Antibiotics by class

Generic name

Brand names

Common uses[2]

Possible side effects[2]

Mechanism of action

Aminoglycosides Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA,

Amikacin Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Netilmicin Herbimycin

Amikin Garamycin Kantrex Neo-Fradin[3] Netromycin

Infections caused by Gramnegative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli andKlebsiella particularly P seudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. Carbapenems

Hearing loss Vertigo Kidney damage

Ertapenem Doripenem Imipenem/Cilastatin

Invanz Doribax Primaxin Bactericidal for both Grampositive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.)

Gastrointestin al upset and diarrhea

Nausea Seizures Headache Rash and allerge

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Meropenem

Merrem

Cephalosporins (First generation) Cefadroxil Cefazolin Duricef Ancef (discontinued) al upset and Good coverage against Gram positive infections. Cefalexin Keflex diarrhea Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Gastrointestin

Cefalotin or Cefalothin Keflin (discontinued)

Nausea Allergic reactions

Cephalosporins (Second generation) Cefaclor Cefamandole Cefoxitin Distaclor Mandol (discontinued) Mefoxin (discontinued)

Less gram positive cover, improved gram negative cover.

Same mode of action as Gastrointestin other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the al upset and synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer diarrhea of bacterial cell walls.

Cefprozil

Cefzil

Nausea Allergic reactions

Cefuroxime

Ceftin, Zinnat (UK)

Cephalosporins (Third generation) Cefixime Cefdinir Cefditoren Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Ceftibuten Suprax Omnicef, Cefdiel Spectracef Claforan Fortaz Cedax reactions Glycopeptides Teicoplanin Vancomycin Telavancin Targocid (UK) Vancocin Vibativ Active agaist aerobic and anaerobic Gram positive bacteria including MRSA; Vancomycin is used orally for the treatment of C. difficile Lincosamides Clindamycin Lincomycin Cleocin Lincocin Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for acne Lipopeptide Bind to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis Possible C. difficilerelatedpseudomem branous enterocolitis Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis Improved coverage of Gram negative organisms, except Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram positive cover.

Gastrointestin al upset and diarrhea Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Nausea Allergic

inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis

Daptomycin

Cubicin

Gram-positive organisms

Macrolides Azithromycin Clarithromycin Dirithromycin Erythromycin Roxithromycin Zithromax,Sumamed, Xithrone Biaxin Dynabac (discontinued) Streptococcal infections, syphilis, upper Erythocin,Erythroped respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease Tao (discontinued) (especially erythromycin

Nausea, vomiting, and inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding (especially at reversibly to the higher doses) subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting Prolonged translocation of QT interval peptidyl tRNA. diarrhea

Troleandomycin

Telithromycin Spectinomycin Spiramycin Ketek Trobicin Rovamycine Pneumonia Gonorrhea Mouth infections Nitrofurans Furazolidone Nitrofurantoin Furoxone Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or enteritis

Jaundice

Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.[4]

Macrodantin,Macrobi Urinary tract infections d Penicillins

Amoxicillin Ampicillin Dicloxacillin

Novamox,Amoxil Principen (discontinued) Dynapen (discontinued) Floxapen(Sold to European generics Actavis Group) Wide range of infections; Mezlin (discontinued) penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, andLyme Prostaphlin disease (discontinued) Pentids (discontinued) Veetids (Pen-Vee-K) (discontinued) Pipracil (discontinued) Pfizerpen Ticar (discontinued) Penicillin combinations

Gastrointestin al upset and diarrhea

Flucloxacillin Mezlocillin Oxacillin Penicillin G Penicillin V Piperacillin Penicillin G Ticarcillin

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam seriousanaph antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of ylactic the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. reactions Allergy with Brain and kidney damage (rare)

Amoxicillin/clavulanate Augmentin Ampicillin/sulbactam Unasyn The second component prevents bacterial resistance to the first component Polypeptides Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; Kidney and nerve rarely given by injection, damage (when although the use of intravenous given by injection) colistin is experiencing a resurgence due to the emergence of multi drug Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacter ial cell wall outside of the inner membrane [5] Interact with the gram

Piperacillin/tazobactam Zosyn Ticarcillin/clavulanate Timentin

Bacitracin

Colistin

Coly-Mycin-S

Polymyxin B

resistantorganisms. Quinolones

negative bacterial outer membrane

Ciprofloxacin Enoxacin Gatifloxacin Levofloxacin Lomefloxacin Moxifloxacin Nalidixic acid Norfloxacin Ofloxacin Trovafloxacin Grepafloxacin Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin

Cipro,Ciproxin, Ciprobay Penetrex Tequin Levaquin Maxaquin Avelox NegGram Noroxin Floxin, Ocuflox Trovan Raxar Zagam Omniflox Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Sulfonamides Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, communityacquiredpneumonia, bacterial diarrhea,mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea

Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system(uncommon ), tendinosis (rare)

inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replicati on and transcription.

Mafenide

Sulfamylon

Sulfonamidochrysoidin Prontosil e(archaic) Sulfacetamide Sulfadiazine Silver sulfadiazine Sulfamethizole Sulfamethoxazole Sulfanilimide (archaic) Sulfasalazine Sulfisoxazole Azulfidine Gantrisin Sulamyd, Bleph-10 Micro-Sulfon Silvadene Thiosulfil Forte Gantanol Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns)

Nausea, vomiting, and Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive Allergy(inclu inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate ding skin synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the rashes) conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) Crystals in to dihydropteroate, a urine key step in folate synthesis. Kidney Folate is necessary for the cell to failure synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are Decrease essential building blocks inwhite blood of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells will cellcount be unable to divide. diarrhea Sensitivity to sunlight

TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole(Cotrimoxazole) (TMPSMX) Bactrim, Septra

Tetracyclines Demeclocycline Doxycycline Minocycline Oxytetracycline Declomycin Vibramycin Minocin Terramycin Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acnerickettsial infections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is

inhibiting the binding Gastrointestin of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNAal upset ribosomecomplex. They Sensitivity to do so mainly by binding

caused by a protist and not a bacterium.

sunlight

Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy

to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex.

Tetracycline Sumycin,Achromycin V, Steclin

Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent)

transient depression of bone growth

Drugs against mycobacteria Clofazimine Dapsone Capreomycin Cycloserine Ethambutol Ethionamide Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) Lamprene Avlosulfon Capastat Seromycin Myambutol Trecator I.N.H. Aldinamide Rifadin, Rimactane Antileprotic Antileprotic Antituberculosis Antituberculosis, urinary tract infections Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Antituberculosis mostly Grampositive and mycobacteria Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine Binds to the subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription Inhibits peptide synthesis

Rifabutin Rifapentine Streptomycin

Mycobutin Priftin

rash, discolored Mycobacterium avium complex urine, GI symptoms Antituberculosis Antituberculosis Others Neurotoxicity,otot As oxicity other aminoglycosides

Arsphenamine

Salvarsan

Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) meningitis, MRSA, topical use, Rarely: aplastic or for low cost internal anemia. treatment. Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the

Chloramphenicol

Chloromycetin

Historic: typhus,cholera. gram negative, gram positive,anaerobes

ribosome

Fosfomycin

Monurol

Acute cystitis in women

Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wallsynthesis

Fusidic acid Linezolid

Fucidin Zyvox VRSA Thrombocytopenia Produces toxic free radicals which disrupt DNA and proteins. This non-specific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa. Inhibits isoleucine tRNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis

Metronidazole

Flagyl

Discolored Infections caused by anaerobic urine,headache, me bacteria; tallic also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, taste, nausea ;alcoh Giardiasis ol is contraindicated

Mupirocin

Bactroban

Ointment for impetigo, cream f or infected cuts

Platensimycin Quinupristin/Dalfopristi Synercid n Rifaximin Xifaxan Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome

Thiamphenicol

Gram-negative, GramLacks known positive, anaerobes. widely used anemic sidein veterinary medicine. effects.

Tigecycline

Tigacyl upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness

Tinidazole

Tindamax Fasigyn

protozoan infections