TEORI-TEORI PEMBANGUNAN

KULIAH 3 PEMBANGUNAN INTERNASIONAL PENGAJAR: ANDRE ARDI

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THE EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS

AS A GROWTH

AS THE HIGHER STANDARD OF LIVING

AS THE MODERNIZATION

AS THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

AS EMPOWERMENT

AS A FORM OF FREEDOM

AS ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY

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THE LINEAR STAGE OF GROWTH

WALT WHITMAN ROSTOW

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THE LINEAR STAGE OF GROWTH

ROSTOW STAGE OF GROWTH

Underdeveloped/ traditional countries

The transition from underdevelopment to development can be described in a series of s stages through which all countries must proceed. takeoff into selfsustaining growth

Advanced Countries

In order to growth: HARRODDOMAR MODEL

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Saving

Investment

Growth

DEBT (If saving gap occured)

= DEBT JUSTIFICATION!

THE STRUCTURAL CHANGE MODEL

W ARTHUR LEWIS TWO-SECTOR MODEL

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HOLLIS B. CHENERYS CHARACTERISTIC OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

THE STRUCTURAL CHANGE MODEL

W ARTHUR LEWIS TWO-SECTOR MODEL

TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE MODERN INDUSTRIAL

Low productivity labor Rural

Structural Transformation

High productivity labor Urban

HOLLIS B. CHENERYS CHARACTERISTIC OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Structural Transformation

1.the shift from agricultural to industrial production 2.the accumulation of physical and human capital 3.the change in consumer demands from emphasis on food and basic necessities to desires for diverse manufactured goods and services 4.the growth of cities and urban industries as people migrate from farms and small towns 5.the decline in family size and overall population growth

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THEOTONIO DOS SANTOS RAUL PREBISCH

HENRIQUE FERNANDO CARDOSO

The neocolonial dependence model THE INTERNATIONAL DEPENDENCE MODEL

The false-paradigm model

The dualistic-development thesis

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#1.The neocolonial dependence model

Meanwhile the workers in developed countries, while relatively impoverished and exploited, have actually beneted from the exploitation of the third world The bourgeoise in the rich countries can exploit the third world and use the prot to dampen the demand of its own proletariat

The rich (north) continued to dominate the third world in the terms of neoimperialism/ neocolonialism

RICH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (NORTH)

Entangled as little as possible with the developed countries and pursue a policy of autarky, or inwardly directed development,
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The elite in the developing countries (the comprador) will take adventage from this exploitative economic system. So the wealth trickle down from the elite to the poor didnt materialise. instead, its a wealth sucking up from the poor to the elite

DEPENDENCY POLICY

POOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (SOUTH)

#2. The falseparadigm model

Inappropriate advice provided by well-meaning but often uninformed, biased, and ethnocentric international expert advisers from developed- country assistance agencies and multinational donor organizations (VESTED INTEREST)

UNDERDEVELOPMENT

leading university intellectuals, trade unionists, high-level government economists, and other civil servants all get their training in developed-country institutions where they are unwittingly served an unhealthy dose of alien concepts and elegant but inapplicable

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#3. The DualisticDevelopment Thesis

SUPERIOR ELEMENT

VS

INFERIOR ELEMENT

Rich People

Rich Countries
The world of dual-society

GAP
Poor People

GAP
Rich People

Poor Countries

GAP
Poor People

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NEOKLASIK/NEOLIBERALISME
poor resource allocation due to incorrect pricing policies and too much state intervention by overly active developingnation governments

UNDERDEVELOPMENT

promoting free markets and laissez-faire economics within the context of permissive governments that allow the magic of the marketplace and the invisible hand of market prices

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GROWTH

Competitive free markets

EFFICIENCY

welcoming investors from developed countries

privatizing stateowned enterprises

Eliminating government regulations and price distortions

promoting free trade and export expansion

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The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund

Lord Peter Bauer, Deepak Lal, Ian Little, Harry Johnson, Bela Balassa, Jagdish Bhagwati, and Anne Krueger Jagdish Bhagwati NEOLIBERAL Anne Krueger

FREE-MARKET Markets alone are efcient Provide the best signals for investments; labor markets; producers, and consumers Competition is perfect

PUBLIC-CHOICE THEORY governments can do nothing right. Politicians, bureaucrats, citizens, and states act solely from a self-interested perspective, using their power and the authority of government for their own selsh ends

THE MARKET-FRIENDLY APPROACH Recognizes that there are many imperfections in developing-country product and factor markets Governments do have a key role to play in facilitating the operation of markets through interventions

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Wednesday, October 17, 12