source: Project: Job No.

: Client: Design by: Date:

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Ref: Reinforced Concrete Design, 6th ed., pg. 430, by Wang and Salmon EXPIRES!! Pls. visit www.reinforced-concrete.com and download your new copy.

CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL Design under strength method ACI Code

Design notes: a. Overload factor for earth and concrete 1.4 and for surcharge 1.7 b. Factor of Safety against overturning: 2 c. Factor of Safety against sliding: 1.5 d. It is recommended that a batter of 1/4 in/ft. height be provided on the front face to offset deflection or forward tilting of the structure e. Where weep holes are utilized use minimum 2 diameter pipe at 6-0 spacing maximum, and provide continuous gravel pocket behind retaining wall, wrapped in geo-fab to prevent clogging of pipes. Cantilever Wall no. 5

surcharge wt. of retained materials angle of internal friction max. soil pressure cofficient of friction bet. masonry and soil. course-grained soils (with silt) 0.4 concrete cover at stem concrete cover at footing try thickness of heel 7-10% of overall height try thickness of toe 7-10% of overall height

960 120 35 5000

psf. pcf. deg. psf.

2 3 2.5 1.75

in. in. ft. ft.

OK OK

= 0

degrees

front face bank of earth ft. 16 back face

retained material; ft. 4 toe heel

fc' fy type of bar non-epoxy coated r-bar at heel #8 r-bar at toe #8

Reinforcement 3000 psi 40000 psi

r-bar at stem #8 temperature bar #5

Results: FS against overturning Soil pressure Frictional sliding Shear at base of stem

OK OK sliding fails, put shear key! OK

Dimension Output
10 in. top of stem

17.5 ft. 3.96 ft. 5.95 ft.

1.75 ft. 5 in.

1.58 ft. 14"

2.5 ft.

Shear key needed

14" 11.5 ft.

Reinforcement Output

# 8 @ 0 in. c.c. # 5 @ 0 in. c.c. temp. bars # 5 @ 0 in. c.c. temp. bars # 5 @ 0 in. c.c

#DIV/0!

# 8 @ 0 in. c.c

# 8 @ 0 in. c.c #DIV/0!

#DIV/0!

solution: surcharge 8 ft. Caw = equivalent fluid pressure Rankine Theory C = cos[(cos-cos^2-cos^2)/(cos+cos^2-cos^2)] cos 1 cos^2 1 cos^2 0.6710101 0.5735764 0.2709901 Caw = equivalent fluid pressure 32.518806 pcf B1 0.85 establish the limits within the reinforcement ratio can be chosen for maximum b = .85B1f'c/fy(87000/87000+fy) 0.0371206 for adequate deflection control on the cantilever wall max = .75b/2 0.0139202 m=fy/(.85f'c) 15.686275 Rn=fy(1-1/2m) 496.01723 psi Preliminary Proportioning Base length calculation P = Cwh where: C = coefficient of materials w = unit wt. of retained material h = distance below the earth surface Pa = Ca*wh^2/2 where: Ca*w = equivalent fluid pressure height of wall stem wall height

20 ft. 17.5 ft.

a 8

d
surcharge 260 psf

W x/2

16
P1

10

P2

active pressure

4
b R x c 650

6.67 psf

11.5

base=(Cw)(h) surcharge 260.1505 The force Pa caused by active pressure on a wall of height h is base =(Cw)(h) P1surcharge = ( base)(height)(1 foot strip) 5203.009 P2earth retained = (1/2)(base)(height)*1 ft. strip 6503.761 wt. of materials bounded by a,b,c,d W= weight of surcharge+weight of retained materials 3360 M at point b W(x/2) = P1d/2 +P2d/3 95388.5 substitute W x^2 = 56.77887 x 7.535175 base length = 1.5x 11.30276 rounding off base length 11.5 Stem thickness calculation stem wall height

psf lbs lbs x in lbs

ft. ft. ft.

17.5 ft.

surcharge a d

17.5

2.5

b c x

260.15

650.38

by bending moment general expression My = (1/2)(surcharge base)(y^2) + (1/6)(retained mat. Base)(y^3) My= 39.83554 + 29.04675 using overload factor of 1.7 Mu =1.7(My) required d = sqrt(Mu/oRnb) say use r-bar # 8 radius = total stem base thickness stem base thickness calculation of batter usual batter is 1/4 in per foot height of stem front and back of stem hence, top of stem wall will be

,where y = 17.5 68.88228 117.0999 16.19603 0 18.19603 19 ft-kips in. in. in. in.

4.5 in. each side 9 in. 10 in.

check for shear strength Vy = 0.26015 y + 0.01626 y^2 where y = 17.5 using overload factor of 1.7 actual Vu = 1.7(Vy) 16.2045 kips allowable Vu = Vc = (2sqrtf'c)bd) 19.5537 kips >>>> 16.20453 conditional OK if conditon is met no need for shear reinforcement for slab (ACI-11.5.5.1) check against overturning
0.83 6.70

w1 w4 w2 w3 toe 0.75 1.58 3.96 11.5 7.54 heel

17.5 20

2.5

ref. heel w1 w2 w3 w4 total

force arm lb. ft. 20507.64 3.35092104 984.375 6.45184208 4312.5 5.75 2187.5 7.11850874 27992.01

moment ft-lb 68719.47 6351.032 24796.88 15571.74 115439.1 4.124002 ft. 206469 ft-lbs 95388.5 ft-lbs 2.164506 >>>> OK

resultant, from heel resisting moment overturning moment = P1*x + P2*x FS against overturning conditional if condition is met FS against overturning OK otherwise, increase footing base/thickness location of resultant and footing soil pressures R= x= (moment + overturning moment)/R

27992.01 lbs. 7.531706 ft. from heel

Pmax = 4868.17596
R = 27992.012

R =1/2(Pmax)(base length) Pmax = 2R/base length conditional if condition is made OK, otherwise decrease footing depth

4868.18 lbs. OK

<<<<<

5000

check against sliding neglecting passive pressure against the toe force causing sliding = P1 + P2 frictional force = uR FS = frictional force/force causing sliding conditional if condition is met, against sliding OK, otherwise increase footing width, thickness or put key Design of key

11706.77 lbs. 11196.8 lbs. 0.956438 >>>>> 1.5 sliding fails, put shear key!

** Generally it seems desirable to place the front face of the key about 5 in. in front of the back face of the stem.

5"
neglect 1' 11.5 5.95

h1= 3 u1 = 0.700207538 F a Pp C uR1 4868.17596 inner block D 2695.9149 G uR2

psf

psf

u2 = 0.4

5.13

6.37

Method 1 - Inert-block concept of frictional resistance using the inert-block concept, the passive force Pp developed over the distance BC C= 3.690172 Passive pressure Efp = equivalent fluid pressure 442.8207 pcf Pp = equivalent fluid press(h1+a)^2(1/2) - equivalent fluid press(h)^2(1/2) h1 = height of earth retained - 1 ft.(neglect 1 ft.) 3 ft. by inducing inert-block, the frictional coefficient over the region CD tan a = 35 degrees tan 35 0.700208 while coefficient 0.4 applies at DG, FH

Force equilibrium P = Pp + F where: P = ( P1+P2)1.5 17560.16 lbs. where: F = u1R1 + u2R2 13589.3 + 3433.7915 17023.09 lbs. hence, F - P = -537.063 where: Pp = efp(h1+a^2)/2 - efp(h1^2)/2 simplify Pp =efp/2[2h1a + a^2] hence Pp + (F - P) = 0 a^2 + a 6 -2.4256 = 0 a = 0.380184 ft. Method 2 - Passive resistance concept of frictional resistance neglecting the frictional force in front of the key and considering the passive resistance developed below the toe, the depth of key required may be computed as

5"
neglect 1' 11.5 5.951842078

h1= 3 F a Pp C b Pp D G u = 0.4

angle of internal friction soil pressure distribution

2695.91488 psf C 5.13 6.37

b = dist tan a force equilibrium (P1 +P2)1.5 = Pp + u2R2 where: (P1+P2)1.5 = where: u2R2 = where: Pp=efp(1/2)(h1+a+b)^2-efp(1/2)h1^2 efp(1/2)(h1+a+b)^2 Pp= efp * a^2(1) efp * a(2hi+2b) efp * 2h1b+b^2 hence, a = average between Method 1 and Method 2 DESIGN OF HEEL CANTILEVER

3.5931089 ft.

17560.156 lbs. 3433.7915

221.41034 2919.5649 7631.8117 -6494.552 1.9392845 a= 14

a^2 a

a b c final c

ft. in.

2 " + 1/2bar wt. of overburden

critical section for cracking due to shear

wt. of concrete 28

neglect upward pressure for design of heel

#DIV/0! bar embedment

5.95

wu = weight of overburden + wt. of concrete where: overload factor for surcharge = 1.7 overload factor for earth retained and concrete = 1.4 surcharge = 960 plf earth overburden = 2100 plf concrete = 375 plf wu = 5097 plf EM @ the center of stem steel center of steel + concrete cover 2 in. Mu downwards = 95406.026 lbs-ft. Check for shear Vu = 30336.539 lbs. the design shear strength, unless shear reinforcement is used, is effective d 28 in. Vc = (2(f'c)bd 31285.912 lbs. >>>> 30336.54 conditional OK if condition is met, shear OK; otherwise increase footing depth required Rn =Mu/bd^2 135.21262 psi. m=fy/(.85f'c) 15.686275 required reinforcement ratio to satisfy the factored loading = 1/m(1-1-(2mRn/fy) 0.003475 min. reinforcement requirement is, according to ACI-10.5.1 Asmin = 3(f'c)bwd/fy 1.3802608 in^2 but not less than Asmin = 200bwd/fy 1.68 in^2 hence min = Asmin/bwd 1min = 3(f'c)/fy 0.0041079 min2 = 200/fy 0.005 0.005 hence, 0.0046218 required As = bwd 1.5529205 in^2/ft. use #8 @ 0 in c.c Check development length general equation; Ld/db = 3/40((fyY)/f'c(c+Kr/db)) = modification factor for reinforcement location 1.3 for top bars, when cast with more than 12 in. of concrete beneath them 1 for other bars cast of concrete beneath the bars 28 in. hence = 1.3 = modification factor for epoxy-coated reinforcement 1.5 when cover <3db or clear spacing <6db 1.2 other epoxy coated-reinforcement 1 non-epoxy coated reinforcement

epoxy coated 3db 6db hence, if epoxy coated final need not exceed 1.7 = modification factor for bar size 0.8 for # 6 and smaller 1 for # 7 and larger bars hence, = modification factor for lightweight concrete 1.3 for lightweight aggregate concrete 1 for normal-weight concrete c = clear cover + 1/2 radius of r-bar Kr = since no shear reinforcement but, (c+Kr)/db<=2.5 final, (c+Kr)/db Ld = the bar at the heel must be embedded from back face of wall DESIGN OF TOE CANTILEVER thickness of toe 7-10% of overall height 0 >>> 0 >>> 1.2 1 1.3 2 0

0.8

1 2 0 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

in. in.

2 ft.

critical section for shear 2.21

3.964824588

1.75

1.75

3189.7878 3930.597192 4868.17596

service load stress 581.39145 lb/ft. 9743.8696 lb/ft. 15576.213 lbs 54064.93 18 185.40785 15.686275 0.0048172 0.0041079 0.005 0.005 0.0064069 1.3838851 ft-lbs. in. psi.

w concrete wsoil pressure Vu = M at front of stem Mu = hence d = required Rn =Mu/bd^2 where: m=fy/(.85f'c) = 1/m(1-1-(2mRn/fy) 1min = 3(f'c)/fy min2 = 200/fy min required As = bwd

in^2/ft.

use Check for shear Vc =2(f'c)bd conditional

#8

0 in. 15576.21

20112.372 lbs >>> OK if condition is met shear OK, otherwise increase toe depth

Check development length general equation; Ld/db = 3/40((fyABYS)/f'c(c+Kr/db)) = modification factor for reinforcement location 1.3 for top bars, when cast with more than 12 in. of concrete beneath them 1 for other bars cast of concrete beneath the bars 3 in. hence = 1 = modification factor for epoxy-coated reinforcement 1.5 when cover <3db or clear spacing <6db 1.2 other epoxy coated-reinforcement 1 non-epoxy coated reinforcement epoxy coated 3db 0 6db 0 hence, if epoxy coated 1.2 final 1 need not exceed 1.7 1 = modification factor for bar size 0.8 for # 6 and smaller 1 for # 7 and larger bars hence, 0.8 = modification factor for lightweight concrete 1.3 for lightweight aggregate concrete 1 for normal-weight concrete 1 c = clear cover + 1/2 radius of bar 3 in. Kr = since no shear reinforcement 0 but, (c+Kr/db)<=2.5 #DIV/0! final, (c+Kr/db) #DIV/0! Ld/db = 3/40((fyY)/f'c(c+Kr/db)) #DIV/0! in. use embedment from front face of stem wall #DIV/0! in. DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT OF STEM WALL 8

17

at d = Mu =

17 in. 117099.88 ft-lbs

required Rn =Mu/bd^2 where: m=fy/(.85f'c) = 1/m(1-1-(2mRn/fy) 1min = 3(f'c)/fy min2 = 200/fy

450.21101 15.686275 0.0124761 0.0041079 0.005 0.005 min 0.0124761 required As = bwd 2.5451202 in^2/ft. use #8 @ 0 in. c.c vertical reinforcement at the front face to support the horizontal temperature and shrinkage steel ACI-14.3.5 use #5 @ 0 in. Check shear the shear has been previously checked and found satisfactory Check development length general equation; Ld/db = 3/40((fyY)/f'c(c+Kr/db)) = modification factor for reinforcement location 1.3 for top bars, when cast with more than 12 in. of concrete beneath them 1 for other bars cast of concrete beneath the bars hence = 1 = modification factor for epoxy-coated reinforcement 1.5 when cover <3db or clear spacing <6db 1.2 other epoxy coated-reinforcement 1 non-epoxy coated reinforcement epoxy coated 3db 0 >>> 2 6db 0 >>> 0 hence, if epoxy coated 1.2 final 1 need not exceed 1.7 1 = modification factor for bar size 0.8 for # 6 and smaller 1 for # 7 and larger bars hence, 1 = modification factor for lightweight concrete 1.3 for lightweight aggregate concrete 1 for normal-weight concrete 1 c = clear cover + 1/2 radius of r-bar 2 Kr = since no shear reinforcement 0 but, (c+Kr)/db<=2.5 #DIV/0! final, (c+Kr)/db #DIV/0! general equation; Ld/db = 3/40((fyY)/f'c(c+Kr/db)) #DIV/0! in. the bar at the stem must be embedded from the footing #DIV/0! in. DESIGN OF TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE REINFORCEMENT with accordance with ACI-14.1.2 and 14.3.3 where: h = average thickness 14.5 the total amount required is As = .0025bh 0.435 in^2/ft. since it is primarily the front face that is exposed to temperature changes, suggested that 2/3 to be put on front face and 1/3 in the rear. use on front face 0.29 # 5 @ 0 in. use on the rear face 0.145 # 5 @ 0 in.

DESIGN OF WEEPHOLE say 4" diameter every 10 to 15 ft. along the wall

cofficient of friction bet. masonry and soil. silt course-grained soils (with silt) course-grained soils (without silt) sound rock (with rough surface

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.4

r-bar at heel area in^2

#3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 # 10 # 11 0.110 0.200 0.310 0.440 0.600 0.790 1.000 1.270 1.560

diameter in. 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000 1.128 1.270 1.410

no.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0

r-bar at heel type of bar epoxy coated non-epoxy coated

1.2 1 1

DATE 41270 39300 X

r-bar at toe area in^2

#3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 # 10 # 11 0.110 0.200 0.310 0.440 0.600 0.790 1.000 1.270 1.560

diameter in. 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000 1.128 1.270 1.410

no.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0

r-bar at toe type of bar epoxy coated non-epoxy coated

1.2 1 1

r-bar at stemarea in^2

#3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 # 10 # 11 0.110 0.200 0.310 0.440 0.600 0.790 1.000 1.270 1.560

diameter in. 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000 1.128 1.270 1.410

no.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0

r-bar at toe type of bar epoxy coated non-epoxy coated

1.2 1 1

temperature area in^2 bar

#3 #4 #5 #6 0.110 0.200 0.310 0.440

diameter in. 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750

#7 #8 #9 # 10 # 11

0.600 0.790 1.000 1.270 1.560

0.875 1.000 1.128 1.270 1.410