IE 5111 Systems Engineering Group Report

Running Head: IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS
IE 5111 Systems Engineering I Final Report: Navigators Alex Andrews, Belinda Befort, Emily Chen, Stephanie Cramer, Alex Martinez, Kevin Um, Meagan Young University of Minnesota Twin Cities
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Abstract Increasing awareness while in the midst of driving, walking, biking, or using public transportation is of great concern in recent years as the number of cell phone and GPS related accidents increases annually. In this vein, the following report outlines the primary points taken
to develop a heads up display that resembles an everyday pair of glasses. Heads up displays have been in use by the military in fighter jets as well as some high performance sports cars, however their use has largely been segregated from the general populous. However, the idea behind them can easily be extrapolated to everyday use in navigation. Simple overlay of directions of a users field of view would improve efficiency of travel, as well as negate the risk of looking at a cell phone or GPS while in transport. In producing a concept for heads up display, titled The Navigators, a hybrid of systems engineering concepts and the DoDAF framework was used. Therefore, an AV-1, an OV-1, an OV-2, an OV-5, as well as several architectures and a risk plan were developed. In doing this, the design was refined from higher-level structures such as the functional analysis and system architecture. In this way, the design meets the requirements without harboring preexisting notions of how the system should be constructed. After completing the analysis, the resulting design accomplished all requirements. However, as there are a lot of electromechanical intricacies in this project, the physical design of subsystems are suggestions versus detailed designs. This project would have to be done in conjunction with a design engineering team to ensure that the designs were acceptable.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Introduction Cell phones and GPS devices, while convenient in some ways, have become a hassle in
others. Under certain modes of transportation they can increase the risk of causing an accident or severely decreasing user concentration on his or her surrounding environment. The following report seeks to address this problem through the development of a new hands-free system that will allow people to navigate their way to destination without the distractions of manual input or looking away from their route to a small graphic display.
Overview and Summary Information When beginning a project, the project goals must be set and the assumptions and background of the project must be established. The main stakeholders, particularly those who have a large effect on the success of the project, must be identified. These factors are all
addressed in the Overview and Summary Information (AV-1), which gives a high-level overview of the projects, establishes basic architecture, and is essentially the foundation of the system. The AV-1 for the Navigators system can be found in the Appendix. The architects of the Navigators system are Alex Andrews, Belinda Befort, Emily Chen, Stephanie Cramer, Kevin Um, and Meagan Young. The purpose of this project is to develop an affordable, compact, hands-free GPS device within four months at a cost not exceeding $5,000,000. The scope was set at four months because the high-tech field moves quickly, and since this is a modification of an existing technology, relatively little research and development (R&D) would be needed. Thus, four months is a realistic timescale to develop and launch the Navigators. $5,000,000 was chosen as the cost because it should cover the costs of engineers and operators for developing, testing, manufacturing, and marketing the initial run of the product in
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS the short time frame required of the project.
The geographic scope is to first launch the
Navigators inside the United States, due to greater demand, ease of gauging the market, and legal ease (if the product is to be launched internationally it would require international patents.) If the product is successful in the United States, we will launch in other countries with large consumer bases. The milestones for the project range from the completion of the AV-1 to the final presentation and report, and include the development of user needs, system requirement, functional analysis, architecture, verification and validation, and risk management plans. The deliverable of this project is a lightweight optical device that displays GPS information while not impairing normal eyesight functions which meets the criteria stated in the purpose. The mission includes that this GPS device will be easily usable for bikers and pedestrians as well as drivers. The design team envisions a glasses-like design that displays GPS information and receives voice input. There are several disadvantages and potential threats to the success of the Navigators system. First, there is the possibility that the Navigators glasses may be more distracting than current GPS models. It is assumed that, through careful design, a less distracting system can be developed. This can be accomplished by designing an unobtrusive display, and easy-to-operate user interface, and making it hands-free and voice operated. Many drivers must take their hands off the wheel or stop to adjust most traditional GPS systems, and must look away from the road to see the GPS screen. By putting the GPS display in lenses right in front of the users eyes and making the system hands-free, both of these distractions should be solved. These features will be refined through testing.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS
A second threat is that the technology may not be able to keep up with the user needs, especially within the short timeframe of product development. However, the technology
required for the product already exists, and indeed, similar products for other applications have been introduced, such as navigational visors for military purposes and Sonys Entertainment Access Glasses. The main challenge in creating this product would be making it small, unobtrusive, and weatherproof enough for bikers and pedestrians. These changes should require minimal R&D and thus the system could be developed in four months. A third threat would be user problems: malfunctions and ergonomic issues. With extensive user testing and careful consideration of materials used and technological capabilities, a product can be developed with the necessary speed and security but light and comfortable enough to prevent ergonomic issues. The final threat would be the cost of the Navigators. By focusing on user-friendly design and portability and using market surveys, a product will be developed that users are willing to pay more for than a traditional GPS. By designing a smaller system, less material will be used and costs kept low. In designing the Navigators system, several assumptions and constraints had to be made. First, the system is constrained to be hands-free and provide less distraction than a traditional GPS, as discussed above. A GPS signal is assumed to be available in all places the Navigators are used. Since the Navigators will be used by pedestrians and bicyclists as well as drivers, another constraint is that the system must be able to withstand a range of ambient temperature conditions, from -20 to 50 C. It also needs to be waterproof, so it can work in rain or snow. Another constraint is that all IEEE codes and DOT codes must be followed. We want to avoid any legal or approval issues, and following all IEEE codes ensures that the technology is compatible with other IEEE approved technology and thus can be used more widely. Another
assumption is that the Navigators will be connected to other industries via the use of GPS technology and information. Since the system will not draw information from privately owned satellites or internal GPS information, the system relies on partnerships with GPS companies to provide the coordinates and triangulation algorithms processed by its software. Last, the
Navigators must be easily expandable to other applications, such as for educational purposes (viewing a presentation via the glasses, for example, reducing the need for large screens) or entertainment. This constraint was added so that the market for the Navigators technology and design could be easily expanded, and this opens the door for additional collaboration with nonGPS companies. Based on the assumptions behind the system and the capabilities of the Navigators, there are several basic rules the system must follow. First, GPS satellite connectivity is required to retrieve user locations and update real-time directions; that is based off of the assumption that this system will be used where there are GPS satellite signals. Second, the system can be used by a single user only. The glasses are designed for a single user, and will be customized to that person when first used (for example, the user provides a short voice sample so that the GPS can easily recognize the voice for voice commands.) There will also be options for the Navigators user to add coatings to the lenses like real glasses. If more than one user uses the system, there could be misinformation errors or ergonomic issues. This would make the system more
distracting and less easy-to-use than a traditional GPS system, violating the non-distraction assumption. As just stated, another rule is that the system will come in a standard form, but there will be opportunities for individual calibration for varying levels of eyesight required, and capability for customization of glass. This allows the Navigators to be mass-produced, lowering costs of production, but keeps customers happy by allowing them to customize their Navigators
if they desire. The device is to be sold in technology stores nationwide, because that would be the main demographic and is similar to where GPS devices are sold. The system must also be safe for use by licensed drivers, cautious cyclists, and pedestrians. Safety is paramount, and first rule of designing the system is that it cannot distract or otherwise endanger its users. After research of the utility and limitations of the Navigators system, time limitation of the project and the technology available was found to be a concern, but the Navigators have great potential for applications in many fields. In four months, it may be difficult to round up the technology to develop the product with all the features that we envision. Features and to some extent, performance, can be sacrificed for ease of use and availabilitythe minimally viable product. We can then roll out more products with more features and greater capabilities. Even so, it may be difficult to develop a thin, durable screen to display GPS information while still seeming like glasses. Another finding is that one essential requirement is a small size and weight of the system. To ensure user comfort, it is important to use lightweight materials. Average sunglasses generally weight 2-5 ounces, so our product should be close to that range. We also found that a major factor in the rejection of entertainment glasses technology is the bulkiness and general unattractiveness of the system. Thus, we must create a small system that resembles real glasses. Since we will not need to display videos or have lots of storage like entertainment systems do, we can use smaller processors, avoiding the bulky protrusions of most similar products. Another limitation is the update speed of the GPS. We must partner with a company with reliable GPS information and have enough processing power to update the information quickly enough for drivers. We have also found that when drivers do not need to turn their heads and look away from the road to view GPS information, and use a hands free system, they are less
distracted from driving and find it more convenient to use a GPS system---thus the value proposition of the Navigators. The main stakeholders for this project can be classified into users, the government, the private sector, industrial stakeholders, IT and computer companies, and future expansions of the technology. The main users of the Navigators are pedestrians, bikers, and drivers. Pedestrians and bikers will be using the Navigators in ambient conditions, so will need a waterproof, durable product. They will also be concerned with the portability, visual design, and ease of use of the system, since they will be using it in public without free hands. They also need a system that takes sidewalks and side streets into account and has an option to avoid highways. Pedestrians and cyclists currently have no GPS available and move slowly, so if the Navigator meets their needs and is priced reasonably, they will purchase the product. Drivers have significantly more choice in GPS systems and move more quickly, so speed of updating and currency of traffic and route information is more important. Drivers, too, are looking for ease of use, and the hands-free nature of the product may prove attractive. The government entities interested in the Navigators include the federal government, the military, the DOT, DMV, and public transportation. The DOT, DMV, and the federal government are all involved in the regulation of technology like the Navigators. The military and public transportation may be interested in uses, modifications, and large-scale implementations of the Navigators. The private sector stakeholders include the GPS, optical, power/battery, and audio sectors, as well as possible competitors. Since we will be relying others GPS satellites and information, we must collaborate with GPS companies. Other GPS companies will be
competitors and thus will be affected by the Navigators. We will be collaborating with the optical, power/battery, and audio, and IT sectors because we use these components in the
Navigators and will partner with these companies. To provide software support, updates, security for GPS systems, especially if the Navigators expand to federal or military applications, we will need to partner with IT, software, and computer security companies. We will also partner with the industrial stakeholders, sellers of raw materials, manufacturers of electronics, and automakers. (Eventually, we may combine the glasses technology with windshields, allowing built-in GPSes in cars.) We may also expand to other applications of the glasses display. For example, class material and powerpoints could be sent to the glasses instead of GPS information, making the Navigator technology an educational tool. Instead of handouts or projection screens, each person could follow the device from their own glasses. Another possible expansion of the technology would be for entertainment. Subtitles for games, performances, or movies could be unobtrusively be displayed on the bottom of the glasses, so that deaf viewers could see subtitles without having to go to special subtitle viewings, and non-language speakers could understand movies in any language. The needs of the stakeholders listed and the resultant system
requirements are detailed in the Users and User Needs section found on page 15 of this report.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS High-level Operational Concept Graphic
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The High-level Operational Concept Graphic (OV-1) uses generic images to convey basic system organization concepts stakeholders involved in the system design. It is the most general of the architecture-description products and the most flexible in format. Its main utility is as a facilitator of human communication, and it is intended for presentation to high-level decision makers (DoDAF, 1997, p. 4-7). The OV-1 developed for the Navigators system is shown in Figure 1. The power button provides a signal to the energy source, displayed here as a battery. The energy provided by the battery to the computer chip allows for general system operations. GPS input is required for display output on the monitor. In the Navigators, the glasses will serve as the display interface. The information displayed on the glasses will ultimately be viewed by the user. The system organization and subsystem mechanisms will be discussed in further detail in the following sections.
Figure 1. High-level Operational Concept Graphic (OV-1) Navigators
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS High-level Operational Node Connectivity Description
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The High-level Operational Node Connectivity Description, or OV-2, portrays the relationships of nodes in the system and pertinent information exchange. (DoDAF, 1997, p. 410). Relationships are represented by arrows pointing in the direction of information flow between nodes and indicate characteristics of information, volume requirements, security or classification level, timeliness, and requirements for information system interoperability (DoDAF, 1997, p. 4-10). Unlike the OV-1, the OV-2 portrays external operations required to make the system work, rather than enabling subsystems. The OV-2 for the Navigators system consists of the following nodes: the Navigators themselves; IT; government entities such as lawmakers, military, the Department of Transportation, and the Department of Motor Vehicles; users/consumers; retail stores; power; private sector companies (primarily GPS); and industrial sector companies. Each of these nodes has a relationship with at least one other node. Some of these relationships are strictly one-way whereas others extend both ways between nodes. The illustration of these relationships is provided in Figure 2. The central node related to all other nodes is the Navigators device, thus it is the most dominant with regards to OV-2 node relationships. It has, at the very least, a one-way relationship with all other nodes. The node with the next highest number of relationships, one- or two-way, is the government and government-related entities. The numbered node relationships in Figure 2 are listed and detailed in a list of Need Lines provided in Table 1 in the Appendix. The need lines are indicated by arrows on the OV-2 and point in the direction of the information or command exchange. For example, the federal and state governments will set the laws by which the primary users of the Navigators will follow. States have different rules regarding driving and the use of mobile devices, such as cell phones.
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New legislation will most likely need to be introduced regarding the use of Navigators while operating an automobile. With regards to the aesthetic components of the system design, consumers (users) will provide feedback to stores both directly and indirectly through their purchases which styles and designs are most popular. The most popular designs will determine how many of each color or model will be manufactured in industry.
IT
Retail Stores
12, 13
Users
16, 17 1, 2
1 8
3, 4
14, 15
Industrial
Navigators
2 1
Power
10, 11
20 19
6, 7
Governnment
GPS
Figure 2. High-Level Operational Node Connectivity Description (OV-2) Navigators
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Command Relationships Chart
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The Command Relationships Chart, or OV-4, is a visual presentation of relationships between organizations or resources in an architecture (DoDAF, 1997, p. 4-36). The types of relationships typically depicted in an OV-4 include command and control as well as coordination (DoDAF, 1997, p. 4-36). Relationships such as these are displayed in the OV-4 for Navigators, Inc. provided in Figure 3. The company is run by a CEO, who commands three central Vice Presidents (VPs). The VPs are in charge of the three main divisions of the company: human resources (HR) and finance, engineering, and marketing. Human resources and finance encompass all monetary workings (i.e. accounts), recruitment of new employees, as well as internal relations between employees and conflict. The finance/accounting department covers paychecks, overhead and administrative costs, grants, stocks, and investments for Navigators, Inc. The human resources department is responsible for the recruitment and retention of employees, which involves outreach to universities for college interns, as well as training programs for healthy employee relationships within the company. They are involved in the storing and filing of employee paperwork, employee training, ensuring the companys compliance with labor laws, researching competitive salaries, and employee discipline. Engineering breaks into two main departments: research and development (R&D) as well as technical staff across the fields of electrical, mechanical, computer, and systems engineering. The R&D department is responsible for researching patents, products, and technology currently available in the market and academia, as well as researching and developing new technology to be used exclusively by Navigators, Inc. Technological innovation is a driving force behind the Navigators, and new applications of this technology will be expanded to other industries in
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addition to travel in the near future. In the design department of the engineering branch of Navigators, Inc., teams of engineers rely on good communication between disciplines to design a final product with interconnected subsystems that operate smoothly. The third and final division, marketing, develops the aesthetic design and advertising for the final product developed by Navigators, Inc. Naturally the aesthetic design is guided by the functional design developed by the engineering teams, but consumer tastes and needs are crucial for the development and sale of the Navigators product. The marketing team provides input regarding the users and user needs from the point of the consumer to ensure the product will be successful on the market.
CEO
VP HR/Finance Accounts Recruitment Internal Relations
VP Engineering
VP Marketing Design Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Computer Engineering Systems Engineering Advertising
Research & Development
Figure 3. Command Relationships Chart (OV-4) Navigators, Inc.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Users and User Needs
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User needs are necessary to develop the basic requirements of the various project stakeholders provided in the AV-1. This section will discuss the development and justification of the user needs for Navigators, which will be used to develop the more detailed system requirements in the following section. The user needs for the Navigators were developed for the primary users, mainly pedestrians, bikers, and drivers. Secondary stakeholders include government entities such as lawmakers, military, the Department of Transportation, and the Department of Motor Vehicles, as well as GPS companies and the industrial sector companies that will be manufacturing the systems components. The primary user needs can be divided into a number of general subcategories somewhat similar to those of the system requirements. These subcategories include physical characteristics, technical specifications, and economic expectations. Physical characteristics are defined as those having to do with the physical appearance or properties of the final product. Technical specifications include anything related to the interior technology that allows the system to function. Economic expectations encompass cost and retail standards following the manufacture and distribution of the final product. The subcategories of primary user needs will be discussed in greater detail below. The physical user needs of the Navigators include the following:
Lightweight Durable Waterproof Portable Aesthetics
Adjustable Sun protection No lotus effect Scratch resistant Minimal glare
Maintenance Customization Ease of use Hands-free
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The needs and properties listed here should not interfere with the users comfort or ability to use the device. Comfort is affected by the weight, size, adjustability, sun protection, and glare. The longevity of the product will be dictated by the durability of the materials used in its manufacturing, overall dimensions (portability), scratch resistivity of the display surface, and waterproofing (for pedestrians in wet weather conditions). Aesthetics are entirely dependent on user preference but essential for product marketing. Technical specifications, those related to the internal workings of the Navigators system, include the following user needs:
Frequently updated No technological lag Warning for nearby vehicles Language independent Computer memory
Zoom function Security levels Brightness settings Day/night settings Resolution
Settings for specific users Customization Ease of use Hands-free
The technical needs of the primary users include technological speed, information accuracy, information security, and program functions. Technological speed includes technological lag and computer memory. Information accuracy is provided by frequent updates to maps and directions. Security is necessary to protect information as well as access to various levels of detail (e.g. military bases). Program functions include warnings for nearby vehicles, language independence for multilingual nations and/or the expansion of product distribution to the global market, zoom, brightness, day/night, and display resolution. These needs should be implemented and up-to-date with the most recent technological and security standards.
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One may note the inclusion of customization, ease of use, and hands-free in both physical and technological user needs. The need for customization applies to both as the user may request different styles of frames or display surfaces, as well as the ability to customize their device to store different destinations or personal information. Moreover, the potential for subsequent updates to the Navigators device may include applications related to audio/visual entertainment or education. Likewise, ease of use is required in both physical and technical designs of the system so the user will undergo minimal or no training prior to using the Navigators device. Similarly, the need for a hands-free GPS device overlaps with physical requirements for data input mechanisms as well as the technical programming to receive the data transmitted to the device. Economic expectations, the third group of primary user needs, includes the following:
Quality Affordable
Reliable Convenient
Economical
The economic and retail standards deal with the relationship between the user, device, and its sale in retail stores nationwide. In short, this relationship and group of needs can be considered the driving force behind successful marketing of the product once it reaches widescale distribution. A more detailed breakdown of marketing needs and requirements will be determined by the marketing team at Navigators, Inc. Secondary users, such as government entities and industrial sector companies, have a different set of user needs than those of the primary users discussed above. Government entities will be largely interested in security of data and its transmission, the accuracy of provided information, as well as civilian safety. Lawmakers will enforce the passing of regulations to
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ensure user attention to the road is not inhibited by the Navigators system, similar to cell phones or other electronic devices. Government entities in this context refer to the United States government. These needs may have to be changed for other countries should the Navigators system be distributed globally. Driving laws and road regulations vary country-by-country, so the GPS program integration with the Navigators system must be considered and modified accordingly. GPS companies constitute another faction of the secondary stakeholders. Since the first generation Navigators will be used primarily for navigational purposes, GPS companies will require accessibility to data, satellite usage, and tracking information in order to provide the appropriate information to the Navigators to display on the user interface. Should future generations of the Navigators expand their scope to include audio/visual entertainment, education, or other applications, the user needs will be modified to reflect this expansion in application capabilities. The industrial sector will require materials information from users and Navigators designers for production and assembly purposes. Material selection will be important to achieve the primary user need of durability, glare and scratch resistance, and waterproofing, among others. Of the economic expectations of primary users, affordability and quality will also be of importance to industrial sector stakeholders as different materials will offer different qualities of service (e.g. a material with a greater hardness and thus resistance to scratches). These are just some of the needs considerations of secondary stakeholders in the development of Navigators devices. The user needs presented here will be used to develop the general and detailed requirements of the system, which will be presented and discussed in the next section of this report.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS System Requirements
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A requirement is something that the product must do or a quality that the product must have. A requirement exists either because the type of product demands certain functions or qualities, or the client wants that requirement to be part of the delivered product. (Monson, 2012a, p. 1). System requirements are essential for the success of the project and take up approximately 8-14% of the overall project cost (Monson, 2012a, p. 1). Moreover, system requirements help to determine the project scope. For example, they help define what is going to be developed or who will be responsible for which task. They reveal where further research is necessary during the development phases of a project. System requirements are a driving force in a project that moves it toward a final solution, rather than reversing the process (Monson, 2012a, p. 1). The main reason for spending much time on system requirements is to outline details to understand the finer points of the system and how the subsystems will interact. In the end this will save the project time and money. This allows for example a higher efficiency through communication, less time spent on revising product or service requirements during or after implementation and fewer contract changes with external vendors. With good requirements better product and service quality and performance accountability can be achieved (Monson, 2012a, p. 1). System Requirements can be divided into eight different types: functional, technical, usability, operational, security, physical, support and training requirements (Monson, 2012b, slide 61-63). Many system requirements also have a super- or sub-requirement. Superrequirements are required to be in place prior to the implementation of the given requirement. Similarly, sub-requirements can be included following the implementation of the given
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requirement. In the following pages, each type of requirement is defined and then it is applied to the Navigators system. A more detailed list of all system requirements, as well as any super- or sub-requirements, is provided in Table 2 in the Appendix. In the following will be a discussion of their contents.
Functional Requirements The functional requirements reflect what the product or service needs to do through implementation of action requirements and workflow steps (Monson, 2012b, slide 61). Simply put, it is what the Navigators are expected to do for the primary users (consumers). In considering the functional requirements for the Navigators system, the device shall display graphic overlay navigation and up-to-date information. This is extremely important for newly constructed roads or road changes so the user is still able to use the Navigators with only minimal updates required. Moreover, the system shall display directions over area viewed by users, so that if the user is turning his or her head the navigation information will still be provided in the correct orientation. This will require the implementation of a gyroscope. Given the actual maps and directional information is correct, the Navigators must also indicate the users current location by calculating the route to his or her intended destination. Route calculation requires total travel time and amount of miles to the destination. Furthermore the system shall adjust travel time to velocity of user, so the time and miles left to the destination will be updated frequently so the user will be updated about his or her travelling status. Sub-requirements of the aforementioned requirements are that the system shall provide the option for the fastest route in respect to time, the shortest route in respect to distance and most fuel efficient route. Depending on the situation or user, there might be a different purpose
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for getting to a destination requiring shortest or longest time or distance. These options will be provided for the user, as well as the ability to see where traffic may be congested along a given route. For ease of use the system shall maintain the option to save 30 destinations and maintain a record of the last 20 destinations. Because of this function, the user will save time entering his or her destination. Each user will have his or her personal destinations they frequent more than others. Furthermore, the Navigators shall automatically turn on when opening the temple arms of the glasses and automatically shut down when the user the user closes the temple arms of the glasses. Thus the user would not have to bother with giving special input for turning on or shutting down the system and it would save time in actually using the glasses. The last functional requirement for the Navigators system will be that the system shall charge its own battery.
Technical Requirements The technical requirements consider the conformance to standards and system type (Monson, 2012b, slide 61). Under these requirements, the Navigators shall use a TI M3 Context processor and a TI C6000 Digital Signal Processor for graphics realization and the system shall conform to IEEE standards. Moreover, the system shall use at minimum a 2000 mAh battery for providing the power necessary for processing and displaying information. For the ability to make the system available for every person, the system shall provide software which is compatible with the following: Windows XP or later for Microsoft operating systems, OSX 10.6 or later for Macintosh operating systems, and the most recent version of Linux. In addition the system shall provide interface software compatible with Macintosh iOS and Google Android mobile operating systems.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Usability Requirements
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The usability requirements describe how the functional requirements should be executed. Usability includes the following characteristics: user-friendly, graphic user interface, reliability, speed, accuracy and number of steps to complete the task (Monson, 2012b, slide 62). Applying the usability requirements to the Navigator system will show that the system shall be language independent. For example, there are many Spanish speaking people living in the United States who do not have English as a mother tongue. There will be an option to change the graphic information display (as well as information input) to Spanish so it is easier for these users to understand the information, especially because it is mostly technical vocabulary. The technical vocabulary may make it difficult for people to understand if English is not their native language. Moreover for future potential expansions to other countries the language function is already included. In addition to language independence, the Navigators system shall indicate status. This means that the system will show if the device is on, off, standby, or maintenance. Another usability requirement is the system shall provide fast tracking and suggestions for the user input. The user can save time so he or she does not have to remember the exact address because the system will start providing suggestions because of fast tracking (similar to internet searches). An important fact in the sense of user security is that the system shall not distract the user from their responsibility to pay attention to traffic. Therefore the system shall not provide too much information at once and the information should be shown for an amount of time that the user does not have to rush to understand it. In addition to traffic, the displayed information shall not hide important signals or signs on the street from the user. The Navigators system shall allow the user to adjust quantity and type of information displayed on the screen. Some users might
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like to see more information at once, such as driving speed, average speed, time and miles left until reaching the destination, and speed limit. Other users might be distracted by too much information and their mental workload will rise, so they might prefer to reduce the amount of information displayed on their system. With regards to the physical architecture of the system, it shall be user adjustable in the way of adjusting the bridge and the length and the angle of the temple arms, which will make it easier for the user to read the displayed information. For the subcategory graphic user interface there are several system requirements that should be taken into account. For example, the system shall provide visual navigation information. The system must provide adequate font size to be usable by persons with limited visual acuity. Because of this the system is not limited to individuals with perfect vision and opens up a greater customer base to people with limited visual acuity who may have difficulty using an internal navigation system in a car or other GPS device. Furthermore, to handle the navigation information more easily the system shall display the name of upcoming intersections and exits which should be taken. That will also show redundancy with the graphic information and so it reduces the mental load of the user. The next subcategory, reliability, will include the system requirements that the system shall experience no technical lag. The system must be 99.99% in line with actual user movement; otherwise the user will be distracted by the lag of the graphic display and not able to navigate safely. The subcategory speed will as well be considered for the Navigator system. One system requirement which will be in this subcategory is that the system shall provide navigation information five seconds after destination input from the user. Because of that a fast output will be provided and the user will get directions shortly after his/her input. A short time to
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information display following input will allow the user to start driving, walking or cycling and follow the navigation information which will show up shortly after beginning travel. With respect to time of use, system shall be usable for 30 continuous hours of average use before charging the battery. In that amount of time the driver should be at least able to complete four long distance trips or 15 trips of two hours each before recharging the system. Additionally, the Navigators system shall not average more than five minutes to install or upgrade Navigator software on the users personal computer/laptop, and they shall not average more than ten minutes to upgrade the embedded Navigator software itself. Navigators are a non-essential device for daily life, so the user shall not spend much additional time updating the system compared to its actual time in use. A final subcategory on which should be mentioned is the subcategory accuracy which will include the system requirements that the system shall measure distance to three meters accuracy. Moreover, the system shall display distance to the user in the largest unit denomination greater than or equal to one. For example, if the distance to a destination is half a mile, the total distance will be provided in feet, rather than 0.5 miles. Additionally, the system shall use accurate industry-standard geographic information. The last requirement is especially important in the sense of new streets or rearranging the route of the street or size of the street. The graphic overlay of navigation information will not only provide directions on the road but they will also take into account the number of lanes and adjust arrows accordingly.
Operational Requirements The operational requirements are a subcategory of the system requirements that describe the environment around the use of the presented system (Monson, 2012b, slide 62). Operational
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requirements for the Navigator system first include that the system shall be light intensity adjustable. This is extremely important in the case of bright sunlight or darkness that the user is still able to see the displayed navigation information and the surrounding signs, signals and traffic. According to the different climate areas in the United States and with that the different temperature levels the system shall tolerate temperatures between -50 to 55 degrees Celsius (USA Today, 2011a & USA Today, 2011b). This will be even more important when the system will be expanded for people all over the world. The same reason as mentioned before about the different climate areas will come up with the next system requirement that the system shall withstand 100% humidity. Additionally, dependant on the humidity and the surrounding weather the system shall not cloud the vision of the user. This point will be very important for people going from cold areas to warm area, such as going from outside on cold winter day to inside a warm car.
Security Requirements The security requirements will include confidentiality, accessibility and legal considerations about the considered system (Monson, 2012b, slide 62). Overall the system shall not replace manual driving skills. The driver still has to consider surrounding traffic and signs and streets which might be different to the information displayed in the glasses. In the sense of accessibility the Navigators system shall not have sharp edging that someone would be able to cut him- or herself while using the Navigators. Moreover, the system shall not pinch the finger of the user when opening the temple arms of the glasses. Additionally, the Navigators lenses shall be made of safety glasses that in the case of an accident the glasses will not cut the face of the
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user or damage their eyes. In the case of the system accidentally being dropped on the ground, the display interface will not be made of material that can easily shatter. The system shall not cause health problems by people using the Navigation. Material use will include safe, approved plastics and metals for proximity to the human face. Legal considerations in the security requirements subcategory will include that system conforms to IT, federal and military security standards. Furthermore, the system shall not be used by any driver under 18 years of age because there are laws about usage of hands free devices in some states which will forbid the use for people under the age of 18 (Minnesota Department of Public Safety Driver and Vehicle Services Division, 2012). Therefore the presented requirement is to prevent the user from breaking state and federal driving laws. In relation to the previous requirement (but not entirely regulated by the law), the system shall not be recommended for use by pedestrian or cyclist under 12 years of age. This, again, is for user safety and compliance with transportation laws. For confidentiality the Navigator system shall be encrypted to security standards. Personal destinations should be not accessible by other users (or even the government with certain privacy laws). Furthermore, people should not be able to hack into the Navigator system and be able to change to displayed information to cause an accident or crime.
Physical Requirements Another subcategory of the system requirements are the physical requirements, which include equipment size limitations, portability, weight limitations, materials, durability and company brand requirements (Monson, 2012b, slide 62). With regards to size limitations, the system shall not exceed 7.5 x 3.8 x 3.3 inches when stored in a spectacle case and the system
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shall not exceed 7.5 x 7.5 x 3.8 inches when in use. With these size limitations, the Navigators will not exceed the size of sunglasses by much. It will be a convenient and familiar size for primary users. In addition to the size limitation is a weight limitation. The system shall not exceed seven ounces, which was determined to be appropriate for a glasses system to avoid irritation of the neck or face. Moving on to the category materials-durability, the frame shall have a chrome finish. Moreover, the Navigators shall be sold with a storage case that protects the device against crushing, torque and scratches. Damage to the glasses could impede the view of the user and with that distract the user from the surrounding traffic. Repairs to the device could potentially be expensive. The glass display surface itself shall be transparent and have sun protection. Transparency will allow a user to use the Navigators at night. The sun protection is important for drivers of convertible cars who would probably not use the Navigators without sun protection because in a convertible there is a high risk of sun burns. This fact will also be important for bicycle riders and pedestrians using the Navigators. In very humid weather conditions or in the case of dirt clinging to the glasses, the system shall provide glasses with no lotus effect. This implementation will allow the dirt or water to run down the glasses automatically so no cleaning is required during use. This, again, will minimize distractions for the user. Considering the design of the glasses, the Navigators shall be released in a modern design and in different colors. Additionally the system shall provide a storage case in at least 10 different colors. These requirements reflect the customization and the user might feel more related or attached to the glasses when choosing their own design. Furthermore the Navigators surface shall not exceed 38 degrees Celsius so that the user will not be burned by the device. For
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long distance travel or extensive use of the Navigators, the system shall provide a place in the storage case for an alternative battery.
Support Requirements Support requirements include maintainability and service level requirements (Monson, 2012b, slide 63). According to support requirements, the system shall operate without maintenance for a period of at least one year. Moreover, the system shall be repairable because of higher quality and software and not be a one-time technical device. The Navigators shall be updateable. Because of this the newest software updates will be available for the user of the Navigators. Additionally, the system shall have a maintenance panel with which the repair or maintenance can be done. The system will indicate which the part of the Navigators which needs repair or maintenance. Similar to the previously mentioned requirement is the requirement that the system shall internally notify technical support representatives of malfunctions for immediate repair. Furthermore, the system shall include a care manual with which the user will not clean or maintain the Navigators incorrectly and with this reduce repairs and damages to the system. Since the Navigators are easy to use and are used (at this point) only during travel, the system shall only require in-depth cleaning and repair after six months. If a repair is necessary to the Navigators there should be a service representative available 24 hours per day and the system shall be repaired within five business days of service call. Training Requirements The training requirements will include the details about training the trainer, training specified number of business or technical users and the number of hours or days are used for
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training (Monson, 2012b, slide 63). With regards to the Navigators system, no prior training shall be required on part of the user, but the system shall provide access to tutorials for first-time users. Because of this users with more experience with technical devices will be able to use the Navigators with intuitive ease, and users with less experience with technical devices can use the tutorials prior to their first use and become familiar with the device.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Functional Analysis
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Functional analysis is one of the most basic tools in systems engineering, and is used extensively to develop the system architecture, where the components of the system can be further defined. This simple tool allows engineers and designers to look beyond what is currently available into the realm of what is possible. Frequently, engineering teams will look to the current market to derive products, and use preconceived notions of acceptable to do design work. However, this is frequently insufficient, especially in high tech industries where innovation is key. When systems engineers begin to design new products, a functional analysis is done to truly understand what is needed from the product and what is not. This helps take the potential product out of the physical world, and allow the engineer to forgo any design that has previously been developed. It also allows the engineer to become more in tune with how and where the product will be used, so as to better design the physical components later in the process. Thus, functional analysis is especially important during the initial, preliminary stages of design, when the item to be produced is still a somewhat vague concept, and can be molded throughout the process to end at the most suitable and innovative design. For the product in question, the functional analysis was just as any other would be. It was a walkthrough of what the product needed to do, and what it did not need to do. The functional analysis in any electromechanical system is slightly more complex, simply because of the complexity of the end result. Shown below are the functions deemed appropriate for this product.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS What does this system need to do? Switch on/off Regulate Power Supply to Elements Recharge Monitor Power Supply Level Record System Failure Details Supply Software Supply GIS Database Record User Preferences Record Destinations Prioritize Functions Render Display Handle System Failures Detect Display Orientation Detect GPS Location Connect to Wireless Device Display Directions Report System Failure Query User Preferences Listen for Voice Commands
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At this point, it is useful to define the states this system must be in, as this will help further define the tasks that need to be accomplished to define this system as a success. In this system, the states that are possible are as follows
Navigation Off Computer Control
Recharging Pre-Shutoff.
Simply from these states, a lot can be gleaned about the needed system. When in the Navigation state, the system is operating at nearly full capacity. The system is displaying directions overlaid on the environment to the user, and it is continually updating position and direction to provide accurate directions. It is also consuming power, communicating to a GPS satellite, and can communicate to a Bluetooth device such as a cell phone to acquire directions. In addition, this state is the only one in which the system communicates any problems encountered to the user, so the glasses need to be continuously monitoring for software faults and
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firmware issues to display. This state is the primary state in which the user will interact with the system, thus nearly every function needs to be operating during this time. The second state is the Off state. This state is fairly self-explanatory, and is the state in which the system is not in use. Note that there is no standby state, as this system is unlikely to need one. Since the system is only on when the temple bars are open, they are likely to be on someones face at that point. When they are shut, the glasses cannot be in use, and can simply be off. The next state available is Computer Control. This state is important, as the glasses themselves will not have any tactile control on themselves. Thus, any updates or troubleshooting that is needed shall be done on another device. When in this state, the system will not be displaying anything, and thus will not be available for use. However, the processor and data storage components still need to be operational in order for the computer resolve any issues. These issues need not be flaws in the system; they may be standard upkeep such as updating firmware, updating the GIS data, or setting Bluetooth preferences. Conversely, they indeed may be issues in the software, problems connecting to GPS satellites, or data storage problems. In this state, the system need not draw power from its own battery, as the processor can simply draw power from the device it is connected to. The next state listed is very similar to Computer Control; Recharging. In the Recharging state, the processor is not available, nor the display. There is no user interaction, and the only part of the system functioning is the battery. Thus, it is almost the inverse of the Computer Control state. The final state that logically is defined is Pre-Shutoff. This state is complex, as it is a state defined between two states: Navigation and Off. Between these two, all data input into the system during operation needs to be stored for use the next time the system is used. This data can range from user preferences, to locations navigated to, to preferring to avoid highways in
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navigation. In order to accomplish this, the glasses need to stay active long enough after closing the temple bars to access the data storage, save data, and then power down. From the list of necessary functions, a map of how all the functions interact can be developed, as shown on page 65 of the Appendix. Initially disregarding the coloring of the diagram, this is a simple map of how the functions themselves need to communicate. This will useful as it helps drill down and split up the system into independent subsystems that can be further refined by physical design. This map can also be used to break down the system into software components. These hardware and software definitions are two separate decompositions, and will be referred to as the system architecture and software architecture, respectively. The software architecture becomes clear from the functional analysis, although it is not the focus of this design process. It is highly likely that the way the processor and data storage hardware is designed and built by suppliers will define how the software functions with it. In addition, this system would likely not have proprietary software initially, and this portion of the end result would be outsourced to a reliable software company. This would lend the highest likelihood of producing a reliable operating system to ensure success. The choice was made to draw the borders of the box of the system to not include the programming aspect. The system architecture, however, is almost fully realizable straight from the functional analysis. Again referring to the diagram on page 65 of the Appendix, the systems processes start in the bottom left corner. Supply power is obviously the first thing done, which is followed by regulating the power supply. This would be necessary as the different components of the system, i.e. the display, the processor, the antennae, ect., would likely all require different voltages to operate. This is the first example of the system architecture influencing the physical design directly.
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Following the power components, the firmware starts. This is the first function carried out by the processor, and will need to occur first in order to awake the other parts of the processor, and to ensure the processor is in proper working order initially. At this point, the system executes processes. This is a blanket term used intentionally to create loops. This may mean a multitude of processes but since the brain of the processor carries them all out, little attention will be given to them individually. From this point, the first thing done would be the detection of wireless device input, as the wireless device can be used to indicate desired address. From this point, the flow goes to analyze input streams, which is another blanket term used to create a loop of processes. This node will stand for the analysis of all inputs, both from antennae and the user. The processor then updates the parameters, and computes the process outputs. This essentially means that it updates the processor and creates new inputs for the processor to take into account. The processor must then prioritize its processes. This is a dependency on the likelihood of using a single core processor able of doing one thing at a time. This constraint is imposed under the assumption that a single core processor will be smaller, and thus easier to allocate space for on a system as small as a pair of eyeglasses. This also has the added benefit of likely producing less heat, which would make the user much more comfortable. From this point, the flow goes back to the execution of processes, which completes one loop. The second loop likely to be made is the detection of the GPS signal, as this is the primary purpose of the system. This would require triangulation of the signal by the satellite, as well as the transfer of information to and from the GPS antenna. These processes were all encapsulated in one node, as this is one single process that needs to be completed. The next logical process to be completed is the computation of an optimal route. This would immediately begin following the acquisition of a GPS signal and a location to navigate to.
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This should be a relatively short process, and the computational power should be minimal. This process will be influenced by preselected preferences of the user, such as the avoidance of highways. This would then go into the computation of process outputs, and prioritized to be sent back to the execution node. At this point, there are three more nodes in the loop. All of these are processes that would be happening in tandem, although not literally. As mentioned before, the processor would likely only handle one process at a time, so the processor would have to work with its internal clock to ensure the following functions are completed once every few milliseconds. The first function is the detection of the display orientation. This would allow the glasses themselves to alter the display based on the direction of the head of the user. This would be particularly useful when the user looked up or to the side while moving forward. The next function that happens periodically in the loop is the detection of vocal input. The monitoring of this every few milliseconds is the most effective way of processor allocation, as even a large delay (in milliseconds) of the detection of a command is highly unlikely to affect the end result, or the reaction of the system. When vocal input is detected, this node is the priority in the entire loop, and until vocal input is no longer detected, will be the only thing done in the loop. After this input is ended, the input is analyzed and input back into the execution phase of the processing. The last periodic function that occurs is the monitoring of the available power. This is necessary to determine the life left in the battery, as with most electronics today. As the rate of change in the charge left in the battery is unlikely to be high, this process can be monitored less often than all others in the loop and still be effective. When the system recognizes that it is in distress, it can then go to the handling of system failure. This node is followed by reporting the system failure to the user, which has two outputs.
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This failure is recorded by the system, such that it can be addressed, and it also directs to the rendering of graphic output. This process then flows to the displaying of the information on the lenses. The rendering and displaying of the graphic output are not limited to system failures of course, and are connected to the computation of process outputs, as can be seen in the diagram. The final few nodes in the map are solely when the system is connected to a computer. Starting from the top left of the map, the system needs to first allow itself to be controlled by an external device. This node is then connected to three nodes suboridinate to it, which can occur in any sequence. The first is trouble-shooting issues, which is where the solution is to the problems that occur when in operation. While in this node, the user interacts with the computer to gain more insight into the problem, see the best way to fix it, and possibly connect to the Internet to let the problem be resolved by others. Another node the needs a computer is the updating of the firmware. This is required as things become newer, faster, and better than before. The third and final node in this system is the updating of the GIS system. This is necessary every so often so as to keep up to date on the newest construction of roads, and to ensure that the directions to be offered. All of the processes relating to the computer, as well as the processes in the execution of the normal software of the system need to access a save function, indicated by the store function node. In the final stages of this systems operation, the power is cut to all functions. This is the end of the map, as after this node is passed, there is no more power to function.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS OV-5
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IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS System Architecture
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From the preceding analysis, there are a number of subsystems that these functions can be decomposed into. These subsystems help design the product, as their further definition will help produce requirements that the components of the subsystems will need to address. After considering these functions, the following subsystems were deemed appropriate Power Control Subsystem Wireless Subsystem User Input Subsystem Processor Subsystem Display Subsystem Maintenance Subsystem
These subsystems also communicate in a specific way that can be mapped out as shown in Figure
4. The system architecture is helpful not only in realization of the inner workings of the product,
but also the inner workings of the product design process. Through this architecture, the project may be divided among several teams, and the communication lines between nodes in the map indicate essential communications that need to take place between functional development teams in order to ensure that the system will operate as intended.
Figure 4. Navigators System Architecture
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Physical Architecture and Its Verification and Validation (V&V)
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The Navigators: GPS Glasses System, herein after referred to as the device, shall be implemented with hardware and software, along with accompanying advanced technologies. This physical implementation is divided into separate subsystems to be designed, in order to obtain the benefits of modularity and compact design. The subsystems are Power Control, Processor, Wireless Communication, User Input, and Display. After the design is complete, verification and validation (V&V) tests are conducted to ensure proper and consistent operation of each component in each subsystem.
Power Control System The purpose of the power control system is to provide a stable and appropriate supply of power to the device. The implementation is comprised of a battery storage device and a voltage regulator and control system. The five volt battery will provide the required potential to the devices digital systems, and will provide the appropriate power rating, high enough to support the power intensive applications on the device, most notably the display light source and projection. Other power intensive applications include wireless broadcast antennas for Bluetooth and GPS. The particular battery technology will also adhere to size and safety constraints of the device. The particular requirements can be found in the system requirements document; however it suffices to mention here that the battery size will be hidden, with its weight indistinguishable from the weight of the device. The safety considerations include the chemical potential and temperature effects as potential health hazards to the user. Design considerations such as the battery encasing and limits on power draw are design solutions to these requirements.
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A mechanical switch shall be located on the hinges of the device, completing an electrical circuit when the glasses are opened and disconnecting when the hinges of the device are closed. The switch provides a direct means of powering off the device. This can be accomplished by a number of methods, a couple of which are mentioned here. The switch in Figure 5 shows an implementation that fully disconnects power to the device. In other words, the mechanical switch fully determines power to the device. In an alternative implementation, the switch may instead provide a status signal to the power control system. Based on the status signal, the control system can power the device in a variety of low power configurations. This decision is left to further consideration in collaboration with the design engineering team. A voltage regulator is the interface between the battery and the devices components requiring electrical power. The voltage regulator will provide the means for a stable power supply by regulating changes in the output due to a change in load current or a change in input supply voltage from the battery and will provide a constant reliable source for the device, limiting noise and variation in the supply characteristics. Additional control circuitry will power different components of the system at different amounts in response to the real time power demands for energy efficiency. The control circuitry will be a simple passive network. A further means of protection is the addition of fuses between the regulator and the various device components receiving electrical power. This will prevent overcurrent and severe device destruction and user harm.
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Figure 5. Power Control Subsystem system schematic.
The verification and validation of the Power Control Subsystem is accomplished with a number of electrical and mechanical tests conducted by the systems engineering team. The natures of the tests are component based and functional-system based. The components, systems, and tests can be seen in Figure 6. The test plan shows that each component will be tested on its individual characteristics, followed by system tests for more complicated functions. Finally, the entire subsystem is tested before being integrated into the device. The power control subsystem provides the electrical supply for the device, but is also a hazard source for the user. The verification and validation tests must adhere to heavy safety standards, and the risk analysis must determine the acceptable range of results for the V&V tests for this system.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS 1.0 Power Control Subsystem Component Micro USB connecting to battery Battery Pack Verification Test Electrical Test Inspection (Size), Current Draw Test, Max Stress Test (Temperature and Durability) Contact Test (Electricity), Life Cycle Testing, Accelerated Fatigue testing of spring loading mechanism Electrical Output Test Electrical and Logic Tests Submerge to 20m and check for leakage.
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Switch Voltage Regulator Voltage Regulator to Battery Waterproof Seal
1.0 Power Verification
Control
Inspection, Test current draw, Test current at open and closed switch positions, Test Subsystem durability, Test regulator when one or more components changes voltage requirements.
Figure 6. Verification and Validation Tests for the Power Control Subsystem.
Processor System The purpose of the processor system is to compute and implement functions and algorithms central to operation of the device. This system also serves as the primary interface between the other subsystems of the device. It is therefore apparent that the processor subsystem implements several diverse functions using its computational blocks. The nature of the specific microprocessor(s) and interface chips are left to the design engineering team. Here, the required functions are described relative to their importance to the subsystems required characteristics. The processor subsystem is composed of a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), data storage devices, and power and data buses. The standard software of the device is included in the processor subsystem as a fundamental component for implementing the various functions. The buses and connections are illustrated in Figure 7. In general, the chips are connected to the power supply, and each processor performs a function for each subsystem.
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Figure 7. Processor Subsystem system schematic. The Wireless Communication sends information to the processor from the devices antennas. The data may need to be decrypted and will need to be processed to useful information for the other subsystems such as maintenance updates or display information. The User Input Subsystem sends raw data from the user from a microphone as analog data, and also from a micro USB port in the form of digital data. The processor must perform analog to digital conversion for sound information, to be sent to the DSP. Data from the serial bus should be able to be stored and accessed in memory by any other function of the processor subsystem. The digital signal processor handles sound and graphics intensive applications such as producing specialized graphics or rendering the display. The DSP obtains information from the processor, and directly outputs to the user output components, primarily the projection display.
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2.0 Processor Subsystem Component Verification Test Inspection, Memory tests, Timing Tests, Stress Tests, Power Comsumption tests, Check for voltage spikes, Set up test circuit, test outputs. Electrical and Logic Tests Electrical and Logic Tests, Sample tests Electrical and Logic Tests Electrical and Logic Tests Electrical tests and trial data transfers. Electrical test for maximum efficiency Unit Test
Processor Digital Signal Processor Processor to DSP Processor to Microphone Processor to Memory Processor to Wireless Subsystem Processor to Micro USB/Computer Processor to Power Control Software 2.1 - Software Maintenance Component Warning Messages Power Supply Shutdown Updates to GPS software Bluetooth Updates Firmware Updates 2.1 Maintenance Verification
Verification Test Induced critical state, from Processor Induced critical state, from Processor Load initial software, knows of update Load initial software, knows of update Load initial software, knows of update
inspection of output inspection of output check that processor check that processor check that processor
Subsystem Software download test, check for download successful
2.0 Processor Subsystem Verification
Initial software download, render a display, access all memory channels, obtain GPS direction set, access power control system, Voice control test
Figure 8. Verification and Validation tests for the Processor Subsystem.
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The software is composed of algorithms for performing the mentioned functions. The specific implementation of these algorithms and programs is highly dependent on the design constraints and are thus left to the design engineering team. It suffices to say that the software shall accomplish with the processor subsystem hardware all the functions described here. The processor subsystem requires much more technical specification and consequently, much more technical V&V testing. Such tests for each component can be found in Figure 8. This computerized system can be tested by modeling the environment the processor will embed. Much of the tests can be automated to test a breadth of test cases and can be repeated for redundancy checks.
Wireless Communication System The purpose of the wireless communication system is to provide access to Bluetooth and GPS technologies for device communication. The physical architecture incorporates an antenna transceiver system for both technologies. The inputs and outputs to the system are power and data. The power is supplied by the power control system, and it should be noted that the higher power requirements for this system indicate the need for risk safety analysis. The temperature and radiation are factors for potential hazardous to the user. The raw data demodulated by the system is sent to the processor system via data buses for computation and use by the device. The specifications of the transceiver systems, as well as the specifications for the power and data buses are highly dependent on the design implementation of the processor and power systems, and are thus left to the design engineering group. The validation and verification of the wireless communication system is composed of tests on the individual antenna transceiver systems, data and power buses, and on the entire
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wireless subsystem as a whole. The test plan can be seen in Figure 10. As with any other system, integration tests are conducted to ensure correct operation of a subsystem in its supersystem. For V&V, the components must be tested in a modeled environment independent from the device itself. For example, testing a component such as the Bluetooth transceiver system will require the creation of an ideal functioning environment modeling the glasses and environment. Such an environment will be composed of a known clean power signal, data buses to a processor, and clean wireless signals. Clearly, test cases can be varied here, and will be done so for breadth in the V&V test plan. Redundancy or consistency is also an important measure for validation and will thus be incorporated into the test plan.
Figure 9. Wireless Subsystem system schematic.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS 3.0 Wireless Subsystem Communication
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Component Power Supply to GPS antenna Power Suppy to Bluetooth Antenna Processor to GPS Antenna (and reverse) Processor to Bluetooth Antenna (and reverse) GPS Antenna to Satellite Bluetooth Antenna funtionality
Verification Test Electrical and Signal transmission test Electrical and Signal transmission test Signal Transmission Test (Both Ways) Signal Transmission Test (Both Ways) Isolated connection test Build test circuit, attach antenna, connect to peripheral device Send/Recieve data on both wireless technologies, intelligent power supply test. Cycle on/off with power supply to ensure no extraneous current draw.
3.0 Wireless Subsystem Verification
Figure 10. Verification and Validation for the Wireless Communication Subsystem.
User Input System The purpose of the User Input System is to transfer data between the user and the device. It is composed of two distinct components, the audio input (microphone) and the digital data input (micro-USB port), as can be seen in Figure 11. The user input system requires a power bus connection from the power control system, and is connected to the devices processor system. The microphone will be required to sense the range of audible frequencies, as its primary use is voice recognition. Furthermore, the microphone shall reject noise or undesirable signals as it is important to prevent noise from propagating through the devices systems. The micro-USB port shall adhere to its industry standards. Since the bus will be used for both power and data, appropriate tests must be created, as mentioned in the verification and validation tests in Figure 12. Since the micro-USB port follows an industry standard, this component will see little to no modifications for the devices purposes.
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Figure 11. User Input Subsystem system schematic.
The verification and validation testing for the user input system is not safety critical, so test cases will focus more on functional ability. The V&V test plan and components list can be found in Figure 12, where the subsystem integration is listed at the end. It should be noted that a system integration test for each subsystem will be conducted, though is not listed. This system integration test (SIT) shall test the interaction and behavior of the subsystems connected together in the device.
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4.0 User Input Subsystem Component Microphone Micro-USB Port Verification Test Build test circuit, test range and sensitivity Signal Integrity Test, Transmission Accuracy Test Receive Sound Data from microphone and output on oscilloscope. Receive Data on USB and observe data on oscilloscope.
4.0 User Input Subsystem Verification
Figure 12. Verification and Validation Tests for the User Input Subsystem.
Display System The purpose of the display system is to provide a user interface and acquire user preferences and commands. The display system is implemented using existing advanced projection technology, composed of the sunglasses visor and optics to provide a simulated screen upon the lens of the device. It can be seen from Figure 14 that the display system is composed more specifically of special optical lenses, a light source, a color filter, a digital light processing (DLP) chip, and information from the processor subsystem. In general, the optical lenses and the light source provide the intensity and color of light for the screen projection, while the DLP chip provides the mirrors and pixel handling capabilities, hence why the DLP chip consumes the data from the processor system to render the display. The verification and validation of the display system involves safety and risk analysis, due to the optics proximity to the human eye. Thus aside from component and system tests, the V&V tests must provide data to safety and risk analyses due to potential harm to the user from intense light. The component and systems tests can be found in Figure 13.
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5.0 Display Subsystem Component Verification Test Excess Temperature and Vibration Test, Optical Viewing Test, Radiation Exposure Tests Image Transmittance Test, Durability Test Set up test circuit, test outputs. Image Transmittance Test, Durability Test Optical Test. Filter Output Test. Image Transmittance Test, Durability Test Intensity Test, Focus and Direction Test Display a sample of a screen image on the glasses.
Glasses/Lens Projection Lens Digital Light Processor (DLP) Chip Shaping Lens Color Filter Condensing Lens Light Source
5.0 Display Subsystem Verification
Figure 13. Verification and Validation test plan for the output Display System.
Figure 10. Display Subsystem system schematic.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Risk
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IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Conclusion
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The system design contained in this report has successfully addressed the problem of user distraction during navigation practices. Navigators are the new way of transmitting and displaying travel information for pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers. They will revolutionize the market with their innovative design and much needed functionality; blending in like a pair of sunglasses, they create a fashionable look that fulfills a need for less distracting navigation for users. Following their imminent success, this semi-virtual reality system will expand to include educational and entertainment programs for an even wider consumer base.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Bibliography C4ISR Architecture Framework, Version 2.0. DoDAF. 18 December 1997. INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook: A How To Guide for All Engineers, Version 2.0. July 2000.
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Gray, C. and Larson, E. Project Management: The Managerial Process (5th Edition) McGrawHill Irwin 2011. Minnesota Department of Public Safety Driver and Vehicle Services Division (2012), Minnesota Drivers manual. Retrieved from Minnesota Department of Public Safety Driver and Vehicle Services Division website: https://dps.mn.gov/divisions/dvs/formsdocuments/Documents/Minnesota_Drivers_Manual.pdf Monson, R. (2012b), RequirementsDefinition_0312 (Power Point Presentation). Retrieved from Robert J. Monsons University Class Materials website: http://www.mninter.net/~rjmonson/UniversityClasses/IE5111/Lecture%2005/ Monson, R. (2012a), ReqDefinition (Word Document). Retrieved from Robert J. Monsons University Class Material website: http://www.mninter.net/~rjmonson/UniversityClasses/IE5111/Lecture%2005/Archive/Req uirements%20Analysis USA Today (2011a), Each state's low temperature record. Retrieved from USA Today website: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/wcstates.htm USA Today (2011b), Each state's high temperature record. Retrieved from USA Today website: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/weather/wheat7.htm Viola, Nicole, Sabrina Corpino, Marco Fioriti, and Fabrizio Stesina. "Functional Analysis in Systems Engineering: Methodology and Applications." Systems Engineering - Practice and Theory. N.p.: InTech, 2012. 71-96. Print.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Appendix
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IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS AV-1 Name: Architects: Navigators Alex Andrews, Belinda Befort, Emily Chen, Stephanie Cramer, Alex Martinez, Kevin Um, Meagan Young Develop a n affordable, compact, hands-free GPS device for a more expansive customer base.
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Purpose:
Scope: Project Objective: To design a high-quality, hands-free optical device to display GPS information within four months at a cost not to exceed $5,000,000. Deliverables: 1. A lightweight optical device that displays GPS information while not impairing normal eyesight functions. 2. GPS device not requiring the use of hands while worn. 3. Limited user distraction while using various methods of transportation. Milestones: 1. Completion of AV-1, OV-1, OV-2 (October 1, 2012) 2. Develop User Needs (October 8, 2012) 3. Develop System Requirements (October 15, 2012) 4. Complete Functional Analysis and submit individual OV-5 (October 29, 2012) 5. Develop system architecture (November 5, 2012) 6. Setup Verification and Validation of system (November 26, 2012) 7. Risk Management analysis (December 3, 2012) 8. Final presentation and report (December 10, 2012) Technical Requirements: See System Requirements Limits and Exclusions: See Rules, Criteria, and Conventions Followed Design basic framework of a hands-off optical device that displays GPS information to be presented by December 2012. Mission: To develop a hands-free, customizable GPS device that will provide directions, traffic warnings, and road hazards for users of various modes of transportation, including pedestrians, bikers, and drivers.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS AV-1 Threat:

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Increased distraction GPS resolution Technology lag/timing with real-time movements Malfunctions Ergonomic issues eyestrain, too heavy for ears/neck, etc. Cost
Geographical Region of Interest: Begin in United States, expand globally. Rules, Criteria, and Conventions Followed: 1. GPS satellite connectivity is required to retrieve user location and update real-time directions. 2. System is for a single user. 3. Device to be sold in technology stores nationwide 4. Individual calibration for varying levels of eyesight required on-site for customization of glasss prior to purchase of device.. 5. The system shall be safe for use by licensed drivers., cautious cyclists, and pedestrians. Stakeholders:
Users Pedestrians Bikers Drivers Government o Federal o Military o Department of Transportation o Department of Motor Vehicles o Public Transportation Private Sector o GPS o Optical
o o o
Power (battery) Competitors Audio Industrial o Materials o Production o Automakers IT/computer Future Expansions o Education o Entertainment Movies Radio/Music Games
o o o
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS AV-1 Findings:
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One major shortfall is the weight and size of the system. Such a system would require voice recognition, a power source, and enough processing power to transmit and receive data, display GPS graphics, provide audio directions, as well as other functions detailed in the following documents. The system would ideally take up no more space than a typical pair of sunglasses, although the increased functionality will require slightly larger dimensions. There will have to be an additional battery pack, perhaps clipped to the user or chargeable via piezoelectrics or solar. It is recommended that the glasses weigh less than 5 oz, since the typical pair of sunglasses weigh about half that. Another limitation/shortfall is the current ability of GPS technology/update speed, and current knowledge. Not all roads are available via GPS, and it is important that info is continually updated.
Issues:

Unsolvable threats and constraints. Possible lack of available technology (thin, transparent screen)
Assumptions and Constraints
The system will allow people to use GPS technology in a hands-free, convenient way. Ideally it will lower distractions for those using transportation such as bicycles or automobiles. The system will be designed in such a way that it can be expanded to other uses, such as radio, internet, and entertainment. The architecture is designed to work in ambient outdoor conditions, from about -20 C to 50 C. It will be waterproof, so it can work in light rain or snow. Architects assume GPS signal will be strong under all conditions, and the system is not to be used as a replacement for normal transportation operating protocol. IEEE standards and all DOT codes for GPS devices are followed. Any consumer codes of facial accessories are followed. The GPS Glasses are connected to other industries via the use of GPS technology and information.
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Table 1 High-Level Operational Node Connectivity Description (OV-2) Need Lines # Relationship 1 IT : Navigators 2 Navigators : IT 3 Users : Navigators 4 Navigators : Users Description
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Security codes and encryptions are implemented in Navigators device. Regular security scans and updates sent from device to IT provider. User will provide input to the Navigators (voice or Bluetooth input). Navigators will provide navigation information in visual form to the User.
5 Retail store : Navigators Navigators are sold at retail stores. 6 GPS : Navigators 7 Navigators : GPS 8 Government : Navigators GPS will provide navigation information to the Navigators. Navigators will provide real-time location updates to the GPS. Government will set rules about usage or displayed information to the Navigators Industrial will provide materials and manufacturing of Navigators. Government will set design and manufacturing laws for the associated industries. Industry will follow and provide input for laws regarding design and manufacturing. Users provide aesthetic preferences to retail store. Retail stores will provide aesthetically pleasing device for customers. Government will set security standards for IT. IT will implement and provide continuous feedback on security standards. Industrial will make different style frames and lenses for stores to sell. Retail will provide customer preferences (e.g. color) to industry. Government will set laws for the use of the glasses to the users. Government will set laws and regulations for private sector (GPS). IT provides security code and encryption for satellite data. Power for Navigators to function.
9 Industrial : Navigators 10 Government : Industrial 11 Industrial : Government 12 Users :Retail Store 13 Retail Store : Users 14 Government : IT 15 IT : Government 16 Industrial : Retail Store 17 Retail Store : Industrial 18 Government : Users 19 Government : GPS 20 IT : GPS 21 Power : Navigators
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Table 2 Detailed System Requirements # 1.0 Requirement Functional The device shall display graphic overlay navigation information. 1.1 1.2, 1.14, 3.10, 3.12, 3.13 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.13, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.11, 3.14 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 2.1 2.2, 3.7 SuperReq SubReq
1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
The device shall display up-to-date information. The device shall display directions over area viewed by user. The system shall provide the option for the fastest route in respect to time. The system shall provide the option for the shortest route in respect to distance. The system shall provide option for the most fuel efficient route. The system shall maintain a record of the most recently entered 20 destinations. The system shall allow the user to select from up to 30 saved destinations.
1.10 The system shall charge its own battery. 1.11 1.12 1.13 The system shall automatically turn on when opening the temple arms of the glasses. The system shall automatically shut down when the closing the temple arms of the glasses. The system shall adjust estimated travel time to velocity of user.
1.1 1.1
1.14 The system shall indicate the users current location.
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2.0 2.1
Technical The system shall use a TI M3 Cortex processor. The system shall conform to IEEE standards. 2.2 1.7, 1.8 1.10, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
2.2
2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
The system shall use a TI C6000 Digital Signal Processor for graphics realization. The system shall use at least a 2000 mAh battery The system shall provide software which is compatible with Microsoft operating systems Windows XP or later. The system shall provide software which is compatible with Macintosh operating systems OSX 10.6 or later. The system shall provide software which is usable for Linux users. The system shall provide interface software compatible with Macintosh iOS and Google Android mobile operating systems.
2.8
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
Usability The system shall indicate status. The system shall be language independent. The system shall provide adequate font size to be usable by persons with limited visual acuity. The system shall display the name of upcoming intersections and transit ways. The user shall experience no technological lag. The system shall provide navigation information 5s after destination input from the user. 1.1 1.1, 3.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 3.3
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3.7 3.8 3.9
The system shall be continuously usable for at least 30 hours of average use before recharging the battery. The system shall provide fast tracking/suggestions of the user input. The system shall be user adjustable.
1.10
3.10 The system shall measure distance to 3 meter accuracy. 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 The system shall display distance in the largest unit denomination greater than or equal to 1. The system shall not distract the user from their environmental traffic. The system shall use accurate industry-standard geographic information. The system shall allow the user to adjust the type and quantity of information displayed on the screen. The system shall not exceed more than 5 minutes to install or upgrade Navigator software on the users personal computer. The system shall not exceed more than 10 minutes to upgrade the embedded Navigators software. 1.1 7.3 7.3 1.1
1.1
1.1 1.1
4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5
Operational The system shall be light intensity adjustable. The system shall be background noise adjustable. The system shall tolerate temperatures between -50 to 55 degrees Celsius. The system shall withstand 100% humidity. The system shall not cloud the vision of the user. 4.3, 4.4 4.5 4.5
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5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9
Security The Navigators lenses shall use safety glass. The frame shall not have sharp edging. The frame shall not pinch the finger when opening the Navigators temple arms. The system shall conform to IT security standards. The system shall conform to federal security standards. The system shall conform to military security standards. The system shall not be used by any drivers under 18 years of age. The system shall not be recommended for use by pedestrians or cyclists under 12 years of age. The system shall be encrypted to security standards. 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.4, 5.5 5.10 5.7, 5.8, 5.10 5.9
5.10 The system shall not replace manual driving skills.
6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6
Physical The Navigators shall have a modern design. The system shall have a chrome finish. The system shall be released in different colors. The system shall not exceed 7.5x3.8x3.3 in when stored in spectacle case. The Navigators surface temperature shall not exceed 40 degrees Celsius. The Navigators case shall contain a storage unit for an additional reserve battery. 6.7 6.1 6.2, 6.3, 6.13
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6.7 6.8 6.9
The Navigators shall be sold with a storage case that protects the device against crushing, torque and scratches. The Navigators storage case shall be offered in 10 different 6.7 colors. The system shall provide glasses with the lotus effect.
6.6, 6.8
6.10 The system shall provide transparent glasses. 6.11 The system shall not exceed 7.5 x 7.5 x 3.8 when in use. 6.12 The system shall not exceed 7 oz. 6.13 The system shall use brushed aluminum for the frame. 6.14 The system shall use [company brand] for [material]. 6.15 The system shall provide sun protection glasses. 6.1
7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9
Support The system shall operate without maintenance for a period of at least one year. The system shall be repairable. The system shall be updateable. The system shall have a maintenance panel. The system shall require in-depth cleaning after 6 months. The system shall include a care manual. The system shall be repaired within 5 business days of service call. (?) The system shall have service representatives available 24 hours per day. The system shall internally notify representatives of malfunctions for immediate repair. 7.2 7.6 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.5 7.2 7.1, 7.4, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9 3.15, 3.16
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8.0 8.1 8.2
Training The system shall require no prior training on part of the user. The system shall provide access to tutorials for first-time users. 8.1 8.2
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Functional Analysis Diagram
IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS OV-5 and Risk tables/figures go here.
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IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Table 3 Work Distribution in Final Report Name Written Section(s) Abstract, System Architecture, Functional Analysis OV5, Risk AV-1, Risk Mitigation System Requirements OV5 Physical Architecture, Verification & Validation Introduction, OV1, OV2, OV4, Users/User Needs, Conclusion
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DoDAF Figure(s)/Document(s) Functional Analysis, System Architecture, Physical Architecture OV5 AV1 AV1, OV2, System Requirements OV5 Verification & Validation AV1, OV1, OV4, System Requirements
Alex Andrews Belinda Befort Emily Chen Stephanie Cramer Alex Martinez Kevin Um Meagan Young

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Running Head: IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

The geographic scope is to first launch the

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

Figure 1. High-level Operational Concept Graphic (OV-1) Navigators

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

Figure 2. High-Level Operational Node Connectivity Description (OV-2) Navigators

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Command Relationships Chart

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

VP HR/Finance Accounts Recruitment Internal Relations

Research & Development

Figure 3. Command Relationships Chart (OV-4) Navigators, Inc.

Lightweight Durable Waterproof Portable Aesthetics

Adjustable Sun protection No lotus effect Scratch resistant Minimal glare

Maintenance Customization Ease of use Hands-free

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

Zoom function Security levels Brightness settings Day/night settings Resolution

Settings for specific users Customization Ease of use Hands-free

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS System Requirements

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Usability Requirements

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS Functional Analysis

Navigation Off Computer Control

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS OV-5

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS System Architecture

Figure 4. Navigators System Architecture

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

Figure 5. Power Control Subsystem system schematic.

Switch Voltage Regulator Voltage Regulator to Battery Waterproof Seal

1.0 Power Verification

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

Subsystem Software download test, check for download successful

2.0 Processor Subsystem Verification

Figure 8. Verification and Validation tests for the Processor Subsystem.

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

Figure 9. Wireless Subsystem system schematic.

3.0 Wireless Subsystem Verification

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

Figure 11. User Input Subsystem system schematic.

IE 5111 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING I FINAL REPORT: NAVIGATORS

4.0 User Input Subsystem Verification