, sum:
garlic; onion (Akkadian loanword from uumu , 'garlic', related to ammu , 'plant, drug, medicine', Orel & Stolbova 2185, sam-, 'poison') .
35
um4: (cf., suin). tam, ta(5), t: tum: tuma:

polished; shiny; reflective; pure; reliable (tu5,17, 'to wash, bathe', + m, 'to be').
work, action; crossbeam; arrow quiver [TUM archaic frequency: 48; concatenates 4 sign variants] . to break wind, emit flatus (tu15, 'wind', + ma4, 'to leave, depart, go out') . wind; cardinal point, direction (ta, 'from', + m, 'to blow').
tumu, tum9, tu15:
tumu2,3, tum2,3, tu2,3: to bring; to carry away; to obtain; to be suitable, fit; to prepare (mar singular; cf., de 6, la 4) (in mar plural, tm-tm[-mu] or tm-tm-mu ) (ta, 'from', + ,
'food', + ma4, 'to leave') .
tumu4, tum4[NIM]: to carry (ta, 'from', + , 'food', + ma4, 'to leave'). tum12muen, tumuen: zum: ban: bn: bn:
bird of the pigeon and dove family (cf., tum2,3, 'to bring, carry', and the term "carrier
pigeon" for a homing pigeon).
to leak, seep, overflow (repetitive motion + closed container; cf., zal, 'to flow', and zar, zur4, 'to
spout, flow') .
(cf., pana ). vessel; a measure of capacity or volume = 10 liters (sla ) in the Ur III period; = 6 liters at Presargonic Girsu (cf., banda 2,4,5) (ba, 'portion, rations', + na, 'human being') . (cf., bnda ). n., lamp, light; blister; bag-type of bellows; rebellion (hollow container + nu11, 'lamp' ?).
bun(2), bu(7): din: dun:

(cf., tin ).
v., to be swollen; to blow; to shine brightly (cf., bul, 'to blow; to ignite') .
n., ward, pupil, subordinate. v., to heap, pile up; to scrape, dig (a field, furrow, hole); to strike, smite; to open (to move + to raise high; cf., dul(6)). (cf., sug 5). n., warp (threads on the frame of a weaving loom).
dun, du24; tun, tu10; tu11: dn: dun(4):
v., to lay a warp (onto a weaving loom) (to move + to raise high).
dun5, du9[BR]:
v., to churn butter; to sway, stagger; to complain (redup. class) (see instead sun 5 if the sign is used as an adjective) (to move + to raise high). n., stand, rack, support; pestle, grinding stone (circular + to raise high) [GAN
gana, gan, kan:

v., to bring forth, bear.
gna, gn: tract of land, field parcel; (flat) surface, plane; measure of surface; shape, outline; cultivation (cf., iku ) (cf., Orel & Stolbova #890, *gan- "field") [GAN 2 archaic frequency: 209]. genna, gena, ginna, gina[TUR+DI]: gn, gi4:
constant; regular; small; the planet Saturn
(possible loan from Akk. kajjamaanu, kajjaanu, and kaanu 'constant'; cf., gi(n), ge(n) and in, en).
small ax(-head) used as money; shekel (of silver) = ca. 8.333 grams; a surface area measure, 1/60 square nindan (sar) = 180 surface e = 2160 (=36,0) square fingers; a volume measure, = 0.3
36
cubic meters (Akk. kiinu 'true measure', cf., Orel & Stolbova #1459, *kin- "count") [TUN 3 archaic frequency: 96; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
gn:
lapis lazuli (igi, 'eye', + na4, 'pebble, stone', but cf., gnu, 'decorated with colors, lines, spots') .
gin7: (this is sometimes the preferred form, but cf., gim). gun[G-UN]; gn, g: gn, g:
back of a man's neck = load, burden = a talent in weight = 30 +/- 2 kg.; tribute (g, 'neck; nape' + a, un, 'people'; cf., g). land, region, district (g, 'edge' + a, un, 'people, population') .
gnu, gn: n., dot, spot (circle + discrete point; cf., ugun) [GUN3 archaic frequency: 23; concatenation of 2
sign variants] .
v., to decorate with colors, lines, spots; to sparkle; to put on antimony paste makeup. adj., dappled; striped; speckled, spotted; spangled; variegated, multicolored; embellished, decorated; brilliant.
gun5: (cf., gm). in, en:

n., steadiness, reliability, constancy (to be + at a distinct point). v., to go; to send; to come (with dative or -i -) (sing. hamtu, cf., du , re 7, sb ) (Akk. gana 'come!', cf., Orel & Stolbova #892, *gan-/*gin- "go"). adj., ordinary; firm, solid.
un:
(cf., u ).
ne4, 'fear').
kana3,5, kan3,5: n., apprehension, worry; affliction, trouble (ka, 'mouth' + n;

v., to be troubled.
urudu
KIN:
(cf., gur 10,14;
ur4).
kin:
na4
(cf., k ). hand mill (saddle quern for grinding); millstone (base/ground + stone) [KIN 2 archaic
kn[AR]:
kun:
(i)
tail; reservoir, storage basin, outlet (of a canal); grasp (base/seat + high) [KUN archaic frequency: 2]. ladder; stairs, staircase; threshold, slab, doorsill (base/ground + high). partner; companion; equal; two (cf., mina, 'two').
kun4,5:
mana, mna, man, mn, men5: men(4): mn: men2,3:

crown, tiara (metaphor of divine en-ship) (me, 'function, office' + en, 'lord') [MEN archaic frequency: 48; both; alike (cf., mana ). I, myself (cf., me-en). (cf., mina and mana ). two; second (m, 'woman', + na, 'distinct things', because a woman has two breasts).
min(3,5,6):
mina, min(5,6): mnu:
munu(3), mun: salt [MUN archaic frequency: 24 ?; concatenates 5 ? sign variants; MUNU3 archaic frequency: 15].
a caustic salt (m, 'to make grow' , + nu11, 'fire'; saltpeter is the oxygenating ingredient in gunpowder) .
37
munu4,6: nin:
malt - soaked and germinated grain for use in brewing (m, 'to mill', + nud, 'to lie down, sleep') . alkaline, brackish.
munux, mun4 [E]:
queen, mistress, proprietress, lady; lord (reduplicated n, 'fear; respect; frightfulness; awe') [NIN archaic frequency: 75].
nin9: sister (reduplicated n, 'self; body; one's own') .

muen
nnna:
nocturnal bird - owl (nin, 'fearsome lady', + a, nominative suffix; the predatory owl with its human-like face probably gave rise to the demon Lilith myth; cf., dnin-nnnamuen). fifty (nimin/nin5, 'forty', + /u, 'ten',).
ninnu, ninu: ninni5: nun:
a rush used in basketry; bulrush (reduplicated nin or nin9, where reeds and rushes were seen as belonging to a young woman goddess similar to the grain goddess Nisaba). n., prince, noble, master (n, 'fear; respect',+ un, 'people' ?) [NUN archaic frequency: 652; concatenation of 4
sign variants] .
v., to rise up (n, 'to be high',+ u5, 'to mount; be on top of; raised high') . adj., great, noble, fine, deep.
pana, pan, ban:

sign variants] .
bow (pa, 'branch', + na4, 'pebble, stone') [BAN archaic frequency: 27; concatenates 2 ?
rn[ERIM]: to be/make bright (reduplication class); to attach, join, hitch (cf., rin, rn) (ara4;
ar; r, 'bright', + to be high).
sn: sun: sn:
(cf., sim ). (cf., suin ). aurochs cow, wild cow; beerwort (su, 'to fill, be sufficient',+ un, 'people'). chin; lower lip; beard (cf., si, 'long, thin things', and tn, 'lip') [SU 6 archaic frequency: 1; BU 3 archaic frequency: 21].
sun4, sum4, sl, su6:
sun5[BR], su16: n., modesty.

v., to enter (plural ?; cf., kur 9) . adj., humble; with bowed head; dominated (su9, 'to mourn, grieve' + n, 'fear; respect') .
sun7[KAL]:
quarrel, discord.
en[SUA]: n., a copper pan, pail, vessel; mirror (?) (liquid + stone) [EN archaic frequency: 66; concatenates
4 sign variants] .
adj., clear, pure; polished, shiny.
n:
verdigris. n., star.
n[MUL]: tn[MEN]: ten; te-en:
v., to shine brightly. to become clean, clear, light, free (ta, 'nature, character' + an, 'sky, heaven') . n., cold, coolness (te, 'to approach, near' + en, 'time' referring to shorter days ?).
v., to trample, extinguish; to soften, allay; to cool (te-en-te in mar).
38
tin:
n., life; wine [TIN archaic frequency: 93].
v., to cure; to be healthy; to live.
tun(3), tu10: tn[GN]:
to constrict; to defeat; to massacre; to break up, smash (cf., dun ).
n., pocket, pouch, case; wrap, bandage; stomach; lip (te, 'cheeks' + nu, 'likeness') [SUG 5 archaic frequency: 67].
adj., intact, bound.
pap: rap: sipa: bar:
(cf., pab; (cf.,

(i)
pa4).
rab).
(cf., sipad ). n., (out)side; soul, innards; fleece [BAR archaic frequency: 306].
v., to open; to uncover, expose; to see; to remove; to be absent; to release; to peel, pare, shell; to select; to divide; to split; to distribute; to keep away (with -ta -) (container plus to expel, remove as in ri). adj., foreign. prep., because of.
br: bar6,7:
(cf., barag ). v., to shine, be bright; to break (of the day) (cf., bar, 'to expose', which refers here to the sun; and cf., ara4, 'to shine; to blaze') .
adj., white.
bra:
(cf., barag ).
bra, pra, br, pr[DAG]; para4, par4[KISAL]: to stretch or spread out; to pass over; to be stretched or spread out (cf., brag ) (interchanges with bru) (ba, 'to apportion,
divide', + ra(-g/), 'to overflow'; cf. compound word, ba-ra(-g)) [BARA 3 archaic frequency: 13].
bara4[BAD]: bara5,6: bir:
to spread out, open wide; released; separated.
(cf., barag ).
to scatter, mix; to wreck; to murder (ba, 'to divide', + ir10, re7, 'to stir, mix') [BIR archaic frequency: 9;
bir(2,4):
n., mistiness (of the eyes) (ba, 'inanimate conjugation prefix', + r, r, 'to weep' and ur5, 'to smell', with possibly a hidden meaning of 'to dry' for Vr or ara4 as also seen in dr).
v., to sniff, wrinkle one's nose; to dry up, shrivel up. adj., flaccid, shriveled up (said of a penis).
br[ERIM]: team (of donkeys/animals) (ba, 'inanimate conjugation prefix', + ir10, 'to accompany, lead; to
bear; to go; to drive along or away', the plural hamtu for 'to go', cf., re7) [?? BIR 3 archaic frequency: 23;
concatenation of 3 sign variants; ZATU-143 ERIM archaic frequency: 175; concatenation of 3 sign variants] .
bir4,5: bir6,7:
locust; sparrow (cf., br for animals in plural numbers). to rip to pieces; to break (cf., bir for similar semantics). to blaze, flame up (cf., bar6,7 for similar semantics).
bir9[NE]:
39
bur:
meal, repast; stone bowl, pot (cf., bru ) (ba, 'portion, rations, open container', + r, 'lap, thighs, legs') [BUR archaic frequency: 51; concatenation of 4 sign variants] .
bru, bur(2): n., burin; thread [BUR2 archaic frequency: 45].

v., to open, release, loosen; to spread out (a garment); to dissolve; to interpret (a dream); to dispose of; to pay (with -ta ); to knap, flake off (flint); to tear out; to despoil (reduplication class; cf., bar, bur12) (cf., bar and bra for similar semantics).
br:
a square surface measure = 6.48 hectares = 18 iku = 3 area e = 1800 sar = the amount of land that supported a family (also cf., bru ) (from Akkadian buuru IV, "hunger", but cf., bii/eeru IV, "space, distance"). n., opening; receptacle; hole; mine; depth (Akk. buuru 'cistern, well', cf., Orel & Stolbova #164, *ba'Vr-/*bu'Vr- "well, pit"; could also be Sumerian from, ub4, 'cavity, hole', + r, 'floor' the u vowel especially correlates with round objects or openings).
bru(-d), br:
v., to receive; to bore through, pierce; to break into (a house).
buru4,5muen:
raven ?, crow ?; sparrow ?; locust, grasshopper (cf., br for animals in plural numbers, bir for destructive wreckers, and bur12, bu(3,6) + nominative for anything that harvests or destroys plants). fruit tree; fruit; berry [rare word].
buru7[GURUN]: buru8:
to vomit (Akk. ar IV , par III, 'to vomit', cf., Orel & Stolbova #120, *'or- "vomit").
bur12, bu(3,6): to tear, cut off; to pull, draw; to be drawn; to tear out, uproot; to remove, keep away (ba,
'to divide' + r, 'base, root') [BU archaic frequency: 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
buru14, bur14: dar:
harvest; hot season, harvest time (bur12, 'to tear, cut off', + either , 'plant' or a,
nominative suffix with vowel harmony).
n., francolin, pheasant [DAR archaic frequency: 36; concatenation of 4 sign variants] .
v., to slice, split; to shatter (reduplication class) (da, 'sides', + ur4, 'to shear, reap') .
dra, dr: n., belt, sash (compare dur, 'bond, tie').

v., to bind, pack.
dra, dr: (cf., dura). dara4, dar4:

dark, dim; high (compare dirig, 'to be darkened; to go over') [DARA 4 archaic frequency: 81;
diri, dir: (cf., dirig). dur:

bond; string, thread; strap, tie; amulet chain, necklace; umbilical cord (da, 'arm, side', + ur, 'to surround') [DUR archaic frequency: 58; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
dru, dr: (cf., duruna).

(ane)
dr(r):
'fresh').
he-ass; donkey foal (pack animal - cf., dur, 'strap') . irrigated; moist; fresh; supple (d, 'to water' + ru5, 'to send forth shoots'; cf., a-d, donkey stallion (usually written du 24-r or dur 9
(r)
duru5, dur5[A]:
(ane)
dur9[UL]:
(cf., ar ).
) (cf., anedr(r)).
dur10: gar:
ax (compare dar, 'to slice, split').
40
gr, kr:
knob, pommel; hair lock on the back of the head (sign of a slave); cake; filled sack (of silver ?) = purse; used for round and high objects ('circular' + 'to send forth; to protect') . early (the 'bull of the sun', Mercury, can only be seen right before sunrise; cf., gu4ud).
gar4[GUD/GU]:
gara2,9,10, gar2,9,10,11,12: thick milk, cream; cheese (cf., ga-r-ra) [GARA2 archaic frequency: 106;
gir, kir: gir4, kir13:
cow or mare of intermediate age; a fish, possibly a carangid (ki,'place', + ir(2), 'fluid kiln (for lime or bitumen); oven (cf., udun ) (ki,'place', + ara4, 'to shine, blaze') [GIR 4
secretion') [GIR archaic frequency: 28; concatenation of 4 sign variants] .
archaic frequency: 1].
gir5: (cf., iri5). gir10, gi9, ge9[NE]:

anger, fury (compare bir9).
'to sweep away') .
giri11, gir11[KEDA]: to be tidy, neat (cf., ir) (gi4,'to restore', + ri,

frequency: 152].
gir15, gi7 [KU]: noble; domestic, civilized; belonging to the native in-group (circle + city) [E3 archaic giri17: (cf., kri). gur, kr:
n., reed basket; measure of capacity - Biblical kor (= 300 sla in Old Akkadian and NeoSumerian periods; = 144 sla in Old Sumerian Girsu/Lagash; in admin. texts = 2 bariga ) [? GUR archaic frequency: 14] (circle + to reap; to send).
v., to make a circular motion; to come back; to return; to give back; to protest, contradict; to reject evidence (in a legal case); to turn away from (object has ablative -ta ); to wipe off.
gr:
n., sphere; circle, ring; loop; hoop (circle + ur, 'to surround') .
v., to bow down, submit; to curb, subdue; to die (cf., gam ).
gr, ga6:
to bear, carry; to be full, loaded, laden (Umma reading for la sign, cf., mir ) (circular
container + er, 'to bring'; cf., gur, kr, 'basket') .
gur(4), kur4, gir8:
v., to be or feel big; to be endowed with; to turn, roll over; to run; to gallop; to grind (reduplication class) (circle + flowing motion).
adj., thick, coarse; fattened, plump; bright, preeminent; very strong; great (cf., gud, gux, 'bull').
guru5, gur5, kur12:
n., fangs.
v., to separate, divide; to cut, pull (weeds) (g, 'neck; nape' + ra, 'to strike'; cf., kud, kur5; and ggur5...dug4/du11/e).
guru6:
(cf., kra ).
guru7, gur7, kara6: grain heap; granary, silo; a capacity measure, ca. 909 liters (cf., gur, 'basket'). guru8, gur8 [TU]: high; deep.
(urudu)
gur10,14; ur4: n., copper sickle (semi-circle + flowing motion).
v., to reap, harvest; to pluck; to shear (sheep); to gather in; to catch (in a net); to gather together; to join in assent (probably reduplication class) (cf., saa 11[KIN]).
ar:
n., storeroom; form, appearance (to be + to send) [GAR archaic frequency: 409].
41
v., to store, accumulate; to deliver, deposit; to put, place, set down upon; to make, establish, restore (with i-); to remove and set elsewhere (with -ta-); to expel (with -da-) (- in mar).
ri, r: n., knife, dagger, sword; thorn; scorpion; lightning flash; road; expedition, trip (i, 'tool', +
ra, 'to strike, stab, slay' with vowel harmony) [GIR 2 archaic frequency: 114].
v., to stab; to fulgurate, lighten, flash.
ri, r: n., foot, feet; step; way, path (i, 'tool', + uru9, 'support'; r, 'leg(s)'; cf., idri and uur
for similar and different phonetic developments).
prep., via.
iri2,3, ir2,3: n., booty; captive (additional associations of 'road' and 'sword') .
v., to pillage; to capture; to drive away; to take away; to be taken.
iri5, ir5[KA4]:
v., to run, trot; to seek refuge.
n., refugee, stranger.
iri16, ir16 [RKR]: fortress, refuge. ar, r, ur5:

n., millstone; ring; link (in a chain); coil or spiral of silver or other precious metal that can be worn as a ring or bracelet and was used as money (cf., kn , kikkin, ara, ara3,5, ur5) (many small explosions + sliding motion) [UR5 archaic frequency: 34; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
v., to chew. adj., small; young.
ara, ara3,5: n., miller (reduplicated ar/r, 'millstone').

v., to pulverize (in a mortar); to destroy; to make groats. adj., ground, milled, crushed, pulverized.
ara5:
spout; vessel with a large spout (a, precative prefix, + ra, 'to branch out from the side of') . n., produce, yield (abundance + to go out + to flow) .
ir[KEDA]:
v., to squeeze, tighten (cf., giri 11).
ur, ur5[AR]:
n., hole; limb, stem, handle (, ten, + ra, 'to impress into clay', where a round hole
was the symbol for 10) .
v., to scratch, draw, sketch, inscribe, outline; to grind; to dig (many small explosive sounds + r, 'to drag') .
kar:
n., embankment; quay-wall; mooring-place; harbor; marketplace; port authority (place + water + to
flow, send, take, drive away; cf., kur9, 'entrance') [KAR archaic frequency: 7].
v., to take away; to steal; to raid, capture, pillage; to escape, run away; to avoid.
kra, kr, guru6:
to encircle, besiege; to impute, accuse; to shine, illuminate; to be bright (of light, day) (reduplication class) (sometimes written for kr ) (place + ur, 'to surround' + a, nominative ending, and ara4, 'to shine') [? KAR 2 archaic frequency: 68; concatenates 2 sign variants] . (cf., gr ). (cf., gir ). a large vessel; beer keg (ki,'place', + ir(2), 'fluid secretion'; cf., gir, kir, 'cow or mare').
kr: kir: kr:
42
kr[LAGAB]:
off').
to nip off (clay) (ki, 'earth', + ur4, 'to shear, reap'; cf., kud, kur5; and kid2,7, 'to pinch
kiri3,4, kir4, giri17: nose; muzzle (of an animal); hyena (cf., kir6,4) (ki, 'place', + ir, 'smell'). kir6,4:
i
stream dam, weir (cf. also, kiri 3,4) (ki,'place', + ir(2), 'fluid secretion'/ ra, 'to flood') . orchard, garden, palm grove (ki, 'place', + ru5, 'to send forth shoots, buds, or blossoms') .
kiri6:
kir11[M.SILA4]: female lamb [KIR11 archaic frequency: 3]. kir13: kur:

(cf., gir 4).
n., mountain; highland; (foreign) land; the netherworld (ki,'place', + r, 'roof, mountain pass'/ r, 'root, base') [KUR archaic frequency: 145; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
v., to reach, attain; to kindle; to rise (sun).
kr[PAB]:
n., stranger; enemy; hostility (from kur,'mountains, foreign land') .
v., to be different; to change; to break a seal (often with -da -) (kr-re in mar). adj., strange, alien; hostile; in the future.
kr:
(cf., gur ).
kur4: (cf., gur4). kuru5, kur5: kuru7, kur7: kur9, ku4:

(cf., kud ).
kur6: (cf., kurum6).

(cf., kurum 7). n., entrance (ki,'place', + r, 'entrance') .
v., to enter; to bring; to deliver (-ni - specifies delivery location); to enter before someone (with dative prefix); to let enter (with -ni -); enter into the presence of (with -i -); to turn round, turn into, transform (with -da -) (singular [?] reduplication class stem; cf., sun 5) .
liru, liri:
(i/urudu)
(cf., lirum ).
mar, ar7: n., wagon; winnowing shovel; spoon (ma(3); ,'to go', + flowing motion; Akk. marru "shovel; spade"; Orel & Stolbova #1738 *mar- 'hoe') [MAR archaic frequency: 117; concatenates 2 sign
variants] .
v., to sow, scatter; to coat, apply; to don; to immerse; to enclose, lock up.
mar; mur:
worm; earthworm.
mer(2), mir(2); gr:
n., storm wind; violent storm; north(wind); anger; belt, waistband; an encircling snake (var. of gr ) (me3,6,7,9,'battle', + to flow / circle + ur, 'to surround') [MER archaic frequency: 48; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
v., to blow fiercely; to get angry. adj., fierce, angry, furious.
mur, ur5 [AR]: n., lungs; liver; fodder for fattening; lattice, grate (mu7,'to shout'/ mud6,
to blow' + r, 'root, base') .
m, 'to sing;
v., to surround; to guard; to shout; to grind, mill.
43
demonstrative, thus; so; in this way.
mur7,8:
(cf., murgu ). to clothe; to dress oneself (reduplication class [?]) (mu10,'woman', + ur, 'to surround') . brother-in-law (mu10,'woman', + r, 'equal in rank') .
mur10, mu4: muru9: nar:
muru5[M.U4.RU6 = SAL.UD.EDIN]:
fog, mist, haze (mi,'to be dark', + to flow). reed mat.
murux [GI.KID.MA]:
singer; musician (loan from Akkadian naaru II, "musician", which derives from Akk. naaru I, "river" in the same way that Sumerian nab means both "ocean" and "musician") [NAR archaic frequency: 69]. n., frog; omen.
nir, ner:
adj., proper.
nir:
n., prince, lord [NIR archaic frequency: 45; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
v., to stretch, reach, extend; to raise high; to winnow, clean grain; to overcome, vanquish (to be high + to go out + to flow) . adj., victorious.
na4
nr[ZA.GN]:
(cf., bra ).
a precious stone with black and white flecks.
par3/4:
sar, ar:
n., vegetable(s) [SAR archaic frequency: 102; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
v., to insert, enter; to begin; to write; to pay, deliver punctually; to disturb someone; to drive (with -ni -); to drive, chase away (with -ta -); to make hurry, run (to be skilled, precise + flowing motion; for 'to drive
away', cf., s, 'to follow, drive', but meaning probably derives from the act of chasing vermin from the vegetable garden, cf., kar for such a progression from the noun to the verb).
adj., driven out, pursued.
sar, ar:
a surface measure, 'garden plot' = 1 square ninda = 60 surface shekels = 1/100 iku = 4 square reeds = 144 square cubits = 36 meters 2; a volume measure of one square ninda times 1 k = 144 k 3 = ca. 18 cubic meters = 1,0 gur [= 60 gur ] of capacity = 1,0 gn in weight. (cf., r ). n., density.
sr: sr:
adj., dense; weak, feverish (si; su; sa; sa5,'to be full; to grow weak', + ir(10), 'sweat') .
sir5; sur: sur:
(cf., zara 5).
n., a garden plant; rushes; chaff, chopped straw [? SUR archaic frequency: 6].
v., to delimit, bound, divide (reduplication class ?)(cf., ur ) (si, 'long and narrow', + ur, 'to surround'; cf., sila, sil; sl, zil; si-il, 'to cut into, divide') .
sr: sr: sur6,7:
(cf., sumur ). ditch; deep furrow; drain (to fill, inundate + to flow; contrast sug, 'flood basin') . to hang, suspend; to hover; to wear (cf., sur6,7).
suru5, sur5:
height; depth; foundation pit (s, u, 'height; foundation; to support, lift', + uru2,5,18, 'high, deep') .
44
sur8: (cf., zar). sur12: ar:

(cf., sug 8). (cf., sar,
'ring, coil').
ar).
2
r, sr:
n., totality, all; world; horizon; ball, counter, token; the number 3600 = 60 (many, much + r,
v., to be many; to multiply or mix (with -da -); to make abundant; to slaughter; to request, implore (reduplication class). adj., numerous; innumerable.
l
r:
a military officer = commander of 3600. to interpret, explain. to shine brightly (cf., sr ) (Akkadian loan from araapu(m) , 'to burn') . n., decision.
ar8 [NI]: r, r: r, r: ir, sir4:
v., to bind; to decide (e, 'rope', + ur, 'to surround') . testicles (many + to go out + to flow; cf., ir, nir, and i2,3) [IR archaic frequency: 24; n., song; lament (Orel & Stolbova #2258 *sir-/*sur 'sing').
r[EZEN]; ur:
v., to sing.
r:
(cf., r ). to rain; to produce a liquid; to flow, drip; to extract seed oil; to process wine and juices; to press (out); to spray out; to brew (beer); to submerge; to flash, gleam (u, 'to pour' + to flow; cf., e3,7). (cf., sumur ). v., to cut; to decide; to determine; to inquire; to smoke; to break, destroy (ta, 'from', + ur4, 'to shear, reap'; cf., dar and nam...tar) [TAR archaic frequency: 56; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
ur, sur: r: tar:
adj., deliberate, judicious.
tir: tur:
forest, grove, thicket (ti, 'arrows' + r, 'beams, rafters'; early example of asyndetic hendiadys). n., child; young (of herd animals); second in rank (tu, 'to be born', + ru, 'to watch, guard, protect')
[TUR archaic frequency: 272].
v., to be/make small; to be insufficient; to reduce. adj., small, little, young.
tr; tur5: tur5, tu:
birth-hut; byre; sheepfold, pen; stable; a frequent metaphor for a temple, sanctuary (cf., tur) [TUR 3 archaic frequency: 121; concatenates 3 sign variants] . n., newborn; weakness; sickness.
v., to be or become sick. adj., weak; sick.
zar, zur4, sur8: to tap, pour; to spout, flow; to exude; to spin (a cocoon) (cf. the graphically similar sign, sug 8) (repetitive motion + to flow) [? ZAR archaic frequency: 15; concatenates 4 sign variants] . Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 45
(i)
zar:
wagon shaft (cf., za-ra ) (Akkadian loanword from ,serru(m) II). sheaf, sheaves (rolled up and bound stalks and ears, cf.,
zr[SUM]; zar[LAGABSUM]:
zara5 and zar).
zara5, zar5; sir5; sur: to spin, twine (yarn or thread); to roll up (repetitive motion + to flow). zur: dusu:
n., offering, sacrifice; prayer (repetitive activity + to flow/protect).
v., to furnish, provide; to rock (an infant); to arrange, tend; to offer; to pray. transportation basket, used in working at the lower levels in excavating a canal; corve (du, 'to walk', an ass or equid used as a draft animal in front of plows and wagons (du, 'to
+ si;su, 'to fill up').
dsu [ANE.LIBIR]:
walk', + usu, 'strength') .
kas7, ka9: kisi: mes, m:
deduction; settlement of accounts; possession (back-formation from n-kas7/ka9).
chamber pot (k, 'urine', + si14, 'a small pot').
young man; prince; son; hackberry tree in the elm family (me, 'endowment', + usu, 'strength'; Akkadian loanword - meesu I, 'hackberry tree'; cf., Orel & Stolbova #1766 *mies- 'tree') [MES archaic
frequency: 32].
nisi, nissa: es:

(cf., e ).
(cf., nisig ).
sisi (ANE.KUR.RA): horse (reduplicated si, 'to stand upright') . di(2), de: i, e:
one (dili, 'single', + a, 'one'; the form resembles that of the semantically appropriate male body part, i2,3, e2,3; cf., mina, min(5,6), 'two'). n., tree; wood; wooden implement; scepter; tool; organ; plow; natural phenomenon
(describes a trunk that goes out into many branches and leaves) [GI archaic frequency: 381].
adj., describes an animal assigned to the plow (sometimes i- ).
i2,3, e2,3, u: penis; man (self + to go out + many; cf., nita(2) and ir) [GI3 archaic frequency:
16; concatenation of 2 sign variants; U archaic frequency: 101; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
e2,3,4, i2,3: (cf., eta). a:

(cf., az ). lower abdomen; loins; back; thigh (numerous + foundation, base).
; a4: u:
e5: (cf., aa).

v., to be angry (compare guz, uz).
adj., furious, terrible, awesome; wild (said of animals); fiery red (Akk. ru).
ka, ks: k:
beer; alcoholic beverage (ka, 'mouth', + , 'to desire') [KA archaic frequency: 261; concatenates
4 sign variants] .
urine (an etymology involving e10, 'excrement', would have to be forced so much, that the homophone
ka, 'beer', with its similar appearance, probably replaced the use of a, 'water', to mean 'urine' at some point).
46
ka4, kas4: n., speed; runner, courier, messenger; nonresident, noncitizen, tourist (place(s) + locative +
many) [KAS 4 archaic frequency: 1].
v., to run fast; to gallop; to travel fast. adj., quick; fluent.
k:
(cf., keda ). totality, entire political world (name of the powerful city in the north of Sumer that first bound together and defended the cities of Sumer) (places + many) [? KI archaic frequency: 46]. (cf., kiik (2)).
ki, ke:
i
kia(2), kii16/17:
kii4:
half; forelock (sign of a freeman; contrast gr, (cf., kiib 7,8,9).
kr) (ki, 'place', + , 'portion').
kii7,8,9:
cover') .
ku, kus[SU]: skin, hide, leather (ku5, 'to cut', + s, 'to be joined, next to'/ , terminative suffix/ , 'to k: k:
to be tired; to be out of breath; to worry; to calm (k-() in mar) (aka, 'to do, act', + , 'dead') . ell/cubit = 1/2 meter = 30 fingers [u-si ] = distance from elbow to fingertips; forearm; channel (cf., u-da) (ku, 'to base, found, build', + many).
ku6: (cf., kuru). ku7: devastation, destruction; groom, valet, esquire, body-servant, boy (ki, 'place', + , 'to kill'). kuu: ku: li: ma:
(cf., kuum x). turtle (cf., IMKU , where 'whale' must be meant) (ku6, 'fish', + , 'to cover') [? U 3 archaic morsel (happiness + small + , 'portion') [LI archaic frequency: 4]. one-half; twin (ma4, 'to leave, depart, go out', + , 'portion') [MA archaic frequency: 133]. interest (of a loan); rent; profit; produce, yield (of a field) (ma4, 'to leave, depart, go out', + kid; he-goat [MA 2 archaic frequency: 60].
, 'portion') [MA archaic frequency: 133].
ma; m: m; ma: m:
n., extispicy (divination based on the entrails of a sacrificed animal); sacrificial animal [MA 2 archaic frequency: 60].
v., to scrutinize, inspect.
m: mu:
(cf., mes ). n., snake; reptile (eme, 'tongue'/ ma4, 'to leave, depart, go out', + , 'to kill'/u11, 'venom, poison') [MU
archaic frequency: 3; BU: archaic frequency: 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
adj., bitter.
mu2,3:
n., face, appearance, aspect; diadem; a city's irrigated, cultivated territory; surface (mu10, 'female', +
, 'to desire') [MU 3 archaic frequency: 284; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
v., to glisten, shine.
mu4: a biting insect (cf., the etymology of mu, 'snake').
47
mu5[E]: ni, ne: pe:
bitter (eme, 'tongue', + , 'plant', + e, 'to anoint'; cf., e). twenty (n, 'self, body', + a, 'one [finger, toe]') .
n., womb; palm frond; three [GIR archaic frequency: 28; concatenation of 4 sign variants] (moist container + , 'placental membrane'; pa, 'leaf, branch', + e, 'many, much'; e5,6,16,21, 'three').
v., to expand; to be thick, wide. adj., precious, valuable.
pe(7):
i
child; son. a type of edible mouse (probably derives from p, 'fig').
p, p: p:
fig; fig tree (moist container + , 'portion') .
pe4,13: n., river pebble.

v., to be pregnant; to conceive.
pe5,6:
n., deep breathing; scent; spider; combed wool, fluff (cf., a(5), 'spider').
v., to breathe deeply; to make an incision; to pluck apart; to comb and clean wool.
pi10, pe10; pex(KI.A): p: su: su2,3:
shore, river bank.
pain; tightness; difficult circumstances (derives from pe4, 'to be pregnant') . to sit down; to reside (su, 'body, relatives', + u8, 'foundation place, base'; cf., tu). to rub, anoint (with oil) (su, 'body', + e, 'to anoint') . brother; brethren; colleague [URI 3=ZATU-595 archaic frequency: 77; concatenates 2 sign variants] . n., myrrh (reduplicated e, 'to anoint') .
e, es: e, ses:
v., to taste bitter. adj., bitter, brackish.
e(2,4): e2,3,4:
to anoint; to rub; to erase; to be dense (reduplication class) (reduplicated e, 'to anoint')
[ERIN=E 4 archaic frequency: 105].
to weep, cry; to mourn; to wail (reduplication class) (to become moist ?).
u(2), u2,4:
to overthrow; to throw down; to go down; to set, become dark, be overcast (said of the sun); to cover (with -da -) (reduplication class) (reduplicated u, 'hand'; cf., ub) [U 2 archaic frequency: 243] .
u4: to fell trees; to chop away (reduplicated u, 'hand'). u5,6, u5,6: t[UR]:
bedding, litter, feed, fodder (scattered for animals) (reduplicated u, 'to stand upon') .
n., sexuality, sex; shame, modesty; all kinds, all sorts; each of them (te, 'to approach', + , 'to desire'; cf., ate).
v., to feel ashamed. adv., together (often with suffix -bi , -ba or -e ).
tu:
n., home (te, 'to approach', + u8, 'foundation place, base') .
48
v. sing., to (cause to) dwell, reside; to be at home; to settle; to set up, establish; to sit; to lie down (singular; cf. plural, duruna ).
nita:
(cf., nita ).
ita, da:
(i)
clean; bathed; a priest (e, 'to anoint', + ta, d, 'by means of'/ d, 'to pour, water') [ITA archaic frequency: 373; concatenates 7 sign variants] . mace (, 'to kill', + ta, d, 'by means of') [EDA archaic frequency: 26].
ta, eda:
ta:
channel, small canal (, 'portion' + da, d, i, 'main canal') [ITA 3 archaic frequency: 139; 7 n., band; bond, tie (, 'portion', + te, 'to approach'; cf., ate, t).
ita(4), da; id3,4,5:
v., to bind; to be together; to join, link with; to couple. adj., bound, intact.
ita5, it, id, ed: ita6:
n., measure; number (, 'portion', + ta, d, 'nature, character') .
v., to count; to consider; to calculate, figure out; to memorize; to recite; to read aloud. a type of vessel.
biz; bi(z):
n., tears (Akk. loanword from bi,s,su , 'flow of tears' and ba,saa,su , 'to (let) drip', cf., Orel & Stolbova #256 *baz- 'flow, be wet').
v., to drip, trickle; to cry; to ooze; to pour; to rinse off; to impute, accuse; to push someone away; to dry (cf., bi-bi-z).
gaz(2): gazi:
n., powder; break, fracture; war (chamber + repetitive motion; cf., [i]naa3,4, naX[GAZ, KUM]).
v., to crush; to kill, slaughter (with -da- ); to vanquish, defeat. a spice - cassia, used on meat ('let it breathe'; Akk. kas II) [GAZI archaic frequency: 14].
guz, uz[LUM] v., to gnash the teeth; to bare the teeth; to rage at; to cut, trim, clip; to castrate (reduplication class: u-u-uz ) (g, 'noise', + z, 'teeth') .
adj., long, shaggy (hair).
az, a: nuz, nus: meze: ziz: zz:
to break or cut off (twigs, branches); to thresh grain (, 'numerous', + z, 'to cut, pluck') . egg (na4,'pebble', + uz/us,'goose', cf. also, nunuz).
a type of drum (function + repetitive noise). moth (Akk. loanword from saasu , 'moth' and aaau , 'moth', cf., Orel & Stolbova #1034 *au- 'insect') . emmer (wheat) (reduplicated z or zi).
zz[]:
a crop-devouring insect (see etymology for ziz).
abgal(2): ablal(3): absin(3):
sage, wise man, wizard (abba, 'elder', + gal, 'great') [ABGAL archaic frequency: 31]. bird niche, nest (ab, 'niche, nook', + lal, 'to be high; to hang') .
abrig: a purification priest (a, 'water', + barag, 'ruler; throne') [ABRIG archaic frequency: 9].
(seeded) furrow (ab, 'niche', + sn, 'to sift').
49
abul[K.GAL]: city gate (loanword from Semitic for 'door', Orel & Stolbova, Hamito-Semitic
Etymological Dictionary (1995), #287).
abzu:
28] .
the 'sentient' sea - the sea personified as a god (aba/ab, 'sea' + zu, 'to know') [ABZU archaic frequency: argument; fight. ferry; bridge (da/d, 'river', + dirig/dir, 'to go
adamen(2,3):
over') .
addir[A.PA.ISAL.PAD.DIRIG]: addirx: agam:

wages. swamp (a, 'water', + gam, 'to decline, incline'). (cf., akani ).
gan, akan:
agar(2,3), ugar: agarin(2,3): agarin4,5:
field; commons [AGAR 2 archaic frequency: 16].
agargaraku6 [NUNten]: a fish.

father; mother; womb. beer-wort; crucible, vat.
agrun: inner sanctuary [ZATU-413 archaic frequency: 4]. aarx[IMIM; IM.DUGUD]:

to deposit') .
heavy rain shower, cloudburst (a, 'water', + ar, 'to accumulate;
arig: steward, superintendent (a, 'to measure; to check', + rig7, 'to deed, grant') . aur(2,3), uur(2,3): akani, akan: akar: alad:
udder. (cf., imur ).
kan, aka4[K]: door-frame, lintel.

leather armor.
akkil: lamentation, ritual wailing.

a life force; a male protective spirit. image, statue; figure, appearance [ALAN archaic frequency: 51;
ala, alan, alam, l:

alal: alam: alan: alim:
pipe, conduit, gutter; pipe for making libation offerings to the deceased (a, 'water', + lal, 'lift, carry'). (cf., ala ). (cf., ala ). wild ram; bison; aurochs; powerful [ALIM=ZATU-219 [GIR 3] sign per P. Steinkeller, archaic frequency: 73; net, seine; crab. ice.
allalx, alla: amar: ama:
amagi(2,3), mabi(2,3):
calf; young animal (ma, 'wild cow mother', + re7, 'to accompany, plural') [AMAR archaic frequency: 297]. sheepfold, cattle-pen (, 'house', + ma, 'goat').
50
ambar, abbar: marsh; reeds, canebrake (imi/im, 'clay, mud', + bar, 'to obtain'). ane:
male donkey; onager; equid; pack animal (an,'sky; high', + , terminative postposition = 'up to' = 'to raise up, carry') [ANE archaic frequency: 48; concatenates 4 sign variants;? KI archaic frequency: 46]. reed pulp. a mythical giant bird; vulture, eagle [ANZU 2
anzalub:
anzud(2), anzu(2)-(d)[dIM.MI/DUGUDmuen]:
i
apin:
n., seeder plow (a, 'seed', + bun, 'to blow') [APIN archaic frequency: 181; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
adj., describes a plow animal (also apin- ).
arad(2), urdu(2), ir3,11: ara4[.U.GD.DA]:
(male) slave; servant; subordinate (Akk. loanword from wardum, 'male slave, man-servant') [IR 11 archaic frequency: 10]. storehouse.
arala, arali: the netherworld (ara/ra, 'to pulverize', + la, 'youthful freshness and beauty') . aru: n., womb; compassion, pity (r, 'base; root', + , 'lower abdomen').
v., to be sympathetic.
i
sal, sar:
Euphrates poplar tree [ASAL 2 archaic frequency: 16].
asil(3,4,5):
(cf., asilal (3,4,5)).
asila: (cf., asilal). asilal(3,4,5):

joy, gladness.
aag, aa5 [GAN]: field, plot (cf., a--(g)). agab: leather-dresser, currier (ku, 'leather', + gb, 'to cleanse').
()
aki:
bulrush (Typha grass; cf,
nmun) (, 'rope', + kid(6), 'to weave a reed mat').
akud: wedge (as a device to bar a door); ramp (?). alag: (cf., lazlag). ate: azag:
l
need; necessity; desirable or beloved object (, 'to desire', + te, 'to approach'; cf., t). taboo. fuller, felt-worker; launderer (a, 'water', + zalag, 'to cleanse') .
azlag(2,3,4,5,6), alag:
babbar(2):
bright; white; the rising sun (reduplicated bar6, 'bright, white') [UD archaic frequency: 419].
bar: potter [BAAR2 archaic frequency: 50; concatenates 3 sign variants] . bala: lyre (?); drum (?); funeral song [? BALAG archaic frequency: 20]. banda2,4,5: bnda(da):
i
prop, support. young; junior; vigorous; impetuous; fierce; proud. table; container [? BANUR archaic frequency: 7; concatenates 5 sign variants] .
banur(2,3):
51
bappir(2/3): beer bread (a sweet and possibly pungent bread made from barley dough - mixed with malt [munu 4] to make mash [titab ] for beer); brewer [BAPPIR archaic frequency: 28; concatenates 6 sign
variants] .
barag, bra, br; bara5,6:
throne dais; king, ruler; cult platform; stand, support; crate, box; sack; chamber, dwelling (container plus ra(g), 'to pack') [? BARA 2 archaic frequency: 69; concatenates 2 sign variants; ? ZATU-764 archaic frequency 21]. nest [BARA 3 archaic frequency: 13].
brag, bra, br [DAG]:
bariga [PI or UL(in Old Sumerian period)]: a measure of capacity - 36 sla in the Old Sumerian period and 60 sla in the Old Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods. Equals 6 bn . (bn-rig-a, 'the
bn from picking, gleaning') .
barzil (AN.BAR): (meteoric) iron (bar6, 'to shine', + zil, 'to cut, peel'). bibad[UZ.TUR]muen:
i
duck. worship, cult, rite; ordinance.
billuda, biluda[PA.AN]: bugin:

basket; trough.
buix, bgin:
basket (for carrying food) (cf., buni).
bulug: shoot, sprout; barley malt; needle; awl; drill; seal pin; boundary post; border (bul, 'to sprout', +
aka/ag, 'to do') [BULUG archaic frequency: 4].
blu: n., pupil, novice; foster child [BULUG3 archaic frequency: 19].
v., to grow; to grow big; to rear, make grow.
bulu: to worry; to be nervous, frightened; to hasten, hurry; fright. bunix, punix, bunin: buranun:
bitumen-coated reed container (for carrying liquids), vat, tub
(bn/bux, 'blister; to be swollen', + n, 'valuables') .
Euphrates river (bu5, 'to rush around', + ra, 'to flood, overflow', + nun, 'great, noble') . safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax.
buzur(2,4,5), puzur(2,4,5): bzur: hand, palm. dabin [Z.E]: dadag [UD.UD]: dagrim:
coarse (?) barley flour. v., to clean, clear (reduplicated dg, 'brilliant, clean').
adj., brilliant; pure; sacred. fields, vicinity, precinct (cf., arim ) (dag, 'resting place', + rim4, 'to run fast'; cf., bar-rim4).
daal: n., width, breadth (da, 'side', + gal/al, 'big') [AMA archaic frequency: 241; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
v., to widen, enlarge; . adj., wide, broad; copious.
dakkan, daggan: dalamun: dalamun4:
harem, living quarters, chamber (dag, 'dwelling', + gan, 'to bear').
tornado; violent storm; duststorm; whirlpool; riot, revolt (dal, 'to fly', + a-mun, 'mutually confusion, disorder.
opposing or contrasting') .
52
danna, dana:
road-length measure, 'march' = 30 U = 21600 cubits = ca. 6.7 miles/10.8 kilometers; double hour (twelfth part of a full day) = the time it takes to march a length of 1 danna (Akkadian etymology from 'place of strength or safety') [DANNA archaic frequency: 2]. very small, young.
didila:
didli: assorted, various; separate, individual, single (reduplicated dili). diir, dingir: dlim, dl: dlim[BUN]: dilmun : dimgul:
ki
god, deity; determinative for divine beings (di, 'decision', + ar, 'to deliver').
dlla, 'needle', and dul; dal, 'to cover, clothe, hide') .
dlib: hair, locks (cf., dalla, 'beam, ray',
spoon (dal, 'to fly, remove', + eme, 'tongue') . funnel-shaped bowl containing seeds for the drill plow.
the island of Bahrain, noted for its sweet water springs (cf., tilmun ) [DILMUN archaic mast (dim, 'to bond, tie', + gul, 'enormous') .
frequency: 35].
dinig[KI.NE]: potash; salt; crucible, kiln, brazier; air vent (d, 'ashes', + naa, 'potash') . dirig, diri, dir [SI.A]:
n., addition; excess; overdraft; trouble; amount by which credits of an account tablet exceed debits - appears in the credits section of the succeeding period's account tablet; intercalary month after either 11th month or 12th month (based as much on whether the winter crop will be ready for the harvest month as on the need to reconcile the lunar year with the solar year, (gi) which required an average of 7 intercalary months in 19 years) (cf., uub).
v., to go over; to float (with the current); to exceed, stand out; to be extra; to be darkened, eclipsed; to be erased; to be greater than, to surpass, to be supreme over (with dative/locative). adj., superior, outstanding; surplus; superfluous; additional.
i
dubik[L], dupsik:
basket.
dubur(2):
testicles (dub, 'to store; to pour', + ir(2), 'tears or any bodily secretion') .
dugud: n., weight; cloud [DUGUD archaic frequency: 2].

adj., massive; heavy; difficult, hard (du7, 'complete', + gud, 'bull').
IM
dungu:
cloud, cloudbank. mountain goat buck; ibex (dur, 'bond, tie', + i, 'arm') [DARA 3 archaic frequency:
dura, dra, dr: durun: (cf., duruna).
11; concatenation of 4 sign variants] .
duruna, durun, dru, dr; durunx [DR.DR]:

dwelling [DUR 2 archaic frequency: 52].
n., buttocks; anus;
v. plural, to sit; to be seated; to break wind; to dry out; to occupy, dwell; to set down, place (objects) (plural, cf., singular tu ) (d, 'to bring down (or up); to exit, drain' + r, 'root, lap, thighs', + a/un, 'people').
druna, dilina, dlim: oven for baking and roasting. ebir(2), epir(2): ebla: edakua(2):
small pot; beer mug.
a watery type of beer - 'light beer' (b, 'waist', + lal/l, 'to lessen') . fish bones (adda, 'skeleton', + ku6/kua, 'fish').
53
edimx, edin: earthenware vat for oil and fats. edin, eden:
prep., on; against. n., steppe, plain; grazing land between the two long rivers; back, spine (d, 'to send
forth', + in, 'straw') [EDIN archaic frequency: 5].
egir2,3, egi(2): princess. ear, iar: eir, eer:

prep., behind. adv., afterwards. brick wall (, 'house', + ar, 'to deposit'/ ar8, 'to mortar bricks'). n., back; stern (of a ship); end; limit; future; inheritance.
elamku(2,3,4): bladder (lla, 'kidneys', + ku, 'skin'). ella [LAGAB]: lla: kidneys. emedu(2): me:
house/estate-born slave (eme, 'mammy', + tud/d, 'to be born') . hoop or wooden ball ?; driving stick ?; bow ?; block of wood; a number word.
summer.
endub, endib: cook (en, 'lord', + dub, 'to move in a circle, shake') [ENDIB archaic frequency: 6]. engar: irrigator, farmer (en, 'lord', + agar, 'field'; Akk. 'ikkar from Semitic "to hoe, cultivate"). engiz [ME.EN.GI]:
22] .
cook (en, 'lord', + gaz, 'to fracture, crush, slaughter') [ENGIZ archaic frequency:
engur: subsoil water; abyssal sea of fresh water (a, 'water', + na, 'to drink', + r, 'floor; root'; cf., an-gur4).
i
enkara:
a weapon.
enku:
fishing overseer (en, 'lord', + ku6/kua, 'fish'; same signs (ZAG.A) as esad). tax assessment official.
enkux [ZAG-I-A]:
enkum: temple treasurer; guardian deity of the foundations [ENKUM archaic frequency: 14]. enmen, emmen, immen, immin, emma, imma: nmen, mmen, mmen, mmin, mma, mma: ensi(3):
frequency: 8].
thirst (en, 'time', + mun, 'salt'). to drink beer.
dream interpreter (en, 'enigmatic background' + sig7, 'to dwell; to complete' ?) [ENSI archaic city ruler (Old Sumerian); city governor (post-Sargonic) (en, 'lord, manager', + si, 'plowland', winter (en, 'time', + ten, 'cold', + a(k), 'of'). queen, lady. knowing, intelligent.
nsi(-k): enten(a):
+ genitive; cf., nsa, 'governor') [ENSI 2 archaic frequency: 1].
ere, ere ?[NIN]: ere5[GAL-AN-ZU]: erib:

daughter-in-law.
54
erim, rin, ren: rim, erin7, rim(3):

adj., hostile; evil.
man, servant, soldier; troops, army; gang of workers; people, folk [ERIM archaic n., enemy; destruction [ERIM 2 archaic frequency: 20].
erim3,4,5:
(i im)
treasury, storehouse; treasures. cedar; to anoint with cedar-oil [ERIN archaic frequency: 105].
erin, eren:
rin, rn: balance scale (cf., erim). erum2,3, eru2,3: slavegirl. esa:
heir son (a/e4, 'seed, offspring', + sa, 'first, prime'). granary, storeroom (, 'house,
sa[E]; esax[E; .E; .SA]:

temple', + sa, 'first, prime').
(na4)
esig, esi:
good, fine; solid, strong; ebony; diorite; olivine-gabbro.
esir(2):
ku
crude bitumen (usu, 'strength' or esi, 'strong', + ir(2), 'liquid secretion'). sandal; shoe. (cf., ta ). (cf., ita ). jump rope; play; celebration (e, 'rope', + men, 'both, two') .
sir:
eda: da:
eemen(2,3):
egar: (cf., ze) [? EGAR archaic frequency: 12]. ekiri, egiri: etubku6: ezem:
nose rope, halter, bridle; jumping rope (e, 'rope', + kri, 'nose, muzzle').
esad: fisherman (e, 'rope', + sud, 'to immerse, sink'; same signs (ZAG.A) as enku).
a river carp: binn. (cf., ezen ). festival, feast (uzu, 'cut of meat', + en, 'time') [EZEN archaic frequency: 114; concatenation of 3
ezen, ezem:
sign variants] .
ezinu: grain, cereal; the deity Anan [EZINU archaic frequency: 24; concatenation of 4 sign variants] . gagar [KI]: gakkul:
area.
gagig: to lament; to wail (g, 'to exclaim', + gig, 'illness; injury').

clay brewing-vessel, mash tun.
galam: n., stairs.

v., to ascend, climb. adj., ingenious, clever, artistic, complicated, elaborate; tall, high.
gamar: to be overwhelming (gam, 'to kneel', + mer, 'violent storm'). gamun: cumin; caraway seed. ganam4, gana4: (cf., us5, u8). Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 55
ganam6, gana6 [DARA4]: ganzer(2,3):
ewe.
ganba: marketplace; price equivalent.

darkness; the netherworld (cf., ga-an- zr).
garadin(4,5), karadin(4,5): shock, pile of sheaves (on a harvested field) (guru7, 'grain heap', +
tun(3), 'to constrict') .
gara: straw; supply master. gra, kara: military encampment; catastrophe. grasar: gara3,4:
leek(s). decision; oracle.
gaam: craftsman, artisan; skilled person; job, work; office holder; wisdom. gaan: lady, mistress; queen (cf., ga-a-an) (Emesal dialect word, in which nin becomes an). gau: intelligent. gazinbu, gazimbi, gazibu: gibil(4):
frequency: 77].
pole; stake; beam.
new; fresh; renewal; to renovate (gb, 'to purify, cleanse', + ul, 'to shine') [GIBIL archaic
gbil: to burn; burning (gu7, 'to consume', + bil, 'to burn'). gidim(2,4,7):
i
spirit, ghost (gig, 'to be sick', + dm, 'sickness demon', or gi6, 'black', + dim4, 'to approach') .
gidim6, gidi6: eclipsed, darkened (gg/gi6, 'black', + dm, 'to make'). gigir(2):
37] .
wheel(s); chariot; wagon; coach (reduplicated gur4/gir8, 'to turn, roll') [PU 2 archaic frequency: n., reed bundle; dancer; bride crown (gi, 'reeds', + lam,
gilim-(b), gili, gil, gi16:

'abundance') [GIL archaic frequency: 1].
v., to twist; to bend, bow; to cross, bar; to fence off; to lie athwart; to go across; to cross plow; to mess up. adj., to be twisted, tangled; opaque; to be corrupted; destroyed.
girim, girin, gir8:
piece of clay; to detach a piece of clay; to creep or glide on the ground (gur5, 'to separate, divide', + imi/im, 'clay'; cf., gurun).
grim, grin: (cf., gurun). giri: butterfly; moth. gitlam(2,3,4), nit(a)lam(2,3,4):

man', + lam, 'luxuriance').
lover; honeymooner; first husband; spouse (nita, 'male,
gdibir:
war (gud(2), 'warrior', + bir, 'to wreck, murder'). a ritually pure, linen-clothed priest who cares for and feeds the gods;
gudug, gudu4, gda:

divinely anointed.
gukin(2):
entire inhabited world. (cf., kungal ).
gukkal [KUN.GAL]:
56
gunni: kiln; stove. gurdub: gurud(2):

reed basket. to throw. n., heap, pile; arched beam; bending.
gurum[GAM]:
v., to be bent; to subdue.
grum: inspection. gurun, gurin; girin, girim; grim, grin: rin) (gr, 'sphere', + an, 'high'; cf., kurun).
fruit; berry; flower (cf., gi-
guru, uru: sledge (archaic pictogram); adult workman, laborer (human sledge); young man (gr,
'wheels' [cf., gigir], + u, 'to stand upon') [? GURU archaic frequency: 68; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
guru3,4, guru5, gur5; kur5: guruda:

(cf., kuruda ).
to circumcise (?); to trim away, strip; to cut, clip (a part of the body); to notch, incise; to fell trees; to be parted, relieved of (gur10, 'sickle', + /u, 'penis').
guzza: throne; chair. adub: tablet container (ar;, 'to store', + dub, 'clay tablets'; cf, la13[]-dub-ba). agia: cloister; reed basket; a measure of fish. alga, malga: advice, counsel; wise one; reflection, consideration (loan from Akkadian milkum; cf.,
Orel & Stolbova #1791 *mulak-/*mulik- 'stranger, chief') [GALGA archaic frequency: 16; concatenation of 2
sign variants] .
ansis, asisx: darkness; the netherworld; eclipse. anun: barn, storehouse, granary (ar;, 'storeroom', + nun, 'great') [GANUN archaic frequency: 3]. arim: pool, pond (cf., dagrim) (ar, 'storeroom', + imi/im, 'clay, mud'). arza, arzu[PA.DIIR]:
or ar, 'to deliver', + zu, 'to know') .
custom(s); rite(s); divine or royal orders (ar, 'form, appearance' office, duties; rules. boomerang; throw-stick.
rza, rzu, irza[PA.LUGAL]: ebu, eba, epa[I-UB]:

pull, draw').
bu, pu[U.DIM4]: fist(s); grappling hook for a wrestler (i, 'wooden tool', + bu(6), 'to eta, e2,3,4, i2,3: etin:
sixty (i, 'tool', + tar, 'to cut; to determine' ?).
vine; wine; grape juice; bunch of grapes (i, 'tree', + tin, 'life; wine') [GETIN archaic frequency: 42; concatenation of 2 sign variants] . n., ear(s); hearing; understanding, intelligence (i, 'tool', +
tuku/tug, 'to receive') [GETUG archaic frequency: 108; concatenation of 5 sign variants] .
etug(2,3), etu(2,3)[PI]:
v., to hear; to understand.
e'u: (cf., u in compound section).
57
idru, idri[PA]:
stick; staff; scepter; stick used to measure the height of a pile of grain (i, 'wood', + dru, 'low end, base' where stick was thrust to the base of a grain pile; cf., duru6 reading of PA and e i--a). to dive; to sink, founder (reduplicated iri5, 'to seek refuge') .
iri(2):
i
isal:
oar; rudder (i, 'wooden tool', + sal, 'thin, wide') [GISAL archaic frequency: 3; concatenation of 2 sign variants] . sign, signal; omen (i, 'tool', + k,
'message') .
iskim, ikim, iskim, izkim, izkim: issu, izzu[I.MI]: ibun: igal:

i
shadow; shade (i, 'tool, agent', + su, 'substitute'[Akk. tarib(t)um]).
(cultic) feast. chair; throne; station (i, 'wooden thing', + gal, 'big, great') [GIGAL archaic frequency: 9].
i
iimmar:
date palm; trunk of a date palm tree (cf., concatenation of 5 sign variants] .
nimbar) [GIIMMAR archaic frequency: 55;
izzal: ukin: abrud:
attention; intelligence (i,'tool', + zal,'to pass time') [? GIZZAL archaic frequency: 1].
uru: (cf., guru).

(now read as k-sig 17).
uur: rafter beam (i, 'wood, tool', + r, 'roof; beam').

cesspit; pit, hole; cave, cavern (ab, 'to stink', + bru(-d), 'hole'). frost, freezing.
alba(2,3), albi(2,3):
(i)
arub[DAG.KISIM5]: carob. aur:

apple (?); apricot (?) (a, 'to break off (twigs or branches)', + gurun;gr, 'fruit; sphere') (green) reed shoots, stalks (e, 'abundant', + in, 'discrete individuals', + buru14/bur14,
[AUR archaic frequency: 101].
(gi)
enbur(2):
'harvest') .
enzer:
weakling; cripple; infant.
ilib: netherworld (possible foreign loanword). irin, irim: the root stalks of the spikenard, imported from India, and used in perfumes; a weed
grass (e, 'abundant', + ir, 'perfume', + in, 'straw').
ubur: netherworld (ab, 'to rot, stink', + r, 'root; base') . ulu: to tremble; to be terrified; to terrify. ibila: son; heir, successor; inheritance (b (subj. prefix) + la, 'he carries it'). idigna:
the Tigris river (da/d, 'river', + , 'impersonal verbal conjugation prefix' , + in, 'to go', + nominative a, "the river that goes", the Tigris was a faster-moving river than the Euphrates; it was less likely to overflow because, not depositing as much silt, it did not built up its bed as high) [? IDIGNA
idim:
n., spring, underground water; weight, mass (da, 'river', + m, 'to sprout, appear') .
adj., wild, raging, mad; considerable, distinguished.
58
gira: heron (igi, 'the eye', + ra, 'to strike').

i
ildag(2,3): a species of poplar tree (l, 'to be high; to shine', + dg, 'brilliant').
variants] .
ilduma(2,3), ildum(2/3), ildu(2/3): crowd [ILDUM archaic frequency: 5; concatenation of 2 sign ilimmu:
i
nine (a/, 'five', + limmu, 'four'). throw-stick; javelin; bow; arc (la, 'to lift', + ru, 'to send') .
illuru, illulu, illar:

husked (?) emmer wheat.
imaa(2,3): imin(2,3): immal(2):
seven; totality; innumerable; all (a/, 'five', + min, 'two'). milk cow (cf., im-ma-al ).
immen, immin, imma: (cf., enmen). mmen, mmin, mma: (cf., nmen). immindu: inim:
roasting, baking oven (imi/im, 'clay', + ninda, 'bread').
imur[IGI.A]: foam.
word; statement; command, order, decree; oath, agreement; matter, affair, concern, subject (in, 'one shoot, sprout; offspring, descendant (i, 'sprout', + si, 'straight, long, narrow', +
discrete individual', + eme, 'speech') .
isimu2,3, isim2,3:
m, 'to grow') .
isi2,3:
n., moaning; laughter.
v., to weep; to laugh.
iskim: (cf., iskim). iib:

n., priest who performs exorcisms, incantations, lustrations and purification.
adj., clean; anointed.
iin [PA-E]: stalk. itima, itim, idi:

meet', + ud, 'sun') .
cella, chapel.
itud, itid, itu, iti, id8; it4,id4: moon; month; moonlight (te, 'to approach, izkim: (cf., iskim). kabar, kapar[PA.DAG.KISIM5GAG]: kadra(2): kalag, kala, kal:
shepherd boy (k, 'gate', + bar, 'to open') .
gift, bribe (kad4, 'to tie together', + ru, 'present, gift') . v., to repair, mend (kal, 'excellent', + aka/ag, 'to make').
adj., strong; swift [GURU+2-N14 (wagon pictogram) archaic frequency: 7; concatenation of 3 sign variants] .
kalam: the land (of Sumer); nation [KALAM archaic frequency: 91; concatenates 6 sign variants] . kankal:
hard soil; uncultivated land (ki, 'earth, place', + nu, 'not', + kal[-l], 'excellent, valuable').
kapar: (cf., kabar).
59
kaskal: kabir:
expedition, caravan; road; journey (ka4/kas4, 'to travel fast', + kalag/kal, 'swift') [KASKAL small beer; sweet beer (ka, 'beer', + br, 'to sniff'). n., knot; taboo; inhibition (ki, 'place', + ita4, 'to bind') [KE 2
keda, kedr?, k-(d):

v., to bind, wrap, tie; to join; to fasten; to harness; to snatch.

i
keda: kbir:
weir.
kbir: firewood, kindling.

i na4
pitchfork.
kikkin [AR]: mortar.

milling; mill house; adj. for milling women (reduplicated kn, 'hand mill').
kkkin [AR.AR]: klib, kli: kinbur:
kilib[LAGAB]: package, bundle.

totality; star(s). group of (wild) animals; rodents or other very small mammals.
kilim, glim, gilili: kinda: barber.
bird's nest or perch (ki, 'place', + an, 'high', + bru/br, 'receptacle').
knda[URI]; kindax[LAK-419]: a type of vessel for measuring barley or holding water. kindaal(2): kingal: kirai:
overseer of a group of (five) slaves.
commander, director (k, 'to order', + gal, 'big, great') [KINGAL archaic frequency: 39].
kingusili: greater part; five-sixths (5/6) (k, 'task', + slig, 'hand [of five fingers]').
emmer wheat for making beer.
kisal: courtyard; weight measure (ki, 'place', + sal, 'spacious') [KISAL archaic frequency: 145 ?; concatenates 5
? sign variants] .
kisim(3,5,6,7): kisim(4): kisim2,3,5:
milk-processing wasters; spoiled milk; smelly cheese [KISIM archaic frequency: 67;
cheese maggot. stable, pen. empty lot; threshing floor (ki, 'place', + lu/l, 'to sweep clean'; cf., ki-sug8).
kisla(2)[KI.UD]: kissa: supporting wall. kiib, kii5,10: kiib(3):

v., to seal.
mouse.
n., hand; fist; seal; sealed bulla; receipt (cf., k, 'to snatch; to bind') .
kiib7,8,9, kii7,8,9:
ant.
60
kiik(2), kia(2), kii16/17[.R]:

a thorny bush [? KIIK archaic frequency: 21;
kkku [MI.MI]:
dark.
kukku, kukku ? [I]: a type of flour. kunga[.MUL]; knga[BAR.AN, .AN]: kungal, gukkal [LU.L]:
36; concatenation of 4 sign variants] .
donkey; onager; mule.
fat-tailed sheep (kun, 'tail', + gal, 'big') [GUKKAL archaic frequency:
kunix, knin: kurku(2): kurum6, kur6:
refined asphalt, bitumen (ku, 'to build', + n, 'assets') .
bounty, abundance (reduplicated kur9, 'to deliver'). a basket of food-rations; share(s). n., lookout, spy (ki, 'place', + ru(-m), 'to watch, guard') .
kurum7, kuru7, kur7:

v., to watch.
kurun(2,3):
sweet red wine; wine grape, grapevine, or grape cluster (cf., gurun ).
kuru, ku6, ku7: sweet; plump, fat; honey (cf., kuruda). kuruda, guruda, kurua ?:
sweet fodder (for fattening cattle); fattener (of cattle); stock-breeder (kuru, 'sweet; fat', + da(5), 'side; to surround' ?) [GURUDA archaic frequency: 61].
kuum: to scorn, reject, hurt; to abandon (ki, 'place', + uum, 'solitary'). kuumx, kuu[U.PIRI]: herd of cattle or sheep. lagab: block, slab (of stone); trunk (of tree) (cf., kilib) (lag, 'clod, piece', + gub, 'to stand') [LAGAB
archaic frequency: 84; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
lagar: temple servant who pronounces invocations to the god [LAGAR archaic frequency: 51; concatenates 4
sign variants] .
lagarx[SAL.B]: latan(2):
(divine) vizier; a high ranking cultic functionary.
beer vat [LATAN 2 archaic frequency: 7].
latanx, lata: a washing vessel (lu/l, 'to wash', + tn, 'to become clean') . libir: n., old age [LIBIR archaic frequency: 1].
v., to last long; to live long. adj., old, ancient; traditional; used, worn (la, 'youthful freshness', + br, 'to shrivel up') .
libi, lipi: courage; anger; core, heart; family (Akk. libbu 'heart'). lidim: to receive (in charity) (la, 'abundance', + dim4, 'to beg'). lilib[IGI.IGI]: liliz: a drum. lillan:
stalk with ripe ear of grain. n., physical strength. to steal.
lirum, liru, liri:
61
adj., strong, powerful.
lugal: king; owner, master (l, 'man', + gal, 'big') [LUGAL archaic frequency: 80]. lugud, luud(?): pus; serous fluid (l, 'fault, error' + d, 'to emerge'). lgud: short; short person (l, 'person', + gud8, 'short'). lukur: chaste priestess, nun; courtesan (?) (l, 'grown man', + kr, 'hostile'). lulim: stag, hart (male of the red deer; cf., m-lulim) (Akkadian loanword). luummu[I-MI]: mud (cf., lu-u-um). lunga(2,3), lumgi(2,3): makka(2): mangaga:
(cf.,
l
ningi(2,3)).
wailing; clamor (ma, 'great',? + ku7, 'devastation') . palm fiber, bast (man, 'partner', + gag, 'peg, nail', + a(k), 'genitive').
mada: drawing; gazelle (m, 'to scrutinize', + d, 'to make, apply') [? DARA3 archaic frequency: 11; concatenation
of 4 sign variants] .
mada(2): makim:
commoner; destitute. inspector, monitor, sheriff, commissioner (m, 'to inspect', + k, 'work').
megida(2), megidda(2): sow (female pig). mezem [MBISAG]: maintenance, support (?). middu(2), mitum(2): mace (the weapon). mudla, madlu, mudul: mualdim [MU]: mnsub: munub(2):
shepherd. hair; hairy skin; pelt, hide; barber ('it falls down oneself') [? MUNUB archaic frequency: 3; pole; stake (mud, 'a right-angled tool', + lal/l, 'to hang') .
mdru: fuller; launderer (mur10/mu4, 'to clothe oneself', + duru5, 'moist, fresh').
baker, cook (m, 'to mill, grind', + al, 'to divide; portion', + dm, 'to fashion, create') .
munus[SAL]; nunus[Emesal]: female; woman (this pronunciation found in absolute inflection, cf., m ) (m, 'woman', + nuz/nus, 'egg') (cf., m/mu10, nunuz, and etymology of nita).
munzur[KI.AN.E.KI]: bitter plants.
murgu: dung (sheep). murgu(2), mur7,8: murub(2): murub4, mru:

neck; back; shoulders; ridge (mur, 'lungs', + g, 'neck').
vulva; woman; sexual charm [MURUB 2 archaic frequency: 4].
central, median area; middle; waist, hips; in-between terrain; interval; battle (mur10, 'to dress oneself', + b, 'middle; loins'; cf., itimurub4).
'relatives').
murum5,11, muru3,5, urum: brother-in-law (m, 'woman', + ru(-m), 'to watch, guard' or rum, muen: bird (mu, 'reptile', + an, 'sky') [MUEN archaic frequency: 178].
62
muagana: voracious hunger. naar: adze, wood-chisel; carpenter; craftsman (na4, 'stone', + r, 'knife') [NAGAR archaic frequency: 168;
naa, nii [AN.NA]:
tin, pewter (n, 'valuable thing', + ar;, 'to store') .
nameda[ITA.I.NM]: top warrior, king (lit., 'the power of the mace'). nanam: n., true measure (na4, 'token, counter', + nam, 'destiny' or just reduplicated nam).
adj., reliable, true; honest, decent.
d
nanna:
the moon as a god [NANNA archaic frequency: 49; concatenation of 2 sign variants] . (cf., nindaba) . (cf., ni-gi-da ;bariga ).
nidba(2):
nigida[PI]:
deliver').
niar[NI9.AR]: a dark room; premature or monstrous fetus (ni9,'premature birth', + ar,'to niin(2):
n., enclosure, circle; capacity; whole (cf., kilib and gur 4-gur 4) [NIGIN archaic
frequency: 11].
v., to halt, turn away; to turn round; to surround; to assemble; to pen up cattle; to wander about; to circle; to make the rounds (usually nin[LAGAB] for hamtu form and niin or ni 10ni10[LAGAB.LAGAB] for mar form) (n;ne4, 'fear', + in, 'to go').
niin(2,3):
vertigo (as a disease); faintness, dizziness; thirst. premature or stillborn child; malformed child; monstrosity. district, province.
nin, ni9:
niin5,7,8,9, nimen(3,4,5); naa:
niir(2), miir(2): a bride's male attendant; herald, night watchman, town crier; bailiff (probable
conflation of separate words: m,'woman' and nim,'morning', + ar,'to deliver') [NIMGIR archaic
frequency: 62].
i
nimbar:
date-palm (nim, 'to be high', + bar;bur, 'to release; meal'). (cf., niir (2)).
nimgir(2):
nimin, nin5: forty (ni, 'twenty', + min, 'two'). nimur[KI.NE]: kiln; potash. nimurx[PIRI.TUR]: leopard, panther (from Akk. nimru(m) I). ninda: bread; bakery good; food (n, 'valuables', + dar, 'to slice') [GAR archaic frequency: 409]. nindan, ninda:
a length measure, rod = 12 cubits (k) = 6 meters; one side of a sar/ar , 'garden plot' square measure (from Akk. middatu, mindatu, 'to measure') . hopper or seeding apparatus of the seeder plow; funnel, tube; flower; bushel; pure-bred breeding bull; fish roe; milt; ancestors (from Akk. middatu, mindatu, 'to measure') [NINDA 2 archaic frequency: 20]. food offering (ninda, 'food', + ba, 'to give') . brewer (na, 'to drink'; lum, 'to be satiated, full'; lm,
nnda, inda; nda:
nindaba(2), nidba(2):
l
ningi(2,3), lunga(2,3), lumgi(2,3):

'a small pot').
63
ninindu, nindu, inda4: oven; stove (cf., immindu). ninkum[NIN.PAB.SIG7.NUN.ME.UBARA]: temple treasurer; guardian deity of the
foundations [NINKUM archaic frequency: 11].
nisa(2), nesa(2): first fruits (offering); spring time (month); dough; wine cellar ?; foremost;
governor (n, 'self; vigor', + sa, 'first') [NISAG 2 archaic frequency: 94; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
nisig, nisi, nissa: n., greens, vegetables (n, 'valuables', + sig7, 'green, yellow').
adj., beautiful; blue; green.
nitadam, nitalam: nita(2), nita(2):
wife. male; man; manly (n,'self', + ta,'to multiply') [GI 3 archaic frequency: 16;
concatenation of 2 sign variants; U archaic frequency: 101; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
numun, nuunx, niunx:

v., to produce.
()
n., seed; sowing; cornfield; offspring, progeny (n, 'thing', + gn, 'dots, speckles') [NUMUN archaic frequency: 22].
nmun:
a type of grass (half'), rushes (cf.,
aki) [NUMUN2 archaic frequency: 2].
nundum, nundun:
lip (reduplicated tn, 'lip').
nunuz, nunus: egg(s); offspring; female (reduplicated nuz, 'egg') [NUNUZ archaic frequency: 134;
palil(2): piri(3):
advance troops, shock troops, leader (bala, 'to cross over', + l, 'men').
parim: arid land; dry land (as opposed to marsh land or water) (cf., bar-rim4).
lion (poetic); light (bar6/7, 'to shine', + n, 'thing') [PIRIG archaic frequency: 103; concatenation of
5 sign variants] .
pri: bright. pisa(2/3), pisan(2/3): punix:

(cf., buni x). (open) basket; box, chest; frame (bad/be, 'to open', + sa, 'head').
puzur: (cf., buzur). sabad(2,3), sad2,3,4 [U, BAD, SIG7 ]; ab, sab [PA.IB]:
hips, loins; middle (su, 'body', + bad, 'to open') .
sadulx[U+SA]: hat, headdress (sa, 'head', + dul, 'to cover, protect') . saa(2,3,4), sana(2,3,4):
a sprinkler, used for ritual cleaning; economic director of a temple or occupation (such as all the smiths) (sa, 'head', + ar;, 'to store') [SANGA archaic frequency: 530; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
sau: helmet, cap, headdress (sa, 'head', + /, 'to cover') [SAGU archaic frequency: 14]. satag, santak(2,3,4):
i
triangle; (written) wedge; single (sa, 'head', + tag, 'to hold') .
satux[U+SA]: hat, headdress (sa, 'head', + tu, 'to reside, sit'). saab(2), suub3,4: bar, bolt (of a door).
pulverized').
saar: silt, dust, sand, earth, mud, loam; rubbish; sediment (cf., ku7) (sa5, 'red-brown', + ara, 'crushed,
64
dug
sar [SAR]:
clay pot.
saman(2,3): sana(2,3,4):
yoke, leash, or rope (for an ox). (cf., saa ).
santana, andana, andan:

herbalist, horticulturist, date orchard administrator (sa, 'head, human', + tin, 'to cure'; cf. also, e4, 'chills' and e6, 'to be hot') [ANDANA archaic frequency: 3;
sidug: ravine; pit; pitfall; trap (si, 'to be straight, narrow', + dug, 'vessel'). sikil: v., to be/make clean, pure (siki, 'hair' ?, + ul, 'to shine'; cf., suku5, 'to shine brightly', sig7, 'to
create; to make beautiful') [SIKIL archaic frequency: 7].
adj., clean, fresh, pure, virginal.
sila, sila11: to knead (dough or clay); to slay. silig: (cf., ilig). slig: hand. silig3,4:
sin.
silim[DI]: to be/make in good shape, healthy, complete (usually considered Akk. loanword, root
means 'peace' in 18 of 21 Semitic languages, but Sumerians used word in greeting and root not in Orel & Stolbova's Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary; cf., sil5, 'pleasure, joy', + lum, 'to grow luxuriantly').
simug: metal-sculptor, smith (si4, 'red', + mug, 'to engrave') [SIMUG archaic frequency: 13]. sipad, sibad, sipa; uba; sub2,3: sipar: (cf., zabar). siskur(2), sizkur(2):
n., offering, sacrifice with entreaties, prayers, rites. n., shepherd; keeper [SIPA archaic frequency: 4].
v., to pasture, tend (si, 'to keep in order', + bad, 'to let out', or pd, 'to find').
v., to pray; to sacrifice (isi2,3, 'to weep', + kur9, 'to bring, deliver').
subar: slave; Northerner (su, 'body', + bar, 'foreign').

d
suena, dsuen[EN.ZU]:
the moon (s, 'knowledge', + en(2,3), 'time', + -/ak/, 'of'). n., rot, decay; something rotten; the past (su, 'body',
suin, sumun, sun, um4[BAD]:

v., to decay; to ruin. adj., old, ancient.
+ in, 'to go') [? ZATU-644 archaic frequency: 65; concatenation of 2 sign variants] .
suirin[SU7.SUM]:
the threshing floor with the piles of grain and straw (su7, 'threshing floor', +
irin, 'sweet smelling grass') .
suur: n., hair, scalp; tree top; crest (su6, 'beard', + e, 'abundant', + r, 'roof'; cf., suu) [SUUR archaic
frequency: 239].
v., to trim or comb the hair; to scratch; to make an incision.
suurku6:
giant carp, barbel.
65
suu: roots; support, foundation; to lift; support (su4, 'to grow, multiply', + e, 'abundant', + u, 'to
support'; cf., suur).
sukkal:
messenger, courier, envoy, representative; minister, vizier (su, 'body', + kalag/kal, 'strong,
swift') [SUKKAL archaic frequency: 130].
sukud; zugud: n., height; depth (su, 'body', + gd, 'long') [SUKUD archaic frequency: 15].
v., to be/make high. adj., high; tall.
skud, suku5:
to measure, distribute; to flash, shine brightly (cf., z...kud/ku5). disgrace (cf., su(11)-lum...mar).
sulummar[KI.SA.DU]: sumug(3,4,5), samag(3,4,5): sumun: (cf., suin).
suma: a common marine fish [SUMA archaic frequency: 3].

mole; birthmark (su, 'flesh', + mug, 'to engrave; sty') .
sumur, r, sr: n., fierceness (Akkadian loanword - amru , 'fierce, enraged, wild') [UR2 archaic
v., to be enraged (against someone: -da -). adj., fierce; furious; stubborn.
surim: (cf., surin). susbu: clean, bathed; a priest. abra, apra [PA.AL]:
[ABRA archaic frequency: 1].
temple administrator; commissioner (ab, 'to gather up', + ru, 'to give')
agan, akan: a large jar for oil; god of wild creatures (ag4/, 'stomach, container', + gan, 'to bring
forth') [? AGAN archaic frequency: 55].
aggina, aggin, agina:

AGINA archaic frequency: 1].
military governor (ag4, 'guts', + gi-na, 'steady, reliable') [?
aar: hunger (cf., -ar). akan: (cf., agan). kan: official in charge of expenditures - comptroller (u, 'portion', + gan, 'to bring forth'; cf. also,
aggina).
akar: milk jug (ag4/, 'stomach, container', + kir, 'cow').

dug
akira(3), akir(3):
butter tub, churn; churning; pitcher (ag4/, 'stomach, container', + kir, 'cow' + /ak/, genitive) [AKIRA 3 archaic frequency: 56; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
akira(2), akir(2): henbane.

(cf., santana ).
andana:
aran; arin: tick, bedbug (r, 'to be numerous', + in, 'straw'). ardi, are[RDI]; argalx[RGAL]: assuk[SA-GN]: registrar of deeds. Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 66
'216000'.
edur: caterpillar cocoon (e, 'rope', + dr, 'dwelling'). embi: kohl; antimony (as makeup). enbar:
i
a type of wild boar (?); Mesopotamian fallow deer (?) (eg9, 'boar', + bar, 'foreign'). a fruit tree, quince or medlar [ENNUR archaic frequency: 11; concatenates 2 sign variants] .
ennur:
erim(2), erin, srim: a part of the loom - either the harness or the heddle [TAG archaic
frequency: 48 ?; concatenates 7 ? sign variants] .
erimsur:
cocoon]') .
i
caterpillar cocoon (erim, 'part of a weaving loom', + zar/sur8, 'to exude; to spin [a
ibir, sibir: n., shepherd's staff ending in a curved end, i.e., a crook; also such a staff used by a
god or king as a scepter (sipad; uba, 'shepherd', + re7, 'to lead; to bear') . adj., slanted, crooked.
idim, itim, idi[GIM]:

[IDIM archaic frequency: 35].
architect, mason (id3,4,5, 'to bind', + dm, 'to build, make')
ikin2,3:
a jar for body oil, ointment, salve.
ilam: milk-producing mother cow (u, 'to pour', + lam, 'abundance') . ilig(5), silig(5): v., to cease, stop; to lay aside one's work.
adj., extremely powerful, strong(cf.,
i i i
ilig and nam-ilig).
ilig: inig:
axe. tamarisk.
iten: course of march; passage (ta, 'channel', + un, 'people'). itim: (cf., idim). ubun: (cf., ibun). ubur: earth; slave, deprived person [UBUR archaic frequency: 181]. udug(2), utug(2): a reed hut for purification rites; basket.
i
udun(2,3,4,5),
util: yoke, crosspiece (/, 'to cover', + dun(4), 'warp yarns connecting opposite sides of a loom frame' and dul, 'to cover') .
n., boots (/, 'to cover', + gub, 'to stand') .
udul(2,3,4,5),
(ku)
uub(2), suub(2) [MUL] :

v., to step; to feed by grazing; to trample.
gi
ukur:
fence. spear, lance (u, 'hand', + kr, 'enemy').
urudu/i
ukur:
urun, urim: animal excrement, dung; stable (ur, 'to flow, drip', + imi/im, 'clay, mud'). urun4,5, urin4,5: cockroach; cricket. uana: uur(2):
one third (part). stove grill (, 'to cover', + ru, 'hot, luminous metal').
67
utum[GI.NA.AB.UL]: lizard. tabira, tibira: taltal:

i
metalworker (tab, 'to hold, clasp', + ru, 'luminous object') .
knowledge, experience, wisdom (reduplicated tl, 'understanding') . box shrub or small tree (or its heavy, hard wood) (may be
takarin, taskarin[TG]:
Akk. loan).
temen[TE]: perimeter; foundations; foundation-charter; foundation platform; a figure on the ground

made of ropes stretched between pegs; excavation (often written te-me-en) [TE archaic frequency: 199].
telug:
small young animal, fledgling.
tibir: carving knife. tibir(2,3,4,5):

hand; palm; blow, strike ('life' + 'open, release' ? 'the beggar's open palm') . merchant, tradesman (Proverb 3.108 describes how the peddler 'flays' or 'skins' the tiger ?, leopard ? [? TIDNUM archaic frequency: 1].
tbira, ibira:
open hand of the customer) .
tidnum[UG-UG or G-G], midnum: tilar: tilmun: titab(2):

burn') .
cloud. distinguished, respectful (same sign as dilmun ). beer mash - bappir mixed with munu 4 and allowed to ferment (tl/ti, 'life', + tab, 'to
ki
tugul: hip, thigh (tg, 'cloth garment', + la, 'to lift, carry').
(i)
tukul:
mace (thigh bone ?); weapon.
tukum, tukun: if, in case; at once. tukumbi:

if, in case; please; certainly (usually followed by hamtu verb form).
tkur[KAE]: to gnaw, nibble; silence. ubara[EZENKASKAL]: patronage, protection. ubilla(2): ubur:

soot (, 'plant', + bil, 'to burn', + lal/l, 'to be deficient, light, high') .
female breast, teat (ub4, 'cavity', + ir(2), 'liquid secretion'). pitfall; a demonic being. a weapon.
udug, utug: dug, tug:

variants] .
udul/utul(3,4,5,6,10): herdsman (udu, 'sheep', + l, 'man') [UDUL archaic frequency: 32; concatenates 4 sign udun[GIR4]: ugra:
kiln (for pottery and bricks); oven.
ugnim: crowd; army; troops; workgang; campaign.

reed bundle.
ugula [PA]:
overseer; captain; foreman (loan from Akkadian waklu where Christopher Ehret's 1995 Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic has *wax "to look at").
68
ugun[U.DAR/GN]: adorning speckles and lines; inlaid decoration (u, 'ten, many', + gn, 'to decorate
with colors' may be popular scribal etymology; cf., ug, 'lion, any deadly cat' + n, 'discrete point') .
gunu, gun[GAAN]: lady, mistress, ruler; ointment, application. gun, ugu(4): n., progenitor.
v., to beget, bear. adj., natural, genetic.
ukum: kur:
dust (devil). butcher (ug5, 'to kill', + kir, 'cow').
ukur3,4, uku2,5: n., poor man; poverty.

v., to be or become poor.
ku: ulul(2): uluin: lutin: uma:
cucumber. binding; harness; leash, chain (u, 'ten, many', + lal, 'to strap, harness') . emmer beer. attractive, attention-getting. marsh, swamp (u, 'plant', + ma, 'high').
umbin: nail; claw; talon; hoof; nail impression (on a clay tablet); hair pin; wheel (of a chariot, wagon)
[UMBIN archaic frequency: 34; concatenates 4 sign variants] .
umbisa:
ku
scribe (umbin, 'nail impression [on a tablet]', + sa, 'individual human') . wetnurse; mammy (umu/um, 'nurse', + da, 'to hold, protect') . (goatskin) water bag.
ummeda(2), me: umun: mun:
ummud, mmu[EDIN.L]:
title of respect; Emesal dialect form of en . mold; raw form or material; idea; knowledge; scholarship [UMUN 2 archaic frequency: 114].
mun, umum:
flea; louse.
umun5,6,11: umu, u4:
(stagnant) pool; swamp; a swamp plant. discernment; intelligence; reflection, consideration; decision (u6, 'to be impressed' + m, 'to
examine, inspect') .
unkin, ukkin: communal assembly, folkmoot (a/un, 'people', + k/kin, 'to seek, fetch'; cf.,
unkin-ar-ra) [UKKIN archaic frequency: 108; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
unug(2), unu(2): dwelling; fortress; jewelry, adornment; cheek; the city of Uruk (a/un, 'people', + ig,
'door') [UNUG archaic frequency: 206; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
nug, unu6 [TEMEN. = TE.AB]: ura[IB]: rgu:

earth; loincloth; secret. (cf., arad ).
elevated shrine, temple; living room; sanctuary.
rdu[ARADKUR]:
ferocity, rage (ur + g, 'barking dog') .
69
urim2,5, uri2,5: doorpost (cf., ru(-m)) [URI5 archaic frequency: 21]. urin, ri[E]:
eagle; standard, emblem, banner; blood [E ZATU-523 archaic frequency: 25;
ursub(2), urrub(2): (cf., zurzub(2)). urudu, uruda, urud: copper; metal (ru, 'luminous object', + d, 'to mould, cast') [URUDU archaic
urugal:
the netherworld (uru, 'city', + gal, 'big'). spawn, fry.
urum, uru6, ur7: rum, uru7: usan(2): san: usug:
relatives, kin.
evening (cf., -si4 an). whip. (cf., uzug ).
uar(2,3,4), uur(2,3,4), usar: ubar: weaver. ubar(3/7):

(gi)
(female) companion, neighbor (u, 'to support', + ra/r, 'to praise') [UUR 3 archaic frequency: 3; concatenates 3 sign variants] .
father-in-law; mother-in-law (/u, 'man; penis', + bar, 'outside; foreign') .
uera: reed bundle (, 'plant', + r, 'to be many'). uub[SI.A/DIRIG]: basket (u, 'to support, lift', + ub4, 'cavity, hole'). uum, uu: n., dragon, composite creature (u11, 'snake venom', + am, 'wild ox').
adj., solitary, alone.
uumgal:
lord of all, sovereign; solitary; monster of composite powers, dragon (uum, 'dragon', + gal,
'great') [UUMGAL archaic frequency: 21].
uta, tu: dried, powdered milk; sky. uttuku: utua(2): utul: utul2,7:
(cf., n-ka 9). breed ram; breed bull (udu, 'sheep', + a, 'semen; father') [UTUA archaic frequency: 74; concatenates 2 (cf., udul ). pot, kettle, cauldron (, 'food', + tal, 'large jug'). area measure, = 1/4 of an iku (= 25 sar ).
sign variants] .
uzalag, uzalak[GE22]: uzug, usug: uzug2,3,4,5:

(i)
tithe, tenth-part set aside (/u, 'ten', + zag, 'outside of') .
menstruating woman; woman isolated after birth; person under a taboo (cf., -sug 4) (, juniper (cf., za-ba-lum ) [? ZABALAM archaic frequency: 45; concatenates 2 sign variants] . bronze (zil; zi; z, 'to pare, cut', + bar6, 'bright, white'; Akk. siparrum,
'blood', + zg, 'to expend, go out') .
zabalam:
zabar[UD.KA.BAR]:
frequency: 1].
'bronze' borrowed before vowel harmony changed Sumerian word; cf., barzil, 'iron') [ZABAR archaic
70
zadim: jeweler; stone cutter (cf., za-dm) [ZADIM archaic frequency: 2]. zalag(2); zal:
n., light, brightness; the light before dawn, early morning.
v., to shine, gleam; to illuminate; to cleanse, purify (often reduplicated). adj., bright, luminous, radiant; pure.
zanbur: zibin(2):
prowling, roaming; foraging (said of animals). chrysalis, pupa; caterpillar (zi, 'life', + bun, 'blister'). peddler; vagabond (zil, 'to flay, pare' ? , + l-lu, 'people'). half; a length-measure, span = 1/2 cubit = 15 fingers = 25 cm. (U.BAD:
zilulu[PA.IGAL]:
zipa, zapa[U.BAD]:
'open hand' - approx. distance measured by span of outstretched thumb and little finger) .
zizna: fish roe; abnormal growths on a fetus. zugud, zubud: a kind of club; a fish (cf. also, sukud). zukum: to trample; to walk on; to step on (sg, plural 'to stand', + kum, 'to crush') . zurzub(2), ursub(2), urrub(2):
(zur4, 'to spout, flow', + sub, 'to suckle') .
a container provided with teat-shaped protuberances
a-a:
father (reduplicated 'offspring') . (cf., aba ). (cf., a-du 11-ga ).
a-ab-ba: a-ba:
a-a-du11-ga: a-ba-al:
#2519).
who (a, 'to', + bi, 'it', + a, 'the'). 'dry' asphalt (Akkadian loanword - abaalu, 'to be dry; to mourn', may be Orel & Stolbova drawing of water (a, 'water', + bala, 'turn, duty') . a type of song (also written as a-tab, 'burning tears' ?). from now on ('now' + 'from'). water duty ('water' + 'near' + 'to stand' + nominative). now ('now' + 'to be').
a-bala: a-da-ab:
a-da-al-ta: a-da gub-ba: a-da-mn:
a-da-lam; i-da-al-m: a-da-mn...aka: a-da...tu: a...d: a-d:
contest ('when' + 'with' + 'an equal'). to compete (with someone: -da -) ('contest' + 'to do, make').
a-da-mn...dug4/du11/e: to compete ('contest' + 'to speak, do, make').

to live near the water ('water' + 'near' + 'to dwell (singular)').
a-dar-tnku6: a fish ('water' + 'to slice' + 'to smash').

to pour out water; to irrigate; to flood ('water' + 'to pour'). fresh.
71
a-d-a:
the yearly spring flood ('water' + 'to pour' + nominative).
a-dg: freshwater ('water' + 'sweet, fresh'). a...dug4/e: a-dun-a:

to irrigate ('water' + 'to do').
inshore fisherman (?) ('water' + 'lowly student' + nominative).
a--a: overflowing or breaks in levees ('water' + 'to emerge' + nominative). A.EN-da-urudu: a-etubku6: a-ga: a-ga...gur:
a type of copper.
high tide, early flood ('water' + 'river carp').
back, backside; after; back room (cf., eir). to turn back ('back' + 'to return').
a-ga-am, a-ga-m, a-ga-mu-um:
artificial pond - a large, marshy, and permanent or semi-permanent lake used as a reservoir to dispose of flood waters (prob. Akk. loanword).
a-ga-a-gi4: the most awkward one ('in back' + 'the one' + 'to send, reject'). a-ga-bi-: a-ga-zu-ta:
afterwards ('after' + adverbial force suffix + 'towards'). behind you ('back' + 'your' + 'from').
a-gb: (cf., ugu4-bi). a-gal: overflow of flood waters ('waters' + 'big'). a-gr: irrigated field ('water; seed' + 'cake' ?). a-gar5: -a-gin7: a-gb-ba:
ku
lead, the metal.
a-gig: bitter tears ('water' + 'pain').

as (= when) ...; in that way; how! ('if, when' + 'like'). eroded by the water ('water' + ergative agent marker + 'to consume' ( + nominative)) .
a-e...gu7(-a): a--l:
holy water ('water' + 'to purify' + nominative). leather sack (for flour) ('water' + 'to store' + 'to lift, carry'). a flat area (measured in sar ) (cf., arim ).
a--ri-in:
A-ar: (cf., e5-ar). a...ar/-: a-i6(-a): a-...in/gub:

to irrigate; to be submerged ('water' + 'to store; to deposit, deliver') .
flood ('water' + 'to be black' + nominative). to go to fetch water ('water' + 'to the' + 'to go') .
a-ur-rum: (cf., u-ru(-um)). a-ia10-lum: stag (Akkadian loanword). a...l: a-ka:

to carry water ('water' + 'to lift, carry'). (cf., gu ).
a-km: hot water ('water' + 'hot'). Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 72
a-la, a-la-la: a-lu:
exclamation, often of joy; exuberance ('tears' + 'happiness') .
adjective for small cattle.
a-lum: adjective for sheep. a-ma-ru:

destructive flood ('water' + 'to go' + 'to send'; cf., u 18-ru).
a-ma: flood, overflow, bursting of a dam ('water' + 'high, mighty'). a-ma: sheepfold (cf., ama). a-MI: a-na:
(cf., a-i 6). what (a,'to', + ni,'he, she', + a,'the').
a-na me-a-bi: as many as they are; all of it ('what there is of it'). a-na-m:
thus; why ('what' + enclitic copula). what (will/did) X do?.
a-na-m...aka:
a-na-a(-am): why? (why is it that ...?) ('what' + 'one'[ + 'to be']). a-na-gim, a-na-gin7-nam: a-ne:
(cf., e-ne ). how ('what' + 'like'[ + abstract process]) .
a-nir: lamentation, dirge ('tears' + 'to raise high'). a-nu-gi4-a:

genitive).
(cf., -nu-gi 4-a ). water of the first seeds = watering of seeds just planted ('water' + 'seeds' + 'first' +
a numun-sa-: a-nmun:
reeds, rushes ('water' + 'grass, rushes') .
a-pa4:
funerary pipe (a clay pipe through which water and beer were poured into the grave) ('water' + 'small canal') . to ejaculate ('seminal fluid' + 'to strike, overflow'). prayer, rite ('tears' + 'to overflow' + 'to inform'). to say a prayer [often introduces direct, quoted speech in the texts].
a...ra: a-ra-zu: a-r:
a-ra-zu...e: a-r-bumuen: a...ri: a...ru: a-sa-ga: a...si: a-silim:
way, road; times (multiplication) ('where' + 'to go, carry [plural]'; cf., a-ri-a). duck ('water' + 'to go [plural]' + 'to pull, tear out'). district; desert, waste land ('where' + remote demonstrative affix + nominative).
a-ri-a, a-ru-a:
to engender ('semen' + 'to pour into') . to dedicate; to give as a votive gift (with dative) ('water' + 'to send') . propitious water ('water' + sa6-ga, 'to win fortune') .
a-sal-bar: architrave ('water' + 'to spread' + 'to distribute, remove').

to be filled with water ('water' + 'to fill up'). potion ('water' + 'health').
73
a--(g):
field; area ('seed' + 'womb'; cf., a-gr; aag).
a--dib(-dib)-ba: a-a4: a-ed12:

(cf., -e ). lamentation.
the act of trimming the fields and levees of vegetation in preparation for drainage and irrigation ('fields' + 'to seize, bind, take away' + nominative).
a-e-ra:
cool water ('water' + 'cool'). rainwater ('water' + 'rain' + genitive).
a-(IM)-:
a-e: bitter, brackish water ('water' + 'bitter, brackish'). -a-ta: after ... ('when' + 'away from'). a...tab: a...tu5: a-tu5-a: a...tm:
to hold or block water ('water' + 'to hold'). to play; to mock ('water' + 'to cut, break' + 'to do, act') .
a-tar...aka:
to bathe ('water' + 'to wash'). lustration ('water' + 'to wash' + nominative). to flow with water ('water' + 'to bring, carry'). hollow (of the furrow) ? ('water' + 'birth-hut' for a plant seed ?;
a-tur-ra, a-tr, -tr: a-:
related to Orel & Stolbova #1323, *hadar- "darkness" ?).
high water, spring flood ('water' + 'high'). at the cool of the day ('when' + 'day' + ten,'coolness') . to be at its high tide ('when' + 'on top' + bi,'its', + a,nominative, + 'to be') .
a-u4-te-na: a-ugu4[KU]: a -a: a-zi-ga: ...: --:

i
a-u5-ba...l:
the father who begot one ('semen' + 'to procreate') .
to dam up water ('water' + 'piling up an earthen dam') . rising waters ('water' + 'to rise up' + nominative).
a-zu; a-zu5; a-su: physician (cf., azu).

to command; to instruct (someone: -da -) ('strength' + 'to check') . instructions, orders ('strength' + 'to check', + a, nominalizer). date clusters; raceme ('arm, wing' + 'sky, high' + 'date fruit').
-an-z-lum-ma: -apin: -:
part of a seeder plow ('arm' + 'plow').
what one needs ('strength' + 'to wish, desire') . at one-half its hire price ('wages' + 'its' + 'to divide' + 'to go' + 'from').
-bi ba-ma-ta: ...bru: -dab5:
to open the wings ('wings' + 'to spread out') .
hirelings ('wages' + 'to hire').
-da: help; ally ('strength' + 'to add') . -dam: settlement; levy ('wages' + 'spouse') .
74
...dar:
to confiscate ('wages' + 'to split') . to flap one's wings (with - and -i -, to fly towards) ('wings' + 'to
...db; -db...aka:
flap' + 'to do') .
-n-za...db:
to be (supported) on your own ('wings' + 'self' + 'your' + 'to flap').
...: to bring up, rear; to take care ('strength' + 'to emerge'). -gr: embrace (?) ('arms' + 'something round and upraised') . -gi4-a: ...gur: ...ar:
reimbursed wages ('wages' + 'to return, restore' + nominative). early morning ('arms' + 'necks' + 'rising', + a, nominalizer).
-g-zi-ga: guru-bi: -e6-ba-a: kaskal-la:

genitive).
iti
to bend the arm ('arm' + 'circular motion'). workmen's wages ('wages' + 'workers' + 'its').
to act strongly; to oppress; to resist; to reinforce ('strength' + 'to establish') . at night ('side' + 'dark' + 'to divide' + locative).
-KAL: strength; plow extension ('arm' + 'strong').

migrant harvest workers ('arms, work performance' + 'road, caravan, journey' +
-ki-ti:
calendar month 7 at Ur during Ur III; month 6 at Drehem through year 3 of u-Sin; calendar month 7 at Drehem after u-Sin 3. to prevail ('strength' + 'to be tired') .
-k-: -l:
i
fettered legs; paralyzed arms ('arms' + 'to bind'). a device for moving irrigation water, involving a water bucket hanging from a swinging beam drum ('side' + 'to bind'). (cf., ama (4,5),
-l: -l:
('arm' + 'to hang').

ku
-mi:
me).
-n-da:
bed chamber ('side, wing' + 'bed'). irresistable ('strength' + 'not' + 'to answer, return' + nominative).
-nu-gi4-a:
ku
-s[PA]: disease; sickness demon ('strength' + 'to scatter') . -si:

whip ('arm' + 'antenna-like').
-sikil(-la): pure, undiluted strength ('strength' + 'pure' + nominative). ...sud/s:

(urudu/zabar)
to move [intransitive] (reduplication class) ('arm' + 'to stretch').
-su: elbow; bolt, bar ('arm' + 'to relocate'). -sur:

a type of ax ('arm' + 'to divide').
-e:
attention-getting exclamation: 'hey now!'. parts, components (of the plow); equipment ('arm' + 'to join'/'to complete').
-ita4, -u-du7: ...-ta:
at the prompting of; by means of the strength of ('strength' + instrumental suffix) .
75
...tl: -tuku: -r:
to have broad arms; to spread wings or arms ('arms; wings' + 'to be broad; to spread') . strength; able-bodied; mighty man ('arms; strength' + 'to have') . in the evening ('side' + 'daylight' + 'to extinguish, cool down') .
-u4-te-en:
limb, limbs, extremities ('arms' + 'legs': Sumerian example of asyndetic hendiadys).
-zi(-da): right arm; with hitting, violence ('arm' + 'good, firm, right' + 'with'). ab-(ba):
i
(cf., aba ).
ab-ba: father; elder; ancestor (Akk. loanword). ab-ba:

(cf., i-ab-ba(-k) ).
ab-ba-uru: city elder ('elder' + 'city').

iti
ab(-ba)-: calendar month 10 at Nippur during Ur III.

clean furrow, unobstructed by weeds ('niche' + 'trimmed'). phonetic writing of ablal (3). furrow ('niche' + 'to sift').
ab-ki-iz: ab-ll:
ab-sn; ab-si-im-ma; ab-s-na:

( + 'its') + nominative).
ab-sn-gilim-ba/ma: crossing, transversal furrow, possibly for drainage ('furrow' + 'to cross plow' b-ama: b-amar:
mother cow ('cow' + 'mother'). mother cow ('cow' + 'calf'). domestic cow ('cow' + 'domestic').
b-gir15/gi7[KU]: b-m[AL]: b-sa:
b-gud-: herd ('cow' + 'bull' + 'assorted, mixed').

cow in 3rd year of life that has calved ('cow' + 'calf').
a piece of tableware (?).
b-r: a piece of tableware (?). ad-da: (cf., ada). ad...gi4:

to echo; to ponder; to take counsel (with someone: -da -) ('shout' + 'to answer') . to give counsel; to converse (confidentially) (cf., ad...gi4). reed weaver; wicker-worker; maker of reed mats, boats, and containers.
ad...gi4-gi4: ad-kub4[KID]: ad-kd: ad...a4: ad-tab: aga(3)-s:
reed mat plaiter ('father' + kid, 'reed mat'). to wail; to resound; to sing ('song' + 'to mourn') . rein(s) ('shout' + 'to hold; to be double') . policeman; companion, attendant; soldier ('crown' + 'to follow'). (cf., agarin (2,3) or agarin 4,5).
ga-r(-na):
a-du11-ga: spittle (of sorcery) ('spittle' + 'utterance'). a...u7[KALI]:

to spit ('saliva' + 'spittle').
76
-/ak-e/: al...aka: al...d:

i i i
because (genitival suffix + adverbial suffix) . to work at hoeing ('hoe' + 'to do') .
al...di/dug4/e: to desire, pray, demand, insist (often with -ni-) ('hoe' + 'to make the motion of').
to hoe ground that is already broken ('hoe' + 'to mould, shape') .
al-gazumx [ZUM+LAGAB]: an exotic spice. al-ar:

musical instrument ('hoe' + 'form, appearance') .
al-ar-sur9: musical instrument (ial-ar, + 'to hang, suspend' [suru5 ?]). al-la-an:
'tree').
oak tree (Akk. loanword from allaanum, 'oak', cf., Orel & Stolbova #31 *'alan-/*'aluna tanning agent used to produce a white color.
al-la-a-ru: al-lu5: al-lub/lu5: al-lu5-b:

i i
crab ('digger' + 'to deceive') . a type of ax (phonetic harmony variant of al-ub ?). a type of net (for crabs ?) ('crab' + 'to stink'). to demolish with the hoe; to punish ('hoe' + 'to break open; to strike') .
al...ri/ra: al-ub: al-tar:
ax-like hoe ('hoe' + 'to throw; to fell'). to hoe ('hoe' + 'to handle') . demolishing tool (?) ('hoe' + 'to cut, break') .
al...tag:
i
am-si: elephant ('wild ox' + 'horn, ray, antenna'; cf., u-si, 'finger'). ama-a-tu/tud: (cf., emedu). ama-ar-gi4:
iti
freedom ('mother' + 'to shine' + 'to restore') . natural or birth mother ('mother' + gun, ugu(4), 'to beget') .
ama-gan; ama-ugu: amar-a-a-si: amar-kud: AN.BAR:
calendar month 10 at Laga during Ur III.
separated, weaned young animal ('calf' + 'to cut away from').
an-ba: refuse; litter; dirt ('open air' + 'to give up').

(cf., barzil ). noon; midday ('sky' + 'to be bright') .
an-bar7[NE]; an-bar: an-dl: an-edin: an-ga-m: an-gur4: an-kra:
an-bir8[A-SUD]: noon; midday rest ('sky' + 'to be hot' ['WATER' + 'TO SIP']).
shade; protection ('sky' + 'to cover, protect') . high plain ('high' + 'steppe') . likewise (cf., in-ga-na-nam ). (cf., engur ).
an-: and yet (affirmative prefix ? + 'exists').

(cf., enkara ).
77
an-ki: universe ('sky' + 'earth'). AN.MUL:

starry sky (verify than AN is not the rare sign ; cf., kunga[.MUL] ).
an-na: tin; yes ('sky' + 'stone'; Civil thinks an-na, 'yes', is probably an Akkadianism, but cf., affirmative nanam, 'indeed' and in-nu, 'negation') .
an-na...dug4/e: to say yes ('yes' + 'to say') . an-nisig(-ga): an-SAR:

beautiful sky, blue sky ('sky' + 'beautiful, blue').
an-pa: zenith ('sky' + 'branch' of sun dial ?).

(cf., an-nisig ). the beautiful sky ('sky' + 'to be beautiful' + nominative).
an-sig7-ga: an-a4-anki:
Anshan - place name for powerful city in Elam - Tall-i Malyan near Persepolis in the Fars province of Iran. all of heaven, the whole sky ('heaven' + 'totality, horizon') .
an-r(-ra):
an-e: ear of grain ('grain ear' + 'grain, barley'). an-ta: above ('heaven' + locative with remote deixis). an-ta-l: high, superior ('sky; high' + 'from' + 'to be'). an-ta...gi4: to meet ('heaven' + 'from' + 'to return'). an-ta-sur-ra: a stone ('heaven' + 'from' + 'boundary marker' + nominative). an-ub-da: an-ura: an-usan:
regions; "quarter" ('sky' + 'corners' + 'with').
an-r: horizon ('sky' + 'base, floor').

heaven and earth; universe ('heaven' + 'earth') . evening ('sky' + 'evening') .
an-za-kr: tower, fort ('heaven' + 'stone' + 'round, high thing') . an-zag, an-z: an-za:
where heaven ends ('heaven' + 'side, boundary') .
heated or fused lead (an, 'tin' + 'to be calm').
ane-bala: pack-ass ('equid' + 'to cross over, deliver'). ane-bar-an-mi2: ane-br: ane-dub:
female donkey ('equid' + 'foreign' + 'high' + 'female').
ane-bar-an-nita2: male donkey ('equid' + 'foreign' + 'high' + 'male').

ass yoked in a team ('equid' + 'team'). ass registered on a tablet ('equid' + 'tablet'). (cf., dur 9[UL] ).
ane-du24-r: ane-i: ANE-ka:
ane-edin-na: wild ass ('equid' + 'steppe' + a(k), genitival postposition).

workass ('equid' + 'tool'). one of the best groups of people.
78
ane-kunga(2): ane-mar:
iti
mule ('horse' + 'donkey') .
chariot or wagon ass ('equid' + 'wagon') . calendar month 8 at Nippur during Ur III.
apin-dug-a: apin-numun:
APIN-lal:
i
cultivating leasehold land ('plow' + 'to pay'). plow fitted with seeder attachment ('plow' + 'seed').
apin-s:
i
plowman's helper ('plow' + 'to follow; to be next to') . to praise ('praise' + 'to bring'). a coniferous tree (Akkadian loanword ?).
ar(2)...de6/tmu: ar-ga-nu-um: r...e/i:
to praise ('praise' + 'to speak; to send forth') .
a-me: sparkle, glimmer; sundisk; star symbol; rosette ('unique' + 'function, power'). -zi-ga...bal: ...bal:
SAL
to curse with violence ('curse' + 'raised arms' + 'to deliver').
to curse ('curse' + 'to deliver').
...dug4/e: to curse ('curse' + 'to speak/effect'). .GR:

(cf., ze ). to answer with a curse ('curse' + 'to answer') . to curse ('curse' + 'to blow, speak') . to curse ('curse' + 'to write'). neck-stock ('fetter' + 'neck'). it is more (conjugation prefix + inanimate direct object prefix + 'to be full, sufficient').
...gi4: ...m: ...sar:

i
az-g:
ba-ab-si:
ba-al: to dig (a canal); to channel ('to divide' + 'digging stick'). ba-an: a measure for bread and flour.
i
ba-an:
a container.
ba-ba: pudding, malt-sweetened porridge. ba-da-ra:

poniard (Akk. patarru , pattaru ).
ba-l: it is less (conjugation prefix + 'light, deficient'). ba-rV: to fly, flee (cf., bad, bar). ba-ra: modal prefix - with mar denotes vetitive; with hamtu denotes negative affirmative. ba-ra(-g): to spread out (cf., bara4).
i
ba-r-ga:
bushel; square-based measuring vessel = 6 bn in all periods (= 36 liters in Old Sumerian period and 60 liters in Old Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian period) (cf., bariga ). it is short (conjugation prefix + earlier/later ablative case prefix + 'small,
insufficient') .
ba-ta-tur; ba-ra-tur:
ba-za: halt or lame person (cf., ki...za).
79
ba-zi: dispersed ('to divide' + 'to go out') . bd-niin: circular city wall ('city wall' + 'enclosure, circle'). bd-si:
parapet, battlement ('city wall' + 'long, narrow').
bd-si-an-na: high battlements ('parapet' + 'to be high' + nominative). bd-ul-i; bd-sl-i: bala-...aka: bala-dab5-ba: bala -kr: bala-gub-ba:
i
outer wall ('city wall' + 'invader'/'path' + 'numerous').
to transport ('goods delivery' + 'towards' + 'to do') . worker hired to work for a bala' period ('term' + 'to hire' + nominative). fraction of an assignment ('term, portion' + 'work assignment') . worker stationed to work for a bala' period ('term' + 'to stand' + nominative).
bala...sir5: to spin with a spindle ('spindle' + 'to spin').

harp or lyre carrier ('harp' + 'to lift'). lamentation harp ('harp' + 'lamentation' + genitival a(k)).
bala-l: bn-da:
bala-r-ra:
(cf., bnda ).
bar...aka: to choose; to examine ('to open; to see; to select' + 'to do') . bar-tam...(ak):
(i) i
to choose ('to open; to see; to select' + 'polished, shiny' [ + 'to do']) .
bar-bar:
part of a weaver's loom (shuttle ?).
bar-b-da: a tool.
to escape ('outside' + 'to take away') .
bar...dab5:
i
bar...dag: to wander far away ('outside' + 'to roam about') . bar-dil:

a type of plow (rare outside of lexical lists). a good price ('to split, distribute' + 'to knock down' + nominative).
bar-db-ba:
i
bar-e11-d: rope braiding lever ('outside' + 'to descend' + participial ending).

edge of the desert ('side' + 'steppe' + genitival a(k)).
bar-edin-na:
bar-g-ga: outer side of the levee ('outer side' + 'levee' + genitival a(k)). bar...gub: to step outside ('outside' + 'to stand') . bar-ta...gub: to withdraw from ('side' + 'to stand aside') . bar-gn-gn-nu:
harmony).
chameleon ('sides' + reduplicated 'to be multicolored' + nominative with vowel
bar...l: to be outside; to be extra ('outside' + 'to be'). bar-l-la: bar-l: bar-LU:

unsheared ('fleece' + 'to be in place' + nominative).
part of an irrigation system ('outside' + 'to lift'). one of the best wool blends.
bar-rim4[KA4](-ma): dry land ('to uncover' + 'to travel fast'?; cf., parim). Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 80
bar--(-e):
(mi)
violence; mist ('outside' + 'to rain' + loc./term. suffix) .
bar-u-l: midwife ('innards' + 'hand' + 'to place').

a long coat ('outside' + 'woven garment') . dog chain ('outside' + 'leash') .
bar-TG: bar-surudu:
iti
bar-l[KIB]: bra-z-ar:
copper-tipped goading stick ('side?; metal?' + 'to drive'; cf., kak-s). calendar month 1 at Nippur during Ur III.
bar6-bar6:
(some prefer this reading, but cf., bbbar ). flames (reduplicated 'to shine' + nominative). and ('with it').
bar7-bar7-ra: -bi-da(-ke4): bi-bi-z:
to drip (reduplicated biz, 'to pour') .
bi-iz: drop (of water); dripping, melting (cf., biz, 'to pour'). b-ra: mixed, mingled (bir,'to scatter, mix' + nominative). b-za-za: br-br:
i
frog (za,'a repeated, monotonous noise') .
bir...aka: to sow broadcast (not in furrows with a plow); to dehusk ('to scatter' + 'to do') .
(cf., babbar ). contractually bound worker ('team' + 'oath, agreement' + 'to bind') .
br-inim-k-de6: br-mar: bu-lu-...si-il: bu-; bu-lu:

gi gi
wagon yoke ('team' + 'wagon'). to belch ('to tear out' + 'to be numerous' + 'saliva' + 'to tear apart') .
to tremble ('to tear out' + 'saliva' or 'to clean'; cf., bulu).
bn-r: bn-u:
feet bellows ('to blow; bellows' + 'foot') . hand bellows ('to blow; bellows' + 'hand') . a stone vessel. a stone vessel ('stone vessel' + 'measuring pot' + nominative). to have the harvest be drowned (by spring floods bursting the dikes) ('harvest' + 'to
bur-BN.S: bur-l-la:
drown') .
l
buru14...su-su:
da-ba-ri-ri: contortionist (cf., da-ri).

(cf., dadag ).
da-da-ga:
i
da-ga: organization; chamber (dag,'to stretch' + nominative). da-pa:

part of a seeder plow (?).
da-ra-an-ub: negligence ('to drop, let fall'). da...ri:

to pay off a delivery (?; with dative) ('to protect' + 'to exchange') .
ri,'to pull'). ri,'to bring, tend') .
da-ri: to bend (limbs) ('arm' + rig;
da-ri: driver (of animals) ('to protect' + rig; Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0
81
da-ri-a: da-r-:
l
driven (animal) (da-ri + nominative). long-lasting, enduring, eternal ('near, present' + remote demonstrative affix ?). forever ('eternal' + 'towards'). hired man ('to hire' + nominative). city quarter ('dwellings' + 'to surround, lock up' + nominative). spread out over a wide extent ('wide' + 'to spread out') . widely based ('wide' + 'to handle, touch' + nominative). between (dalla, 'beam, ray' + 'to divide' + ?).
da-r[URU]: dab5-ba:
dag-gi4-a: daal-bru:
daal-tag(-ga): dal-ba(-an)-na:
dalla...: to shine; to appear; to make clear; to make resplendent ('beam of light' + 'to become visible'). dam-ab-ba: (professional) mourners ('spouse' + 'elder, ancestor') .
i
dam-apin:
part of a seeder plow ('spouse' + 'plow') . merchant (Akk. loanword from tamkaarum, 'merchant', cf., makaarum 'to do business') .
dam-gr(-a):
dam-a-ra: battle (Akk. loanword from tamhaaru(m) ). dam...tuku/du12-du12: to marry ('spouse' + 'to get') . dar-ra: d-dal:
cured, dried (?). ashes ('ashes' + 'to fly') . donkey ('to go, conduct oneself' + 'it' + 'with') . to take up a lawsuit ('lawsuit' + 'to take'). decision ('decision' + 'to take' + nominative).
di-bi-da: di...dab5: di-dab5-ba:
di-di: to play (an instrument) (cf., dug4). di...dug4/du11/e:

effect').
to conduct a trial; to give a claim; to sue someone (with -da -) ('lawsuit' + 'to
di...gub: di-ir-ga: di-kud/ku5:
to judge ('judgment' + 'to set up') . cultic organization center. judge; judgment ('decision' + 'to cut off') . to judge ('decision' + 'to cut off') .
di...kud/ku5: di-kr: di-li-du-a:
alien, hostile judgment ('decision' + 'hostile') . (cf., dili-du(-a) ).
di-ri: (cf., dirig). di-til-la: law case for which a final decision has been given ('verdict' + 'to complete' + nominative). di4-di4-ba: walking about (phonetic for dib, reduplicated + nominative). di4-di4-la: children.
i
dib-dib:
clepsydra, water clock (onomatopoeic or reduplicated 'to pass, traverse') .
82
diir-da...nu-me-a: without a (personal) god ('god' + 'with' + 'not' + 'to be' + nominative). dili-dili, dil-dil: one by one (cf., didli) (reduplicated 'one'). dili-du(-a): dm-: DIM4.SAR(-d): DU.DU: (cf., la5). du-lum:
burden, labor, work ('to walk' + 'to make productive') . walking alone; individual (dili, 'alone' + 'to walk' + nominative).
bear (the animal) ('sickness demon' ? + 'domestic pig') . maltman.
dirig-...-e: beyond ('to go over' + 'to the') .
du-r: (cf., da-r). DU-zu: (read arax-zu; cf., a-ra-zu). d-ru-na(-m):

iti
(cf., duruna ).
du6-k:
calendar month 7 at Nippur during Ur III. to heap up, store, gather (cf., dul (6)). adv., in the proper way; if you please ('fitting, suitable' + ? + adverbial force suffix) .
du6-ul: du8-du8: du10: du10-sa: du10-s: du11-ga:
du7-na-bi:
weaned young (reduplicated 'to untie, loosen') .
(cf., dg ). friend, companion ('gladness' + 'to repay') . road ('good' + 'to follow'). utterance; speech ('to speak' + nominative).
du14...ak/ar: to quarrel (with someone: -da-) ('quarrel' + 'to do'). du14...m: du24-r:
l gi
to start a quarrel ('quarrel' + 'to ignite').
(cf., dur 9[UL] ).
dub-alal-urudu: a temple servant ('to pour' + 'pipe' + 'copper'). dub-ba-an:

pillar made of reeds; a fence made of such pillars ('to heap up' + 'to divide' + 'to be high') . to go over the account (with -da -) ('tablet' + 'its' + 'to pass through') .
dub-bi...bala: dub-l: dub-sa: dub-sar: dub-sar: dub-en:
dub-dab...za: to thud, thump (see the definition for za).

platforms on either side of a portal ('to heap up' + 'to lift') . leader ('list' + 'head'). scribe ('tablet' + 'to write'). young scribe ('scribe' + 'small, young').
dub-sar-tur:
scribe ('tablet' + 'to write'). copper box, treasure chest ('to store' + 'shiny') .
83
dug-a-nag-nag: dug-n-nag: dug-tur: dg/du10...aka:
water drinking vessel ('vessel' + 'water' + reduplicated 'to drink') . drinking vessel ('vessel' + 'object' + 'to drink').
a standard capacity jar = 5 liters ('jar' + 'little'). to repair ('gladness' + 'to make, cause') .
dg...bad(-bad): to stride, hurry ('knees' + 'to open'). dg...db: to rub the knees (?) ('knees' + 'to flop').
ku
dg-gan:
leather bag ('gladness' + 'to bring forth') .
dg...gr: to sit down; to rest ('knees' + 'to bend'). dg...l: to be pleased, satisfied ('gladness' + 'to be available'). dg...ar: to kneel down, for someone: dative ('knees' + 'to place'). dg-tuku:
strong-legged ('knees' + 'to own') .
dg-ud-ak: politeness (cf., dg/du10...aka). dg...zil: to run, flee ('knees' + 'to cut'). dum-dam...za: to grumble (see the definition for za). dumu-a:
only son ('child' + 'one'). serf ('child' + 'to seize, hire').
dumu-dab5-ba:
DUMU-DUMU-LA: (cf., di4-di4-la). dumu-ga.e8: deputy (?) of a merchant ('child' + 'merchantman'). dumu-gal:
eldest son or daughter ('child' + 'large'). freeborn man, Sumerian [in contrast to slaves from foreign countries] ('child' +
dumu-gir15/gi7:
'native group') .
dumu-KA: dumu-l: dumu-m:
grandson. gentleman ('child' + 'gentleman'). prince ('child' + 'king' + genitive).
dumu-lugal(-/ak/):
daughter ('child' + 'feminine'). princess ('child' + 'female' + 'king' + genitive).
dumu-m-lugal(-/ak/): dumu-me-KA.UD: dumu-nita: dumu-sa: dumu-tab: dumu-tu-da:

iti d (l)
a cult servant ('child' + 'function' + ?).
son; (cf., ibila ) ('child' + 'masculine'). first-born child ('child' + 'principal'). twin sons ('child' + 'pair'). son (born) of ('child' + 'to beget' + nominative). calendar month 12 at Umma during Ur III.
dumu-zi:
DUN-a:
dependent (on), subordinate ('subordinate' + nominative).
84
dun-gi:
a tool; a type of yoke (?) ('to scrape, dig' + 'reed' or 'firm, strong'). depression ('to bring low' + 'to hang'; cf., l-l, 'elevation'). dam to create a reservoir; (cf., duruna;
dn-l: dr-dr:
durunx) (reduplicated 'buttocks; to dry out') .
dr...ar: to sit ('buttocks' + 'to set down upon') . dr-ki...ar: to establish one's dwelling ('to dwell (plural)' + 'place' + 'to establish').
i
dr-ar:
chair; throne.
dr-ru-un: to sit (plural); (cf., duruna; tu). dr-: dr-KAS4:

ham ('buttocks' + 'domestic pig') . donkey foal. double ax ('ax' + 'to be double' + nominative).
dur10-tab-ba:
dusu...l: to carry a basket ('transportation basket' + 'to lift'). e-el[SIKIL]-lu:

ku
a (pure) sound (Akkadian ellu, 'clear, pure').
e-b-r:
siege shield ('dike' + 'middle, loins' + 'roof'). cry of joy.
e-li-lum: e-ne: e-ne-m: e-ne-gim: e-ne-ne:
he, she; him, her. he is indeed (formal 3rd person pronoun + 'to be') . to play (3rd person pronoun + 'to do') .
e-ne...dug4/di/du11/e:
like himself (3rd person pronoun + equative). they; them. to rejoice; to copulate (with -da -) ('to play' + sud, 'to lengthen;
e-ne-s-ud...dug4/du11/e:
to immerse').
e-pa5(-r):
i
hydraulic system (of a particular farmer or of the land as a whole) ('levees' + 'irrigation a tree and wood used for construction (cf., erin, servant (?).
ditches'; asyndetic hendiadys).
e-ra-nm:
eren).
e-re-s-ki-in: e-ri-i:
ku
queen, lady. culm or stalk of barley.
e-si-na; -si-na: e-sr: e-sr-ra: e-e-: e-r: e-z:
sandal; shoe (cf., sir ). in the streets ('sandals' + locative).
a type of canal or ditch. armor (cf., kue-b-r). you. house of mourning ('house' + 'lamentation' + genitive).
-a-nir-ra:
85
-a-nir-ra-gal-gal-la: euphemism for the netherworld ('house of mourning' + reduplicated

'big' + genitive).
-a...ti(-l): to live in a house ('house' + locative + 'to live'). -ad-da(-/ak/): -an-na: -ane: -ba-an: -BAPPIR: -bar-ra: ...br: -d-a: -duru5: -ta...:
the house of one's fathers ('house' + 'father' + genitive).
sanctuary ('house' + 'Heaven' + genitive). donkey stable ('house' + 'equid') . an adjective denoting a very fine quality. (cf., -lnga ). outer house ('house' + 'outside' + nominative). to break into a house (reduplication class) ('house' + 'to break into') . a flour offering.
-da[-di-a]: -dub-ba:
house plot ('house' + 'to build' + nominative). archive; school ('house' + 'tablet' + genitival a(k)). hamlet, rural settlement, suburb ('houses' + 'fresh'; cf., Akk. adur, 'village, outpost' and Orel & to leave the house ('house' + 'from' + 'to exit').
Stolbova #658, *dar- 'dwelling place').
-e: jail ('house' + 'rope'). -gal: palace ('house' + 'large'). -ganba: -ar8: -gi4-a: --gra:
iti
warehouse ('house' + 'marketplace').
-ar: form, shape ('house' + 'form, appearance').

brick wall (cf., ear ). daughter-in-law; prospective bride ('the one who restores the house') . dairy ('house' + 'fat' + 'cream'). calendar month 8 at Umma during Ur III.
-iti-6:
-ka: a public house, pub ('house' + 'beer'). -KI.LAM: -na4kn-na:

a storehouse ('house' + 'place' + 'abundance') . mill house, mill ('house' + 'millstone' + genitival a(k)).
-kiib(-ba): storehouse ('house' + 'receipt' + genitival a(k)). -kur: prison ('house' + 'netherworld'). -lunga(2,3): -me-e: -m:
beerhall; brewery ('house' + 'brewer') .
-mar-uru5[GUR8]: arrow quiver ('house' + 'to immerse' + 'high, deep').

summer ('houses' + 'are' + 'many') .
"woman's house" ('house' + 'woman') .
86
-mualdim[MU]: -NI:
treasure-house (?).
bakery, kitchen ('house' + 'baker, cook') .
-n(-gur11[GA]-ra):
n-gur11-ra(-ak)).
l
storehouse, treasure-house ('house' + 'things' [ + 'piled up']; cf., sa-
-n-ka: (cf., l--n-ka).

(cf., a-ri-a ). a quiet house ('house' + 'silence') . wall ('house' + 'brick'; cf., iz-zi). house interior; (temple) cella ('house, temple' + 'midst'). warehouse ('house' + 'portion' + 'to put, surround' + 'to bind') . armory ('house' + 'weapon') .
-NUN: (cf., agrun). -ri-a: si-ga: -sig4: -ag4/: -u-s-ma: -itukul:
-tr: cattle pen ('house' + 'stable'). -u4-sakar[SAR]: -u4-7: -u4-15: -ubur: -r-ra: -uz-ga: e5-ar:
new moon ('house' + 'day' + 'to begin') .
first crescent moon ('house' + 'day 7') . full moon ('house' + 'day 15') . milking pen ('house' + 'teat') . storehouse ('house' + 'rafter beams') . to keep watch over a house ('house' + 'watch fire' + 'to reach out, manage') .
-ru...gd:
fattening house ('house' + 'goose' + 'milk'). brick wall (cf., ear ).
g dal-ba-na: a dike that is shared by two watercourses or by two fields ('levee' + 'between'). g kal-kalag-ga: to reinforce the levees ('levees' + 'to repair, mend' + nominative). g sa-dr-ra: wide levees at the low-lying end of a field which halted and contained the water for
irrigating the field ('levees' + 'low-lying end of a field').
g si-ga:
'fascines') .
the work of piling up a levee ('levee' + 'to increase, fill').
g-g/e -sa11-e/a: reinforcement of the levees with cut/bundled plants/reeds ('levees' + eme-dar:
a tool, utensil ('tongue' + 'to slice, smash') . to stick out the tongue ('tongue' + 'to send forth') .
eme.../e11: eme-gir15/gi7: eme-r:
eme-gilim-ma: confused speech ('tongue' + 'to be twisted, tangled' + nominative).

Sumerian language ('tongue' + 'native') .
dagger blade ('tongue' + 'dagger') .
87
eme-a-mun:
opposing') .
i i
contrasting speech or languages (e.g., Sumerian and Akkadian) ('tongue' + 'mutually
eme-numun: an agricultural tool ('tongue' + 'seed') . eme-sa-du8-a:

a tool ('tongue' + 'net' + 'open' + nominative).
eme-si-nu-s: describes a person 'whose speech is not right' ('tongue' + si...s, 'to do something
in the right way' + 'not') .
i
eme-sig:
ship plank ('tongue' + 'small'). to slander ('tongue' + 'low; small' + 'to speak') .
eme-sig...dug4/du11/e: eme-sig...gu7: eme...ub6[ID]: eme-ID: en-mur:
to slander ('tongue' + 'low; small' + 'to consume'; cf., inim-sig...gu7). to lick with the tongue ('tongue' + 'to lick').
lizard ('tongue' + 'to consider, measure') . a resin, possibly myrrh ('lord' + 'lungs'). until; as long as ...; everywhere ('time, enigmatic background' + nominative). until now; until the time ('time' + 'this one' + 'towards'). to watch; to guard against.
en-na (...-a): en-na-bi-:

l
en-nu(-un/a)...d/ak: en-nu(-un)(-): en-nu-un/a...d/ak: n--nu-ru:

gi
watch, guardian; watch (as a division of night time); imprisonment; prison. to watch; to guard against.
en-te-en-na(-/ak/): the cold season, wintertime ('time' + 'cold' + genitive).

introductory formula for exorcism/incantation texts ('enigmatic background' + 'house' +
'image, likeness' + 'to send') .
n-bar:
reed, reeds (cf., ambar, 'reed-bed') .
n-du: song ('time' + 'to walk'; note du12,'to sing') . n-(-m): n...tar:
until when; how long ('time; until' + terminative postposition, 'up to' [ + enclitic copula]) . to ask (someone: dative); to investigate; to take care of; to handle; to pay attention to, heed for how long ('time' + 'if' + terminative postposition).
('enigmatic background' + 'to determine, inquire') .
n-tukum-: r...-: r...pd/p: r...sig7: r-em3,5-ma
engar-gu4(-ra): ox-ploughman ('farmer' + 'ox').

to set up a lament ('lamentation' + 'to make'). to burst into tears; to cry, weep ('tears' + 'to show') .
r-ra: mourning, lamentation ('tears' + nominative).

to lament ('tears' + 'to complain'). compositions concerning the gods sung by the gala priests in the Emesal dialect to the accompaniment of a tambourine ('wail' + 'tambourine' + genitive).
r...e2,4/e8-e8: to cry, weep ('tears' + 'to weep').
88
erin-bbbar:
white cedar (wood) ('cedar' + 'white'). harvest workers ('gang of workers' + 'grain' + reduplicated 'sickle; to reap') . asphalt ('bitumen' + 'to go out' + nominative).
rin e-gur10-gur10: e-bar:
sir--a; esir--a; sir-: e-bar-k-du11-ga:

nominative).
decision ('much' + 'to divide'; cf., ka-a-bar). pronounced decision ('decision' + 'message, order' + 'to speak' +
e(2,3)-da: e2,3-dam: -gn:
ceremony; a type of vessel, goblet ('shrine' + 'with; to be near') . epithet of a temple of the bride-goddess Inanna; brothel; tavern ('shrine' + 'spouse') . surveyor's rope ('rope' + 'surface measure') .
-kr, -gr:
l
task; one man's daily work assignment; the oxen or plows which perform a task; to be assigned for someone's benefit ('measuring tape' + 'something round and upraised') . surveyor ('measuring rope' + 'long') . nose rope (cf., ekiri ) ('rope' + 'muzzle/nose').
-gd:
-kir4/6:
iti iti
-: a festival (All-Shrines) (reduplicated 'shrine'). ezen-dAmar-Sin: calendar month 7 at Umma during years 6 - 8 of Amar-Sin. ezen-An-na:
calendar month 10 at Drehem through u-Sin 3; calendar month 11 at Drehem after uSin 3; calendar month 11 at Ur during Ur III. calendar month 8 at Laga during Ur III. calendar month 6 at Laga during Ur III. calendar month 3 at Laga during Ur III.
iti iti iti
ezen-dBa-ba6: ezen-dDumu-zi: ezen-dLi9-si4: ezen-ma:
ezen-ma:
iti
great festival ('feast' + 'great').
calendar month 9 at Drehem through u-Sin 3; calendar month 10 at Drehem after u-Sin 3; calendar month 10 at Ur during Ur III. calendar month 11 at Drehem through u-Sin 3; calendar month 12 at Drehem after u-Sin 3; calendar month 12 at Ur during Ur III. u-Sin 3; calendar month 6 at Ur during Ur III.
iti
ezen-me-ki-l:
iti
ezen-dNin-a-zu: calendar month 5 at Drehem through u-Sin 3; calendar month 6 at Drehem after ezen-du-dEN.ZU(Sin): calendar month 8 at Drehem in year u-Sin 3; calendar month 9 at
Drehem after u-Sin 3.
iti
iti
ezen-dul-gi:
calendar month 7 at Drehem through u-Sin 3; calendar month 8 at Drehem after uSin 3; calendar month 8 at Ur during Ur III; calendar month 7 at Laga during Ur III; calendar month 10 at Umma after year ulgi 30.
ga-ab-kar-re: (cf., gaba-kar). ga-b-k-ga: ga-b-sig7-ga:

milk from pure cows ('milk' + 'cow' + 'pure' + genitive). milk from beautiful cows ('milk' + 'cow' + 'beautiful' + genitive).
ga-an-tu: (cf., gan-tu).
89
ga-an...za(-za): to drip; to bubble ('milk' + 'sky, air' + 'to make a repetitive noise'). ga-an-zr[-KA]: ga-r-ra: ga-aru-a(-ke4): ga-ba-al...d: ga-ba...l:
'controversy' + 'to make') .
entrance to the netherworld (cf., ganzer ).
powdered or finely grated cheese ('milk' + 'to grind' + nominative). the milk of mercy ('milk' + 'womb; compassion' + genitive).
to challenge, contradict, quarrel (either related to gaba, 'rival' or Akkadian qablum, (cf., gaba...l ).
ga-ba-kar-re: (cf., gaba-kar). ga-ba-ra-um: revolt (gaba, 'rival' + 'to overflow' + 'to wrestle, smash, break'). ga-du(7): ga-e8: ga...gu7: ga-gu7-a: ga-kug:
lintel (above a door) (? + du7, 'to finish, complete'). merchantman (compare ga-sa10). to nurse/feed with milk ('milk' + 'to feed'). suckling foal ('milk' + 'to feed' + nominative). (cultically) pure milk ('milk' + 'pure'). a type of cheese ('milk' + 'strained in cheesecloth' ?).
ga-murx[LAK 490]: ga-ra-an-da: ga-rasar: ga-zum:

i
ga-nam-me-m: it is indeed (affirmative + 3rd person pronoun + 'to be') .

bearing fruit (cf., gurun).
leek(s) (Akk. loanword). carding (wool). comb (don't know why some read ga-rg - the Akkadian is kaa,sum and gazzum). tradesman ('let me buy!').
ga-zum:
ga-sa10:
ga-sub-ba: milk sucking ('milk' + 'to suck' + nominative). ga-a-an: ga-e-a:

lady (cf., gaan). milk for barley porridge; sour milk ('milk' + 'barley' + locative).
ga-ti: plea, petition ('let me live!'). ga-zi-in-bu:

stake (for impalement).
gaba-diri-ga: enormous strength ('rival' + 'to go over, exceed' + nominative). gaba(-na)...dug4: gaba-gi4: gaba-l: gaba...l: gaba...ar:
to speak against (someone) ('rival' + 3rd person with locative + 'to speak') .
opponent; opposition ('rival' + 'to besiege'). strength ('chest' + 'to be available') . to boast ('chest' + 'to be available') . to put out one's chest; to defy ('breast, chest' + 'to deliver') . escapist ('rival' + 'to flee'; cf., gaba...zi).
gaba-kar(-re):
90
gaba...ri: to confront ('breast, chest' + 'to throw out') . gaba-ri:

n., rival; copy, duplicate ('breast' + 'to exchange' - imagines the two breasts as copies or
duplicates).
adj., withstanding attack (describing a door or weapon).
gaba...ru(-g): gaba-u-ar: gaba(-a)...tab:
to encounter ('breast, chest' + ru-g, 'to oppose') .
resistance, rival ('breast, chest' + 'hand' + 'to place on') . to hold to the breast ('breast' ( + locative) + 'to hold, clasp') .
gaba...zi: to retreat ('breast' + 'to take out'). gba[KAB]-ra: shepherd boy/girl (Akk. loanword from kaparrum I). gada-bar-TG: long linen coat ('linen' + 'long coat'). gada-dilmun--lal:
a dress of Dilmun linen ('linen' + 'Dilmun' + pronominal prefix + 'to hang').
gada-ma-i-l: spread out linen ('linen' + 'large' + 'tool' + 'to extend'). gada-n-dn-d: a linen garment ('linen' + 'object' + 'to bring low' + 'to make'). gag-a-ar-ra-na: gag-ma:
i
a peg or nail ('peg' + 'roads' ?).
a peg or nail ('peg' + 'one-half').
gag-si-s: arrow ('nail' + 'to make straight').

side (?) peg ('peg' + 'side, boundary') .
gag-zag-ga: gal-bi: gal-di: gal-nar: gal-a:
adv., greatly ('great' + adverbial force suffix) . mighty (judge) (an adjective for the god Enlil) ('large' + 'to decide, judge') . boaster (reduplicated 'large' + 'to judge') .
gal-gal-di:
head musician ('large' + 'musician'). overseer ('large' + 'people').
gal-zu (gal-an-zu): wise; omniscient; intelligent ('large' [ + 'heaven'] + 'to know'). gal5-l(-gal), l-l(-gal): police chief, gendarme, deputy, bailiff; a demon ('to
overwhelm' + 'to force into; to look after' [ + 'big']) .
galam-kad5: galam-ma:
ku6 iti i
artfully made ('artistic' + 'to bind together') . exalted one ('elaborate' + nominative). clever fool ('ingenious, elaborate' + nominative + 'idiot, hillbilly').
galam-ma u-ru:
gam-gam(-ma): a fish (Pomadasys stridens) (reduplicated 'curved; shriveled') . gan-gan-: calendar month 9 at Nippur during Ur III. gan-na:
grinding stone (?) ('rack' + nominative). tenant ('to bring forth' + 'to occupy') . minor tenant ('tenant' + 'little' + nominative).
gan-tu:
gan-tu-tur-ra:
91
gna-ga: gna-l:
iti i
hill country ('land' + 'milk'). taxable land or field ('land' + 'to carry'). calendar month 1 at Laga during Ur III.
gna-ma: gn-r:
harrow ('field' + 'to drag across') . a class of persons ('hair lock signifying slavery' + 'to go') . six hundred (ge -u (?); cf., u). raft ('reed' + 'water' + 'resting place'). a single-growing reed (idiomatic expression) ('reed' + 'single' + 'to plant').
gr-du:
ge-e-tu: gi-a-dag: gi-dili-d: gi-d-a:
reed hut; reed fences; high-quality writing stylus ('reed' + 'to make' + nominative).
gi-dub-ba: stylus ('reed' + 'tablet' + nominative). gi-dg-ga: sweet reed, i.e., with a sweet, edible marrow ('reed' + 'sweet' + nominative). gi-duru5[GI.A]: supple, swaying reed ('reed' + 'fresh'). gi-gu4-ud: gi-gur:
catapult ('reeds' + 'to leap'). sacred building ('reeds' + 'decorated temple') .
gi-gun4(-na), gi-g-na:
reed basket ('reeds' + 'basket') .
gi-gur-e-bal: gi...ku5:
i
basket for carrying grain ('basket' + 'grain' + 'to transport') .
gi-izi-l: torch ('reeds' + 'fire' + 'to hold up').

to cut reeds ('reeds' + 'to cut') . cut reed, used to make measurements ('reed' + 'to cut' + nominative).
gi-kud(-a): gi-mu:
punting pole ('reed' + 'snake').
gi-na: consent (cf., gi(n)) ('just, firm' + nominative a). gi-na-tum: security deposit (Akkadian loanword). gi-NI: a scented substance ('reed' + 'oil'). gi-rin[LAGAB]:
pure, spotless; shining; blooming, fruitful; a syllabic writing for gurun , 'fruit' bundle of reeds; abutment or platform ('reeds' + 'mat,
('reliable' + 'bright' (?)).
gi-sa, k-sa; gi(-n)-sa-:

bundle') .
gi-sa-ul: gi-sal: gi-SI.A: gi-sig:
a type of reed ('reed' + 'head' + 'bad').
reed screen on the roof ('reeds' + 'to be thin and wide') . (cf.,
(gi)
uub).
reed wall, hut ('reeds' + 'small, weak').
gi--sur: sieve ('reeds' + 'intestines' + 'to flow, drip'). gi-ul-i: a reed or plant that was used as a medicine ('reed' + 'invader' + 'numerous').
92
gi-UGUN: gi...z:
(cf., gi-gunu 4). to cut reeds ('reeds' + 'to cut') .
gi-zi: a kind of reed ('reed' + 'good; high'). gi-1-ninda: gi4-an: gi4-in:

measuring reed ('reed' + 'one' + 'a distance measure') .
cultically unfit ? ('to reject' + 'heaven') . slave (girl) ('to lock up' + 'he, she') .
gi4-me-a-a: colleague, fellow (cf., nam-gi4-me-a-a) ('to return, come back' + 'office,
function' + locative + plural suffix) .
gi6-an-na: gi7-nun:
at night ('black' + 'heaven' + locative). slave (girl) ('to lock up' + 'master'). basket. lasting; of lasting value. to treasure highly.
gi16[GIL]-da: gi16[GIL]-sa: gibil-bi: gig-ba:
gi16[GIL]-sa...aka:
(cf., kib x).
the first time ('new' + adverbial force suffix) .
gig(-)...ar:
urudu
to cause trouble; to be angry at ('injury' + terminative + 'to set').
gil-le-m: destruction (cf., gilim). gn-sal:

a light metal hoe.
gn-tur:
a surface area measure, little shekel = 1/60 shekel = 1/3600 square nindan (sar) = 3 surface e = 36 square fingers = surface of the side of a cube of 1 sla capacity.
gir-ab-ba: sea fish. gir4-bil:

furnaceman, stoker ('kiln' + 'to burn'). lofty noble (an adjective applied to Enlil) ('noble' + 'royal').
gir15/gi7-nun: gu-du: anus.
giri17-zal: (cf., kri-zal). gu...db; gu...tag: to align; to adjust (with a string) ('string' + 'to strike/to touch') . gu-la: large, great (cf., gal; gu...lal/l: gu-sum:
gu-ul).
to set out a snare ('string' + 'to place, set, stretch, extend') .
impression on a tablet (a wedge) ('needle' + 'to give').
gu-ul: to enlarge; to increase; to make numerous; to be great, exalted; sometimes = gul, 'to destroy' (cf.,
gal; gu-la).
i
gu-za:
throne; chair (cf., guzza ). throne-bearer; chair-bearer ('throne; chair' + 'to hold up') .
gu-za-l:
93
g...aka: g-an-e: g-bala: g...d: g...: g-: g...dirig:
to submit; to bow, to someone: dative ('neck' + 'to do'; cf., g...ar). all things considered ('land' + 'sky' + 'barley'). the turning edge ('edge' + 'to revolve') . to sum accounts ('loads' + 'to add') .
to despise; to neglect ('neck' + 'to fasten, plant') . to cover ('neck; edge' + 'to extend') .
wrap.
g-en-bar-ra: outer throne room. g-en-na: g-gal:

i
river mud; throne room ('river bank' + ?).
chick peas ('chick pea/bean' + 'large') . 'to stretch the neck' as something that mourners do ('neck' + 'to stretch out') . an agricultural tool ('neck' + reduplicated 'long') .
g...gd: g-gir:
g-gd-gd:
processing of bitumen.
g-g-GUD: a type of pea (reduplicated 'chick pea/bean' + 'ox, bull'). g-g-U: g...gur:
a type of pea (reduplicated 'chick pea/bean' + 'insect, vermin') . to gather, collect, amass (often with -da -; often reduplicated) ('chick pea/bean' + 'basket') . to cut down ('neck' + 'to separate' + 'to effect') .
g-gur5...dug4/du11/e: g...ar/-: g-a...ar/-:
g i...l: to submit (to someone: dative) ('neck' + 'yoke' + 'to place').

to submit ('neck' + 'to set down'; cf., g...aka). (cf., gu...ba-a-ar which is the later Neo-Sumerian form of this Old Sumerian original) ('neck' + 'upon' + 'to place [a load of debt]') .
iri16...ar).
g-iri3/16: breach (cf., g g...kud:
g iri16...ar/-: g...lal/l:
to breach walls ('to submit' + 'fortress') .
to cut (off) the neck ('neck' + 'to cut').
to bow down; to kneel; to embrace (with -da - or -ta -); to peer out (with bd , 'city walls') ('neck' + 'to hang, extend') .
lift').
g-tar...lal/l: to style or dress hair; to bind an animal's mane ('neck' + 'to cut, determine' + 'to g...mar: g-mun:
GIG
to pile up.
caraway ('pea' + 'salt'). a type of (high-quality) wheat (cf., zz-G-NUNUZ ).
g-nida[NUNUZ]:
g-ri-ta:
from the other side ('side, bank' + 'that' + 'from'). to assemble, organize ('necks' + 'to be upright, in order, and still') .
g...si(-a):
94
g-: up to the edge; to the other side ('side, bank' + terminative suffix) . g...ub: g-tar: g-tuku: g-tur: g...s: g...zi: g...d: g...db: g...ar: g...mur: g-mur-aka:
to be lax with respect; to scorn (with -i -) ('neck' + 'to make fall').
back of the head ('neck' + 'to cut (hair)'). mighty; foremost ('neck [for carrying ?]' + 'to have') . lentils ? ('chick pea/bean' + 'small').
g-un: tribute; load (cf., gun).

to raise the neck ('neck' + 'to join').
g-za: a jewelry (?) ('neck' + 'precious stone') .

to have success ('neck' + 'to raise'). to call; to cry; to say ('sound' + 'to pour out, shape') . to read aloud ('voice' + 'from' + 'to pour out'). to shout ('voice' + 'to make tremble'). to make a noise or sound ('noise' + 'to effect').
g...ta-d:
g...dug4/du11/di/e:
describes the twanging of bows ('sound' + 'to deliver') . to roar, bray, bellow ('sound' + 'lungs') . hero; professional mourner ('to roar, bray' + 'to do') . to make a pleasant/loud sound ('sound' + 'fine, great, deep' + 'to say, do') .
g-nun...di/e: g-ra-a: g...sum: g...si-il:
g...ra(-ra): to shout, roar ('sound' + 'to strike').

chattering, noise-making ('sound' + 'to strike repetitively, shake') . to make obedient ('voice' + 'to apply; to cause') .
g...s(-g/k):
to repeat; to echo; to talk to (with dative) ('sound' + 'to give, lend') . to scream with an ear-splitting voice ('voice' + 'to split'). to be united ('voice' + 'to come together' + locative + 'to surround') .
g-t-a...s: gu4: (cf., gud). gu4-ud:

'sun') .
g...tumu2/4: to call ('noise' + 'to carry').

to jump; to flutter; to dance (reduplication class: gu 4-gu 4-ud ); the planet Mercury ('bull' + great (cf., gal; gu-ul).
gu5-ul: gb-bu: gb-ka4:
gu7-kur-kur-ra: bread-basket of all the lands ('food, sustenance' + 'lands' + genitive).

left arm ('left-hand' + nominative with vowel harmony). stud farm manager (?) ('left-hand' + 'speed. fluency') . breeding bull ('bull' + 'cow' + genitive).
gud-b(-ba): gud-alim:
bison ('bull' + 'bison').
95
gud-am; gu4-dam: gud-apin-n-tg:

iti
a mythological entity ('bull' + 'wild ox'). blanket for a plow ox ('bull, ox' + 'plow' + 'thing' + 'cloth garment').
gud-si-su: calendar month 2 at Nippur during Ur III.

gore, toss') .
gud-du7(-du7): perfect, unblemished bull; fierce, goring ox ('bull, ox' + 'complete, suitable; to butt, gud-dub:
ox (recorded) on a tablet ('bull, ox' + 'tablet').
gud-dun-a: subordinate ox ('bull, ox' + 'subordinate' + nominative). gud : oxen taken out (of work) ('bull, ox' + 'to exit'). gud -gr: gud-gal-gal: gud-i: gud i-r: gud-mu-x: gud-niga:
working oxen ('bull, ox' + 'assigned task') . full-grown ox ('bull, ox' + reduplicated 'great').
work ox ('bull, ox' + 'tool'). oxen for the harrow ('bull, ox' + 'beam, harrow'). ox driver ('bull, ox' + 'to drive').
gud-la5[DU-DU]:
x years-old ox ('bull, ox' + 'name, year' + number). fattened ox ('bull, ox' + 'fattened').
gud-numun: oxen for sowing ('bull, ox' + 'seed'). gud-numun-diri: gud-numun-gna: gud-ra: gud-sn: gud-su7-ra: gud-r(-a): gud-u-gi4: gd...s:
i
reserve oxen for sowing ('oxen for sowing' + 'excess') . oxen for sowing on the field ('oxen for sowing' + 'field parcel').
ox driver ('bull, ox' + r, 'to drive along') . threshing ox ('bull, ox' + 'threshing floor').
wild-cow ('bull, ox' + 'aurochs cow'). perfect bull ('bull' + 'to be many; to slaughter' + nominative). old ox ('bull, ox' + 'old').
gud-ub: grazing or trampling oxen ('bull, ox' + 'to step; to graze').

to build a nest ('nest' + 'to moor, join'). a kind of wood ('evil; to extinguish' + 'to uproot') . cat ('to fall upon, destroy, extinguish' + 'fertile'; cf., ki-gul-la). adv., in return ('to return' + subordination suffix /-a/). a capacity measure of 72 sla in Presargonic Girsu.
GUL-BU:
gul-lum: gur-ra: gur-2-ul:
gur-s-dug4: a capacity measure, = 160 sla ('reed basket' + 'offering; measuring container of either
24 or 40 sla').
gur-sa-l:
a capacity measure, = 240 sla , where Civil says the difference is that this gur has been filled from measuring containers topped off with a 'head' of grain instead of being leveled off at the top ('reed basket' + 'head' + 'to place') .
96
gur4-gur4[LAGAB+LAGAB]: a standard size container for wine, beer, and oil, = 10 liters
(reduplicated 'thick, round, plump') .
gur5[KAGU](ru.u(11))...br:
'poison') + 'to release') .
to bare the fangs (sign for 'mouth-needles' ( + 'to send' +
guru7-du6: guru7-ma: -e:
grain stack ('granary' + 'heap') . grain depot ('granary' + 'interest, profit'). earth moving workers ('laborer' + 'essence' + 'earth') .
guru -saar: -e-me-en:
I; myself ('I' + subjective ending). it is me; I am one who... ('I' + enclitic copula + 1st or 2nd person ending).
-gi(4)(-a): (cf., agia). -: adding, addition (reduplicated form of ar, 'to accumulate'). -la...dag:
to cease (doing something) (often with -ta-) ('to be somewhere' + 'resting place') .
-nam-ma-da: (cf., e26-nam-ma-da). -nu: (cf., e26-nu). -nun:

storage area (ar, 'storeroom' + 'noble') .
l...taka4: to open ('to be somewhere' + 'to open') . alga-s: nitwit ('consideration' + 'to be confused') . e26[]-nam-ma-da: come with me! (e26-na, imperative form of en, 'to go, come' + conjugational prefixes -ba with locative force + 'with') . e26-nu:
come!. female tender of goats ('work-woman' + 'goats').
me-ma: etin-d:
u, e'u: six hundred ('sixty' + 'ten'; cf., ge-e-tu).

raisins ('grape vine' + 'dried'). to set the mind to (with -i -) ('understanding' + 'to set') . to listen, pay attention (to: with -i -) ('ears, understanding' + 'to make available to listen to (with dative) ('ears' + 'to give').
etug(2,3)...gub: etug(2,3)...ar:
[to]').
etug(2,3)...sum: etu(2,3)-tuku: i6...di: i6-par3/4: i6...s: i6-sa9:
etug(2,3)...: to stop one's ears ('ears' + 'to cover').

possessing intelligence ('ears, understanding' + 'to have') .
etug(2,3)...u18-lu: to forget ('ears, understanding' + 'great storm') .

to pass the night ('night' + 'to go'; cf., -di). residence of the en priest or priestess ('night' + 'to stretch out') . stay to midnight ('night' + 'to make equal'). stay to midnight ('night' + 'half').
97
i6--na:
down') .
in the middle of the night ('night' + -na, 'triumph'). to lay (heaped-up grain) under the (measuring) stick ('stick' + terminative + 'to lie a scepter of long (years and) days ('scepter' ( + years) + 'days' + 'lasting,
idru-...n:
idru(-mu)-u4-s-r:
far away' + genitive).
in-na:
ordinary ('ordinary' + nominative). to cut off (?) ('knife' + 'to erect').
r...D:
l
r...ar: to clear the way ('road' + 'to place, establish'). r-l:

butcher ('knife' + 'to weigh').
ane
r-nun: a type of donkey ('expedition' + 'great, fine').

butcher knife ('knife' + 'branch'). scorpion ('knife' + 'sting'). an inexpensive fish ('knife' + 'length'). scalpel ('knife' + 'to shine'). to take a path, be on one's way ('path' + 'to traverse, pass along') . to take an unfamiliar path ('path' + 'strange' + 'to traverse') . to be subjected ('foot' + 'at their place' + 'to be located') .
r-pa: r-tab:
ku6
r-s:
r-zal:
ri...db:
ri-kr...db: ri...ar:
set down') .
ri KU-bi-...l: ri-...ar: ri-gub(-ba): ri...gub: r-lam:
to step forward; to trample (with -ni -) ('foot' + 'to place, set down') . to place something under the authority of someone ('foot' + terminative + 'to place, step; footstool, pedestal ('foot' + 'to stand') .
to step on ('foot' + 'to stand') .
fruit-cake ('way, path' + 'abundance') . bone(s) ('foot' + 'to break off a piece' + nominative).
r-pad-r[DU]:
ri...ra: to stumble ('foot' + 'to strike, stir'). ri-saa11[KIN]...dug4/du11/e:

effect').
to trample; to stamp out ('foot' + 'to harvest'(?) + 'to
r-s-ga: menial(s), domestic(s) ('foot' + 'to apply, do'). ri...si18[KIN]:

(cf., ri-saa 11...dug 4).
r-ub: hoof ('foot' + 'boot'). ri...s: to follow on foot; to set one's foot on ('foot' + 'to follow; to join'). ri...z-er: to lose one's footing, slip, slide ('feet' + 'to remove'; cf., ki-ma-an-z-er). ir5-ir5ku6: ir5-ra:
a fish (reduplicated 'to seek refuge') .
courier ('to run, trot' + nominative).
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iskim-ti: recognized ('signal' + 'to stay alive'). iskim...tuku: issu...lal:

i
to get recognition ('signal' + 'to get').
iskim-zi an-na: good omen from heaven ('signal' + 'good, firm' + 'heaven' + genitive).
to cover with a shadow ('shadow' + 'to extend, reach') .
i:
plow ('the' tool, par excellence). a type of thorn tree; a wood used to make boats and sickle hafts ('wood' + 'sea' +
i-ab-ba(-k):
genitive).
I-BAD: i-bad: i-bru: i-d-a: i-e11: -i-en:
in the Akkad period, a length measure equal to 1 cubit, 1 k . a basket with a wooden handle; threshing sledge. net, trap ('tool' + 'to spread out' + nominative with vowel harmony). timber ('wood' + 'to build, erect' + nominative).
key; door pin ('tool' + 'to exit'). irrealis suffix, 'unreality' form suffix ('tool' + 'enigmatic background') . to conclude a sale ('pestle' + 'to hand over') . harrow ('tool' + 'field' + 'to drag over the ground') .
i-gan...bala: i-gna-r-ra: i-gaz: i-gi: i-gaz-m:
cudgel ('tool' + 'to crush, vanquish') . battle cudgel ('cudgel' + 'battle').
reed bank, thicket, cane brake ('tree' + 'reed'). answering chorus ('tool' + 'to answer' + 'to be') .
i-gi4-l, i-ki-l: i-gd-da: i-gg:
long wood; punting pole; javelin, spear ('wood' + 'long' + nominative).
a date palm ('tree' + 'black, dark').
i-g-ba: a piece of tableware ('tool' + 'chick pea, bean' + 'to give'). i-g-di: a loud musical instrument ('tool' + 'to make a noise or sound') . i...ar: to assign ('tool' + 'to deliver'). i-i-l: i-AR: i-: i-um: i-ur:
battle ('tools' + 'to raise'; cf., ki-i-i-l).
dredging (?) work in the canal ('tool' + 'obligation' ?). firmament, sky ('tool' + 'abundant') . bench on a wagon ('wood' + 'to bruise') . plan, drawing ('tool' + 'to draw, sketch') .
i...ur: to draw; to make plans ('tool' + 'to draw'). i-: (cf., e-i-). i-K: i-kad5:
(cf., kan ). stepladder ('tool' + 'to tie, bind together') .
99
i-kar2/3: i-k-ti: i-ma: i-n: i-na: i-nu(11): i-pr: i...ra: i-rn: I-RU: i-si4: I-AR: i-u:
task (cf., -kr).
i...lal/l: to be silent ('tool' + 'to hang up') .

craftsmen ('work tool' + 'side'). (cf., i-kad 5). bed; bedspread ('tool' + 'to sleep' + nominative). wooden water pail ('wood' + 'to drink'). lamp, light ('tool' + 'light, fire, lamp'). (cf., i-bru ). to thresh ('stick' + 'to beat'). weighing scale (cf., rin, (cf.,
i
rn).
illuru).
a date palm ('tree' + 'red-brown'). (cf., kiri 6). shackle; haft ('tool' + 'hand'). (cf.,
i
i-u-kin:
u-KIN).
i-ub(-ba): lot, share ('tool' + 'to cast, throw, drop' + nominative). i...tag: to make a religious offering, sacrifice (often with dative) ('tree' + 'to adorn'). i...tuku: i-r(-ra): i...r: ...d: -zu:
to hear, listen to ('tool' + 'to get, have') . log, beam, rafter (e.g., of a roof); harrow ('wood' + 'roof').
to harrow (often with -ni -) ('tool' + 'drag').
-zi...e: to commit rape (, 'penis', + 'violence' + 'to do').

to have sexual intercourse (, 'penis', + 'to plant') .
-nu-zu: virgin (said of animals) (, 'penis', + 'not' + zu, 'to know').

having born young; open (, 'penis', + zu, 'to know').
izzal...aka: to pay attention ('attention' + 'to do', cf., sa-k...aka). izzal-kalam-ma(k): the most intelligent person in Sumer ('intelligence' + 'land (of Sumer)' +
genitive).
a-al-ma:
(urudu)
vandals (a-lam + nominative ).
a-bu(2,3,6)-da: a heavy copper hoe (Akkadian loanword, hap/buutum).

to ruin; to destroy (often with -ta -) (cf., ul(3)).
i
a-la: (inheritance) share, lot (cf., al). a-lam:

i
a-lu-b,
u-lu-b: oak (?); sapling (?) [one Akkadian equivalent means 'young maiden'].
a-lu:
(cf., u-lu ).
100
a-mun:
mutually opposing; contrasting, harmonizing; clashing (um, 'to wrestle' conjugated as Akk. huud, 'joy', conjugates into hadm, 'joyful' - except in Sumerian there is no syllable 'mum', just the syllable mun ).
(i)
a-u-r: the cypress or Persian oak tree or its resin ('abundance' + 'to pour' + 'tree trunk') . a-zi(-in):
a-za: to hold, grasp; to retain (Akk. ahaazum, Orel & Stolbova 25).
urudu i
ax (Akkadian loanword, Orel & Stolbova 1318, cf., 1305).
ar-ar:
a musical instrument; chain (reduplicated 'ring, bracelet') (cf., kkkin).
ar-ra-an: road (a city on the route to the Mediterranean, Akkadian loanword). a4...-:
i
to rejoice ('lower abdomen' + 'to deposit') .
az...aka: to slaughter ('tool' + 'to thresh' + 'to do'; cf., gaz, 'to slaughter') .
[that] is our wish ('wish' + + 'to be') .
-m: 'so be it', 'let it be', consent, approval, wish (precative prefix + + 'to be'). -m-me-m: -du7:
be') .
decoration ('let it be suitable, fitting').
-en-na-nam-ma-m: it is indeed (precative prefix + + na-nam, 'indeed' + enclitic copula, 'to -l:
overflow; abundance ('let there be available') . let it be. abundance, fruitfulness ('may it be; numerous' + 'great, fine, deep') . knowledge (reduplicated [with vowel alternation]:
-...nam-...: -nun; i-nun:
-zu--zu; -zu--za:
'numerous' + 'to know') .
i-a:
(cf., ) ('to mix' + nominative).
i-li: beauty; (sexual) charm, appeal; luxuriance ('numerous' + 'cedar oil, fragrance'). i-li...aka:
to behave gracefully ('beauty' + 'to do') . to apply adornments ('beauty' + 'to adorn; to spread') . to be full of opulence ('beauty' + 'to bear, carry') . joyous (?) beauty ('beauty' + asa, 'cage, fetter' or ingredient in asilal(3,4,5),
i-li...du8(-du8): i-li...gr-ru: i-li-ma(-ra)-az:

'joy, gladness') .
i-li...s(-s): full of appeal ('beauty' + 'to rejoice'). i-nun:

i
(cf., -nun ). (cf.,

i
u-lu-b:
a-lu-b).
to scare; to become scared, frightened ('birds/fish' + 'to sweep away') .
u-lu, a-lu: u-r-in:
u-nu, u-u-nu: helpless (u-(), un-(), 'to hire' + 'none').

eagle (Akkadian loanword, urinnu I; Orel & Stolbova #52 *ar-/*war- 'eagle'; note that AHw says that urinnu II, 'standard, totem', is a Sumerian loanword). idiot, hillbilly, boor (Akkadian loanword ?).
u-ru(-um):
101
u-su: (cf., ). u-r-s-/ne: b-gaz: b...:

(cf., ur-sa ).
slaughter ('athlete' + 'to slaughter') .
b...sar: to run ('athlete' + 'to run').

to trample (?) ('athlete' + 'to cover') .
ul...dm: to hurt, cause pain ('evil' + 'to create, make') ul...gig: to hate ('evil' + 'to be sick'). ul-l: l-la: ur-sa: i-i:
evil ones ('evil' + 'to be'). very happy; joyful ('joy' + subordination suffix /-a/). hill-country; mountainous region ('holes, valleys' + 'points, peaks') .
u-a: something red ('angry' + nominative).

(reduplicated d ).
i-b[BIL]: smoke; Emesal dialect for igi, 'face; to see' ('to go out, rise' + 'to burn') . i-dib: threshold; flagstone, slab; device, contrivance ('to go out' + 'to traverse, cross') . i-gi4-in-zu: indeed!; as, like (used in hypothetical comparisons). i-lu:
song, lament, dirge ('cry' + 'to multiply').
i-lu...du11/e: to sing a dirge ('dirge' + 'to speak, sing'). i(-r): (cf., ir). i-ti:
(cf., itud ). complaint; lament (cf., isi2,3). to wail (to someone: dative) (isi2,3, 'moaning' + 'to set') .
i-si-i:
i-si-i...ar: i-dutu: i-zi: -k: -b:
i-si-i...l: to sit in anguish (isi2,3, 'moaning' + 'to hang').

outcry; complaint; cry for justice; 'Oh, Shamash!' ('cry' + divine determinative + 'god of justice') . waves (cf., iz-zi ) ('to go out, rise' + 'to rise, go out') . inclined angle, inclination (e.g., 45 degrees - the angle formed by animals eating fodder) . fat of cows, cream (?) ('fat' + 'cow'). clarified butter, ghee (Old Sumerian) ('cow fat' + 'to make flat [by boiling away the water]') .
-b-s-ga: -b-la:
(cf., ibila ).
-dub: storage jugs, pitchers ('oil' + 'to store, heap up'). -dg(-ga), -du10-ga:
(l)
perfume; good oil ('oil' + 'sweet'). cream; perfume ('oil' + 'sweet' + 'fine').
-dg-nun(-na), -du10-nun(-na):
-du/du8: janitor; porter; door keeper (impersonal verbal conjugation prefix + 'residue, waste').
102
-gu-la):
perfumed oil ('oil' + 'flax' + 'beauty, desire').
-i: sesame oil ('oil' + 'tree'). -I-nun(-na): -ir-a: -ku6: -la4: -l:
(cf., -dg-nun(-na);
-nun; i-nun).
ointment ('oil' + 'perfume' + nominative). fish oil ('oil' + 'fish'). a profession (impersonal verbal prefix + 'to fling away'). fine oil (jar) ('oil' + 'true measure; fine oil').
-nun: butter; clarified butter, ghee (Neo-Sumerian) ('fat, oil' + 'noble'). -r-r: -si-na: -ti:
ointment mixer ('fat' + reduplicated 'to stir, mix').
-sa: best, fine oil ('oil' + 'prime').

(cf., e-si-na ).
-a: pig lard ('fat' + 'pig').

moonlight (cf., itud ).
-udu: fat, tallow ('fat' + 'sheep'). i5-ar[KA.AR]: to promise, predict; ominous remark (inim, 'word' + 'to make, establish'). ib-si8[DI]: b-lal: b-tag4:
ku
square ('eye' + 'to crack open') .
b-dam-za: anger ('to be angry' + dum-dam...za, 'to grumble').

underwear (?) ('hips' + 'to hang, stretch, extend') . leftover ('middle' + 'to disregard').
(cf., kue-b-r).
b-r:
d-a-dug:
i
irrigation project ('canal' + 'water' + 'vessel'). to bolt the door ('door' + 'hand' + 'base' + 'to go') . before his father ('front' + 'father' + ni-a(k) , 'his + genitive' + terminative suffix,
ig-u-r...DU:
'unto') .
igi-a-a-na-:
igi...bad: to open one's eyes ('eye' + 'to open'). igi-bala:

traitor, turncoat; shiftiness ('eyes' + 'to turn, change, revolt') .
igi...bar: to look at ('eye' + 'to open'). igi-zi...bar: to choose; to legitimate ('to look at' + 'legitimate; to strengthen'). igi-daal: wide seeing eyes ('eyes' + 'wide'). igi(-)...dib(2): igi-ul...dm: igi-du: igi-...du:
to pass in front of/before ('face' + terminative suffix + 'to pass by') .
to put the evil eye (on someone) ('eye' + 'evil' + 'to fashion').
adj. for a lead animal; leader (also read as palil ) ('front' + 'to walk'). to walk in front of ('to the front' + 'to walk').
103
igi...d: igi...du8: igi-du8-a:
to be on the lookout for (with -i -) ('eye' + 'to raise erect') . to see (often with -ni - or bi -); to spy; to witness ('eye' + 'to crack open') . visibility (of the moon) ('to see' + nominative).
igi(-tur)...gd: to despise, look upon with disfavor or anger ('eye, face' + 'little' + 'to lengthen';
cf., sa-ki...gd).
igi-gu4:
a stylized biconvex geometric figure constructed from 120 degree arcs ('eye' + 'ox').
igi...gub: to look at ('eye' + 'to set'). igi-gub(-ba): coefficient ('inverse' + 'fixed'). igi-gn-gn: igi-4-l: 1/4. igi-6-l: 1/6. igi-l(-la): clever, intelligent ('eye' + 'to place [into]' + nominative). igi...ar: to face, look at (with -i- adds intensity to the gaze); to appear before someone ('eye; face'
+ 'to set') .
flashing eyes ('eyes; face' + 'to sparkle; to have on makeup') .
igi...l: to (be able to) see; to understand; to look upon (often with -i-) ('eye' + 'to place [into]').
IGI-AR(-m): igi...l:
review, inspection, supervision.
to direct the eyes to (with -i -, at a specific object); to view; to look over ('eyes' + 'to lift').
igi-l-la: choice ('eyes' + 'to lift' + nominative). igi...kr: to look upon; to examine, inspect; to select (often with -i-) ('eyes' + 'to illuminate'). igi-l:
(cf., igi-tm-l ).
igi...lal: to close one's eyes ('eyes' + 'to diminish, retreat'). igi-m(-/ak/):

before the battle; vanguard ('before; front' + 'battle' + genitive).
igi-nin: treachery ('eye' + 'to wander, turn away'). igi-nim(-ma): upper country - from Sumer either the east or the northwest ('to face' + 'east'). igi-nu-du8(-a): blind person - a slave; unskilled worker ('eye' + 'not' + 'to crack open'). igi...si(-g): to see ('eyes' + 'to fill'). igi-sg-sg[PA-PA]: an insulting face ('face' + reduplicated 'to strike, knock down'; cf., ka-sg). igi-sig5: igi-su:
pulverized (onions) (cf., mun-gazi ) ('eye' + 'to be good') . (cf., i-gi 4-in-zu ).
igi...su: to stare with wide-open eyes ('eyes' + 'to pop out') . igi-X-:
in the presence of X ('face, front' + X + terminative suffix) . to unite ('eyes' + 'to soften, allay') .
igi...te-en:
igi-te-en: fraction; proportions; symmetry.
104
igi-tm-l:
weigh').
coveting, longing, greedy eyes; a starving person ('eyes' + 'to obtain, carry away' + 'to facing the sunrise, facing east ('face; before' + dutu-, 'sunrise' + locative).
igi-u4--a:
igi...ru: to be on guard, vigilant ('eyes' + 'to watch, guard') . igi-z-; igi-zg-ga: igi-zu:
(cf., i-gi 4-in-zu ). select, precious ('eyes' + 'to choose' + nominative).
igi-z-z: dry-eyed (?) ('eyes' + 'to cut, shear, pluck'; Akk. ,suhhutum means 'pressed out') . l-l: elevation ('to lift' + 'to hang'; cf., dn-l, 'depression') . ldag[A-AM]-zi-da: im-ba: loss ('the paid out') . im-babbar(2): gypsum; whitewash ('clay' + 'white'). IM...dirig: im-dugud: im-ri:
(cf., n...dirig ). pleasant poplar tree ('poplar tree' + 'good') .
im-d-a; im-du8-a: wall of rammed earth; adobe wall ('mud' + 'to build, erect' + nominative).
lump of earth or metal (cf., aar x) ('clay, earth' + 'weight').
im-gd-da: small, one column tablet ('clay tablet' + 'long' + 'side').

lightning storm ('storm' + 'lightning flash').
im-a-mun: a dark-colored earth used for a high-contrast dye ('clay, earth' + 'contrasting'; cf. also, imri-a-mun).
im-ul: im-lag:
evil wind ('wind' + 'evil').
im-l: container; width ('clay' + 'to hold').

clump of clay ('clay' + 'piece').
im-ma: last, previous (year) ('the named'). im-ma-al:

milk cow (cf., immal (2)). to register on a clay tablet ('clay tablet' + locative + 'to write down'; cf., im-u-gub). 'it is too much' - the scream of suffering men or of women in
im-ma...gub:
im-ma-si-im-ma-diri-ga:
travail (a deverbalized fixed form).
im-mar-tu: westwind ('wind' + 'western desert'). im-me: to be the one for ( + me + a). im...mir: im-nun:
to be windy ('wind' + 'storm wind').
edge of the civilized world ('writing tablet' + 'great').
im-ri-a-mun: storm, whirlwind ('weather' + 'to blow' + 'mutually opposing'). im-ru(-a), im-ri(-a):
relatives, family, clan ('the sent out') .
im-sa12-ti-um: eastwind ('wind' + 'eastern mountains').
105
im-sar(-ra): im-si-s: im...:
clay tablet; document ('clay' + 'to write' + nominative).
northwind ('wind' + 'straight'). to rain ('storm' + 'to rain').
im-u: paragraph, section, extract (on a tablet) ('clay tablet' + 'portion'). im-u-gub: list tablet ('sections' + 'to write down'; cf., im-ma...gub). im-u-rin-na: oven. IMTAK4; IM.TAK4; TAK4; TAK4.IM: im-u18-lu: in-dal: in-dub:
southwind ('wind' + 'storm'). to blow away the straw/chaff ('straw' + redup. 'to blow'; cf., bul). to cut; to be cut out.
in...bu5-bu5:
chaff ('straw' + 'to fly').
in...d-a: cleaning straw after winnowing ('straw' + 'to pour' + nominative).

marked out border ('straw' + 'to heap up') .
in(-nu)(-)...db: to insult; to taunt (with -ni-) ('insult' ( + terminative suffix) + 'to knock
down') .
in-ga-:
again; equally (frequently follows -gim ).
in-ga-na-nam: it is also ('equally' + emphatic + 'to be'). in-na: insult. in-nam-gd-da: in-nu(-da): inim...bala: inim-br-ra: inim-dirig: inim-dg: inim...gi4:
return') .
storehouse (rare variant of u-gd-da).
in-nu: negation (cf., an-na, 'yes').

straw ('straw' + nud, 'bed' + genitive). to have a conversation; to interpret; to translate ('words' + 'to revolve') . breach of treaty ('words' + 'to dissolve, loosen' + nominative). excessive words, arrogance, hubris ('words' + 'to exceed'). good word ('word' + 'sweet, good') .
inim...dug4/du11/e: to say ('words' + 'to speak').

to answer (with dative prefix and -ni -); to call back one's word (with bi -) ('word' + 'to to (produce) slander ('word' + 'low; small' + 'to consume'; cf., eme-
inim-sig...gu7(-gu7):
sig...gu7).
inim...ar: inim...k:
to bring an action against someone (before the court); to claim ('word' + 'to set, fix').
inim-inim-ma: compositions; wisdom ('word' + 'word' + genitive ?).

to seek or find the right word ('word' + 'to seek, fetch') .
inim...ku5(-r): to swear ('word' + 'to cut, curse').
106
inim-ma...s(-g)[SUM]: to imagine, conceive an idea ('in a word' + 'to place'). inim-sig-ga: inim...r: inim-zu: inim-d(-da):
slander ('word' + 'low; small' + nominative). to search for clarification ('word' + 'to request, implore'). a word of prayer ('word' + 'to pray' + nominative).
one who knows the (proper) words; learned ('words' + 'to know') . fragrant aroma, scent ('perfume' + 'to fill up' + 'wind'; no indication of
ir-si-im; ir-sim:
Afroasiatic cognates).
r: (cf., r). is-b:

i
fool ('organ' + 'foul-smelling'). a tool.
I-gi4:
iz-zi[I-ZI]; iz-zi8[I-KAL]: house wall; fire; current, flood ('wood' + 'to rise up';
cf., -sig4).
izi-gi6-eden-na: izi-l: izi...l:
shadow ('fire' + 'night' + 'steppe; spine') .
torch ('fire' + 'to raise up'). to purify with fire ('fire' + 'to raise up').
izi...ne-ne(-r): to fan the fire ('fire' + reduplicated nir, 'to winnow'). izi...sg[PA]: izi...te:
to set on fire ('fire' + 'to knock down, demolish').
izi...ub: to hurl fire ('fire' + 'to throw').

fire approaches ('fire' + 'to approach'). to extinguish or calm a fire ('fire' + 'to calm, extinguish'). coal ('fire-place' + 'liver, soul').
izi...te-en: ka-al: clay pit.
zi[KI-IZI]-ur5:
ka(-al)-lu5: a vessel, bowl (Akkadian loanword, kal; Orel & Stolbova #1423, *kalVy-, 'vessel'). ka-a-bar: decision ('mouth' + 'one' + 'to divide'; cf., e-bar). ka-a...bar: ka...ba: ka...d:
ku
to render a decision.
to converse ('mouth' + 'to give'). to accuse (reduplication class) ('mouth' + 'to build, make'). a leather wrapping for part of the plow. fierce or accusing mouth.
ka-d:
ka-d-a, ka-d-d: ka-du-a:

i
with open mouth ('mouth' + 'to crack open' + nominative).
KA-db-ba: a field tool (?).

catastrophe ('mouth' + 'military encampment' + nominative).
ka-gra-a: ka-guru7:
granary supervisor ('mouth' + 'silo').
107
ka-ri: KA...AR: ka-d-da: KA-keda:
path ('mouth' + 'feet; way, path') . (cf., z...ur 5). canal intake ('mouth' + 'river' + genitive). regiment ('mouth; word' + 'to bind') .
KA...k-(d): to organize; to have an agreement; to put together; to become undone, disorganized (with -ta -). ka ki...zu-zu: ka-ll:
to kiss the ground ('mouth' + 'ground' + reduplicated 'to know') .
a sweet person ('mouth' + 'honey') .
KALI...di/e: (cf., g-nun...di/e). KALI...gi4(-gi4): ka-lu5: KA-nun...di/e: ka...sag9-sag9: ka-sg[PA]: ka-s-ga: ka-akan: ka-ta-: ka-tab: ka-tar:
(cf., sig 14..gi 4). (cf., ka-al-lu 5). (cf., g-nun...di/e ). to make the mouth pleasant ('mouth' + reduplicated 'good, pleasing') .
an insulting mouth ('mouth' + 'to strike, knock down'; cf., igi-sg-sg). an empty mouth ('mouth' + 'to be empty' + nominative). supervisor of the fat stores ('mouth' + 'large oil jar'). (cf., kiri 4
KA u...l: ka-ta...kar:
u...l).
utterance ('mouth' + 'from' + 'to go out'). to take away ('mouth' + 'from' + 'to take away').
to be clogged ('mouth' + 'to clasp') . princely; praise; challenger; a type of fungus or rot ('mouth' + 'to decide; to destroy') . to praise ('praise' + sil, 'to praise') .
ka-tar...si-il: K.GAL:
(cf., abul ).
k-bar-ra: outer door ('gate' + 'outside' + nominative). k-m: wings of a temple door ('gate' + 'battle'). kb...dug4:
(dug) i
to measure or count commodities for accounting or taxation ('string' ? + 'to do') . a measuring jar with a capacity of 20 sla . chariot; cart.
kb-dug4-ga:
KAK+LI-la(2):
kak-s:
goad ('nail' + 'to drive'; cf., bar-surudu). highly esteemed or valued, precious (reduplicated 'to esteem, value') .
kal-kal; ka-al-ka-al: kal-la-kal-la:

(munus)
barren, empty ('to be rare').
kar-kid: prostitute (B. Alster reads munus-kar-ke4) ('marketplace' + 'reed mat').

to reach the quay (in a boat) ('quay' + locative + 'to reach, moor to') .
kar(-ra)...s:
108
kaskal...sig10/s(-g):
even') .
to clear a road ('road' + 'to place, put in; to engrave; to make flat,
ka-d-a:
banquet, libation, party ('beer' + 'to pour' + nominative).
ka-d...aka: to put on a banquet ('banquet' + 'to do') . ka-dg/du10: ka-gg: ka-kal: ka-si4: ka-sig5: ka-sig15: ka-sur-ra:
sweet drink ('beer' + 'sweet, fresh') .
dark beer ('beer' + 'black, dark'). good dark beer ('beer' + 'black, dark' + 'sweet, fresh' + nominative).
ka-gg-dg-ga:
strong (?) beer ('beer' + 'strong; excellent'). reddish-brown beer ('beer' + 'red-brown'). good beer ('beer' + 'good, fine quality') . light beer ('beer' + 'pleasing; valuable'; cf., zd-sig15). pressed out beer ('beer' + 'to press; to brew' + nominative).
k...sur: to urinate ('urine' + 'to expel a liquid'). ka4...dug4/du11/e: ka4-di: ka4...kar: ke-en-ge-ra: k-de6: ki-a-na:
to run ('speed' + 'to effect') .
adj. or adv., running. to run fast ('speed' + 'to escape, run away') . (cf., ki-en-gi 7(-r) ).
a fish measure ('to join, tie' + 'to carry'). libation place; death offering ('place' + 'water' + 'to water').
ki---(): the place of issuing orders (cf., --, 'instructions, orders') . ki...-():
to love (someone: with dative infix; something: with locative/loc.-terminative infix); to show affection ('ground' + 'to measure' = the first recorded euphemism ?, or the result of popular etymology from kam(2), 'to desire'; cf., ki-n...aka).
ki-: beloved. ki-bad-r: distant places ('places' + 'to be at a distance' + nominative). ki-bala: ki-br: ki...de6: ki...dar:
rebellious country, rebel land ('place' + 'to revolt'). solution, answer ('place' + 'exposed'). to break the ground ('ground' + 'to split'; cf., ki-in-dar). to bury ('ground' + 'to bring; to continue') .
ki-di-ku5-da/ru: ki-dul: ki-dr:
place of judicial decisions ('place' + 'decisions' + 'to cut, decide' + nominative without/with vowel harmony). secret; obscure point ('place' + 'to cover, hide') . nest or den for animals (plural, cf., ki-tu ) ('place' + 'to dwell (plural)').
109
ki-duru5: parts of the field where the ground is moist and productive; riverbank; generosity (cf., pi10, pe10; pex[KI.A]) ('ground' + 'moist'). ki-e-ne-di: ki-: ki-gal:
playing ground; (place of) dancing (also read as eemen ) ('place' + 'to play').
exit ('place' + 'to go out') . Sumer ('place' + 'lords' + 'noble; native') .
ki-en-gir15/gi7(-r); ki-en-gi(-r): ki-(bi-)...gi4: ki-gibil-gibil-l: ki-gub(-ba): ki-ar:
big place; great Earth (as opposed to an-gal , 'great Heavens'); foundations ('place' + 'big'). to restore (usually with bi -, or with dative prefix) (lit., return [to its] place) constant renewal ('place' + reduplicated 'renewal' + nominative).
('place' [ + 'its' + 'to' ] + 'to return, restore').
assigned place to stand, station; socle ('place' + 'to stand' + nominative).
ki-gul-la: waif ('ground' + 'to fall upon' + nominative; cf., gul-lum).

grounds; settled place; place where something is built ('ground' + 'to place') . to found, establish (a building or town) (often with -ni - or bi -) ('ground' + 'to place') . to bring success ('place' + r, 'to be many; abundance' + 'to establish') .
ki...ar:
ki-e-er...ar: ki-...ar: ki-ri: ki-ul: ki-i-i-l: ki...ur: ki-in-du: ki-inim-ma: ki-ir-ga:
to fall/throw upon the ground ('ground' [ + 'onto' ] + 'to set') .
path ('place' + 'feet; way, path') . battlefield ('place' + 'tools' + 'to raise'; cf., i-i-l).
mourning rites ('ground' + 'to destroy; evil') . to scratch the earth; to paw the ground ('ground' + 'to scratch') .
ki-in-dar: hole, crevice ('ground' + 'instance of' + 'to split'; cf., ki-dar).
the earth ('ground' + 'instance of' + 'to walk') .
ki-in-gi4-a: (cf., kin-gi4-a).

place of testimony (cf., l-ki-inim-ma ) ('place' + 'oath' + genitive). (cf., di-ir-ga ).
ki-iz: to trim, to clean (of hair, leaves, or vegetation) (cf., guz). ki-kal-kal-la: ki-kalag: ki-kid:
scour')
the very precious place ('place' + reduplicated 'to value, esteem' + nominative). the barren place = the netherworld ('place' + 'barren, empty').
ki-kal-la-kal-la:
hard ground ('ground' + 'strong'; cf., kankal).
a place of reed mats ('place' + 'reed mat'). to seek (with -i - denoting the object of the search) ('place, ground' + 'to seek,
ki...k, kin: ki-kkku:
dark place ('place' + 'dark').
ki-lal/l(-bi):
(its) weight, where weight refers to area or volume; excavation, grave; cellar granary, silo; shape, arrangement ('area' + 'to weigh, lift').
110
ki-l:
water meter. to heed, pay attention to. royal place ('place' + 'king' + 'to stand') .
ki...l:
ki-lugal-gub(-ba): ki-ma-an-z-er: ki-ma:
ki-lul-la: place of murder or violence ('place' + 'malicious act' + genitive).

a slippery place ('a place where it slips for me'; cf., ri...z-er).
high place; place of honor; grave ('place' + 'exalted').
ki-n: sleeping quarters; bed, bedding ('place' + 'bed'). ki-n...aka:

to make love ('bed' + 'to do') .
ki-nam-nita: battlefield ('place' + 'manliness'). KI.NE: (cf., dinig and nemur). ki-n-te: ki...ri: ki-s-a: ki-saar: ki-s-ga:
iti
resting place ('place' + n...te-en, 'to calm down'). place to eat bread ('place' + 'bread' + 'to eat').
ki-ninda-gu7:
to scratch the ground ('ground' + 'to touch ;to gather') . socle ('place' + 'to compare with' + nominative). syllabic writing for kisal-ma-e , 'in the great courtyard'.
ki-s-al-ma-e:
place of silt deposits ('place' + 'silt'). funerary offering; quarantine hut ('ground' + 'to place, set' + nominative).
ki-sig-dNin-a-zu:
calendar month 4 at Drehem through u-Sin 3; calendar month 5 at Drehem after u-Sin 3; calendar month 5 at Ur during Ur III. young woman; virgin ('place' + 'pure').
ki-sikil:
ki-a...su-ub: to kiss the ground; to prostrate oneself ('ground' + locative + 'to suck') . ki-su-ub...aka: ki-sug8, ki-su7:
to kiss the ground; to make obeisance ('to kiss the ground' + 'to do') .
threshing floor, select fallow land whose surface was conditioned to act as a threshing floor ('land' + 'threshing floor'; cf., kisla).
ki-sum-ma: onion-growing land ('land' + 'onions' + genitive). ki...sur: ki-r: ki-r: ki-X-ta: ki...tag: ki...tm: ki-e-er:
to fix the boundary ('place' + 'ditch; to delimit').
horizon; everywhere ('place' + 'totality'). fence; enclosure; limit ('place' + r, 'to be many'; cf., e-er-tab-ba).
snake hole; grave; cavity in the ground ('place' + 'fierce').
ki-ta: below; lower ('ground' + locative with remote deixis).

disbursed by X ('from the place of X'). to lay on the ground; to lay the foundation ('ground' + 'to adorn') . to bury (a dead person) ('ground' + 'to prepare; to bring') .
111
ki-tu:
seat; dwelling place (singular, cf., ki-dr ) ('place' + 'to sit, dwell (singular)'). "place of knowledge" (school); large beer container ('place' + 'idea, knowledge').
ki-umun2-(m):
KI-UD(-k): desert land ('place' + 'sun; dry'). ki-r: territory; living grounds ('place' + 'roofs'). ki-uri:
the land of Akkade ('place' + 'protectors ?') .
ki...s: to set on the ground; to touch the ground; to throw to the ground; to establish (often with ni-) ('ground' + 'to moor, join'). ki...za:
remote').
to bow down, submit (reduplication class) ('ground' + 'to make a repetitive motion') . to make homage far from ('homage' + 'to be at a distance,
ki-za...bad; ki-za...s:
ki-za...tmu: to obtain homage; to refuse obeisance ('homage' + 'to obtain'). ki-z:

a sacred locality ('place' + 'to hide'). sharp edge ('place' + 'teeth' + 'mill stone; to chew' + nominative).
ki-z-ur5-ra: KD-alam: k/kinku6:
k-sa: (cf., gi-sa).

sculptor ('to pinch off clay' + 'statue') . a fish.
k...aka: to work; to manufacture ('orders' + 'to do'). k-...aka: to put to work ('orders' + terminative + 'to do'). k-d-a: k-db-ba: k...: k-gi4-a:
iti
construction work ('tasks' + 'to build, erect' + nominative). hammering work ('tasks' + 'to strike, hammer' + nominative). to work ('orders' + 'to make, deliver'). messenger, envoy; message ('messages' + 'to return' + 'the one who') .
k-dInanna: calendar month 6 at Nippur during Ur III.
k-saar: earth-moving work ('tasks' + 'earth, silt'). k-sig(7/17)(-g), k-se11/12(-g):

of the evening ('tasks' + 'late'). evening meal; time of the evening meal; evening; cool
k-sig-gin7: k...ti: kin:

na4
during the evening ('evening' + 'during') .
to assign work ('orders' + 'to keep alive').
k[-k]...til: to finish one's work ('orders' + 'to keep alive').

(cf., k ).
kn-an-na: upper millstone ('millstone' + 'to be high' + nominative).
kri[KA]-zal: prosperity, splendor; splendid, wonderful ('nose' + 'to shine') . kri/kir4[KA]-dib/dab: groom (for leading donkeys and horses and as a title of a court
official) ('nose' + 'to catch, hold') .
112
kiri4-u-d: supplication(s) ('nose' + 'hand' + 'to fasten, apply') . kiri4 u...l: to pay homage to, to greet (dative) ('nose' + 'hand' + 'to place on') . kiri4...te-en: kiri4...ur5: kiri4-zal: kiri6...d: ki-nu-l:
to sneeze ('nose' + 'cold') .
to sniff at; to sneer at ('nose' + 'to smell'). joy, prosperity ('dam in a stream' + 'to be full, abundant') . to lay out a garden ('garden' + 'to set up; to plant') .
kisal-ma: main courtyard ('courtyard' + 'foremost').

brightly lit ('the city of Kish' + 'lamps' + 'to have') .
kiib-l: seal-keeper ('seal' + 'to have'). kiib...ra(-ra): to seal; to subpoena ('seal' + 'to roll, impress'). k: (cf., gu7). KU-KU: ancestors (?) ('to found; to lie down') . ku-dun...dug4:
dug
to profit ('solid base' + 'to heap, pile up' + 'to speak, do') .
ku-kur-d: a jar ('solid base' + 'mountain' + 'to mould, make').
ku-li: friend; a standard size clay beer pot in range 0.5 - 1.2 liters ('solid base' + 'true measure'). ku-li-an-na: ku-mul:
friend of heaven; dragonfly ('friend' + 'sky' + genitive).
cumin (Elamite ? loanword).
ku-nu: to approach; to be near. k-babbar: silver ('noble metal' + 'white'). k-dam-taka4: k-dm: k-du8: k-l: k...l: k-sig17: k-tuku:
divorce settlement ('silver' + 'spouse' + 'to leave with a person') .
goldsmith, silversmith, metal worker ('noble metal' + 'to fashion') . ransom money (for a slave) ('silver' + 'to untie'). inspector ('silver' + 'to have'). to lose money ('silver' + 'loss' ( + plural marker + 'to enter, turn into').
k-im-ba(-a...ku4):
to settle an account ('silver' + 'to weigh').
k-lu-a: refined silver ('noble metal, silver' + 'to clean' + nominative).

gold ('noble metal' + 'yellow'). one who has silver ('silver' + 'to have').
k-zu: expert, erudite, clever; wisdom ('bright' + 'to know'). k-zu-n-nam-ma: the all wise ('expert' + n-na-me, 'anything' + genitive). ku6-a-d:
fresh fish ('fish' + 'water' + 'to pour, water'). sea fish ('fish' + 'sea' + genitive).
ku6-ab-baku6:
113
ku6-banur-ra: ku6-dar-ra: ku6-l: kug:
fish for the (offering) table ('fish' + 'table' + genitive).
dried fish ('fish' + 'to slice' + nominative). fish of the marshes ('fish' + 'fresh waters' + genitive).
ku6-engur(-ra-k): kud-kud-r:
(cf., k ).
fish delivery ('fish' + 'to carry'). a lame person (reduplicated 'to cut off' + nominative).
kun-k-an...za: kun-sa:
to bubble (see the definition for za).
staircase of the sanctuary ('tail; staircase' + 'head, chief').
kun-su3/13(-su3/13): long-tailed ('tail' + 'to stretch; to wag a tail; to be long') . kun-zi(-da):

ku6
weir ('canal reservoir' + 'to strengthen') . fish-pond fish. mountain of cedar trees ('mountain' + 'cedar' + genitive).
kun-zi(-da):
kur-ierin-na: kur-gal:
('mountain' + 'big').
great mountain - a metaphor for temples and for Sumer as a place where earth and sky meet
kur-gi4muen: goose, geese ('mountains' + 'to return'). kur-ra diri-ga: kur-sig: kr...di: kur7...aka: kur7-aka: ku...d: ku-d: ku-l: ku-na:
supreme over the lands ('lands' + locative + 'to be supreme' + nominative).
deep mountain ('mountain' + 'low'). to speak hostile words ('hostile' + 'to speak') . to inspect ('to watch; lookout' + 'to do') .
inspection record. to treat or dress skin ('leather' + 'to raise up, make').
treated or flayed skin.
ku-d-d: leather-dresser.
leather cord ('leather' + 'to hang; strap') . leather water pail or hose ('leather' + 'to drink').
k-numun: in the Akkad period, a length measure equal to 2 cubits, 2 I-BAD, = 1 meter. ku7...sud/s/su: la-ag: (cf., lag). la-ga: (cf., l-la-ga). la-gal:
(cf., lagar ). long-haired hero(s) ?; mythological sea monster ?. to level; to devastate ('devastation' + 'to immerse') . to crawl; to sneak away; to run ('herd' ( + ground) + 'to touch') .
kuu/kuumx(-ki)...tag:
la-a-ma:
la-la: joy; appeal, charms; abundance; vigor (reduplicated 'happiness') . Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 114
l-a[NI]: remainder of debt left over, difference, arrears ('to weigh; minus' + 'oil'; may be a connection
to ia4, 'counter'; cf., lalla).
lagab
na4
za-gn-na: a block of lapis lazuli ('block' + 'lapis lazuli' + genitive).

mythological lake, pond ('honey; date syrup' + 'ring') . exercise tablet (loan from Akkadian liginnu).
ll-ar: li-gi4-in:
iti d
li-um, le-um: plate. Li9-si4:

calendar month 9 at Umma during Ur III.
lu-ga: (cf., lug). lu-g: to twist; be crooked, not straight ('numerous' + 'edge'; cf., ru-g). lu-u-um: lu-lim: lu-bsar:
ku ku
mud (lu,'to wash' + imi, 'clay, mud'; don't find Semitic parallels to Akk. luhumm, but Hebrew/Arabic LH/LHH means 'moist'; cf., lum, 'fertilizer, manure'). stag (Akkadian loanword ?; 'to graze, pasture' + 'thousand') . turnip, beet ('abundant' + 'container') . leather bag for holding food; lunch bag ('abundant' + 'container') . to prepare (gold or silver) for the precious sack (by sifting)
lu-b:
lu-b-ir(-ra)...aka:
('leather bag' + 'testicles' + locative case ending + 'to do') .
l-a-tu5(-a):
a priest who bathes the statues of the deities and rulers - lustration priest ('man' +
'water' + 'to wash, bathe' + nominative).
l--tuku: strong man, influential person ('man' + 'strength' + 'to have'). l-ibala:
man of the spindle ('man' + 'spindle'). brewer (cf., ningi ; lunga ) ('man' + 'beer bread').
l-bappir(2/3):
l-bar-ra: foreigner ('person' + 'outside' + genitive). l-br-ru: interpreter (of omens/dreams) ('person' + 'to reveal, interpret (a dream)' + nominative with
vowel harmony).
l-dam-tuku: l-di-da: l-du-du:

a[k]).
a married person ('person' + 'spouse' + 'to have') .
opposing party (in a legal case) ('man' + 'law suit' + 'with'). vagabond ('man' + reduplicated 'to walk'). manager of the treasure-house ('man' + 'house' + 'treasure' + double genitive [a]k-
l--n-ka: l-rim: l-e:
enemy ('man' + 'evil, hostile'). prisoner ('man' + 'rope'; cf., -e, 'jail' and aa, 'captive').
l-ga-um: assassin ('man' + 'I will' + 'to slaughter'). l-gi-di(-da): l-gu-la:

piper ('man' + 'reed' + di-d, 'to speak' + nominative).
l-gi-gd-da: flutist ('man' + 'reed' + 'long' + nominative).

despot ('man' + 'large').
115
l-gub-ba: ecstatic ('man' + 'to stand' + nominative). l-i-e3/11: l-im/tum9: l-inim-ma: l-kal-(l): l-ka4:
doorkeeper, doorman ('man' + 'key').
l-un-: hired worker ('man' + 'to hire' + nominative).

'wind man': unreliable person ('man' + 'wind'). witness ('person' + 'word' + genitive). incantation priest (cf., tu6, mu7, zug4, u7, and sig14).
l-KALI-KALI:
dear one ('person' + 'precious') .
l-kar-ra: refugee ('person' + 'to escape' + nominative).

courier ('man' + 'fast runner'). witness ('person' + 'place' + 'oath' + genitive).
l-ki-inim-ma:
l-kr-ra: stranger; enemy ('man' + 'mountains, foreign country' + genitive). l-kurun(-/ak/): brewer; innkeeper ('man' + 'alcoholic drink' (+ genitive)). l-la-ga: l-m-gur8:
robber (cf., ma-la-(g)). unfaithful, treacherous man ('man' + 'lies' + genitive). boat captain ('man' + 'large boat'). no man does X ('man' + prohibitive modal prefix + 'to be' + 'no, not'; cf., u4-na-
l-lul(-la):
l...na-me...nu-:
me...nu-tuku).
l-nam-tag-ga:
sinner ('man' + 'guilt' + genitive).
l-n-zu(-/ak/): thief ('man' + 'one's own' + 'your' + genitive). l-n-zu: thief ('man' + 'one's own' + 'to steal, rob'). l-n-nu-tuku: l-n-tuku: l-ru-g: l-ru-g-da:
poor man, debtor ('man' + 'thing' + 'not' + 'to have') .
rich man, wealthy person ('man' + 'thing' + 'to have').
recalcitrant, intractable individual(s) ('man' + ru-g, 'to withstand, oppose') .
river ordeal, to decide an insoluble legal case, which involved swimming a certain distance and returning to shore without being pulled under by the current ('man' + 'to send' + 'river bank' + 'to be near'; cf., ru-g). perfect man ('man' + 'good, healthy') . friend, acquaintance ('man' + su-a, 'cat'). numerous individuals, myriads ('men, people' + 'to be many') .
l-silim: l-su-a: l-r:
L.E: (cf., nga). l e bad-r: to thresh ('man' + 'grain' + 'to open, expose, peel, release, split' + nominative). l-uku-ra-ke4-ne: persons with allotted portions ('allotted portions' + genitive + plural). l-tu-ra:
a sick person ('person' + 'to be weak, sick' + nominative).
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l-u5-a: l-u18-um: l-z:
rider ('man' + 'to mount, ride' + nominative).
l-u18[IGAL]-(lu): mankind; human being ('humans' + 'huge' [ + 'numerous']).

name of a breed of small cattle (possible Semitic loanword).
runaway, fugitive ('man' + 'to flee').
l-zi(-d): righteous, good man ('man' + 'faithful, true'). l-zu(-a): acquaintance ('person' + 'to know' + nominative). l-zu:
thief ('man' + 'to steal, rob'). merciful king ('king' + 'merciful').
lugal--l-s: lul...dug4: lum-ma:

(gi)
to tell a lie ('lie' + 'to speak').
lul...si(-g): to keep silent ('lie' + 'to stay silent').

a fecund female ('to be fertile, productive' + nominative).
ma-al: Emesal dialect for l. ma-an-sim:

sieve ('it sifts for me').
ma-az: exuberant, joyful; a female dancer. ma-da: district, realm (Akkadian, maatu(m) I, 'land'). ma-la-(g): friend (among females) ('to bind' + LA.GA, 'an obscene name for the female genitalia' per
Landsberger) .
ma-mu(2)-(d): dream ('it is growing for me'). ma-na: a unit of weight measure, mina = ca. 500 grams = 60 gn (since Akkad period, 2 ma-na = 1 sla of water) (Akk., manm, 'to count') . ma-na-tur: a surface area measure, little mina = 1/3 shekel = 60 surface e = 720 square fingers; as a volume measure, = 60 e .
i
ma-nu:
dwarf ash (?), cornel (?); firewood bundle ('to bind' + nu11, 'fire'). (variant of ma-az ).
ma-ra-az:
(gi) (i) (gi) i l
ma-s(-ab): a basket ('to bind' + 'to equal in value' (+ 'container') ?; Semitic root means 'circle'). m-addir: ferryboat ('boat' + 'ferry; bridge').
a thick bundle of reeds used to build rafts ('boat' + 'to hold near' + 'to strap, bind') . the boat sailing downstream ('boat' + 'to float (with the current)' + nominative). barge captain ('boat' + ?; cf., m-la4/5).
m-da-l:
m-diri-ga:
m-DU-DU(-d): m-egir-ra:
nominative).
m...du8: to caulk a boat ('boat' + 'to spread with pitch') .

the stern of a boat ('boat' + 'back' + nominative). Magan (a country on the sea route to India) ('boats' + 'support' + 'to be high' + a type of small sailing boat ('boat' + gilim, 'reed bundle') .
(i)
m-gan-an-naki:
(i)
m-gi(4)-lum:
117
(i) (i)
m...gd: to sail (with -da-); to tow a barge ('boat' + 'to draw, pull'). m-gur8: a large boat, cargo boat; pot stand ('boat' + 'high, deep') [MAGUR archaic frequency: 5;
m(-a)...ar: to load a boat ('boat' + 'in' + 'to place'). m--gur:

(i) l
a boat of sixty-gur capacity ('boat' + 'sixty' + kor basket measure).
m-l:
cargo boat ('boat' + 'to extend, load') . sailor; barge captain ('boat' + 'to drive along') . boat with first-fruit offerings ('boat' + 'first-fruits' + nominative). the boat sailing upstream ('boat' + 'to move in a direction opposite to [the current]') .
m-la4/5:
m-nisa-:
i i
m-ru-ru-g:
m-sa-: the bow of a boat; prow ('boat' + 'point, head' + nominative). m...su: m-s-a:
i
m(-a)-si-ga: describes products used to fill a boat ('boat' + 'in' + 'to fill' + nominative).
i i i i
(cf.,
m...du8).
m-su(-a): sunken boat ('boat' + 'submersed' + nominative).

a deep-draught boat ('boat' + 'empty' + nominative).
m-e(-/ak/): grain boat ('boat' + 'grain' + genitive).

asphalt specialist ('boat' + 'to bind, bandage') .
m-tn[GN]:
m(-a)...u5: to go on board; to embark ('boat' + 'to mount'). m-r: ravine, gorge ('to go' ? + 'mountain pass') . ma-bi:
i i
adv., powerfully ('great' + adverbial force suffix) . riding with the wagon ('wagon' + comitative + 'to be located' + nominative). wagon ('wagon' + 'to draw, pull, tow' + nominative). flood (cf., mar-uru5).
mar-da ri-a: mar-gd-da:
mar-ru10[TU/GUR8]: mar-sa:
l
boat transport center ('to lock up' + 'to compensate') .
MAR-TU[-KI], ar7-d: nomad; Amorite - Semitic nomad of the western desert ('wagon' + 'to
be born') .
(tu15)
mar-uru5[TU/GUR8]:
gazelle (cf., mada ).
floodstorm (cf., -mar-uru 5) ('to immerse' + 'high, deep').
ma-d:
iti
ma-d-gu7:
calendar month 1 at Drehem through u-Sin 3; calendar month 2 at Drehem after u-Sin 3; calendar month 2 at Ur during Ur III. settlement (Akk. loanword from makanum, 'location, site', cf., akaanum 'to place') (ZATU356 archaic frequency: 4). (cf., m-i 6). agricultural income, yield ('profit, produce, yield' + 'earth').
ma-gna: ma-i6: ma-ki:
118
ma-ma(-gal):
profit').
a type of priest - (great) exorcist (reduplicated 'goat kid; one-half; loan interest, (cf., u-ma-gd-gd ).
ma-u-gd-gd: ma-tab-ba: m-ane:
young twins ('twin' + 'to be double' + nominative). animals, livestock ('goats' + 'equids') . offering ('goat kid' + 'driven [animal]').
m-da-ri-a; ma-da-r-a:
m-i6, ma-i6: night-time vision, dream; omen ('goat/extispicy' + 'black/night'). m-lulim: hind (female of the red deer) (smaller goat-like animal + 'stag, hart'). m-niga:
grain-fed kid (smaller goat-like animal + 'fattened').
m...ub: describes an animal dropping or birthing its young ('goat' + 'to drop'). m-z-da(-k): me-a; m-a: me-a...tm: me-a...lu(-lu):
breeding he-goat ('he-goat' + 'she-goat' + genitive).
where ?; how ? ('to be' + locative). how numerous are...? ('how ?' + 'numerous') .
to prepare something for the sake of one of the civilized functions ('me ' + locative + 'to
be suitable; to prepare') .
me-m: where is ? ('to be' + locative + enclitic copula).

i
me-dm:
ship's railing (?) ('function' + 'to build') . the good 'me's, the beneficial functions. ('civilization's functions' + reduplicated
me-du10-du10-ga:
'sweet, good' + nominative).
me-en: I am; I; also a writing for me, 'function' ('to be' + '1st & 2nd person ending') . me-en-d(-en): me-en-z(-en): -me-e: me-gal:
we; us ('to be' + '1st person plural ending') . you (plural) ('to be' + '2nd person plural ending') .
used as plural suffix, especially in late Sumerian and Akkadian context texts. great office ('function' + 'great'). to be fitting ('fitting thing' + 'to be').
me-te...l: me...ar: me-u:
to make silent ('divine decree' + 'to set') .
terrible 'me's, negative attributes ('functions' + 'terrible, angry') . all the 'me's, all the functions of civilized life.
me-klib-ba:
me-lm/li9(-m), me-lim5[LAM]: me-lm...s-s: me-lu-aki: me-ma:
terrifying glance; splendor, radiance; halo, aura, light (myth.) ('divine power' + 'awe-inspiring quality; to shine') . to deck with splendor ('splendor' + 'to strew, furnish, provide') .
me-li-e-a: 'woe is me'.

a country - probably the Indus valley civilization in Pakistan.
the high 'me's, the high functions ('function' + 'high, exalted').
119
me-na-m: me-na-: me-ni-da:
when? ('to be' + n, 'time; until' + enclitic copula). how long? ('to be' + n, 'time; until' + terminative). the (god-given) 'me' of royalty ('function' + 'rulership' + genitive).
me-nam-nun-na: me-n-galam:
along with himself ('to be' + 'self' + 'with'). perfected 'me's ('functions' + 'thing' + 'artistic, complicated') .
me-re: Emesal dialect for ri. me-r-ra; me-a-ra:

all the 'me's ('functions' + 'totality; to be numerous' + nominative).
me-: where to?, to where ? ('to be' + terminative). me-te: fitting thing; suitability; unique; ornament; proper dress ('function' + 'to meet'). me-te-bi-im:
to suit, befit ('to be its fitting thing') .
me-te-l-sa-i6-ga: me(-da)...tm: men-an-ura-a:
adornment of the black-headed people, such as national totems, tatoos, costumes or other symbols of the Sumerians ('ornament' + 'to be' + 'the black-headed' + genitive). how will X attain or succeed ('function' + comitative + 'to obtain') .
m-en(-en-na): battle; war ('battle' + 'copper implement').

crown of heaven and earth ('crown' + 'heaven' + 'earth' + genitive).
men-dalla: beaming crown ('crown' + 'beam, ray; to be bright'). men-ri-ba; men-rib-ba: supreme crown ('crown' + 'supreme'). men-sa:
head-crown ('crown' + 'head'; cf., sa-men).
mi-ir: Emesal dialect for ri, 'scorpion'. mi-r: (cf., mer).

i
mi-r-tum: a musical instrument (loanword). MI(-si)-saar(-ra)(ku6):

+ genitive/locative).
(i)
sieve; moray eel (?) ('dark'(?) + 'ray-like; to fill' + 'sand, sediment'
(i)
mi-tum:
a mace (Akkadian, miitum, 'dead man') .
m-a:
(cf., me-a ). to praise; to handle gently, caress, rub; to take great care with (often with -ni -)
m...dug4/du11/e: M-eden-na: M-gir: M-u5-a: M-u8: m-s-s:
('female' + 'to speak, do').
she-ass of the steppe ('female' + 'steppe' + genitive).
heifer, young cow ('female' + 'young heifer'). selected for breeding ('female' + 'to mount' + nominative).
ewe lamb ('female' + 'ewe'). bride ?; son-in-law ? ('woman' + 'to come near to' + 'to equal in value') .
m-s-s-tur: son-in-law ('woman' + 'to come near to' + 'to equal in value' + 'young, little').
120
iti
min-:
mu-X:
year X (indicates a date according to a notable event that occurred during the year). because (in a nominalized sentence); for somebody's sake ('name' + genitive +
mu-...-a(k)-:
terminative).
mu-dili-dili: individual entries (in a lexical series) ('entry, line on a tablet' + reduplicated 'single'). mu-d--bi: mu-gub:
all year long ('year' + 'to work' + 'after' + 'it'). dirt; dirty (rags).
mu-dur7[BU](-ra):
assigned lines ('word, sentence' + 'to set down') .
mu -l-la: a year of abundance ('year' + 'overflow; abundance' + genitive). mu-im-ma: mu-mu-a:

last year ('year' + 'last, previous') .
mu-l: (cf., gal5-la).

among all names = among known persons (reduplicated 'name' + locative). to invoke; to choose ('name' + 'to call, swear'). to swear by the king's name ('name' + king + 'to call, swear').
mu...pd/p:
mu-lugal...pd/p: mu(-)...sa4:
tg
mu-ru(-b): (cf., murub4, mru).

to name; to give as name ('name' (+ terminative) + 'to name').
mu-sar-ra: (royal) inscription ('name, word' + 'to write' + nominative). mu-sr-ra: mourning garment ('garment' + personal prefix + 'weak, feverish' + nominative). mu-a-lum: mirror (Akkadian loanword). mu...:
iti
because ('name' + terminative). calendar month 9 at Laga during Ur III.
mu-u-du7:
mu-tuku: mu-tm: mu--a:
to be famous ('name' + 'to have'). delivery (personal prefix + 'to bring'). this year ('year' + ? + nominative). spouse (mud, 'to give birth' + 'human being') . the following year ('year' + 'to follow' + nominative).
mu-ud-na: mu-s-sa:
m-m: always being reborn (such as the moon) (reduplicated 'to ignite; to sprout, appear') . mu6[PA]-sb: shepherd (PA as mu6 only occurs in this compound + 'shepherd') . mud-l: mun-du:
begetter ('to give birth' + 'to be') .
mug...dun: to sort out the tow (from the usable, longer fibers) ('tow' + 'to heap up').
emmer groats; morning meal (time); an acceptable food offering for the dead (Akk. mundu).
mun-gazi:
spices; an industrial process of reducing the volume of goods by pulverizing until 'like salt' ('salt' + 'cassia spice') .
121
mur-gig: mur-gu4:
iti
paralysis (?); lung cancer (?) ('lungs' + 'illness; to be sick, painful') . fodder, forage, feed ('fodder' + 'domestic ox'). calendar month 5 at Laga during Ur III. (cf.,
(munus)
munu4-gu7:
munus-kar-ke4: murgu-ba:
iti
kar-kid).
turtle carapace, shell - used as a mixing bowl or trough ('back' + 'turtle'). after ('back' + ablative).
mrgu[LUM]-...-ta: murub4:
mu-da-gur4: gecko, lizard ('reptile'+ 'arms, sides' + 'plump, big'). m...dub: comb or set hair ('appearance' + 'to heap up') . m...de6/tm: m-me: muen-d: na-ab-b-a:
to stop working; to cease ('appearance' + 'to prepare') .
face, features ('face, appearance' + 'to say, tell') . fowler ('bird' + 'to mould').
thus does he/she speak (affirmative + , conjugation prefix + b, inanimate pronominal prefix + e, 'to speak' in mar singular + e, 3rd person mar singular subject marker + nominal) . slavery ('human being' + 'to check, measure' + 'slave') .
na--gi4-in: na...de5[RI]:
to give advice, instructions; to cleanse; to fell trees (cf., na...ri(-g) ) (prohibitive/affirmative + 'to advise') .
na-DU: read na...de6 or na...ri6, 'advice, instructions'. na-gada: na--a: na-izi: na-nam: na-kab-tum:
indeed. to inspect; to counsel in a friendly way (cf., na...de 5) herdsman (from Akkadian naaqidum, 'shepherd') . fool ('human being' + 'to deliver' + 'spittle' ?).
incense ('incense' + 'fire'). a cattle pen (Akk. loanword, indicating a place for cattle to be inseminated).
na(-)...ri(-g):
(prohibitive/affirmative + 'to pick').
na-RI: instructions (cf., na-DU). na(4)-r-a:

i
stele, dedicatory stone ('stone' + 'to erect, plant' + nominative). divine bed ('bed' + 'fruit, flowers' + genitive).
n-gi4-rin-na:
na4-ag4-tg: na4-u-mn: na-nsi-ka: na-ku5:
stone weight for cloak ('pebble, weight' + 'inside' + 'cloth garment') . anvil ('weight' + 'hand, strength' + 'partner, equal') . city ruler beverage ('drink' + 'city ruler' + genitive).
reservoir created by erecting embankments off to the side of a canal to which to divert some of the flood water within the canal ('drink' + 'to cut'). drinking water reservoir ('drink' + 'to separate') .
na-TAR:
122
naa...db: naa-gaz: naa-kum:
to wash with soap ('soap' + 'to flop about, strike') . crushed soda (plant ?) ('soda, alkali' + 'to crush, powder') . crushed soda (plant ?) ('soda, alkali' + 'to crush, bruise') .
naa-si-: sprouted alkaline plant ('soapwort' + 'antennae' + 'to go forth') . naa...su-ub: to rub with soap ('soap' + 'to suck [away with]'). nam-a-zu:
medical arts (abstract prefix + 'physician') .
nam--l: strength (abstract prefix + 'arm, strength' + 'to be available'). nam-ab-ba: the older generation, elders (abstract prefix + 'father, elder'). nam-ama: nam-bra: nam-dam:
motherhood (abstract prefix + 'mother'). monarchy (abstract prefix + 'throne dais; ruler') . marital status (abstract prefix + 'spouse') . trade (abstract prefix + 'merchant').
nam-dam-gr: nam-dg/du10: nam-dumu: nam-en:
nam-diir: divinities (abstract prefix + 'deity').

something favorable (abstract prefix + 'sweet') .
nam-dugud: heaviness; importance (abstract prefix + 'heavy').

childhood, youth (abstract prefix + 'child').
lordship; office of lord, high priest (abstract prefix + 'lord').
nam-en-zi-da: true 'en'-ship ('lordship' + 'legitimate; true' + nominative). nam-rim; nam-rin: solemn oath; curse (abstract prefix + 'enemy, destruction'). nam-galam(-ma): nam-gi4-me-a-a: nam-gur4: nam-: nam-ul: nam-iib:
majesty, perfection (abstract prefix + 'artistic, complicated' + nominative). collegiality, fellowship (abstract prefix + 'to return, come back' + 'office, function'
+ locative + plural suffix) (cf., gi4-me-a-a).
pride; feeling of importance (abstract prefix + 'to feel big').
nam-guru: youthful vigor (abstract prefix + 'young man, worker').

abundance (abstract prefix + 'abundant') . pain, discomfort (abstract prefix + 'to harm'). purification.
nam-kalag: strength (abstract prefix + 'strong'). nam...kar: to take away one's destiny ('destiny' + 'to take away'). nam-ki-a:
love (abstract prefix + 'to love') .
nam-kiri4-u-d-a: supplication(s) (abstract prefix + 'supplication(s)'). nam-k-zu: wisdom, expertise, cleverness (abstract prefix + 'expert'). nam...kud/ku5:
to curse (often with -ta -); to decide ('destiny' + 'to cut') .
123
nam-ku-li: friendship (abstract prefix + 'friend'). nam-rim(-bi)...kud:

'to cut') .
to swear, confirm by oath ('destiny' + 'hostile' ( + adverbial force suffix) +
PN nam-kr-re:
'may PN not change it' (na, prohibitive prefix + nasal , 'impersonal conjugation prefix', + -ib-, 'it', + 'to change' in mar form). the act of witnessing (abstract prefix + 'witness') . people, mankind, humanity (abstract prefix + 'human being'
nam-l-inim-ma:
+ 'huge') .
nam-l-u18/lu7, nam-l-lu: nam-l-lu...aka: nam-lu: nam-lul: nam-ma: nam-me:
to treat with human dignity ('humanity' + 'to do') .
nam-lugal: kingship (abstract prefix + 'king').

purification (abstract prefix + 'to clean') . treachery (abstract prefix + 'to lie, deceive'). greatness (abstract prefix + 'high, exalted, great'). to exalt ('greatness' + 'to effect') .
nam-ma...dug4/du11/e: nam(-ga)-me-a/m: nam-mu: nam-mul: nam-nin: nam-nar:
may he/she/it not be (na, prohibitive + , conjugation prefix + 'to be') .
should there not be (na, prohibitive + { , conjugation prefix + ga, conjugation prefix 'and then' + me, 'to be' } + (-a)-m, 3rd. sing. enclitic copula). why does it concern me? (a-na-m, 'why' + 'my, mine'). sparkling (abstract prefix + 'stars') . rulership; position of supreme power (abstract prefix + 'queen') . concert, harmony (abstract prefix + 'musician'). distinction, reputation; superiority (abstract prefix + 'noble, authority') . ill-fated ('destiny' + 'not' + 'cut') .
nam-nir-l: nam-nu-tar: nam-nun:
deep, profound (abstract prefix + 'great, fine, deep') .
nam-ra-ag: prisoner of war, used for work; captivity (abstract prefix + 'to impress with a seal'). nam-RI-U: bird breeder (?) (abstract prefix + 'to tend' + 'bird'). nam-sa6-ga:
pleasure (abstract prefix + 'to please, satisfy') . to treat with respect (abstract prefix + 'first-class' + nominative + 'to do') . to practice shepherdship (abstract prefix + 'shepherd' + 'to do') .
nam-sa-...aka: nam-sipa...aka: nam-sun5: nam-sun7:
humility (abstract prefix + 'modesty') . quarreling, bickering (abstract prefix + 'quarrel'). bitterness (abstract prefix + 'to taste bitter') .
nam-e(-a):
nam-ilig: violence (abstract prefix + 'powerful; axe'). nam-ilig...aka: to use violence ('violence' + 'to do').
124
nam-ilig...gum/g--m:
place' + 'it is').
it is disastrous (?) ('violence' + 'mortar/back of neck' + 'to
nam-ita: nam-ub: nam-tag: nam-tar:
prayer, supplication (abstract prefix + 'clean, bathed') . incantation, spell (abstract prefix + 'to cast') . responsibility, guilt (abstract prefix + 'to handle') . fate, destiny (abstract prefix + 'to determine, decide') .
nam...tar: to decree the fate (most often with -ni-, or -ri-, 2. sg.; with -da- indicates that several
parties are deciding the fate); to make a firm promise ('destiny' + 'to determine') .
nam-tar-eir-ra(-/ak/): nam-ugula[PA]: nam-ur5-ra: nam-umun-na: nam-: NM-di:
the future order ('fate' + 'future' + genitive).
nam-ti, nam-til-la: life (abstract prefix + 'to live').

foremanship (abstract prefix + 'foreman').
after that, as a result ('destiny' + 'it' + genitive). poverty (abstract prefix + 'to be poor') .
nam-kur/ku(-r):
sovereignty (abstract prefix + 'title of respect' + nominative).
death (abstract prefix + 'to die'). swindle (?) ('planning ability' + 'legal case'). to position oneself ('precise' + 'to stand'; cf., n...gub).
ne...gub: ne-mur:
iti
ne-a: rest, repose (from Akkadian neehtum, 'peace, security').

glowing coals, fire. calendar month 5 at Nippur during Ur III.
NE-izi-ar:
NE-ra: (cf., b-ra). ne-sa:

(cf., nisa ). to kiss ('an instance' + sub, 'to suck') .
ne...su-ub: NI-dub:
ne-: on whose behalf ?; concerning someone ('this one' + terminative suffix) .

(cf., -dub ). unit of sixty, thing of sixty = ba-r-ga (n-eta). a resin ('this one' + 'to restore' + 'loins') .
ni-gi-da: ni-gi4-b: ni-is-ku: n-a:
ni-ik-tum: a resin (loanword ?).

choice; a class of persons or animals; fine steed (from Akkadian nisqum).
NI-KU-NIN: a vessel.
by itself ('self' + adverbial suffix) .
n-ba: by itself ('self' + bi, 'its' + a, nominative ?). n-bi(-a): (by) itself ('self' + adverbial force suffix) .
125
n-bulu5[DB]; n-bala: n...dar:
pompous ('self' + 'to grow big').
to be fearful ('fear' + 'to slice, shatter').
n-diir(-/ak/): the fear of god ('fear' + 'god' + genitive). n[IM]...dirig: n...db: n-gal: n-l:
to sail ('self' + 'to float over'; n reading from Alster, Sumerian Proverbs).
to relax ('self' + 'to knock down') .
great fear, awe ('fear, awe' + 'great'). terrifying ('fear' + 'to place'). to stretch out ('self' + 'to reach out, lengthen') . to position oneself ('self' + 'to stand'; cf., ne...gub). imposing, awesome ('fear, awe' + 'bearing').
n...gd: n...gub:
n-gr-(r); n-guru6: n-u10, n-mu: n...la: n...ri: n-su-ub:

return to') .
myself ('self' + 'my').
to inspire awe; to raise oneself ('fear, awe; self' + 'to raise').
n(-zu)...l: to diminish or humiliate (your)self ('self' + 'your' + 'to diminish').

to be afraid of something, to inspire fear (with -da -) ('fear' + 'to strike'). coward ('fear' + 'to suck; to pray, prostrate oneself') . to submit oneself to someone's protection ('self' + 'hand, strength' + locative + 'to to be scared; to fear, respect (with -da -) ('fear' + 'to attack').
n u-a...gi4:
n...te/ti(-e26):
n...te(-en): to rest; to calm down; to cool ('fear; body' + ten, 'to extinguish, allay, cool down'). n-te(-n): alone; personally ('fear' + 'to be frightened'). n...tuku: to experience awe or fear; awesome ('fear' + 'to get, have'). n-zu: yourself ('self' + 'your'). n-zu/zu: (cf., l-n-zu, l-n-zu). n: (cf., n).
tg
n-XXX:
(cf., tg-n-XXX ). a consecrated gift ('thing' + 'to give as a votive gift') .
n-a-ru:
n--ar: violence ('thing' + 'arm, strength' + 'to set'). n--s-ga:

l
well-established (?) ('thing' + 'strength' + 'to set in place' + nominative).
n-a:
a temple servant ('things' + 'to measure, check') .
n-ak-ak: deed; activity ('thing' + reduplicated 'to do'). n-ba:

gift, present ('thing' + 'to give'). trading of merchandise ('things' + 'to revolve, transfer, deliver') . a measuring vessel ('thing' + 'junior').
n-bal-bal: n-bn-da:
126
n-bn-na(ku6): n-dab5:
l
turtle ('thing' + 'blister; to be swollen') .
something held or for which responsibility is assumed; wages ('thing' + 'to hold, hire, receive'). warehouse keepers ('thing' + 'to hold, receive') .
n-dab5[-ba]-ke4-ne:
n-daal: teeming; wide ('things' + 'copious') . n-dm-dm-ma: n-diri: N-DU: n-du7: n-d-a: n...dug4: n-DUN: n-rim:
gi
created creatures ('things' + 'to fashion, create' + nominative).
supplement ('thing' + 'addition').
a length measure. a measure for fruit ('thing' + 'to erect on the ground' + nominative). what is suitable, prescribed, or as it should be ('thing' + 'suitable'). to say something ('thing' + 'to speak') . to speak unjustly ('thing' + 'violence' + 'to speak') .
n--zi...dug4:
submission ('thing' + 'subordinate).
n-en-na: 'gentlemen's possession' ('thing' + 'lord' + genitive).

evil; wickedness; dishonesty; injustice ('thing' + 'hostile').
n-esir-ra: washbowl (made of bitumen-coated reeds) ('thing' + 'bitumen' + genitive).

(cf., n-gur 11).
n-GA:
n ga-ti: I promise it ('thing' + 1st person cohortative modal prefix + 'to keep alive'). n gal-gal: n-gig: n-gu7: n-gu7-a: n-gu7-da: n-gu7-d: n-gul:
things of all sort ('thing' + reduplicated 'big') .
n-gi-na: justice; trustworthiness; truth ('thing' + 'true, reliable' + nominative).

evil; taboo, abomination ('thing' + 'illness').
n-gilim: sieve; ruining, spoiling; mongoose ('thing' + 'to twist'; cf., dnin-kilim).
food ('thing' + 'to eat'). fattened; consumption; food consumed ('thing' + 'to eat' + nominative suffix) . nourishment ('thing' + 'to eat' + contraction of mar participial and nominative suffixes). something designated for consuming ('thing' + 'to eat' + mar participial suffix) .
maul, used to break the clods left after harrowing ('thing' + 'to destroy') .
n-gur11[GA]: property; possession; property owner ('thing' + 'piled up'). n-l(-la): sickle ('object' + 'to fill a storage basket' + nominative). n-i-tag-ga:
offering ('object' + 'to make a religious offering').
n-u-u-nu: helplessness ('object' + 'helpless'). n-igi...nu-du8-a:

nominative).
something never seen (by an eye) ('thing' + 'eye' + 'not' + 'to crack open' +
n-l(-l):
support ('thing' + 'to raise up') .
127
n-im-ba: loss ('thing' + 'the paid out'). n-ka-bi ba-ak: account settled ('account' + 'its' + conjugation prefix + 'to make'). n-kal-la:
precious ('thing' + 'to value, esteem' + nominative). everything valuable ('things' + reduplicated 'to value, esteem' + nominative). account; accounting; result (of a mathematical operation or calculation) (from
n-kal-kal(-la): n-kas7/ka9[ID]: n-ka9-ak: n-ki: n-k:

i
Akk. nikkassu , 'deduction', from nakaasu , 'to cut off') .
balanced account ('account' + 'made') .
n-kas7; n-gaz: half-reed = 3 cubits (Akk. n i k k a s).

vermin; beasts ('things' + 'ground') .
n-ki-s: funerary offerings (cf., ki-s-ga) ('things' + 'ground' + 'to apply') .

(cf., n-gu 7). wedge to tighten a bound join ? on a plow ('thing' + 'to separate' + nominative).
n-ku5(-da):
n-kr: n-ma:
belligerence; breaking an agreement ('thing' + 'hostile'/'to change') . treachery ('thing' + 'to lie, deceive' + nominative).
n-lul-la: n-me-ar:
a lot; too much ('thing' + 'to be large') . silence; acclaim; the 'perfect tribute' ('thing' + 'to make silent').
n-m-s-s: wedding gift ('thing' + 'woman' + 'to come near to' + 'to equal in value'). n-na-me; n-nam: anything ('thing' + emphatic prefix + 'to be'). n-nam-k:
property made of precious metal ('possessions' + abstract prefix + 'precious metal') . nothing is precious ('anything' + 'not' + 'valued') . nature ('thing' + 'fate').
n-nam-nu-kal: n-nam-tar-ra: n-nu-dg:
unpleasant (things) ('things' + not + 'sweet, good') .
n-nu-mu-da-s: nothing is comparable with it ('things' + 'not' + conjugation prefix + 'with' + 'to
equal in value') .
n-nu-sa6-ga: n...ra:
unpleasant (things) ('things' + not + 'sweet, good') .
to throw something; to beat (up) ('thing' + 'to strike').
n-sa-a(2): fruit remaining after the harvest; garden fruit; springtime fruit ('thing' + Akk. ,sahharu ,
'something small'; cf., also Akk. muthummu ).
(urudu)
n-sa-sa:
roasting oven ('thing' + 'roasting') .
n-s[DI]: n-sa6-ga: n-sm:
goal ('thing' + 'to compare with; to compete') . pleasure, happiness ('thing' + 'sweet, good') .
price ('thing' + 'to buy, sell') . (for) purchase ('thing' + 'to buy, sell' + nominative [ + terminative suffix]).
n-sm/sa10-ma(-):
128
n-si-s: equity, justice, fairness ('thing' + 'straight'). n-sig-ga:

weakness ('thing' + 'small, weak'). dough.
n-sila11[ID]-: n--ar-ra: n-ID:
n--bi: what is in it; contents ('things' + 'interior' + 'its').

famine ('thing' + 'hunger' + nominative).
n--te-na: soothing to one's heart or mood ('thing' + 'heart, mood' + 'to soothe' + nominative).
(cf., n-kas 7/ka 9).
n-u-: everything in my hands ('thing' + 'hands' + 'in my'). n-u-taka4-a: objects that will be given away ('object' + 'to send, abandon' + nominative). n-u-ti-a: n-tg: n-tuku: n-tur:
what(ever) one receives ('object' + 'to receive' + nominative).
n...ub: to neglect something ('thing' + 'to let drop').

blanket (for an animal); pack-saddle ('thing' + 'cloth'). rich, wealthy ('thing' + 'to have') . something coincidental ('thing' + 'if' + 'from' + genitive).
n-tukum-ta(-/ak/):
a small amount ('thing' + 'small').
n--rum: possession; acquisition ('thing' + 'personal, private'). n--zug4[KALI]: foul food ('thing' + 'plant, food' + 'to spit out ?'). n-u4-da-r(-/ak/): n-u4-[ZAL]-li:
with vowel harmony).
everlasting, persistent ('thing' + 'days' + 'long lasting' + genitive).
something for the future ('thing' + 'days' + 'to pass' + participial mar e(d)
n-ul:
what is fit for the cult ('thing' + 'primordial').
n-r-limmu: four-legged creature, livestock ('thing' + 'legs' + 'four'). n-ur5-sa6-sa6: sweetness; (sexual) happiness ('thing' + ur5...sa6, 'to feel comfortable'). n-zi(-)-l: living creature ('thing' + 'alive'). n-z-gub: n-zu:
l
food ('thing' + 'teeth' + 'to set') .
something stolen ('thing' + 'to steal, rob') . a temple servant.
n-ZUM-DIM4:
niir-si:
paranymph, a man who had to take care of the bride before the young couple was married ('a bride's male attendant' + 'upright, normal') .
nim...r: to lighten; to flash ('upper country' + 'lightning flash') . nin-diir: high priestess ('lady' + 'gods'). nin-EN:
(cf., nin-uru 16). lustration priestess ('lady' + 'to purify').
nin-iib:
129
d d
nin-kilim:
mongoose ('divine proprietress' + 'herd of wild animals'; cf., n-gilim).
nin-nnnamuen: owl ('divine proprietress' + 'owl').
nin ur5 -sa6: lady, sweetheart ('lady' + 'to be/make comfortable, happy'). nin-uru16: ninda-ba:
mighty queen ('lady' + 'mighty'). pulpy dish (prepared) of green-malt ('bread' + 'to chew' + nominative).
ninda-r-ra:
bread offering ('bread' + 'to give; to divide, apportion') .
ninda-bar-si: a type of bread made with bar-si emmer wheat flour. ninda-durunx[DR.DR]-na: ninda-gu: ninda-gu7: ninda-ri: ninda-KA-gu7:
long-lasting bread (?); bread to eat while sitting (?) ('bread' + 'to
sit, dwell; to dry out' + nominative; opposed to ninda-gub-ba, 'snack-bread') .
a type of bread ('bread' + 'net' ?). food ('bread; food' + 'to eat') . a type of bread ('bread' + 'expedition, trip'). a type of bread ('bread' + 'mouth' + 'to eat') .
ninda-kum4[UD]-ma: a type of bread ('bread' + 'mortar-ground flour' + nominative). ninda-pad-r: morsels of bread ('bread' + 'bite, morsel'). ninda-sa-gu7: ninda-ski[UD]: ninda-SLA: NIR-da: nir-l:
the best bread for eating ('bread' + 'prime' + 'to eat'). a type of bread.
a type of bread ('bread' + 'liter').
(cf., er 7-da ). noble (one); authority, expert; authorities; reliance ('raised high' + 'to be') .
nir...l: to have authority; to be reliable; to rely, trust in (with -da-) ('authority' + 'to be with'). nir-l-m-a: respected in battle ('authority' + 'battle' + locative). nir-gam-(m): nir-padku6:
vault ('raised high' + 'to curve') .
a fish ? ('frog' + 'bite, small repast').
NITA-dun-gi: a type of jackass ('male' + 'yoke' ?). nta[MUNUS-U]-dam: husband ('male' + 'spouse'). nu-a:
to lack, be without ('not' + nominative). supervisor of works, overseer ('not' + 'young') . unpleasant ('not' + 'sweet, good' + nominative). not talking ('not' + 'to speak' + nominative).
nu-banda3,5: nu-dg(-ga): nu-dug4-ga: nu-gi-na: nu-gig:
nu-: knife bearer - a cultic functionary ('image, likeness' + 'shrine').

unjust; unfit ('not' + 'just; firm' + nominative).
temple prostitute, hierodule ('not' + 'sick, painful').
130
nu-ar-ra: thriftless; disorderly ('not' + 'to store' + nominative). nu-ikiri6(-k):

i
gardener (pronominal prefix or dialectal l --> nu ?).
nu-k: no money, i.e., a worthless penny ('not' + 'silver, precious metal'). nu-k:
door pivot ('not' + 'to be tired') . restlessness ('not' + 'to be tired') . a plant (asa foetida) the fetid gum resin of whose root was used as a medicine ('not' +
nu-k-:
nu-lu-a(sar): nu-ma-su: nu-me-a:

suffix) .
'to be clean, fresh' + nominative).
(cf., nu-mu-un-su ). which is not.... ('not' + 'to be' + nominative). you don't exist ('not' + me-en, 'to be', 2nd pers. sing. + a-ta, temporal clause
nu-me-en-na-ta: nu-mu-da-s:
(cf., n-nu-mu-da-s ).
nu-mu-un-su, nu-ma-su: widow ('she has not replaced [her husband]') . nu-ra: not stamped with a seal ('not' + 'to stamp'). nu-sa6:
(i)
not good ('not' + 'sweet, good') . orphan ('not' + 'wool [garment/blanket?]') .
nu-siki/sg: nu(-un/ub)-zu: nu-zu-a:
nu-r-ma: pomegranate (tree) (Akk. nurm, lurmm, luriinu; Orel & Stolbova #2122 *riman- 'fruit').
to not know; to not recognize; to not notice ('not' ( + 'him, her'/'it') + 'to know').
nu-zu: ignorant ('not' + 'to know').

unknown ('not' + 'to know' + nominative).
num-saar-ra: fly (insect) ('flying insect' + 'dust; rubbish' + genitive). numun.../i-i: numun...ar:
i
to issue seed, bring forth offspring ('seed' + 'to send forth') . to sow ('seed' + 'to place, deposit') . a part of the seeder plow ('seed' + 'to place' + 'to obstruct') .
numun-ar-GUL:
NUMUN-isal: numun-sum-gaz: numun...til: NUN.ME(.P):
a tool ('seed' + 'rudder') . crushed onion seed ('seed' + 'onion' + 'crushed') . to run out of seeds ('seeds' + 'to finish, put an end to') . (cf., abgal (2)).
pa-: nostrils ('wings' + 'to measure, check'). PA+DUG-um: an allowance, payment. pa...; pa-...aka: to show; to make appear; to let shine; to make resplendent (often with -nior bi -) ('bud, sprout' + 'to send forth' + 'to make') . pa(4)-ar:
wages ('small canal' + 'coil of silver', cf, a-pa4).
131
pa-pa: pa-rim4: pa-TAR: PA+USAN:
cella, inner sanctum of a temple (cf., Orel & Stolbova #1926, *pah- "close, lock"). (cf., parim ). a bundle of brushwood ('branch' + 'bundle' + 'to lift, carry; to bind' + nominative).
pa-sa-lal-a:
cut-off branches/twigs ('branch' + 'to cut off') . a shepherd.
p-da: an occupation ('to find; to declare' + nominative). pa4[PAB]-a-da-ga:

flowing irrigation ditch ('irrigation ditch' + 'flowing with water').
pa4...ba-al: to dig ditches ('irrigation ditch' + 'to dig'). pap-hal(-la): n., leg, thigh; confinement, poverty; share (Akk. loan, cf., al, a-la).
v., to walk. adj., walking about, movable.
iti
pa4--e:
calendar month 11 at Umma during Ur III. ditch ('irrigation ditch' + 'field, garden' ?).
pa4-gur[SIG7]: pa5-sig: pa-zil:
small branch canal ('irrigation ditch, canal' + 'small'). an intestinal disease (?) ('legs; leprosy' + 'to divide; to peel') . (cf., pil (2)). a functionary; hearth tender (?); leather worker (??) ('bellows' + 'to cut'; cf., metaphor in
pe-el(-l): pe-en-z-er:
dg...zil).
pe-mur7: pe-pe: p-(i)gi:

i i i
a palm tree product ('palm frond' + 'ridge'). very wide, spacious; physically handicapped (reduplicated 'womb; to expand; to be wide') . canebrake mouse or mole rat ('mouse' + 'reeds') . fresh figs ('figs' + 'fresh'). dried figs ('figs' + 'dried'). a part of the seeder plow (barig, '36 liters in Old Sumerian period', + 'plow').
p-duru5: p-d: PI-apin:
pi-il: (cf., pil(2)). pi-l: (cf., pil(2)). pi-lu5-da:

(cf., billuda ).
PIRI.TUR: (cf., nemurx). pisan-dub: container for clay tablets pi10...tag: pu--ru-um: pikiri6:
(cf., adub;
l
a13-dub-ba) ('vessel' + 'clay tablet') .
to go aground (said of a boat) ('shore, river bank' + 'to touch, strike') . assembly (Akk. puhru 'assembly', cf., unkin).
irrigated orchard ('well, cistern' + 'orchard').
p-l: deep well ('well, cistern' + 'to be high; to hang, stretch, reach') . Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 132
p-n-r(-/ak/): ra(2)-gaba:
pitfall ('well, cistern' + 'thing' + 'path' + genitive).
ra-a: to strike repetitively [with a hoe]; to shake ('to strike' + , 'many, numerous') .
rider; courier (Akkadian rakbu).
ra-ra: to flatten; to make wide (reduplicated 'to stamp') . ri-ba: enormous, supreme (Akkadian rabbu).
i
ri-gi4-bil-l:
a tool.
ri-a-mun: (cf., im-ri-a-mun). RI-U: bird breeder (?) ('to tend' + 'birds'). rib-ba:
i
enormous, supreme (Akkadian rabbu).
ru-g: to withstand; to oppose; to move in a direction opposite to; to face (cf., l-ru-g-da). sa-b-tum: a musical instrument (Akk. sabiitu 'gazelle').
to roast ('to roast (barley)' + 'for the sake of' + 'to go') . a tool ('net, bundle; roasting' + 'residue' + nominative). low-lying end of a farmer's field ('?' + 'buttocks') .
sa-...DU:
i
sa-du8(-a):
sa-dr(-ra); E-dr-r/a:
sa-gaz; sa-gaz: highway robber ('head' + 'to smash'). sa-gaz...aka: to rob (someone: dative infix); to commit murder ('robber' + 'to do'). sa...gi4: sa-ab: sa-ir:
to prepare ('mat' + 'to restore' ?). (metathesis of zipa ). net; bundle (e.g., of straw) ('net' + 'produce, yield') .
sa-KU: arms (rare meaning; cf., sa-dr) ('sinew, tendon' + 'to build ?'). sa...lal/l:
to stretch the net; to sweep; to tie with cords ('net' + 'to stretch') .
sa-li: a type of lyre ('string' + 'true measure'). sa-ma(-a)-n: skin disease; grain diseases such as leaf rust (Akk. samaanu 'skin disease') . sa-par4; si-par4: a type of net ('net'/'to fill' + 'to stretch out'). sa-sa: roasting, burning; reddish (reduplicated 'to roast (barley)'). sa--u-gal: huge net ('cord, net' + /, 'to cover' + 'big'). sa-tu: mountain; upper parts (Akk. ad(m) I, 'mountain(s)'). sa-ZI-ZI-a; sa-ZI-ZI-:
terminative suffix) .
a trawling (?) net ('net' + 'to take out, extract' + locative or
s[DI]...DI:
to evaluate ('value' + 'to judge') .
s-dug4/du11: a capacity measure, = 24 sla in Presargonic Girsu and 40 sla starting with Akkad
period; regular "tithe" or "offering" important to the temple economy ('to equal in value' + 'to effect') .
133
s...dug4/du11/e: s-ar:
to reach, arrive, overwhelm (often with -ni -); to provide regular offerings (reduplication class) ('to equal in value' + 'to effect') . adviser, counselor ('guidance' + 'to halt; to turn round') . part of a harness (?) ('guidance' + 'to halt; to turn round') .
s-niin(2):
s-pa: part of a harness (?) ('guidance' + 'branch; wing'). s...s(-g/k):

to plot; to plan ('advice' + 'to apply; to compare') .
sa12-du5: read sa12-sug5 ?, from the Akkadian form assukkum). sa12-sug5; sa12-su5[SA-KU]; s-sug5: land register manager; registrar of deeds;
librarian ('head' + 'to lay the warp of the land' ?, also read sa12-du5).
sa12-ti-umki: sag9-ul: sa-a-ki-ta:
the eastern mountains.
both good and bad ('good' + 'bad') . lower end of a field ('head' + 'water' + 'to be lower' + nominative).
sa...aka: to care ('head' + 'to do'). sa-keda/k...aka:

cf., izzal...aka).
to pay attention (with -i -); to admonish ('head' + 'to fasten' + 'to do',
sa u...aka: to enslave ('slave' + 'to take captive'). sa-an-na: upper end of a field ('head' + 'to be high' + nominative). sa-apin(-na): sa...bala: sa-du: sa-d: sa-dub: SA-DN:
plow guide ('head' + 'plow' + genitive).
to shake the head ('head' + 'to turn') .
sa...bul: to toss or shake the head ('head' + 'to blow', cf., sa...bala).
head ('head' + 'to walk'). idiot, a term of derision ('head' + 'not' + 'to have') .
sa-du nu-tuku:
triangle ('head' + 'shape') . regular worker ('head' + 'tablet-recorded') .
sa...db: to smash the head (often with -da-) ('head' + 'to knock down') .
(cf., sa 12-du 5,
assuk).
sa-n-tar:
overseer; guardian ('head' + 'to investigate; to take care of, handle') .
sa-n...tar: to notice ('head' + 'to investigate') . sa-gaz...aka: sa...gi4:

to slay ('head' + 'smash' + 'to do'; cf., sa-gaz).
to topple; to close ('head' + 'to send back') .
sa...gd: (cf., sa-ki...gd). sa-g-ne(-/ak/):

cupbearer (loan from Akk. aaq).
sa...ar/-: to proceed; to oppose (someone/something: -da-) ('the head' + 'to set') .
134
sa-sig...ar:
weak' + 'to place') .
to bend or lower one's head (before someone/something: -i -) ('head' + 'small, black-headed people; Sumerians ('head' + 'black' + nominative; cf., dumu-gir15/gi7
sa-i6(-ga):
and ki-en-gir15/gi7(-r); ki-en-gi(-r)).
sa-i...ra: to kill, murder ('head' + 'wood tool' + 'to strike'). sa...a-za:

up') .
to attach securely ('head' + 'to hold, grasp, retain') . to lift the head (towards heaven); to raise up ('head' ( + 'unto heaven') + 'to lift
sa (an-)...l: sa-kal-(l):
foremost; leader ('head' + 'excellent').
sa...kal: to choose, prefer; to make foremost, prominent ('head' + 'to value'). sa...k: to attend to; to watch, guard ('head' + 'to bind').
ku
sa-k:
a thong connecting the yoke to the plow ('head' + 'to bind') .
sa-ki:
forehead ('head, point' + 'place') .
sa-ki...gd: to get angry (with someone: -da-) ('forehead' + 'to lengthen'). sa-ki-gud: SA-KU:
i
trapezoid ('head, point' + 'location' + 'bulky like an ox').
(cf., sa 12-su 5). lock ('head' + 'thick'). a foreign slave ('slave' + 'foreign land' + genitive).
sa-kul:
sa-kur-ra:
ku6
sa-kr[PAB]: a fish ('head' + 'strange').

bow of a boat ('head' + 'boat') . head-crown (cf., men-sa ). female slave ('head; slave' + 'female').
sa-im: sa-men: sa-m:
sa-nita: male slave; (grown) man ('head; slave' + 'male'). sa-n-gur11[GA]-ra(-ak): sa-rib: sa-rig7:
(cf., sa-kal-(l) ). gift; dowry. capital on hand ('in front, at first' + 'what' + 'piled up' [ + genitive]; sa and 'capital' refer to the 'head' of an accounting column in different languages).
sa/sa12...rig7: to donate, bestow, grant, give as a present (with -ni- and -ri-) ('present, gift' + 'to
deed, grant', where these meanings derive by back-formation from this compound which derives from Akkadian araakum).
sa...s:
to vie with (with -da -) ('head' + 'to compare') .
sa...sal-la: to be silly (?) ('head' + 'to belittle'). sa...sar: to shave the head ('head' + 'to crop ?'). sa...s/s-(g): to entrust; to take care of; to pay attention ('head' + 'to apply; to surround') . sa-sig-ga:
head-covering ('head' + 'small' + nominative).
135
sa...sg: to tremble; to move the head from side to side (with -da-) ('head' + 'to shake'). SA-SUG5:
(cf., sa 12-sug 5,
assuk).
sa...sum: to hurry towards ('head' + 'to give'). sa-sum-sikil: sa-u4:

bulb of garlic ('head' + 'garlic').
cap ('head' + 'to cover') .
sa...tm: to defame ('first position' + 'to carry away'). sa -a...ub: sa-ur-sa: sa-s:
to hide ('head' + 'in the grass' + 'to drop') .
eunuch; royal attendant ('head or slave' + 'warrior').
constant; to be available; to care for something's maintenance ('point' + 'to be moored to') . to scatter (with -da - or -ta -) ('scattered' + 'to effect') .
s...dug4/du11/e: saar...dub: saar(-da)...gi4: saar si-ga: saar...su(3): saar u-ti-a: saar zi-ga: SI.A:
to raise a cloud of dust ('dust' + 'to shake, agitate') . to turn into dust; euphemism for 'to die' ('dust' + 'to turn, return') .
saar-ar-ra: volume ('earth' + 'to accumulate' + nominative) (cf., ki-l).

to pile up earth; earth piling ('earth, silt' + 'to fill, increase' + nominative). to cover with dust or silt (redup. class) ('dust, silt' + 'to sprinkle, immerse'). to transport earth ('earth, silt' + 'hand' + 'to transfer, deliver' + nominative). to collect earth ('earth' + 'to receive' + nominative). to remove earth or silt; earth moving ('earth, silt' + 'to tear out, deduct' + nominative). a vegetable.
saar u-bal-a:
sar-KASAR-KASAR:
(cf., dirig or
(gi)
uub).
si-BD-na: top of the sky ('straight up' + 'to ascend' + nominative). si-ga: n., silence (cf., sig5). si-ga/ge:
v., to pile or fill up (e.g., earth for a levee or temple foundation).
si-ga: adj., quiet; weak (cf., sig5 and sig). si-ga kala-ga: si-gal:
i
weak and strong points.
croissant ('horn-shaped' + 'large') . bolt ('horn; straight' + 'form, appearance') . balance owing carried forward from an earlier account (from Akkadian iaatum, 'to leave v., to place into the ground; to calm or put out a fire; to strike down, level; to
si-ar:
si--tum:
behind', ittu, 'remainder, deficit') (cf., l-a[NI]).
si-ig; si(-g):
silence.
adj., silent; weak (cf., sig5 and sig).
si-il: to split; to tear apart; to go away, absent oneself (cf., sila).
136
(urudu)
si-im:
substance') .
kettledrum(s) ? ('to fill' + 'wind'). to sniff (reduplicated 'to fill' + 'wind' + 'to do'; cf., im-im, 'an aromatic
si-im-si-im...aka: si-li-ig:
(cf., ilig,
silig).
si-m: to have horns; horned [can indicate a 'male' animal if only the male sex grows horns] ('horns' + 'to
sprout, appear') .
si-m: si-par4: si...s:
shining horns; light rays ('horns; rays' + 'to glisten, shine') . (cf., sa-par 4).
si-s: right; legal ('straightness' + 'to equal') .

to do something in the right way; to make straight; to put in order; to tune (an instrument); to prepare, get ready; to yoke (often with -ni - or bi -) (redupl. class) ('straightness' + 'to equal') . to assemble in order, to march in line. whirlwind (reduplicated sg, 'to demolish, flatten') .
si...si-s: si-si-ig: si4-lum: sig-sig: sg-ba: sg-bar:
si-u-nu: a sea creature ('antennae' + 'to go down' + 'do not') .

a garden plant ('reddish' + 'to grow luxuriantly'). narrow (reduplicated 'small').
sig...ar: to prostrate onself ('low' + 'to set').

wool allotment, ration ('hair; wool' + 'share, rations') . loosely hanging hair ('hair' + 'to uncover, expose') . white wool ('hair; wool' + 'white').
sg-babbar: sg...pe5: sg-ud5: sg-sg: sig4-b:
sg ga-zum-aka(-a): carded wool.

to card wool ('hair, wool' + 'to comb and clean') .
sg-sur(-ra): spun wool ('hair; wool' + 'to spray out, expel' + nominative).
goat's hair ('hair' + 'she-goat'). to be destroyed ('stroke, blow' + 'to apply') .
sg...dug4/du11/e:
whirlwind (reduplicated sg, 'to demolish, flatten') . half-brick ('brick' + 'cow' = 'cow pat'). kiln-burnt brick(s) (cf., zi-ur5, 'coal'). to stack a brick pile ('brick' + 'donkey' + 'to set').
sig4-al-ur5-ra: sig4-ane...gub: sig4-ba:

iti iti
turtle shell (?) ('brick; wall' + 'turtle'). baked brick (?) or potter's brick(?) ('brick' + 'potter' + genitive).
sig4-bar(-ra): sig4-ga:
calendar month 3 at Nippur during Ur III. calendar month 2 at Umma during Ur III.
sig4-i-ub-ba-ar:
137
sig4; sig14; e25; e26...gi4:

answer') .
to resound; to shout; to howl (reduplication class) ('walls' + 'to
sig4-gi4-a: roaring ('to resound' + nominative). sig7-sig7:

to be beautiful (reduplicated 'to be beautiful, pleasing') . (cf., sig 4...gi 4). to take a different way ('street' + 'different' + 'to take'/'to traverse') .
sig14[KALI]..gi4: sla-bn-da: sila4-gub: sila4-nim:
sila-kr...dab5/db: sila4-ga-sub-ba:
small sla -vessel ('liter' + 'junior'). milk suckling lamb ('lamb' + 'milk' + 'to suck' + nominative).
offspring (children or of flocks); mature young of animals ('lambs' + 'to stand') . early spring lamb ('lamb' + 'early').
sila4-nita: lamb buck ('lamb' + 'male'). silim...dug4/du11/di/e: to greet, say "Hello" ('health' + 'to speak'). silim- g...d: silim...sum:
to greet, say "Hello" ('health' + 'regarding' + 'to call, say').
to greet, say "Hello" ('greeting' + 'to give') .
sipad-ama-[A.]GAN: shepherd of mother animals ('shepherd' + 'mother' + 'to bring forth'). sipad-amar-ru-ga:
genitive).
shepherd of brought back (?) ('shepherd' + 'young ones' + rg, 'to restore' + shepherd of wool sheep ('shepherd' + 'sheep' + 'wool' + double genitive).
sipad-udu-siki-ka: siskur...e: su-a: su-bru: su-din:

cat (cf., sug 8).
to say a prayer [often introduces direct, quoted speech in the texts] ('prayer' + 'to speak') .
quicksand, quagmire ('to immerse' + 'to dissolve, loosen') . bat ('body' + 'to cure'; Akk. s/u(t)tinnu).
i
su-din(-dal)muen: su-gu7/k: su-l-a: su-lim:
butterfly; part of a wagon or plough (cf.,
udun).
skin disease ('flesh, skin' + 'to eat, consume') . a type of copper; slag; borax (?) powder ('to stretch' + 'to support') .
su(3)-[GAN]:
salted or cured meat ('flesh' + 'to hang' + nominative). awesome radiance, splendor (Akk. alummatu, alummu ). to disgrace, treat with contempt, mock ('body' + 'manure' + 'to coat, apply'; cf.,
su(11)-lum...mar:
sulummar).
su-ub: (cf., sub). su-zg/zi...ri: su...zg/zi:

rise').
to scare ('gooseflesh' + 'to put into') .
to have/give gooseflesh; to be afraid of (with -da -) ('flesh' + zg, zi, 'to stand up,
su-zi: terror.
138
su(3)-ud:
(cf., sud ).
s-ga: deceitful(ly) (cf., sug4). s(-ud)-a: su6-nam-ti-la: su6-za-gn(-na):

gi
diamond ?; electrum ?; brass ? ('to be lasting; to rejoice' + 'to measure, check') .
s-r: far-reaching ('far away' + 'to go'/indicator of phoneme in sud).

beard of life ('beard' + 'life' + genitive). lapis lazuli (-colored) beard; clean beard ('beard' + 'lapis lazuli; clean' + genitive;
might be some wordplay with Akk. ziqnu, 'beard').
su7-su7:
a basket (reduplicated 'threshing floor') .
su11...li9-li9: (cf., z...li9-li9). su11-lum: SUD-la:

(cf., z-lum(-ma) ). a quality of the ground ('to sprinkle, immerse' + 'freshness') . to destroy ('swamp' + 'territory' + 'to surround' + 'to finish off') .
sug-zag-gi4...gu7: sukkal-ma: sum-GUD: sum-sag9:
su-keda: ornament ('carefully chosen' + 'to fasten') .

vizier, prime minister, 'minister of the interior' ('minister' + 'grand').
a type of onion ('onion' + 'robust like a bull'). a type of onion ('onion' + 'good, pleasing') .
sum-sikil: garlic ('onion' + 'pure, concentrated') . sum-tab-ba:

binding double sheaf ('to give' + 'double' + nominative). (cf., za-a-ti/din ).
sum-za-a-ti/din: a-ga-ru:
sn-si-m: horned (or male) aurochs cow ('aurochs cow' + 'horned') .

a kind of copper.
a-ra: syllabic spelling for r-ra, 'numerous'. a-ra(-g): to dry up, wither ('to dry up' + 'inundation') . a-ra-ab-du: -a-bar-ra: -bal-bal:
ku6
(cf., r-ra-ab-du ).
.B: creation ('womb' + 'cow').

bastard ('womb' + locative or 'seed' + 'to be foreign' + nominative).
...bala: to breed ('womb' + 'to revolve, deliver').

descendant, offspring ('womb' + reduplicated 'to revolve, deliver') .
-bar:
cleaned fish ('intestines' + 'to cut open, remove') .
-bi-ta:
therefrom; deducted from the state-bestowed capital debt (usually precedes account of credit transactions followed by zi-ga[-m] ) ('contents' + 'its' + 'from').
-da: voluntarily ('heart' + 'with'). ...dab5:

to be angry ('heart, stomach' + 'to grasp, clench') .
139
...dar:
to be afraid ('stomach' + 'to slice', cf., n...dar). the (secret) will of the gods ('interior; will' + 'gods').
-diir-re-e-ne:
...diri: to overeat ('stomach' + 'to exceed'). -dub-didli: recorded on an individual tablet ('contents' + 'tablet' + 'separate, individual'). -dg:
a term for young animals ('heart' + 'sweet'). belt ('stomach' + nominative + 'to mould, shape') . linen-clad ('midst' + 'linen' + 'to drape'; cf., -l-l).
-ga-d: -gal:
-gada-lal: -gi-na:
food, fodder, sustenance ('stomach' + 'enlarge') . true heart; one's nature ('heart' + 'to be firm, true' + nominative). a voluntary offering ('heart' + 'eyes' + 'to shine, be bright; grain heap') .
-gi8[IGI]-guru6/7: -...gd: -l: -ar:
-gig-ga: an aching heart ('heart' + 'to be sick, painful' + nominative).

to bear in mind ('heart' + 'concerning' + 'to measure') . all that one wants ('heart, stomach' ( + 'to the') + 'a large silo') .
(-ge)...guru7:
what is in one's heart, i.e., the heart's desire ('heart' + 'to dwell'). hunger ('stomach' + 'to deposit', cf., aar). to be hungry ('hunger' + 'to have') .
-ar...tuku: ...u: -ul-gig:
to pacify; to calm down the heart ('heart' + 'to rest').
-ul...dm: to grieve ('heart' + 'evil' + 'to make').

hatred ('heart' + 'evil' + 'to be sick, painful').
-l-la: delight ('heart' + 'to rejoice' + nominative). -l-la...dirig:

to be overflowing with joy ('delight' + 'to exceed').
-b-ba(-/ak/): anger ('midst' + 'loins' + genitive). -ka-tab: hunger ('stomach' + 'mouth' + 'to tremble; to make haste'). -ki-a: a loving heart ('heart' + 'to love' + nominative). (-ge)...kr/kr:
change') .
to change one's mind ('heart, will, mood' + ergative agent marker + 'to
...k(-): to rest the heart; to make love to; to take counsel with (with -da-) ('heart' + 'to be
tired; to care, worry') .
...l: -l-l: -ne-a4:
to (en)gorge, stuff ('stomach' + 'to extend, load') . clothed (cf., -gada-lal).
-l-s(-d): merciful; shepherdess ('heart' + 'to extend' + 'far').

supplications ('heart' + 'this' + 'to grieve'). to choose ('heart, stomach' ( + 'in the') + 'to find, declare') .
(-ge)...pd:
140
-sig-ga: a depressed heart ('heart' + 'low, small, weak' + nominative). ...sg: -su-ga: -s-ga:
(gi)
to be oppressed ('heart' + 'to strike, crush') . dry river bed ('river bed' + sug4, 'to lay bare, empty' + nominative). hungry; starved; without recompense ('stomach' + 'empty' + nominative). (reed-mat) sieve ('gut-like container' + 'to press out a liquid') . to have diarrhea; to spawn eggs (said of a fish) ('intestines' + 'to expel a liquid'). to cool/soothe the heart ('heart' + 'to calm, cool down') .
-sur:
...sur: ...ed7: -tam: -tm: -tur:
credible, trustworthy; administrative director, commissioner ('heart' + 'to be polished') . field, acre ('womb' + 'to be suitable; to prepare; to obtain') . womb ('insides' + 'child'). town center ('interior, midst' + 'town' + genitive).
-uru(-/ak/): -zi-ga:
l
excitement ('heart' + 'to rise up' + nominative).
-zu: midwife ('womb' + 'to know'). a13[]-dub-ba: archivist (cf., adub;

pisan-dub).
agan-l:
peddler, trader ('a large jar for oil' + 'to carry'). porcupine ('pig' + 'outside; fleece' + reduplicated 'dot, speckle') .
(2)-bar-gn(-gn)-nu: (2)-i-gi(4): (2)-niga: a(2)-: (2)-i-gi(4)(-)-gu7-e:
"bush pig" ('pig' + 'trees' + 'reeds'). porcupine ('bush pig' + 'it eats') .
fattened pig ('pig' + 'fattened').
pasture grazing pig ('pig' + 'plants, grass') . porcupine ('pig' + 'to cut' + 'to protect' + 'outside; fleece' + 'to
(2)-z-da-bar-sur-ra:
spray out') .
akan-k: basket weaver (?) ('large jar for oil', + 'to bind, wrap'). r-ra-ab-du: a temple official (from Akkadian arru , 'king', + abdu, 'slave'). r-ra-s-sa: body guard (from Akkadian arru , 'king', + 'to follow' + nominative; cf., a-s,
'policeman').
e-ba: barley rations distributed by the administration of the temple, palace, etc. ('barley' + 'portion,
rations') .
e-ba: to be careless, negligent (cf., ub; e-bal:

iti
ab, 'to fall, disappear') .
barley lost in processing; grain tax ('barley' + 'to demolish'). calendar month 3 at Umma during Ur III.
e-bar-ra-l-la:
e-bi: value-equivalence in barley (used as a standard) ('barley' + 'its'). e-br-ra: grain released for transport, storage, and further distribution ('barley' + 'to open, release').
141
e...d:
i
to clean barley after winnowing ('barley, grain' + 'to pour'). 'sweet corn tree' = licorice tree (?) ('corn' + 'sweet'). (cf., e
e-dg:
e...:
i--a).
shine, light, glimmer (syllabic spelling of r, 'to
e-er; e-er-e-er; e-er-zi:

shine brightly') .
e-er-gu/kum: a long string of dried fruit (probable syllabic spelling of Semitic root, 'to lace,
interweave') .
e-er...l:
to have authority (Emesal dialect for nir...l). to cover with; to adorn (with -ni -) (r, 'to be many' + gn, 'to
e-er-ka-an...dug4/du11/e:
decorate with colors' + 'to effect') .
e-er-tab-ba: haystack, cornstack; a type of reed fence (r, 'to be many' or zr, 'sheaf' + 'to bind,
join' + nominative).
e-ga/ge: e-GAZ: e-gibil: e-gu-nu: e-GUD:
favorite; to be obedient; to obey; to agree (with -i -) (cf., s(g), sig10).
crushed barley ('barley' + 'to crush') . new grain ('grains' + 'new, fresh'). fine grains, good crops, late barley ('grains, barley' + gunu, 'load' ?).
e-gub-ba: barley deposit ('barley' + 'to stand, set' + nominative).

einkorn wheat ('grain' + 'robust like a bull'). grain spent as oxen feed ('barley' + 'bull, ox' ( + dative) + 'to feed').
e gud(-r) gu7:
iti
e-gur10-ku5: (cf., e-sa11-ku5). e-gur10-ku5: (cf., itie-sa11-ku5).

barley delivery ('barley' + 'to deliver, deposit') . to sow barley; to buy with barley ('barley' + 'to deliver, deposit') . harvested grain that has just been threshed and only roughly measured with a stick
e-ar:
e...ar: e i--a:
('grain + 'stick' + 'to exit from' + nominative).
e-i-, e--i: sesame seeds; sesame oil ('grain' + 'tree' + 'oil'). e i...ra(-an/a):
iti
to thresh grain by beating with a flail ('grain + 'stick' + 'to strike').
e-l-la:
calendar month 12 at Laga during Ur III.
e...l: e-Lsar: e-mu(5): e-namuen:
to carry grain; to winnow grain ('grain' + 'to lift').
e-li: pine or juniper seeds ('grain corn' + 'juniper').

coriander ('grain corn' + 'man or many') [ELU archaic frequency: 28]. barley sprouts ('grain corn' + 'juniper').
e-lum-lum:
bitter grain ('grain' + 'bitter'). (cf., sim,
snmuen).
142
e-numun: e-ri-ga:
seed ('grain' + 'seed'). gleaned grain ('grain' + 'to bring').
e-sa: roasted barley ('barley' + 'to roast'). e-sa(11)-ku5:

iti
harvest ('grain' + 'to harvest ?' + 'to cut') .
e-sa11-ku5: calendar month 12 at Nippur during Ur III; calendar month 11 at Laga during Ur III;
calendar month 1 at Ur during Ur III; calendar month 1 at Umma during Ur III; calendar month 12 at Drehem before u-Sin 3; calendar month 1 at Drehem after u-Sin 3.
e...su-ub: e...a4: e...ub: e...s: -ba-an:
to harvest barley ('barley' + 'to suck').
to moan ('grain; tiny' + 'to mourn'). to thresh grain by beating ('barley' + 'to throw'). 'treading' by animals as a way of threshing grain ('barley' + 'to drive; to follow'). to dehusk barley ('barley' + reduplicated 'to peel') .
e...zil-zil(-la):
a measure for fish ('portion' + 'a measure'; cf., ba-an).
e10...dr: to fart ('excrement' + 'to break wind'). e25/e26...gi4: (cf., sig4...gi4). en-en: er7-da:
iti
combat, strife (reduplicated 'mirror' or 'shield' ?). capital offense; crime; blame; punishment. younger brother ('brother' + 'young, junior') .
e-bn-da: e-da-gu7:
calendar month 2 at Drehem through u-Sin 3; calendar month 3 at Drehem after u-Sin 3; calendar month 3 at Ur during Ur III.
E-dr-r/a: (cf., sa-dr(-ra)). e-gal: ika-ri:

older brother ('brother' + 'large'). shattered potsherds ('potsherd' + 'to break open; to throw away') . an aromatic substance - turpentine (?) ('aromatic resin' + reduplicated 'to bend;
im-gam-gam(-ma):
to shrivel') .
im-gig: im-im:
l
frankincense - used in making medicinal plasters ('aromatic resin' + 'to be sick'). an aromatic substance ('aromatic substance' + 'wind'; cf., si-im-si-im...ak, 'to sniff'). spice drinkers (?) ('spice' + 'to drink').
im-na:
im-PI-PI: an aromatic substance. im-su-S: cologne, perfume (?) ('aromatic substance' + 'body' + 'to equal, compete with') . IMKU: r-kug:
ambergris ('aromatic substance' + 'turtle; whale ?') . sacred song; incantation ('song' + 'sacred, holy') .
r...a: to sing; to cry (out) ('song' + 'to mete out') .
143
r-ra-nam-en-na; r-re-nam-nir-ra:
genitive).
i/urudu
song of lordship ('song' + 'lordship' +
r-r:
chain (probable Akkadian loan word). regular, daily offering ('hand; portion' + locative + 'steady' + nominative).
u-a-gi-na: u...aka:
to take captive ('hand' + 'to do') .
u-bal...aka: to alter; to tamper; to set aside ('hand' + 'to change' + 'to do') . u-gibil-gibil...aka: u...ba: u...bad: u...bal: u...bar:
to renew ('hand' + 'to renovate' + 'to renovate' + 'to do') .
u/-lu...aka: to clean (a canal) ('hand' + 'to clean' + 'to do').

(cf., u...bad , u...bar ). to release ('hand' + 'to open') . to alter; to tamper; to set aside ('hand' + 'to change') . to release, let loose ('hand' + 'to open, release') .
u...bru: to open the hand ('hand' + 'to open') . u-da: hand and forearm, as a unit of measurement, ell/cubit (cf., k) ('hand' + 'arm'). u-dab(5)(-ba): u...dab(2,4,5): u...dag: u...dar: u...de6: u-d-a: u...d: u...du7: u...du8: u-du8-a: u-dim4-ma:
sale ('hand' + 'to clasp, take away' + nominative). to take or accept ('hand' + 'to hold, take, receive') .
u-k...dab(5): to perform a service; to kneel down ('hand' + 'order, task' + 'to hold/seize').
to roam about; to run away ('hand' + 'to roam'). to slaughter (redupl. class) ('hand' + 'to slice, split, shatter') . to set to work ('hand' + 'to bring') . loyal ('hand' + 'subservient' + nominative).
length measure of 10 fingers = 16.666 cm. ('hands' + 'to stack') . to bind the hands; to apply one's hands to ('hands' + 'to fasten') . to destroy ('hands' + 'evil' + 'to fasten') .
u-ul...d:
to embellish; to put on the finishing touches; to complete; to make perfect (with -ta -) (reduplication class) ('hand' + 'to complete') . to hold in the hand (with -ni - or bi -) ('hand' + 'to open') . guarantee ('to hold' + nominative).
u-du8-a...DU(de6/tm): to act as guarantor for ('guarantee' + 'to bring, carry'). u...dug4/du11/e:

to touch; to place, put ('hand' + 'to effect') . to supply, to provide (generously) with (with -ni -) ('hand' ( + to be haunted ('hand' + 'spirit of a place' + 'to effect') .
u(-daal)...dug4/du11/e:
'wide, copious') + 'to effect') .
u ll-l...dug4/du11/e:
144
u pe-el l...dug4/du11/e:
'to penetrate, pierce' + 'to effect') .
to defile; to be defiled ('hand' + pil, 'to be/make dirty, defiled' +
u s...dug4/du11/e:
effect').
to attain ('hand' + 'to reach, arrive') .
u s-a...dug4/du11/e: to confuse, disconcert; to be confused ('hand' + 'in confusion' + 'to u-tag...dug4/du11/e: u -a...dug4/du11/e: u-dul5:
iti
to adorn; to decorate (with -ni -); to sprinkle; to paint ('hand' + 'to (cf., u
weave, decorate, strike' + 'to effect') .
s-a...dug4/du11/e).
(cf., udun ). calendar month 8 at Drehem before u-Sin 3; calendar month 9 at Ur during Ur III.
u-e-a:
u-gna: u-gi(4):
return') .
agricultural tool ('hand' + 'field'). old ('hand' + 'to return' ?, 'to lock up' ?, 'reed-like' ?). to bring back; to lead back; to repay; to repeat; to answer ('hand' ( + locative) + 'to
u(-a)...gi4: u-gd:
out') .
dues; general obligation ('hand' + 'to reach out; to measure out') . to accept; to observe/inspect the offering animal (cf., u-ma-gd-gd; 'hand' + 'to reach to jumpily move around ('hand' + 'to leap, dance') .
u...gd:
u...gu4-gu4-ud: u...gur: u...l: u-ar: u...ar:
to roll; to wrap; to wipe ('hand' + 'circular motion'). to hold by the hand ('hand' + 'to place in') .
effect ('hand' + 'to deliver'). to perform a task; to carry out; to be favorable; to cease doing something (with -ta -)
('hand' + 'to deliver') .
u(-a/)...ar: to be/place in the hand; to subdue ('hand' + locative/terminative + 'to deliver'). u-u...ar: u...a-za: u...u-uz:
(l)
to grant a pardon ('hand' + 'hand' + 'to deliver') .
u-a: robber (cf., u-ku6(-d)).

to hold in the hand ('hand' + 'to hold, grasp') .
u-al-la: open hand ('hand' + 'to divide, distribute' + nominative).

to roast; to burn ('hand' + 'to rage at') (cf., u...ru-uz ).
u-i:
barber ('hand' + 'to sprout' ?). prayer (hand-raising) ('hand' + 'to raise' + nominative).
u-l-la(2): u...l:
i
to build; to grow rich ('hand' + 'to raise') . to take away; to withdraw ('hand' + 'to take away') .
u...kar(2): u-kr:
tools, parts, components ('hand' + 'to encircle, besiege') .
u ki-in-dar: full of cracks ('handful' + 'crevices'). Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0 145
i gi
u-KIN:
sickle ('hand' + 'work, task'; cf., saa11/si18, 'to cut, break, harvest') . faggot of reeds ('hand' + 'work, task'; cf., saa11/si18, 'to cut, break, harvest') . fisherman ('hand' + 'fish' + ?; should read esadx ?).
u-KIN:
u-ku6(-d): u-l-a:
u(-a)-l: paralyzed, folded, idle (said of hands) ('hands' + locative + 'to bind, diminish').
entrusted ('hands' + 'to hold' + nominative). to defile; to reach; to bind (the hands); to wring the hands ('hand' + 'to pierce, to hold in the hand, suspend from the hands ('hand' + 'to bind, hold, hang') .
u...lal/l-l: u-...lal/l: u(4)-lu:

l
penetrate; to stretch; to bind; to hold') .
ritual cleansing, purification ritual, lustration ('hand' + 'to clean') . purification ritual man, lustration priest ('ritual cleansing' + nominative). diviner; omen (cf., u...gd; 'hand' + 'goat kid' + reduplicated 'to reach out') .
u-lu-a:
u-ma-gd-gd: U-ME-EREN: u...m:

na4
cypress resin (cf., (i)u-r-me).
to enlarge; to expand (with -ni -); to pray (with dative) ('hand' + 'to grow') . pestle ('hand' + 'stone') . grand total ('hand' + 'circle, whole') [? UNIGIN archaic frequency: 1]. subtotal ('hand' + 'circle, whole'). to proceed; to hurry ('hand' + 'to make the rounds') .
u-na:
U+NIIN: U+NIN: u...niin:

(i) iti
u-nim-ma: early to work ('hand' + 'early' + nominative). u-nir:

standard; emblem with woolen streamers; totemic device ('hand' + 'to raise high') . calendar month 4 at Laga during Ur III; calendar month 4 at Nippur during Ur III. to expand; to spread out ('hand' + 'womb; to expand') . to knead clay and form it into a tablet; to erase ('hand' + 'to beat, stir') . to wring the hands over (with -i -) ('hands' + 'to place against') .
u-numun:
u...pe: u...ra: u...ri:
u-ri(2)(-a): one-half ('hand' + 'to take, remove' + nominative). u...ru-uz:

to burn; to roast; to glow (cf., u...u-uz ). to rub ('hand' + 'to make a harvesting motion') .
u...sa11/si18: u(-a)...si: u-...si: u si...s: u...si-ig: u...su-ub:
u-si: finger ('hand' + 'horn, ray, antenna') .

to fill the hands (with) ('hand' + locative + 'to fill'). to hand over; to deliver ('hand' + 'towards' + 'to fill'). to do things to perfection; to see that all is right ('hand' + 'right; legal'). to hit with the hand ('hand' + 'to strike down, silence') . to wave the hand ('hand' + 'to beat rhythmically') .
u...sg(-sg):
to gather up; to collect; to scrape together ('hands' + 'to suck') .
146
u...sud/s: u...sum: u-r: u...tag: u...taka4: u-a...taka4: u...te: u...ti: u-ti-a: u-tu-tu: u...tkur:
(i)
to stretch the hand out after something ('hand' + 'to make remote').
to give; to entrust ('hand' + 'to give') .
seizing ('hand' + 'fierce, furious'). to cover; to adorn, decorate (often with -ni -) ('hand' + 'to weave, decorate') . to send, dispatch (with dative) ('hand' + 'to push') . to leave (something) to (someone) ('hand' + locative + 'to push') .
to take (variation of u...ti).
to take up, accept, adopt; to grab; to borrow; to gain; to receive; to be taken, accepted (with terminative and -i -) ('hand' + 'to approach') . goods, staples, etc. received ('to receive' + nominative). escape ('hand' + reduplicated 'to interfere') . to nibble or lick one's fingers ('hand' + 'to gnaw, nibble') .
u-r-me: the cypress or Persian oak tree or its resin ('to pour' + 'tree trunk' + 'to be').
to erase; to wipe (with -ni - and bi -; also with -ta -) ('hand' + 'to drag over') . scraping or grinding by hand ('hand' + 'to shear' + nominative). to send, dispatch; to push or knock on (a door); to hold out in the hand ('hand' + 'to reach to raise one's hand (in violence) ('hand' + reduplicated 'to rise up') .
u...r: u-r-ra: u...s:

out') .
u...zi-zi(-g): d...r:
l
ub-lugal: subordinate of the king ('to drop; to delegate' + 'king').

to pray ('to pray' + 'plural, to come, go') . person assigned to pick up allotted rations ('rations' + 'to hold' + nominative).
uku-dab5-ba:
ul-a-lum: punishment (probably Akkadian loanword from alaalu, 'to plunder; to deprive') . ul-zi:
worthy young man ('young man' + 'good; true') . (trained) falcon ('fierce' + 'to work').
r-dmuen: tab-ba: TAG.ME:
ta-m: what is it? ('from' + 3rd. sing. enclitic copula).

partner ('to join; to be double' + nominative).
(cf., um ).
taka4...lal: to open ('to open' + 'to reach') . tm-e-lum: te-m: te-en:

a resin, perhaps from the boxwood ('shiny; bound' ? + 'grain, seed' + 'productive') .
(cf., ta-m ). (cf., ten ).
te-e...dug4/du11/e:
to put together (?) (t, 'together', + 'to speak/do') .
147
te-e26(-d):
to approach, meet (someone: dative); to attack, assault; to be frightened, worried (alternating class, mar stem; cf., te) .
te-me-en; te-me: (cf., temen). te-te(-ma): t-bi:

(cf., te-e 26).
together ('together' + adverbial force suffix) .
t(-bi)...gu7: to devour everything; to consume ('together' + 'to eat'). t...i-i: to pray ('together' + 'to rise'). t(-a)...s-ke: to make agree ('together' ( + locative) + 'to put, place, cause') . t...(nu-)tuku: to have (no) shame; shameless ('shame, modesty' + ('not' + ) 'to have').
i
ti: strut, brace, rib ('rib').

to signal (?) ('arrow' + 'to revolve').
ti...bal: ti-gi4:
dug
kettledrum ('to approach; to assault' + 'to return; to answer') .
ti-lim-da: a vessel ('lives' + 'thousand' + 'with').
ti-mar-uru5: arrow quiver (?) (play on tu15-mar-uru5 (?), 'flood'; 'arrow' + 'to enclose' + 'high, deep'). ti-mud...l: to create life ('life' + 'to give birth' + 'to be'). ti-na: adv., strongly ('to live; healthy' + subordination suffix /-a/). ti...ra:
i
to shoot an arrow ('arrow' + 'to stab'). a small bird ('arrow' + 'city' + 'to dwell').
ti-r-lal: ti-z:
barbed arrow ('arrow' + 'teeth; flint'). harp of beautiful sound ('harp' + 'thing' + 'sweet' + genitive).
tigi-n-du10-ga/e:
til-lu-ug: elephant ('lion-killer' ?). tir-an-na: rainbow ('forest' + 'sky' + genitive). TU-gur4muen: (cf., tum12-gur4muen). tu-lu: to be/make loose or limp (Akkadian tulluu, 'to hang up') .
i
tu-lu-bu-um:
plane tree or wood (Akkadian dulbum, 'Oriental plane tree').
tu-ra: (cf., tur5). tu-ud: (cf., tud). tu6-tu6: tud-sum:

incantations (reduplicated 'exorcistic formula'). (cf., n...dirig ).
tu15...dirig:
onion or garlic bulb for planting ('to beget' + 'onion') .
tg-bir7-ra: torn clothes ('cloth' + 'to rip to pieces' + nominative). tg-dim-gal(-la-k): sail on a mast ('cloth' + 'mast' + genitive). TG-DU8:
textile fuller ('cloth' + 'residue; to bake') .
148
tg-g-lal: tg-gur8/gur:
blanket (for an animal) ('cloth' + 'back of neck' + 'to drape') . the last plowing (originally LAK 483 + 'deep').
tg-b-d: a woolen garment ('cloth' + 'waist, hips' + 'to mould'). tg-ku-ru-um: mourning (?) clothes (Akkadian kuuru , 'daze, depression, stupor') . tg-me-z-er-ra: rags ('cloth' + 'function' + 'to tear up, break' + nominative). tg-mu-dur7[BU]-ra: tg-n-bra-(g):
(cf., mu-dur 7(-ra) ). bed spread ('cloth' + 'thing' + 'stretched out') .
tg-n-dra: loincloth ('cloth' + 'thing' + 'to bind; belt, sash'). tg-n-dra-gla-sr-ra: tg-n-dn-d: tg-n-lal: tg-n-lm:
pubic band or napkin for a woman ('cloth' + 'thing' + 'to
bind; belt, sash' + 'vulva' + 'dense; feverish' + nominative).
a woolen garment ('cloth' + 'thing' + 'to bring low' + 'to mould').
a woolen garment ('cloth' + 'thing' + 'to drape') . a festive garment, dress ('cloth' + 'thing' + 'an awe-inspiring quality') . a woolen garment ('cloth' + 'thing' + 'vulva' + genitive). fine quality clothes ('cloth' + 'thing' + 'to gasp' + nominative).
tg-n-sal-la: tg-si18:
shape') .
tg-n-ur5-ra-ak-a:
the first plowing (originally LAK 483 + 'to cut, break, harvest') .
tg--ga-d: cloth belt or woolen belted garment (?) ('cloth' + 'stomach' + nominative + 'to mould, TG-TAG: tg-TAR: tg...r:
i
to fill or pile cloth (?) ('cloth' + 'to weave; to strike') . short-cut robe (?) ('cloth' + 'to cut'). to make a sacrifice ('clothing' + 'to drag') . magnificent (?) robe ('cloth' + 'to spend' + nominative). to slaughter ('mace, weapon' + 'to strike, hurt') . except ('if' + 'not').
tg-ZI-ZI-a: tukul...sg: tukumbi...-nu: tumu-mer: TN.PAD: tur...gu7: tur-tur:

noble') .
tum12[TU]-gur4muen: turtle (?) dove ('dove, pigeon' + 'plump, big').

north, northwind ('wind' + 'anger').
TN...bar: to hew or split with an axe.

slice, morsel of food ('stomach; lip' + 'bite of food') . to eat modestly ('little' + 'to eat'). little ones (cf., didi , di 4-di 4-la ) (reduplicated 'little'). sanctuary with the loud voice ('birth-hut as metaphor for sanctuary' + 'voice' + 'great, to dwell ('home' + 'to establish') .
tr-g-nun: tu...-:
149
U.GN: (cf., ugun). U.PIRI...tag: -a: ...bu-bu(-r): -du(-l): -dug4:

(cf., udug ). hay or dry brushwood ('grasses' + 'to dwell; to dry out' + nominative). (cf., kuu/kuum x(-ki)...tag ).
caretaker, provider ('food' + 'water' or nominative). to tear out plants ('plant' + reduplicated 'to tear out') .
(cf., udul ).
-durunx[DR.DR]-na: -gd-da:
long grasses ('grasses' + 'long' + nominative).
-gu(3)...d: to lose; to disappear; to be lost (ugu,.'top of the head' + 'to sink') . -...in/gub: ...b: -k-: ...l: -li:
to go to fetch food ('food' + terminative + 'to go/to stand') .
to be deaf; to deafen. pasturage ('plants, grass, food' + 'to seek, work' + nominative).
to diminish; to stem (the flow of water).
-ll: a sweet water-plant, the eating of which is a metaphor for sexual intercourse ('plant' + 'honey').
herb(s) ('plant' + 'fine smelling'). nettles (?) ('plant' + 'anger/heart' + 'illness').
sar
-lipi-gig: -lu-bsar: -lu5-i:
leeks (cf., lu-b (cf., uluin ).
).
-NINNI5 [TIR/TIR]: -nu-k-: ...ri(-g): -sa11:
a resin measured by volume.
untested grazing grounds (cf., -k- ). to collect firewood ('plants' + 'to glean; to bring') .
-rum: private, personal (property); possession (cf., ru[-m], 'to watch, guard, protect') .
fascine to sustain a canal bank or levee ('plants' + 'to cut, break, harvest') . to cut fascine plants ('fascine' + 'to cut') .
-sa11...z: -sal-la...n: -si4-an -sug4: ...sud/s:
-sal: a low-lying fertile area along a watercourse ('grass, plants' + 'to persist') .
to lie down in security ('food' + 'to persist' + 'to lie down') .
evening ('food' + 'red' + 'sky'). to dine; to eat ('food' + 'to sip; to sprinkle') .
unclean, menstruating woman (cf., zug).
-im: grass and herbs = pasture (a Sumerian example of asyndetic hendiadys). -TIR: a spice or seed measured by weight. -tul: (cf., udul).
150
-za-gn: -zug4: -a:
fresh hay ('grass' + 'clean').
foul food ('food' + zug, 'menstruating, unclean woman') .
n., sleep ('to sleep' + nominative). (cf., u 4-bar ). pus, pustule; flame (pronominal prefix + reduplicated bul(4); bu(5), to ignite; to sprout;
-an-bar: -bu-bu-ul: -di:
Akkadian bubutu(m) ).
sleep; rest; daze, depression (cf., u 6-di ) ('sleep' + 'to go'; cf., i6...di). to pray to; to entreat (with dative) (prospective modal prefix + 'evil' + 'to
-gul...ar/-:
take oaths') .
...ku(4): -la:
to sleep (reduplication class); to rest ('sleep' + 'to lie down; to enter') . to sleep badly ('sleep' + 'treacherous' + 'to lie down; to enter') .
-lul-la...ku(4): -lu-gi4-rin: -lu...s: -ma; -na:
anything; nothing (pronominal prefix + 'numerous'). scepter of pure, bright light (?) ( for u4 ?).
to send out offshoots (pronominal prefix + 'clean' + 'to stretch, rejoice'). victory, triumph (prospective modal prefix + me-a, 'when in battle') .
adj., domineering, pugnacious, impetuous.
-ma/-na...gub: to attain victory, triumph ('when in battle' + 'to emerge standing') . -mu-un: -s:
i
Emesal dialect, cf., en . fraud (pronominal prefix + 'not' + 'established' + nominative).
-nu-ar-ra:
sleep ('sleep' + 'to equal in value'; cf., i6...s, 'midnight').
-s...dab5: to be overcome by sleep (-s, 'sleep' + 'to seize'). -su5:

fir or spruce tree or wood (phonetic spelling shows original full pronunciation of su 5, 'confusion; to uproot; encircling wall') . wild cow, cf., sn .
-sun[BAD]:
i
-ub:
brick mold; a platform for molding or drying bricks (same form as udun, 'kiln for bricks'; pronominal prefix + 'to throw, drop, plop'; cf., ab, 'to chip out, apportion out') . to give birth; to create ('to lie down' + 'to create'; cf., tud). all this (pronominal prefix + 'these'). (at the time) when... [this brackets an entire phrase] ('time' + nominative or genitive). while..., ('time' + 'as; when'). after (the time) when... ('time' + 'after'). to be or do on time, at the right moment ('time' + 'moment' + adverbial
-tu-(d): -ur5-re: u4...(-a): u4...-a-ta:

force suffix) .
u4...-a-gin7:
u4...-bi/ba(-/ak/): u4-an-na:
light of the heavens ('light' + 'heaven' + genitive).
151
u4-ba: u4-bar:
at that time; in those days; then ('time' + bi-a, 'that; its') . midday (cf., an-bar). the past ('days' + 'those' + 'from'). at the time of the harvest ('days, time' + 'harvest') .
u4-bi-ta: u4-buru14: u4-da:
today ('day' + 'with, near, present') . if ('today' + irrealis suffix) .
u4-da i-en: u4-da-tu: u4-gd-da: u4-u: u4-imin:
a clown who performed with bears and pigs ('today' + 'to set up camp') .
u4(-bar)-daal: extensive daylight, long day ('day' ( + 'middle') + 'wide').

all day long ('day' + 'to be long' + nominative suffix) .
raging storm ('storm' + 'furious, terrible, awesome'). seven days ('day' + 'seven') . there was never ('time' + prohibitive modal prefix + 'to be' + 'to not have'; cf.,
u4-na-me...nu-tuku:
l...na-me...nu-).
u4-nu-dg-ga: u4-ri-a: u4-sa9-a:
unhappy days ('day' + 'not' + 'sweet, good' + nominative suffix) .
in those (far remote) days ('days' + remote demonstrative affix + locative). half a day ('day' + 'half' + nominative suffix) .
u4-sakar[SAR](-ra):
crescent moon; new moon; segment of a circle; a plant, possibly rushes or nettles ('day, light' + 'to begin' + 'renewal'; cf., -u4-sakar).
u4-sakar).
u4-sakar-gibil: reviving new moon, thin crescent moon ('day, light' + 'to begin' + 'renewal'; cf., u4-sud-ra:
for eternity ('time' + 'remote' + dative 'for').
u4...(al-)--ru: u4--u(-e):
postposition).
to become cloudy or dark ('daylight' + /, 'to become dark' + ur, 'to rain' ? + mar 3rd. sing. ending with vowel harmony). daily; day by day ('day, daylight' + /, 'to become dark' + locative-terminative evening ('daylight' + 'to extinguish, cool down') . morning ('daylight' + 'to approach') . birthday ('day' + 'birth' + genitive).
u4-te(-en): u4-te(-na):
u4-tu(-ud)-da:
u4-tur(-ra): early in the day; short in duration ('time' + 'small'). u4-u: ten days ('day' + 'ten'). u4-ul-la; u4--li: u4-ul-l-a-ta: u4...zal:
tomorrow ('day' + Akkadian elm, 'to come up' and eli, 'above, beyond') .
from long ago ('days' + 'ancient' + nominative + 'from'). to waste a day; to disappear ('time' + 'to flee, hide, be lost' + 'to cause') .
u4-za-a...(al-)aka:
the day dawns; to spend the day; to elapse; to waste time; to be late ('time' + 'to flow, pass').
152
u4-zal-la:
day, morning, dawn ('day' + 'to flow, elapse' + nominative).
u4-X zal-la: on the Xth day ('day' + 'to flow, elapse' + nominative). u5-a: lullaby ('raised high' + nominative). u5-bmuen; -bmuen; ub-bmuen:
iti
whooping swan (onomatopoeic).
u5-b-gu7:
calendar month 3 at Drehem through u-Sin 3; calendar month 4 at Drehem after u-Sin 3; calendar month 4 at Ur during Ur III. admiration, amazement ('to be impressed' + 'to judge') .
u6-di:
u6(-di)...di/dug4/e: to admire; to gain admiration ('admiration' + 'to speak, do'). u6.../i(-i): u6-e...gub: u8-udu-
to look; to appear ('to look at; to stare at' + 'to be or become visible') . to be wonderful ('amazement' + ergative agent marker + 'to stand') .
sheep; (flock of) sheep and goats. southwind [with classifier

IM
u18[GIGAL]-lu:
]; storm; sandstorm ('huge' + 'numerous, abundant') .
u18-lu(-da)...dul: u18[GIGAL]-ru(-n): ub-ba...gub:
to cover with a storm ('storm' + 'with' + 'to cover'). exalted; high; overwhelming; mighty ('huge' + 'to send'; cf., uru16(-n)).
to deposit in the corner ('corner' + locative + 'to set') .
ub-ll-l: outdoor shrine ('niche' + 'wind, spirit (of a place), fresh air' + nominative or genitive). ub-u-ukkin-na:
l
assembly ('corner' + 'power' + 'meeting' + 'human being').
ub5-kug-ga: keeper of the sacred drum ('drum' + 'pure, holy' + nominative).
ud: (cf., u4). UD.KA.BAR: (cf., zabar). UD.UD: (cf., babbar, dadag). udu-dub:
tablet-recorded sheep ('sheep' + 'tablet') . fattened sheep ('sheep' + 'fattened') .
udu-n-gu7-a: udu-sar: udu-siki:
udu-nita: male sheep, ram ('sheep' + 'male').

a vegetable (?) ('sheep' + 'vegetable') . wool sheep ('sheep' + 'wool') .
udu-ag5-ga: slaughtered sheep ('sheep' + 'to slaughter' + nominative). udu-r-a: perfect sheep ('sheep' + 'totality; to slaughter' + nominative). udu-e-gu7-a: udu u-nir: udun-ma:
(wool from) barley-fed sheep ('sheep' + 'barley' + 'to eat' + nominative). sheep whose wool was used to make streamers for the group standards. huge baking oven ('oven' + 'huge') .
udun-e-sa-a: barley roasting oven ('oven' + 'barley' + 'to roast' + nominative).
153
gu...ba-a-ar:
to place in a person's debit account ('account' + impersonal conjugation prefix +
locative infix + 'to deposit') (cf., g-a...ar).
ugu4-bi; a-gb: ape, monkey ('to give birth' + inanimate demonstrative ["Inanimate are things and
animals." Thomsen, p. 49]) .
ugula-ga-s: overseer of vassals ('overseer' + 'crown' + 'to follow'). ugula-la: foreman of the porters ('overseer' + 'to carry'). ugula--da: officer in charge of sixty men ('overseer' + e, 'sixty' + genitival suffix /a(k)/). ugula-uru(-na-/ak/): a-lu-a: u...u7: uku-s: KU.L:
(cf., a...u 7). (cf., aga (3)-s ). (cf., un-gr ). captain of the/his city ('overseer' + 'city' + 'his' + genitive).
multitudes ('people' + 'to be numerous' + nominative).
ul.KU: receiver (?). ul-r-ra: jubilation ('joy' + 'to multiply' + nominative). ul...r: ul4-la-bi: um-me-da: um-mi(3)-a:
genitive).
to gladden; to exult ('joy' + 'to multiply').
ul-ti(-a): happy mood ('joy' + 'life' + genitive).

very soon, quickly ('quick' + adverbial ending).
um-ma: elderly lady; witch ('old woman' + 'to bind').

(cf., ummeda ). schoolmaster; scholar; artisan ('wise or skillful teacher' + 'offices, functions' + nominative or
umbin-gud: oxen hooves; oxen tracks ('fingernail' + 'ox'). umbin...kud: umu...kr: un-l-me: un sa-i6: unu(2,6)-gal:
iti
to shave; to shear; to manicure ('fingernail' + 'to cut off'). to change one's mind ('discernment; decision' + 'to change') . a menial worker ('people' + Umma reading for la sign, 'to bear, carry' + 'to be') .
un-gr/ga6(-me):
menials ('people' + 'to carry' + 'to be') . black-headed people = Sumerians ('people' + 'heads' + 'black') .
unkin-ar-ra: communal assembly ('people' + 'to fetch' + 'to establish' + nominative).

great dining hall ('elevated shrine, fortress' + 'great') .
UR: calendar month 7 at Ur during Ur III; calendar month 10 at Umma before ulgi 30.
together (cf., t-bi ). dog ('dog' + 'domestic') .
ur-bar-ra: wolf ('dog' + 'outside' + nominative). ur-bi; ur5-bi: ur-gir15/gi7[KU]:
154
ur-ma:
lion ('carnivorous beast' + 'mighty') . watchdog (?) ('dog' + mud6, 'to sing' + nominative). a pampered dog ('dog' + 'to be friendly' + nominative).
ur-m-da: ur-sa6-ga: ur-sa: ur-tur:
hero, warrior ('young man' + 'first, in front') . a pet dog or puppy ('dog' + 'small'). to assemble a list, schedule, or plan ('servants' + locative + 'to set') .
ur-ur-a...ar: ur4-ur4: ur5-da:
r...z(-z): to roam ('legs' + 'to cut continuously') .

to devastate, lay bare (reduplicated 'to harvest') . to gasp ('liver, soul' + 'to do').
ur5...aka: ur5-di-da: ur5...gr: ur5-ra-: ur5...sa6: ur5...a4: ur5-: ur5-tud: ur5-tuku:
to be mindful, careful; to hear ('heart, soul' + 'with'). famous (one) (?) (cf., l-di-da ). to bow down (in grief) ('liver, soul' + 'to bow down, submit') . thus shall it be indeed ('thus' + 'it is indeed') .
ur5 -en-na-nam-ma-m:
to be like that ('in such manner' + nominative + 'towards') .
ur5-re, ur5-e: in such manner, thus ('it; thus' + locative terminative e).
to be/make comfortable, happy ('liver, soul' + 'to satisfy'; cf., n-ur5-sa6-sa6). to roar, bellow ('liver, soul' + 'to mourn') (contrast e...a4).
debt with interest ('loan' + 'portion'). domestic servant ('debt' + 'to be born') . debtor; creditor ('debt; loan' + 'to have') . outside the city, outskirts of the city, the countryside ('city' + 'outside' + nominative).
uru-bar-ra:
uru-kr(-ra): (in) a foreign city ('city' + 'strange' + locative). uru--ga: the interior city (contrasts to uru-bar-ra)('city' + 'inside' + nominative). uru-tu:
(cf., ki-tu ). a type of copper. strong copper ('copper' + 'thing' + 'to be strong' + nominative).
urudu-A-EN-da: us-ga: a type of priest. s-sa:
urudu-n-kala-ga:
rigging (of a ship) ('side; to join' + 'bow of a ship'; cf., im-sa-). wagon whip (?) ('whip' + 'wagon'). a strong person ('skill; strength' + 'to have') .
san-mar: usu-tuku: u-bar:

i
(cf., ubar ). ruler's staff; scepter ('penis' + 'to see, show') .
u-bar:
155
u-gd-da: storehouse; granary; silo (for barley, dates, oil) (cf., ara4) ('foundation' + 'to be long' +
nominative).
u-ar-ra: firm foundation ('foundation' + 'to establish' + nominative). u-s-ga: -a:

unsafe foundation ('foundation' + 'to damage' + nominative). piling up an earthen block or dam (cf., a
-a) ('to block' + nominative).
u7...dug4: to spit ('spittle' + 'to speak, do, make'). u11...sig10/s:

d
to throw/inject venom on/in... ('venom' + 'to apply, put in') .
utu-:
sunrise ('sun' + 'to rise; to become visible') .
uz-ga: (cf., -uz-ga). UZ.TURmuen:

(cf., bibad
muen
).
z-ga-na: milking goat ('goat' + 'milk' + 'drinking'). uzu-: fatty meat ('meat' + 'fat'). uzu-libx[.UDU]:
(i)
mutton fat ('meat' + 'mutton fat'). say: it is thine ('you' + /ak/, 'of' + m, 'it is' + 'to speak').
za-a-kam...dug4/du11: za-ba-lum: za-dm: za-e:

na4
a variety of juniper (resin) ('kernel' + 'to give' + 'abundance') .
stone cutter ('[precious] stone' + 'to fashion') . you; yourself. lapis lazuli; precious stone (in general) ('stone' + 'colorful'). clean ('precious stone') . lustrous, shiny lapis lazuli ('lapis lazuli' + 'moist').
za-gn:
za-gn:
(na4)
za-gn-duru5:
za-a: (cf., za2,3). za-a-din; za-a-ti:

cure') .
a type of onion, possibly Allium desertorium ('kernel' + 'many' + 'to
za-na: caterpillar ('monotonous repetition' + 'distinct things or selves') .

i i
za-na:
puppet. to handle a puppet ('puppet' + 'to touch, handle') .
za-na...tag:
za-pa-: za-pa-a:
sound; breath (za, 'rhythmic sound' or zi, 'breathing' transformed by vowel harmony + 'puffing sound' + 'to mete out'; cf., r...a). (cf., zipa ).
za-ra: pole, shaft of chariots, wagons, harrows, and doors (cf., izar). za-ra...dug4/du11: za-za: (cf., ki...za). za-za-ga:
marjoram or oregano (?). to lecture ('to you' + 'to speak') .
156
z: (cf., zag). z[ZAG]-i-li(-a)sar:

a condiment made from a prickly plant such as wild safflower ('border,
beginning' + 'charm, appeal'; Akk. sahl).
z-m: (hymn of) praise ('territory' + 'woman').

(i)
z-m:
musical instrument - a lyre. (metal) quantity left over by cutting ('percentage' + 'to pare away') .
zag-bar: zag-du8:
zag...dib: to elevate over ('barrier' + 'to cross').

threshold ('boundary' + 'to adorn') .
zag-: buttress (?) ('barrier' + 'to rise'). zag-gu-la; zag-gal-la: a type of chair; seat of honor ('side, shoulder' + 'great'). zag...k: to endow with ('side' + 'to bind to'). zag-munus: (cf., z-m). zag-s[DI]; zag-a4[DI]: zag-e(3); zag-a4:
equal; rival ('limit' + 'to equal').
strength; bed ('limit' + 'to the').
zag...u: to brand; to mark ('side' + 'to throw down'). zag...tag: to push away; to reject; to overthrow; to push off, launch ('edge, limit' + 'to touch, push'). zag-uru: zag 5-s: zag...s: z-bi:
outskirts of the city ('edge, limit' + 'city'). a fifth (as a division) ('percentage' + 5 or other number + 'length') . to border on; to stand by; to set aside ('edge, limit' + 'to lean against').
adv., to the bitter end, until disappearance ('to perish' + adverbial force suffix) .
zar(-re-e)...du8: to pile up ('sheaves' + phonetic complement + 'much' + 'to open; to spread') . zar(-re-e)...sal:
wide').
to spread; to heap up ('sheaves' + phonetic complement + 'much' + 'to be
zr-tab-ba:
the work of binding sheaves ('sheaf' + 'to bind' + nominative).
z-eb: Emesal dialect, cf., dg. z-e-tur: small pig (phonetic spelling of + 'small'). z-m: Emesal dialect, cf., sum. z-er; zi-re: to tear up; to tear out; to remove; to slip; to break (often with -ta-). z-me
i
that is yourself (za, 'you', with vowel harmony + 'to be . palm frond ('to be cut, sheared' + 'an individual case of') . sexually mature female goat kid ('female goat kid' + 'breasts') .
z-na:
ze-gaba:
zi-ba-tum: an aromatic seed (?). zi-b: a form of caraway seed (Akkadian loanword, from zib, 'black cumin').
157
zi-d-e(2)(-):
adv., loyally, faithfully ('truth' + adverbial force suffix) .
zi-d-e(-)...p-da: to faithfully choose ('faithfully' + 'to choose'). zi-du: a good person ('good' + 'to walk'). zi...dug4: zi-ga(-m): zi-ga...ar:
i
to tell the truth ('truth' + 'to speak') . torn out, extracted, deducted, expended; risen up ('to tear out; to rise up' + nominative). to impose a levy ('to tear out, deduct' + nominative + 'to establish') .
zi-gan:
rudder, oar ('to rise up' + 'pestle') . to be on good terms ('faith' + 'to restore'). living being ('breath' + 'to be available' + nominative).
zi...gi4: zi...l:
zi-l(-la):
to grant life; to have life ('breath' + 'to be available; to place, put') . wise, old men (Akk. zikru(m) I, 'utterance' and zikaru(m) and
zi-ik-ru-um, zi-ik-rum:
zikru II, 'male').
zi...ir/ra: zi lugal: zi-ma:
to be troubled, worried, sad; to be broken ('faith' + 'to lead away [plural]'). oath ('breath; soul' + 'king') .
legitimate (and) lofty ('legitimate' + 'lofty'). to breathe ('breath' + bun, 'to blow').
zi...pa-an-pa-an: zi...p(-d):
(i)
to take an oath; to conjure ('faith' + 'to swear').
zi-ri/r-gm/qum:
a device for moving irrigation water, involving a water bucket hanging i from a swinging beam (cf., Sumerian -l ); a reed or clay pipe or pipette (Akkadian loanword ziriiqu from zaraaqu).
zi--l: n., divine encouragement; inspiration; sustenance ('breath' + 'innards' + 'to be available').
adj., alive.
zi-...l: zi-zi-i:
to provide (someone: -i -) with life ('breath' + 'innards' + 'to place') .
zi...(i)-tum2,3/de6: to take refuge ('life' + ('into') + 'to bring').

subtracting, subtraction; to revolt, rebel; revolting (reduplicated 'to tear out') .
z: (cf., zd). zd-bar-si: zd-dub-dub: zd-gu:

a type of emmer wheat flour ('flour' + 'to release' + 'like a sprout'). flour for the best ritual actions ('flour' + reduplicated 'to pour, move in a circle, shake,
sprinkle off, strew') .
fine barley flour ('flour' + 'net'). chick pea flour ('flour' + 'chick pea'). a type of barley flour ('flour' + 'mortar-ground' + nominative). a coarse, cheap type of flour ('flour' + 'mountain' or 'scorching' ?).
zd-g-gal:
zd-kum4[UD]-ma: zd-milla[I]:
158
zd-sig15[KAL]:
sig15).
cracked barley mixed with wheat flour (?) ('flour' + 'pleasing; valuable'; cf., ka-
ZD-E:
(cf., dabin ).
zd-e-sa: flour from roasted barley ('flour' + 'roasted barley'). zd-za(-tum): a type of flour, zaatum flour.
iti
zz-a:
calendar month 11 at Nippur during Ur III. (cf., imaa ). white emmer wheat ('emmer wheat' + 'white').
zz-AN: zz-bal:
zz-babbar: zz...d-a: zu-a:
emmer wheat lost in processing ('emmer wheat' + 'to demolish'). cleaning emmer after winnowing ('emmer wheat' + 'to pour' + nominative).
zz-G-NUNUZ: a form of emmer wheat ('emmer wheat' + 'chick pea' + 'eggs').

acquaintance ('to know' + nominative). pierced (Akkadian sahlu, 'to pass through a hole, to thread') . to crush with the teeth ('teeth' + 'to crush') .
zu-u-ul: z...gaz: z-gub: z...AR: z...keda:
lunch ('teeth' + 'to stand') . (cf., z...ur 5). to oblige ('teeth' + 'to bind, harness') . to bite ('teeth' + 'to cut') . to laugh ('teeth' + 'to glisten') . date fruit ('teeth' + 'to be satiated') .
z...kud/ku5: z...li9-li9: z-lum(-ma):
z-lum...mar: (cf., su(11)-lum...mar). z...ra(-ra): to bite ('teeth' + usually reduplicated 'to strike, stab') . z...ra-a:
to devour ('teeth' + 'to strike repetitively, shake') .
z...sd-sd[TA]: to gnash the teeth ('teeth' + 'to crush, gnash') . z...ur5[AR]: z...zalag: zur-zur: zur-re-e...du8:
to chew, bite ('teeth' + 'to chew') .
to show one's teeth ('teeth' + 'to shine, gleam') . (cf., zar-re-e...du 8).
(animal) nurse; to rock, shake (reduplicated 'to tend; to rock') .
Copyright 1996-1999 John Alan Halloran. All Rights Reserved. Last revised August 11, 1999 Home page for the Sumerian lexicon: http://www.sumerian.org/
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Sumerian Lexicon

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Sumerian Lexicon

Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0

Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0

Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0

e11: (cf., d). i: : i7: u: :

u(3,4,8): u4: u5:

(cf., ug 6). (cf., us 5). huge.

v., to be angry; to flare up in anger; to curse, insult.

ub4: cavity, hole; pitfall.

Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0

prep., when; since. emmer (wheat).

ud5: (cf., z). ag: (cf., ak). g, k, g, e:

n., amazement; gaze, glance (['EYE' + 'HOUSE']).

v., to look at; to stare at, gaze; to be impressed. adj., astonishing.

: (cf., a). : (cf., a). ; u:

Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0

genitival suffix: 'of' (cf. also, aka ).

v., to rule. adj., noble.

n., time; enigmatic background [EN 2 archaic frequency: 17].

n., tears; lamentation; prayer; complaint.

adj., scented, perfumed, fragrant.

ir(10), er: ir3,11:

v., to bring; to lead away (Emesal dialect for tm , cf.,

(cf., arad (2)).

v., to tremble. adj., humble.

uru4). bibad) (loanword into Akkadian) [US archaic frequency: 18;

as: (cf., asa). us, uzmuen:

n., side, edge; distance; in geometry: length; height; vertical; perpendicular.

mother ewe, adult female sheep [US 5 archaic frequency: 86].

a: one; unique; alone. a(5): spider. : n., wish; curse (abbreviated

Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0

six (a, 'five', + a, 'one').

e: n., many, much.

) [GI3 archaic frequency: 16; concatenation of 2 sign variants; U archaic

frequency: 101; concatenates 2 sign variants] .

v., to support, lift; to stand upon.

-bi plus nominative -a.

a shelled creature (such as a turtle or a snail); a scraping tool.

Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0

be: (cf., bad). bi, b:

b: (cf., i-b). bi6 [BA]: bu(3,6):

bi7: (cf., bd).

Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0

ga6: (cf., gr). ge(2,6):

adj., small. reed mat.

gi7: (cf., gir15). gi9, ge9: gi17:

Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0

gu2,4: (cf., gud(2)). g: n., noise, sound; voice.

n., food, sustenance; fodder; angle [GU 7 archaic frequency: 236].

i6: (cf., gg).

a: precative and affirmative verbal prefix: may; let; indeed.

to mix [I archaic frequency: 291].

a, : n., oil, fat, cream.

ka9: (cf., kas7 and n-kas7/ka9).

Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0

prep., where; wherever, whenever; behind.

ku7: (cf., kuru).

li: juniper/cedar tree [LI archaic frequency: 14].

m: boat [MA2 archaic frequency: 6].

Sumerian Lexicon, Version 3.0

m: (cf., gg). me3,6,7,9:

me6: to act, behave. mi: (cf., gg). m[SAL]:

munus) [SAL archaic frequency: 435].