The Network for Building Automation Wired Vs Wireless

Networking is the most important infrastructure of a modern automated building. Networking between computers, between controllers, and between controllers and devices. Networks can be WIRED or WIRELESS. Which one is better?

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TIA/EIA-568-B defines a hierarchical cable system architecture, in which a main cross-connect (MCC, called MDF in the past) is connected via a star topology across backbone cabling to intermediate cross-connects (ICC) and horizontal cross-connects (HCC). Maximum allowable backbone cable distances vary between 300 m and 3000 m, depending upon the cable type and use. Horizontal cross-connects provide a point for the consolidation of all horizontal cabling, which extends in a star topology to individual work areas such as cubicles and offices. Under TIA/EIA-568-B, maximum allowable horizontal cable distance varies between 70 m and 90 m for twisted-pair cable types, depending upon patch cord length and gauge. Fiber optic horizontal cabling is limited to 90 m.
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Case Study Home Automation System

developed by Dr. Brian Tse, City University of Hong Kong

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For internal use during lectures only

Case Study Home Automation System

Linux Server: Store the web site for users to execute remote control actions in the Internet Keep track of the WAN IP address of the system and send the updated IP address to users IR-Remote-Controlled Electronic Board: Receive instructions from the Internet through common gateway interface (CGI) Send IR commands to home appliances such as TV, lighting and fan Turn on/off the IP camera IP Camera Allow users to confirm control actions
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Case Study Home Automation System

The Whole Setup
DSL modem Wireless router

IR-RemoteControlled Electronic Board

Linux server

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Case Study Home Automation System

Case Study Home Automation System

IR-Remote-Controlled Electronic Board

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For internal use during lectures only

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Case Study Home Automation System

Case Study Home Automation System

Linux Servers MAC address

Part of the source codes of the program running inside Linux server make use of socket to handle TCP/IP communication IP Camera IR-Remote-Controlled Electronic Board

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Case Study Home Automation System

Brief Review on Wired Networks

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European Committee devised a 3-Level Hierarchy:

Level 1 covers sensors and actuators etc. Level 2 covers field net between BAS and outstations Level 3 is the supervisory level
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Attention paid to Physical Layer

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Different Networking Topologies

RS - 485

RS485 or EIA (Electronic Industries Association) RS485 is a balanced line, half duplex transmission system allowing transmission distances of up to 1.2 km.

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Connecting the Instruments Screened twisted pair cable should be used. All "A" connections should be connected together using one conductor of the twisted pair cable, all "B" connections should be connected together using the other conductor in the pair. The cable screen should be connected to the "Gnd" terminal.

When communicating at high data rates, or over long distances, single-ended methods are inadequate. Differential data transmission (balanced differential signal) offers superior performance. Differential signals can help nullify the effects of ground shifts and induced noise signals that can appear as common mode voltages on a network. RS485 is a truly multi-point communications network, and the standard specifies up to 32 drivers and 32 receivers on a single (2-wire) bus.

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With the introduction of "automatic" repeaters and highimpedance drivers / receivers this "limitation" can be extended to hundreds (or even thousands) of nodes on a network. To solve the "data collision" problem often present in multi-drop networks, hardware units (converters, repeaters, micro-processor controls) remain in a receive mode until they are ready to transmit data. Single master systems offer a straight forward and simple means of avoiding "data collisions" in a typical 2wire, half-duplex, multi-drop system. The master initiates a communications request to a "slave node" by addressing that unit.
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RS485 is sometimes termed as RS485 Multidrop LAN Officially the RS485 specification allows only 32 nodes (devices) on the LAN These devices are all connected to a single pair of wire. Transmit and receive share the same two wires. (i.e. half duplex) Most RS 485 systems use Master/Slave architecture, where each slave unit has a unique address polled by master pc The maximum data rate is 10 Mbps for 15 m while the max. distance is 1200 m at 100 Kbps
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Technical Specifications

ARCnet - 1970s by Datapoint Corporation

Active hubs usually have 8 ports, conditioning and amplifying the signal strength.
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ARCNET (Attached Resource Computing Network) is a baseband, token-passing network system that offers flexible star and bus topologies at a low price. Transmission speed was originally 2.5 Mbits/s. ARCNET has been used for data acquisition, nuclear plant monitoring and control, closed-circuit cameras, building automation, process control, inflight entertainment system phone switching, pointof-sale systems, stock exchange terminals and machine control etc. But not popular for LAN. Support cable lengths up to 600 metres when using active hubs.
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PROFIBUS (Process Fieldbus) has been standardized all over Europe by CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization). Three PROFIBUS variations exist today: FMS DP (Fieldbus Messaging Specification) (Decentralized Peripherals)

PA (Process Automation) PROFIBUS/FMS is a powerful and complex multi-master system. The DP is a FMS reduced to one master system but optimized for very short delay times. PA is IEC Standard 1158-2.
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PROFIBUS is restricted to a topological line structure (physical media), separated into several domains, coupled by repeaters. There is no possibility to increase the number of nodes beyond 32 so that RS-485 can be used. The protocols allow for 3-repeaters to be used in series. All masters are connected as a logical rings, realised by a token. Two priority levels are defined.

FieldBus based and Non-Fieldbus based Configurations

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For internal use during lectures only

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Introduction to CANBus
CAN or Controller Area Network is an advanced serial bus system that efficiently supports distributed control systems There are more than 150 million CAN nodes in use worldwide CANBus nodes do not have a specific address but the identifiers of the transmitted messages which indicate the priority Handle bus accesses by "Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Arbitration on Message Priority" to avoid collisions of messages Advantages : low cost as serial bus with two wires reliable (sophisticated error detection and error handling mechanisms) erroneous messages are detected and repeated high immunity to EMI allow multi-broadcasting unlimited number of nodes in principle 32

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Controller Area Network - CANBus

CANBus
Once the node has gained access to the bus and is transmitting its message all other nodes become receivers. Having received the message correctly, these nodes then perform an acceptance test to determine if the data is relevant to that particular node. Not only possible to perform communication on a peer to peer basis but also to perform broadcast and synchronized communication whereby multiple nodes can accept the same message using only a single transmission. The ability to send data on an event basis means that bus load utilization can be kept to a minimal amount.
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For internal use during lectures only

A CAN message mainly consists of an identifier field and the data field (plus error, acknowledgement and CRC fields). The identifier field consists of 11 or 29 bits (CAN 2.0A and 2.0B respectively) and the data field consists of a maximum of 8 bytes.

Ethernet
Ethernet is a shared local area networking (LAN) technology Basic design consists of a shared transmission medium in the form of a coaxial cable or a multiport hub

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For internal use during lectures only

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Ethernet
1970s developed by Xerox Thicknet and Thinnet 10Base-2; 10 Base-5; 10Base-T; 100Base-T; 100VG-AnyLAN

Coaxial cable and twisted-pair Ethernet Network

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For internal use during lectures only

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10/100/1000 Base-T
There are a number of adaptations to the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard, including adaptations with data rates of 10 Mbits/sec; 100 Mbits/sec (Fast Ethernet); 1000 Mbits/sec (Gigabit Ethernet); and, most recently, 10 Gigabit/sec Ethernet

LonWorks - Virtual Wiring with Network Variables

Network variable connection
Virtual wire Created and changed with a network tool Can be changed without reprogramming device Makes adds, moves, and changes easy
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Network Variable Connection

Switch

Light

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Network Tool Creates NV Connections The LonTalk Protocol: ANSI/EIA 709.1

Network Variable Connection
Device Device

Robust, field proven standardized protocol

High performance, low cost transceivers for every application A robust and comprehensive network management architecture Complete suite of development tools A reliable source of supply and service

Device

Network Variable Connection Network Variable Connection

Device

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For internal use during lectures only

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Integration Made Easy with Standardization

LONMARK Interoperability Association
Dedicated to the growth of open, interoperable multivendor control systems

Manufacturers producing LonWorks Devices

What they provide

Interoperability design guidelines Product conformance testing Marketing assistance
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LONMARK Logo

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X10 involving Power Line Carrier (120 kHz coded signals on the power line) - but noise on power line is still a big problem Echelon also provides power line carrier DSP chip set for LonWorks X-10 Lamp Module
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X-10 signals are transmitted over the powerline using a 120kHz signal burst for 1 ms at the zero crossing point of the 60Hz AC sine wave. This is where the least electrical noise is present.

A full X-10 transmission consists of 47 cycles and takes approximately .8 seconds (60/47 and since 60 Hz is 60 times per second that comes to0.78333).
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1. To reduce errors, 2 zero crossings are required to transmit either a zero or one. 2. A binary one is represented by a 120kHz burst at the first crossing and no burst at the second. 3. A binary zero is represented by no burst at the first and a 120kHz burst at the second crossing.

A basic X10 message consists of 13 bits: a 4-bit start code, a 4 bit-house code, a 4-bit unit/function code, and a 1 bit function bit. The function bit indicates whether the previous 4 bits should be interpreted as a unit code or a function code. The start code uses 3 consecutive 120kHz bursts followed by no burst to differentiate itself from regular data bits (it uses half the usual # of cycles, hence each 13-bit message actually uses only 11 AC cycles). To turn on an X10 device will require two 13-bit messages, one to transmit the house & unit code address and another to transmit the command.

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For internal use during lectures only

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 Every command is transmitted twice; however, receivers only need to receive one of the commands to operate. The duplicate commands help ensure that the command is received in the presence of noise. The start code is equal to 1110. A receiver will need to receive this code for two full sine waves before it begins to monitor the power lines for an address code. If the letter code matches, the receiver will compare the next 5 bits of information - the number code. When the number code matches, the receiver waits for a function code. A delay of three cycles of the sine wave exist between the identification series of commands and the function series of codes transmitted.
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Letter Codes A = 0110; E = 0001; I = 0111; M = 0000; B = 1110; F = 1001; J = 1111; N = 1000; C = 0010; G = 0101; K = 0011; O = 0100; D = 1010; H = 1101; L = 1011; P = 1100. Number Codes 1 = 01100; 5 = 00010; 9 = 01110; 13 = 00000; 2 = 11100; 6 = 10010; 10 = 11110; 14 = 10000; 3 = 00100; 7 = 01010; 11 = 00110; 15 = 01000; 4 = 10100; 8 = 11010; 12 = 10110; 16 = 11000. Command Codes ON = 00101; OFF = 00111; DIM = 01001; BRIGHT = 01011; ALL ON = 00011; ALL OFF = 00001.
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EIB (European Installation Bus) is based on an electrical installation standard (instabus). Siemens was in charge of the development of the communication chip, first version of the transmission technology and the installation tools. EIBA located in Brussels was founded for coordinating common interests.

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Instabus from Siemens

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 Physical layer is specified as a twisted pair line. Without a repeater, maximum length of STP is 1 km (otherwise 700 m). Up to 64 devices can be connected to a physical line. Twelve lines can be linked via Line Couplers to a main line, such configuration called Area. Up to 15 areas can communicate over a backbone bus via backbone couplers. Free topology (line, star, tree). Data transfer rate over TP is fixed at 9600 bits/s. Other media include power line, coaxial cable, infrared, radio frequency and fiber optics. Data link layer is CSMA/CA.
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Maximum length of the protocol data unit is 23 bytes.

The main focus of EIB is the electrical installation business with some links to the home and building automation business.
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MODBUS
Communication on a MODBUS Network is initiated (started) by a "Master" with a "query" to a "Slave". The "Slave " which is constantly monitoring the network for "Queries" will recognise only the "Queries" addressed to it and will respond either by performing an action (setting a value for example) or by returning a "response". Only the Master can initiate a query. In the MODBUS protocol the master can address individual slaves, or, using a special "Broadcast" address, can initiate a broadcast message to all slaves. The Integra products do not support the broadcast address.

Query by master:

Response by slave:

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For internal use during lectures only

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C-Bus from Clipsal

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Brief Review on Wireless Networks

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Infrared Data Association Established IrDA Standard Direct sight of one another Angle of contact limited to 30 degree cone Length of transmission limited to 1 m Connects two PDAs together or a PDA to a PC or fixed peripherals to a PC 4 Mbps (Standard IrDA) to 16 Mbps (Fast Infrared) Serial Infrared Standard at 115 Kbps
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HomeRF developed by HomeRF Working Group led by Proxim partly owned by Intel Other members include Compaq, Motorola and Cayman Systems etc. Based on Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) on unlicensed 2.4 GHz band 6 voice channels and 1 data channel based on IEEE 802.11 wireless Ethernet standards 2 Mbps in principle, normally 1 Mbps SWAP Version 2.0 up to 10 Mbps Uses FHSS technology, 50 hops per second at 1 MHz intervals For internal use during lectures only

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Spread spectrum is a technique of spreading a signal out over a very wide bandwidth, often over 200 times the bandwidth of the original signal. In Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), the data to transmit is altered by a bit stream that is generated by the sender. The bit stream represents every bit in the original data with multiple bits in the generated stream, thus spreading the signal across a wider frequency band. If 100 bits are used to represent each bit of data, the signal is spread out to 100 times its original bandwidth. It is called chipping code or processing gain.

In Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), the original data is transmitted over a wide range of frequencies that change at split-second intervals. Both the transmitter and receiver jump frequencies in synchronization so a jammer would have difficulty targeting the exact frequency on which the devices are communicating.

A high processing gain increases the signals resistance to interference. Minimum gain that FCC allows is 10 while most commercial products operate under 20. For internal use during lectures only

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For internal use during lectures only

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Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands are free for a wireless product without obtaining an FCC license if the product meets certain requirements, such as operating under 1 W of transmitter output power.

902 MHz to 928 MHz, 26 MHz width 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz, 83.5 MHz width 5.725 GHz to 5.85 GHz, 125 MHz width
The 2.4 GHz band is the only unlicensed band around the whole world.
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Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA) developed Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) based on IEEE 802.11b standards Supported by 3Com, Apple, Compaq, Lucent and Nokia etc. DSSS technology on unlicensed 2.4 GHz band in three 17MHz channels Up to 11 Mbps data transmission rate; a substitute for wired Ethernet New IEEE 802.11a operates on 5 GHz band up to 54 Mbps
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 HiperLAN began in Europe as EN 300652 ratified in 1996 by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Broadband Radio Access Network (BRAN) organization HiperLAN/1 in 5GHz radio band, up to 24 Mbps, for data, video, voice and image transmission

ETSI is now developing HiperLAN/2, still in 5GHz band, up to 54 Mbps Major Competitor: IEEE 802.11a 802.11b

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In 1997, Ericsson approached IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba to form Bluetooth Special Interest Group (5 Founding Members) in 1998 Bluetooth SIG released Version 1.0 of Bluetooth Specification in July, 1999 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft and Motorola joined in 2000
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 Operating on unlicensed 2.40 GHz ISM band (actually from 2.4 GHz to 2.48 GHz) using FHSS technology 1600 hops /s among 79 1MHz intervals Gross data transfer rate up to 1 Mbps Three simultaneous synchronous (full-duplex) voice channels and one asynchronous data channel (halfduplex) Protection from interference and security of data Two power levels defined (C3-1mW and C1-100 mW) Supports both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections (Piconets and Scatternets) Up to seven 'slave' devices can communicate with a 'master' radio in one device to form on Piconet
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Currently , the 2.4 GHz band is used by: 2.4 GHz cordless telephones 802.11 wireless networks HomeRF wireless networks Bluetooth devices Baby monitors Garage-door openers Urban and suburban wireless communications systems including some emergency radios Local government communications in Japan, France and Spain Microwave ovens
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Advantages of Wireless over Wired Networks

Mobility Installation in Difficult-to-Wire Areas Increased Reliability Reduced Installation Time Long-Term Cost Savings

Major Applications of Wireless Networks

Retail Warehousing Healthcare Hospitals Old homes and small offices or homeoffices Standalone houses, not suitable for apartments with hundreds of individual networks
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Major Problems with Wireless Networks

Multipath propagation Path loss Radio Signal Interference: inward and outward
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Major Problems with Wireless Networks

Limited battery longevity System interoperability Application connectivity Installation issues Health risks C1 OK, C3 may have problems if too many
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Major Problems with Wireless Networks

Security threats Security safeguards

ZigBee is a specification high level ommunication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) Technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia, and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide

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 ZigBee protocols intended for embedded applications requiring low data rates and low power consumption Resulting networks use very small amounts of power certified devices must have a battery life of at least two years 3 different types of ZigBee devices: ZigBee coordinator (ZC): forms the root of the network tree and might bridge to other networks; exactly one ZigBee coordinator in each network since it is the device that started the network originally ZigBee Router (ZR): as well as running an application function, a router can act as an intermediate router, passing on data from other devices ZigBee End Device (ZED): contains just enough functionality to talk to the parent node (either the coordinator or a router); it cannot relay data from other devices; thus longer battery life; least amount of memory, and therefore less expensive
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Discussion !

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