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BNCE Pusad

Ritesh Bhusari
btritesh@yahoo.com

[THE FUEL OF FUTURE]

This paper gives you idea about how we can wisely manage energy resources to sustain it for long
way
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1. INTRODUCTION

The focus of this seminar is to explore some of the direction that have been taken
to develops less emission and nonexhaustable fuels for personal transportation vehicles to
be used in next generation.
Today, millions of people use the automobile as their main source of
transportation. Automobiles are the most efficient and convenient way to travel compared to
walking or running. Unfortunately, most of the automobiles use fossil fuel such as oil. After
the internal combustion engine consumes the gasoline it releases carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, hydrogen carbons, and carbon dioxide. The chemicals cause air pollution, acid rain
and the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Many alternatives have been considered out of which the use of hydrogen as fuel
did resolve the environmental problems of fossil fuels due to excessive emissions of
carcinogenic substances and carbon dioxide. However, the combustion of hydrogen
originating from regeneration processes (e.g., from natural gas) implies the permanent
removal of oxygen from our atmosphere in a directly usable form, creating a serious
environmental problem called Oxygen depletion, since the combustion turns hydrogen and
oxygen into water whose separation to restore the original oxygen balance is prohibitive due
to cost. We then show that a conceivable global use of hydrogen from the indicated
regeneration origin in complete replacement of fossil fuels would imply the permanent
removal of 2.8875 x 107 metric tons of O2 /day from our atmosphere, with consequential
termination of all life forms in our planet in a few years.
To resolve these problems, we propose the upgrading of hydrogen into the new
combustible fuel called Magnegas, which is essentially a magnetically upgraded form of
hydrogen into new clusters called Magnecules. The new Magnegas technology permits the
processing of crude oil in the reactors, by producing a fuel dramatically cleaner than
gasoline, at a cost visibly smaller than that due to refineries.

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2. VARIOUS METHODS OF USING & STORING HYDROGEN FUEL

2.1 Fuel Cell

The very first way of suggested for using H2 as a fuel was Fuel Cell Technology
which has its history since 1830’s by Sir William Grove and have been used on space craft
since 1965.
In this, the hydrogen is exposed to the anode. The anode then draws the electron
from the hydrogen leaving a proton (H+). On the opposite side of the cell, the cathode
absorbs oxygen from the air. The oxygen receives two electron and becomes negatively
charged (O2-). And the following reaction occurs.

Cathode Reaction
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O

Anode Reaction
H2 2H+ + 2e-

Therefore, the bonding of the oxygen ion and the proton (H+) form water.
2.2 Direct Use
The other method of using H2 as a fuel in an automobile is to modify the
traditional engine so that it can burn Hydrogen instead of Gasoline. In this path, researches
could only achieve 80% of the power of a comparable Gasoline engine.

3 VARIOUS STORING TECHNIQUES

3.1 Conventional
Most conventional one being the filling Hydrogen at -273ºC under pressure into
a very well insulated metal hydride tank. This keeps the H2 in liquid form.

3.2 Glass Microspheres

Glass microshperes are glass ranging in size from 25 to 500 microns in diameter,
with a thickness of about 1 micron. When the spheres are heated to temperatures of 200
degrees Celsius, the glass becomes very permeable, allowing them to be filled with
hydrogen gas. When the temperature is lowered, the spheres trap the hydrogen inside. When
reheated, the hydrogen can escape for use. This process can store hydrogen well, but it has
not yet been implemented.

3.3 Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are also a new method for the storage of hydrogen. One way
carbon can arrange itself is in a sheet pattern like a honeycomb. This is the graphite form of
carbon. The sheets are not bound tightly together, but if they are wrapped on top of each
other, a very strong carbon nanotube is formed. A consistent property of the nanofibers is
that the distance between each platelet is identical. They are able to store 30 liters of
hydrogen in one gram of carbon. At this rate a 25 liter tank which is half the size of gasoline
tank and weighs 87 kg can power a car for 5,000 miles. It was suggested that absorption and
adsorption play a role in the storage. The nanotubes have uniform pores. The hydrogen
would attach to the surface of the carbon and fill the pores.

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3.4 Graphite Nanofibers

Another approach utilizes graphite nanofibers which hydrogen-powered cars

could travel up to 8000 kilometers on a single tank. Graphite nanofibers can store up to
three times their own weight in hydrogen under pressure at room temperature.

The graphite nanofibers work by using fuel cells combined with hydrogen and
oxygen and oxygen to produce an electric current. The graphite nanofibers are packed
closely together. They consist of stacks of graphite platelets and vary from 5 to 100
millimeters in length and from 5 to 100 nanometers in diameter. The high storage capacity
is due to several layers of hydrogen molecules condensing inside the pores between the
platelets.
The nanofibers can be refilled to the same capacity to at least 4 to 5 times.
Graphite is not expensive to produce since it will cost less than S1 per kilogram. Nanofibres
are continuing to be researched as an alternative method to store hydrogen.
Another alternative in the same direction came up as forcing the hydrogen into a
metal, such as magnesium. The hydrogen is forced into the spaces between the magnesium
atoms.

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4. MAJOR DRAWBACKS OF USING HYDROGEN AS A FUEL

Ø The use of hydrogen does avoid the release carcinogenic substances and carbon
dioxide in the exhaust, but causes an alarming oxygen depletion which is
considerably bigger than that caused by fossil fuel combustion under the same
energy output. This depletion is due to the fact that gasoline combustion turns
atmospheric oxygen into CO2 part of which is recycled by plants into O2, while
hydrogen combustion turns as atmospheric oxygen into H2O. This process
permanently removes oxygen from our atmosphere in a directly usable form due to
the excessive cost of water separation to restore the original oxygen balance.
Further, H2O produced is certainly a greenhouse gas.
Ø Also Hydrogen fuel typically takes up about four times as much space as gasoline to
deliver the same energy content and to keep the fuel at -273ºC requires expensive
tanks made of 70 layers of fiberglass and aluminum. Another major problem faced
was that hydrogen tends to leak more than petroleum, and hydrogen can embrittle
some metals.
Ø Therefore, in short problems faced using H2 as fuel can be summarized as
1 Production
2. Transportation
3. Storage of liquid hydrogen.
4. Oxygen depletion.
.

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5. LATEST INNOVATIONS GONE IN VAIN

The world’s public filling station for liquefied and gaseous hydrogen has already
opened at the Munich Airport. Featuring revolutionary, fully automatic technology, this
filling station suppliers cars and buses with hydrogen fuel in liquid form.
BMW and Mazda developed an engine that works with H2 as fuel, but at the
present stage of development, it only delivers about 80% of the power of a comparable
gasoline engine.
General Motors came up with HydroGen1 car whose tests showed unsuccessful
results. BMW has also launched BMW 750 hl which takes water as its initial fuel and then
use solar energy to electrolyzed it to H2.

Safety Tests

Safety issues are a major concern for a fuel that’s often perceived as more
dangerous that others.
BMW conducted numerous crash tests to see what would happen if the hydrogen
tank was punctured or damaged. Their engineers report the liquid hydrogen dissipated
harmlessly into the air.
In another test a glowing splint was introduced into pure hydrogen got
extinguished, reason being though hydrogen is very flammable, but it order to burn, it must
come in contact with oxygen and also as hydrogen alone does not support combustion.

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6. A REVOLUTIONARY BREAKTHROUGH: CREATION OF

MAGNEGAS

6.1 What is Magnegas

Upgrading hydrogen into a new combustible gas called as Magnegas. It is named

so because of its unique property of inducing atomic polarization between the atoms and
molecules which bond together like magnets, resulting in clusters which are stable at
ordinary conditions. These clusters are called magnecules because of the dominance of
magnetic over the other effects in their creation.

6.2 Method of Production

The information unveiled till now by the researchers show that magnegas is
produced as a by product in the recycling of liquid waste such as automotive antifreeze oil
and waste, city and farms sewage etc or from the processing of carbon rich liquids (such as
crude oil).

A new kind of reactors called Hardonic Reactor, are used for processing crude
oil and liquid wastes into Magnegas and giving heat as byproduct. These reactors are called
Hardonic because they are based on concept of Hardonic Chemistry rather than Quantum
Chemistry. In these reactors Magnegas is produced by Plasma Arc Flow process in which
an electric arc is passed through the liquid at about 7000ºF which decomposes molecules
into plasma state and the H, C and O recombine to form the clusters of individual atoms of
H, C and O plus ordinary molecules H2, CO and O2.
Figure below shown is US Magnegas Total Recycler whose all operations are
computer controlled. It uses ¾ inch electrodes for producing arc. The extensive tests have
established that the reactor uses in average 100W of electricity for an average hourly
production of 500m3 of Magnegas plus heat. The reactor has been certified for total
recycling of any type of non-radioactive liquid waste, including: antifreeze and engine oil
waste, etc. The biggest efficiency is obtained by using crude oil which is converted into a
fuel cleaner and less expensive than gasoline when compared to the cost of current
refineries. Hardronic reactors with 1”, 2” and 5” coal rods, which produce up to three

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millions units of the clean burning Magnegas per hour suitable for the large scale
automotive uses.

6.3 Composition
These new chemical species i.e. Mangecules are currently under tests and exact
composition is yet to be known. Basically the main constitutional elements are H, C and O.
the estimated conventional composition of Magnegas produced from antifreeze waste
consists of about 40% - 45% Hydrogen, 55% - 60% of Carbon Monoxide, the rest being
composed of traces of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide. The percentage of H2 in Magnegas
depends upon the liquid used for production, the highest percentage being expected from
crude oil.

6.4 Properties and Tests Results

Many tests and researches are being done till now which brought to light the
following characteristics of Magnegas.

1. Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) and Infra Red Detectors

showed that it consists of large cluster which cannot be all symmetric and having
unconventional type of bonding which does not give conventional signature.

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2. Magnegas has three different energy storage levels: magnecules, molecules and new
internal molecular bonds and thus its combustion may referred as burning of a
multistage rocket.
3. In Magnegas under a sufficient magnetic polarization, hydrogen acquires the
necessary energy density to avoid liquefaction as fuel and when tested it gave energy
output equivalent to that of gasoline (proved by us Magnegas Inc)
4. Combustion of Magnegas has positive balance i.e. the oxygen produced in the
exhaust is bigger than that used in combustion.
5. The exhaust emission of an Automobile converted to run on magnegas had
following composition.
Water vapour – 65 – 70%
O2 – 10%
CO2 - 6% - 8%
CO - 0.00% - 0.01%
And that data collected of from above preliminary test is as below.

Hydrocarbons
0.026 gram/mile = 93.6% reduction of the EPA standard of 0.41 gram/mile
Carbon Monoxide
0.262 gram/mile = 92.6% reduction of the EPA standard of 3.40 gram/mile
Nitrogen Oxides
0.281 gram/mile = 29.7% reduction of the EPA standard of 0.4 gram/mile
Carbon Dioxide
235 grams/mile = there is no EPA standard on CO2 at this moment;

On the contrary, when a similar Honda car running on indolene (a version of

gasoline) was tested in the same laboratory with the same EPA procedure, the following
data were obtained:

Hydrocarbons
0.234 gram/mile = 900% Magnegas emission
Carbon Monoxide
1.965 gram/mile = 750% Magnegas emission
Nitrogen Oxides
0.247 gram/mile = 86% Magnegas emission
Carbon Dioxide
458.655 gram/mile = 195% Magnegas emission
which illustrates the environmental superiority of Magnegas over gasoline.

This car was converted by USMagnegas, Inc., Largo, Florida, to operate on

Compressed Magnegas (CMG) via:
1. The replacement of CNG with CMG;
2. The disabling of the oxygen sensor (because Magnegas has 20 times more oxygen in
the exhaust than natural gas); and
3. Installing a multiple spark system (to improve combustion); while; leaving the rest
of the car unchanged.
These results do not refer to the best possible performance but only to the
combustion of Magnegas in a vehicle whose carburetion was developed for natural gas.
Alternatively, the test was primarily intended to prove the interchangeability of Magnegas

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with natural gas without any major automotive changes, while keeping essentially the same
performance and consumption.

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7. ADVANTAGES

Ø Magnegas is cost competitiveness with respect to fossil fuel as its production is

cheaper than other fuels.
Ø During its production, Hardonic Reactors produce a large amount of heat as a
byproduct which can be used for desalting sea water via evaporation thereby
obtaining drinking water as a useful byproduct.
Ø Magnegas increases the energy content (due to the new means of energy storage);
Ø Magnegas is more readily available anywhere desired (since easily transportable
Plasma Arc Flow reactors as big as desk produce up to 1,500cf of Magnegas per
hour, i.e. a production in one hour sufficient for about three hours city travel by a
compact car);
Ø Magnegas admits easier liquefaction (due to attraction between magnecules).
Ø Magnegas can be used for any conventional fuel application including metal cutting,
cooking, automotive use, etc.
Ø Magnegas can be used in fuel cells, by preserving its environmental advantages.

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7. CONCLUSION

The State Department of Environment Protection (DEP) has announced nearly

$1.2 million in grants to nine organizations in six countries to purchase and promote the use
of alternative-fuel vehicles and to develop new alternative –fuel technology namely this
Magnegas. This above statement further strengthens my use of using Magnegas as fuel of
future.
Magnegas exhaust has no toxic substance , a positive oxygen balance and about
1/3rd carbon dioxide as compared to gasoline exhaust and at the same time ,it requires
cheaper production method .All these features make this alternative fuel to satisfy “Three
big E’s of transportation” Energy ,Efficiency ,and the Environment .
As the infrastructure for alternative fuel vehicle grows, so will the public’s
acceptance and the use of these environmentally sound and sometimes cheaper alternatives.
Whether the Magnegas eventually replaces the conventional fuel remains to be seen. But
don’t be surprised if it does in your lifetime.

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REFERENCES

1. Page no 7 to 9 of “hydrogen For Future Cars”. BMW, May 2000.

2. Franhofer, “Hydrogen: Safety Technology for Tomorrow’s Fuel”, ICT, August
2000.
3. Fuel Cells: Cutting Edge Research”, Michigan State University, December 2000.
4. Scott Memmer, “fuel cells: pipedream or promise”, January 2001.
5. “Research on Magnegas”, US MagnegasTM Inc., March 2001.
6. Dr Ruggero Maria Santilli, latest MagneGas News” US MagnegasTM Inc.,June 2001.

13 B. N. College of Engineering, Pusad.