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UNIT 1 2 marks 1. What is AI? Designing Intelligence using artificial device is termed as artificial intelligence. It provides the machine, the ability to think for itself. Some of its implementations are neural networks, fuzzy logic, knowledge base and expert systems.

2. Define the terms with ex. i) Intelligence: It is the ability to learn and understand from experience. It helps to acquire and retain knowledge. It uses logical reasoning to solve a problem. ii) Agent: It is a device that perceives the environment through sensors and acting upon the environment through actuators. iii) Autonomous Agent: An agent that relies only on current percept and on the prior knowledge of its designer is termed as an autonomous agent. iv) Rational Agent: A rational agent selects an action for each possible percept sequence, that is expected to maximize its performance measure, given the evidence provided by the percept sequence and the agents built-in knowledge. v) Agent program: The agent program implements the agent function takes the current percept as input from the sensors and returns an action through the actuators to the environment. vi) Simple Reflex Agent: It selects actions based on the current percepts and maintains no percept history. vii) Model based Agent:

It selects actions based on the current percepts and the previous percept history. It maintains an internal state that is updated by combining the current percept with the old internal state. vii) Goal based Agent: It keeps track of the old state as well as a set of goals it is trying to achieve and chooses an action that will lead to the achievement of its goals. viii) Utility based Agent: It is a model-based agent along with a utility function that measures its preferences among the states of the world. Then it chooses the action that leads to the best expected utility. ix) Learning Agent: A learning agent consists of four conceptual components as listed below.
Learning element - responsible for making improvements in the decision making process

done by performance element.

Performance element responsible for doing actions Critic tells us how well the agent is doing Problem generator responsible for new & exploratory actions.

The learning agent is the one that gains knowledge from each of its experiences. It can therefore operate in initially unknown environments. x) Reward In case of learning agent, the performance standard distinguishes part of the incoming percept as a reward. It provides direct feedback on the quality of the agents behavior. xi) Problem solving agent: It is a kind of goal-based agent. It decides what to do by finding sequence of actions that lead to desirable states. xii) Well-defined problem: A well-defined problem can be defined formally by four components

The initial state Successor function Goal test Path cost

xiii) Blind search / Uninformed search Blind search or uninformed search strategy is the strategy that has no additional information about states beyond that produced in the problem definition. They can generate successors and distinguish a goal state from a non-goal state. xiv) Heuristic search / Informed search The search that has additional information about that states beyond those provided in the problem definition is called informed or heuristic search. This strategy knows whether a non-goal state is more promising than another. xv) Sensorless problem: If the agent has no sensors at all, then it could be in one of several possible initial states and each action might lead to one of the several possible successor states. xvi) Contingency problem: If the environment is partially observable then the agents percepts provide new information after each action. Each possible percept defines a contingency that must be planned for. Such problems are called contingency problems. xvii) Exploration problem: When the states and actions of the environment are unknown, the agent must act to discover them. It is an extreme case of contingency problem.

3. Characterize task environment for crossword puzzle Agent type Performance measure Single agent/ Computer Unconflicted Board, papers arrangement of words in puzzle Filling up empty boxes the Observing the given input status Environment Actuators Sensors

4.What are the different approaches in defining AI?

Act humanly-Turing test approach

Think humanly-cognitive model approach Think rationally-laws of thought approach Act rationally-rational agent approach 5.what capabilities a machine must have to pass the Turing machine?
Natural language processing-to enable it to communicate successfully in English

Knowledge representation-to store what it knows or hears

Automated reasoning-to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new

conclusions Machine learning-to adopt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns 6.what are the factors that rationally depends on? The performance measure that defines the criterion of success The agents prior knowledge of the environment The actions that the agent can perform The agents percept sequence to date 7.Distinguish between omniscient and rationality Omniscient Rationality 1. It knows the actual outcome of 1.It knows the best possible its actions outcome of its actions

2. It is impossible in reality

2.It is practically possible

8.For the agent type refinery controller mention the performance measure, environment, actuators and sensors.
Performance measure-maximize purity, yield, safety.

Environment-refinery operators
Actuators-valves, pumps, heaters, displays Sensors-temperature, pressure, chemical sensors

9.what are the criteria to measure the performance of problem solving? Completeness-is the elg generated to find a solution when there is one? Optimality-does the strategy find the optimal solution as defined on page 62 Time complexity-how long does it take to find a solution? Space complexity-how much memory is needed to perform the search?

10. What are the search strategies that are termed as uninformed search strategy? Breadth first search Uniform cost search Depth first search Depth limited search Iterative deepening search Bidirectional search 11. What are the three factors that express complexity in state space? Branching factor,b

Depth,d Maximum length,m. 12. Describe the data structures used in the construction of search tree? Node is the data structure with five components used in construction of search tree. State Parent node Action Path-cost Depth

PART B
1. Describe the different types of environment Observability a) Fully observable If the agents sensors give it access to the complete state of environment at each point in time, then it is said to be fully observable. Ex: Vacuum world b) Partially observable When the environment has inaccurate sensors or parts of the state are missing from the sensor data, then it is said to be partially observable. Ex: Automated taxi Determinism a) Deterministic If the next state is completely determined by the current state and the action if executed by the agent, then it is said to be deterministic. Ex: Vacuum world the

7 b) Stochastic When the environment is partially observable, the next state cannot be completely determined from the current state alone, then it is said to be stochastic. Ex: Automated taxi (the behavior of the traffic is unpredictable) c) Strategic

When the environment is deterministic expect for the actions of other agents , then it is said to be strategic. Ex: chess

Episodicity: a) Episodic The agents experience is divided into the atomic episodes where each episode consists of the agent perceiving and performing a single action. Ex: spotting defective parts on a product[each decision on the current part is regardless of previous decisions] c) Sequential When the current decisions affect the future decision, then the environment is said to be sequential. Ex: Chess[short term actions may have long term consequences] Dynamism a) Static When the environment doesnt change ie the agent neither keeps looking at the world while it is deciding on an action nor it worries about

the passage of time. Ex: Crossword puzzle b) Dynamic When the environment can change while an agent is deliberating, then we say that the environment is dynamic for that agent. Ex: taxi driving Continuity a) Discrete A discrete environment has finite number of states, discrete set of percepts and actions Ex: chess [finite states]

b) Continous The continous environment has continous range of values denoting various states. Ex: Taxi driving[speed and the location of the taxi sweep through a range of continous values] Presence of other agents a) Single agent When only a single agent is present in the environment, the agent by itself solves the problem. Ex: an agent solving a crossword puzzle by itself.
b) Multi agent

When there are multiple agents in the environment, the environment may be competitive or co-operative. Ex: chess is competitive multi agent and taxi_driving is co-operative multi-agent environment. 2.Write an agent program for table-driven agent:-

1) Definition. 2) algo / pseudocode function TABLE-DRIVEN-AGENT (percept) returns an action static: percepts, a sequnce, initially empty table, a table of actions, indexed by percept sequences, initially fully specified append percept to the end of percepts action <== LOOKUP(percepts,table) return action 3) diagram 4) example 5) conclusion * The above program keeps track of the percept sequence and uses it to index into a table of actions to decide what to do. * Table contains appropriate action for every possible percept sequence. 3.Implement utility based agent / Goal based / Model based /Simple reflex agent. 1)definition 2)program / algo 3)diagram 4)example 5)conclusion * Utility ==> tells about the degree of success whereas goal tells whether success / failure. * "Utility function" used under 2 circumstances 1) conflicting goals. 2) several goals. 4.Implement problem-solving agent:1) Definition

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A problem is defined by 4 components: * Initial state * Successor function * Goal test * path cost ==>goal formulation ==>problem formulation ==>sequence to be searched ==>perform the actions

2)program / algo 3)diagram 4)example 5)conclusion 5. Implement Learning agent 1)definition 2)program / algo 3)diagram 4)example 5)conclusion 6. Describe how search through the state space provides solution to the problem. Pg No.69,70,71-Refer Text book. 1) Definition 2) Example with diagram 3) Illustration 7. Describe various uninformed search strategies.

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1) Define : Uninformed search 2) Define each uniformed search strategies [ BFS,DFS,UCS,DLS,IDS,Bi-S] 3) Example ,diagram, illustration, pseudocode ,advantages, disadvantages, Performance Evaluation 8. Show a state space with constant step costs in which graph search using iterative deepening search finds a suboptimal solution. 1) Definition 2) Example, Detailed illustration, Performance measure 9.What happens when the knowledge of the states or action is incomplete? Different types of such incompleteness leads to three distinct problems Sensorless problem Contingency problem Exploration problem explain these with example