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X Mathematics Chapter 9: Some Application of Trigonometry Top Definitions 1. 2. The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in the object viewed by the observer. The angle of elevation of an object viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when it is above the horizontal level, i.e., the case when we raise our head to look at the object. The angle of depression of an object viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when it is below the horizontal level, i.e., the case when we lower our head to look at the object. Pythagoras theorem: In a right triangle, square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the square of the other two sides. Ratio of the sides of the right triangle with respect to the acute angles is called trigonometric ratios of the angle.

3.

4. 5.

Top Concepts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The height or length of an object or the distance between two distant objects can be determined by the help of trigonometric ratios. When any two sides of a right triangle are given, its third side can be obtained by using Pythagoras theorem. Angle measured in anticlockwise direction is taken as positive angle. Angle measured in clockwise direction is taken as negative angle. The values of the trigonometric ratios of an angle do not vary with the length of the sides of the triangle, if the angles remain the same. Each trigonometric ratio is a real number. It has no unit. Only symbol cosine, sine, tangent, cotangent, sec and cosec has no meaning. The two heights above and below the ground level in case of reflection from the water surface are equal.

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Top Formulae 1. 2.

sec cos

cos1

Trigonometric ratios si dopposite to A p (i) sin A hypotenuse h side adjacent to A b (ii) cos A hypotenuse h side adjacent to A p (iii) tan A side opposite to A b hypotenuse h (iv) cos ecA side opposite to A p hypotenuse h (v) s ecA side adjacent to A b side adjacent to A b (vi) co t A side opposite to A p Relation between trigonometry ratios sin (vii) tan cos 1 (viii) cos ec sin 1 (ix) s ec co s 1 co s (x) cot tan sin Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles (i) sin (90 A) = cos A (ii) cos (90 A) = sin A (iii) tan (90 A) = cot A (iv) cot (90 A) = tan A (v) sec (90 A) = cosec A (vi) cosec (90 A) = sec A Trigonometric Identities (i) sin2 co s2 1 (ii)
1 tan2 sec2

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4.

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(iii) 1 cot2 sec2

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Top Diagrams 1. Angle of elevation.

2.

Angle of depression.

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Values of Trigonometric ratios.

A sin A
cos A

0o 0 1

30o 1 2
3 2

45o 1 2
1 2

60o 3 2
1 2
3

90o 1 0

tan A

1 3

Not defined

cosec A

Not defined

2 3

sec A

2 3
3

Not defined

cot A

Not defined

1 3

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