Formula sheet to accompany ME204 quizzes and exams

Exergy
Irreversibility: I = X
destroyed
= T
o
S
gen
= W
rev,out
W
u,out
= W
u,in
W
rev,in
Second law efficiency:
Nonflow exergy:
Flow Exergy:
Exergy balance between states 1 and 2: Fixed mass:
Exergy balance between states 1 and 2: Flowing stream:
Exergy transfer by heat: X
heat
= (1-T
o
/T)Q
Exergy transfer by work:
Exergy transfer by mass X
mass
= m .
Exergy balance, general expression:
P-v relations for ideal gas (with constant Cp):

,
_

,
_

v
v
=
p
p
=
T
T

v P
= v P = constant =
Pv
2
1
1 - n
n n
1
2
1
2 n
2 2
n n
/ 1
1 1
du = c
v
dT, dh = c
P
dT, entropy calculations for ideal gas :
engines heat for
W
W
rev
u
rev th
th
II

,

pumps heat and rs efrigerato r for

W
W
COP
COP
u
rev
rev
II

supplied Exergy
destroyed Exergy
supplied Exergy
recovered Exergy
II
1
) ( ) ( ) (
o o o o o
S S T V V P E E X +
gz V s s T h h
o o o
+ + 2 ) ( ) (
2

( )
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2
) ( ) ( z z g
V V
s s T h h
o
+

+
) ( ) ( ) (
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
s s T v v P e e
o o
+
work of forms other for W X
work boundary for W W X
work
surr work

system destroyed out in
X X X X
( ) [ ] ( )
cv destroyed
out in
o k
k
o
X X X m m V V P W Q
T
T
1 2 1 2
1 +

,
_

v
dv
R
T
dT
c ds
v
+
P
dP
R
T
dT
c ds
P

Psychrometrics
Mass fraction:
M
y
M
y
=
n
/
M n
n
/
M n
=
M n
M n
=
m
m
=
c
j
j
i
i
tot j i
tot i i
j i
i i
tot
i
i

Mole fraction:
M
/
c
M
/
c
=
)
m M
( /
m
)
m M
( /
m
=
M
/
m
M
/
m
=
n
n
= y
j j
i i
tot j j
tot i i
j j
i i
tot
i
i

Relative humidity:
v
v
= =
P
P
=
v
g
g
v
g
v

Humidity ratio:
P
P
0.622 =
a
v

, relative humidity
P
0.622
P
=
g
a

Gas Mixtures
Property Relations:
Mathematical relations: 1 =
x
y

y
x
z z

,
_

,
_

and 1 - =
x
z

z
y

y
x
y x z

,
_

,
_

,
_

Maxwell relations:
,
_

,
_

s
P
- =
v
T
v s
,
,
_

,
_

s
v
=
P
T
p s
,
,
_

,
_

v
s
=
T
P
T v
,
,
_

,
_

P
s
- =
T
v
T P
.
Clapeyron equation:
Tv
h
=
v
s
=
v
-
v
s
-
s
=
dT
dP
fg
fg
fg
fg
f g
f g
sat

,
_

1
]
1

) (
) (
ln
2 1
1 2
1
2
T T
T T
R
h
P
P
fg
Reduced temperature, pressure and volume:
ZRT = P.v
v
v
=
v
,
T
T
=
T
,
P
P
=
P
c
r
c
r
c
r
The change in enthalpy: dP
T
v
T v dT C dh
P p
1
]
1

+ ) (
The change in internal energy: dv P
T
P
T dT C du
v v
1
]
1

+ ) (
The change in entropy: dv
T
P
T
dT
C ds
v v
) (

+ and dP
T
v
T
dT
C ds
P P
) (

Equations for generalized tables:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
s
-
s
+
s
-
s
+
s
-
s
- =
s
-
s

h
-
h
+
h
-
h
+
h
-
h
- =
h
-
h
2
*
2
*
2
*
1 1
*
1 2 1
2
*
2
*
2
*
1 1
*
1 2 1

k
i
i m
m m
1
,

k
i
i m
N N
1
,
m
i
i
m
m
mf
,
m
i
i
N
N
y
,

k
i
i i m
M y M
1
,
m
i
i i
M
M
y mf
Dalton Law: ( )

k
i
m m i m
V T P P
1
, , Amagat Law: ( )

k
i
m m i m
P T V V
1
,
Kays rule:

k
i
i cr i m cr
P y P
1
,
'
,
,

k
i
i cr i m cr
T y T
1
,
'
,
kJ u N u m U U
k
i
i i
k
i
i i
k
i
i m


1 1 1
kJ h N h m H H
k
i
i i
k
i
i i
k
i
i m


1 1 1
K kJ s N s m S S
k
i
i i
k
i
i i
k
i
i m
/
1 1 1



K kg kJ c mf c
k
i
i p i m p
. /
1
, ,

1 ,
2 ,
1 ,
2 ,
,
1 ,
2 ,
1 , 2 ,
ln ln ln
i
i
u
i
i
i P
i
i
u
o
i
o
i i
P
P
R
T
T
c
P
P
R s s s
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions Fuel-air ratio:
m
m
=
AF
fuel
air
mass and
n
n
=
AF
fuel
air
mole
Equivalence ratio: AF /
AF
=
FA
/ FA =
s s

Enthalpy of combustion:
( ) ( ) h +
h

n h +
h
n
=
h

H
-
H
=
h
o
f
i
i

R
o
f
e
e

P
RP
R P
RP
-