Symbols and Abbreviations

Symbols
A A1 Ath APR AR AW a a ac B b CR , CB CD CDi CDp CDpmin CDw Cv CF Cf CL Cl CLi CL CL Cm Cn Cp CT CHT area intake highlight area throat area augmented power rating aspect ratio wetted area speed of sound; acceleration average acceleration at 0.7 V2 aerodynamic center breadth, width span root chord drag coefcient induced drag coefcient parasitic drag coefcient minimum parasitic drag coefcient wave drag coefcient specic heat at constant volume overall skin friction coefcient; force coefcient local skin friction coefcient; coefcient of friction lift coefcient sectional lift coefcient; rolling moment coefcient integrated design lift coefcient lift curve slope sideslip curve slope pitching-moment coefcient yawing-moment coefcient pressure coefcient; power coefcient; specic heat at constant pressure thrust coefcient horizontal tail volume coefcient
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Symbols and Abbreviations

CVT Cxxxx C xxxx CC CG c croot ctip cp D Dskin Dpress d E e F f fc Fca Fcf FB FI FW Fxxx F/ma FR g H h J k L LFB LHT LN LVT L M Mf Mi Mxxx ma mf

vertical tail volume coefcient cost, with subscript identifying parts assembly cost, heading for the type combustion chamber center of gravity chord root chord tip chord center of pressure drag; diameter skin friction drag pressure drag diameter modulus of elasticity Oswalds factor force at-plate equivalent of drag; wing span ratio of speed of sound (altitude to sea level) aft-fuselage closure angle front-fuselage closure angle body axis inertia axis wind axis component mass fraction; subscript identies the item (see Section 8.8) specic thrust neness ratio acceleration due to gravity height vertical distance; height advance ratio constant (sometimes with subscript for each application) length; lift nacelle forebody length horizontal tail arm nacelle length vertical tail arm length mass; moment fuel mass component group mass; subscript identies the item (see Section 8.6) component item mass; subscript identies the item (see Section 8.6) airmass ow rate fuel mass ow rate

Symbols and Abbreviations

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mp ms N Ne n ng P, p pe p Pt , pt Q q R Re Recrit r S SH Sn SW SV sfc T TC TF TSLS T/W t/c tf Ug U u V VA VB VC VD VS Ve Vep Ves W WA WE W/Sw

primary (hot) airmass ow rate (turbofan) secondary (cold) airmass ow rate (turbofan) revolutions per minute; number of blades; normal force number of engines load factor load factor acceleration due to gravity static pressure; angular velocity about X-axis exit plane static pressure atmospheric (ambient) pressure total pressure heat energy of the system dynamic head; heat energy per unit mass; angular velocity about Y-axis gas constant; reaction Reynolds number critical Reynolds number radius; angular velocity about X-axis area (usually with the subscript identifying the component) horizontal tail reference area maximum cross-sectional area wing reference area vertical tail reference area specic fuel consumption temperature; thrust; time nondimensional thrust nondimensional force (for torque) sea-level static thrust at takeoff rating thrust loading thickness-to-chord ratio turbofan vertical gust velocity freestream velocity local velocity along X-axis freestream velocity aircraft stall speed at limit load aircraft speed at upward gust aircraft maximum design speed aircraft maximum dive speed aircraft stall speed exit plane velocity (turbofan) primary (hot) exit plane velocity (turbofan) secondary (cold) exit plane velocity (turbofan) weight; width useful work done on aircraft mechanical work produced by engine wing; loading

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Symbols and Abbreviations

X y z

distance along X-axis distance along Y-axis vertical distance

Greek Symbols
angle of attack CG angle with vertical at main wheel; blade pitch angle; sideslip angle dihedral angle; circulation ratio of specic heat; fuselage clearance angle increment measure deection downwash angle thermal efciency propulsive efciency overall efciency angle wing sweep (subscript indicates the chord line) taper ratio friction coefcient; wing mass summation density fuselage upsweep angle pi atmospheric density ratio thickness parameter angular velocity (In many cases, subscripts are spelled out and are not listed here.) aft average primary exit plane secondary exit plane front; fuselage blockage factor for drag drag factor for nacelle prole drag (propeller-driven) fuselage horizontal tail middle nacelle freestream condition primary (hot) ow stall; secondary (cold) ow total

t p o

Subscripts
a ave ep es f fb fh fus HT M N, nac o p s t, tot

Symbols and Abbreviations

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w VT

wing vertical tail freestream condition

Abbreviations
AB ACAS ACN ACT AEA AEW AF AGARD AGS AIAA AIP AJT AMPR APR APU AST ATA ATC ATF AVGAS AVTUR BAS BFL BOM BPR BRM BVR BWB CAA CAD CAE CAM CAPP CAS CAT CBR CCV CFD CFL afterburning advanced close air support aircraft classication number active control technology Association of European Airlines airborne early warning activity factor Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Department aircraft general supply American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics Aeronautical Information Publication advanced jet trainer Aeronautical Manufacturers Planning Report augmented power rating auxiliary power unit Air Staff Target Aircraft Transport Association air trafc control advanced tactical support aviation gasoline (petrol) aviation turbine fuel Bombardier AerospaceShorts balanced eld length bill of material bypass ratio brake release mass beyond visual range blended wing body Civil Aviation Authority computer-aided design computer-aided engineering computer-aided manufacture computer-aided process planning close air support; control augmentation system; calibrated air speed clear air turbulence California bearing ratio control congured vehicle computational uid dynamics critical eld length

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Symbols and Abbreviations

CG CRT CV DBT DCPR DES DFFS DFM/A DNS DOC DTLCC EAS EASA EBU ECS EDP EFIS EGT EI EPA EPNL EPR ESDU ESHP ESWL ETOPS EW FAA FADEC FAR FBW FEM FPS FS GAW HAL HMD HOTAS HP HSC HST H-tail HUD IAS IATA ICAO IIT

center of gravity cathode ray tube control volume design-build team Design Controllers Planning Report detached eddy simulation Design for Six Sigma design for manufacture and assembly direct numerical simulation direct operating cost design to life cycle cost equivalent air speed European Aviation Safety Agency engine-build unit environment control system engine-driven pump electronic ight information system exhaust gas temperature emission index U.S. Environmental Protection Agency effective perceived noise level exhaustpressure ratio Engineering Sciences Data Unit equivalent SHP equivalent single wheel load extended twin operations electronic warfare Federal Aviation Administration full authority digital electronic control Federal Aviation Regulations (U.S.) y-by-wire nite element method foot, pound, second factor of safety Global Atmosphere Watch Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. helmet-mounted display hands-on throttle and stick horse power; high pressure high-speed cruise hypersonic transport horizontal tail head-up display indicated air speed International Air Transport Association International Civil Aviation Organization Indian Institute of Technology

Symbols and Abbreviations

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IMC INCOSE IOC IPPD ISA ISRO JAA JAR JPT JUCAS KE KEAS km LA LAM LCA LCC LCD LCG LCN LCR LD, L/D LE LES LF LFL LOH LP LPO LRC LRU MAC MDA MDO MEM (W) MFD MFR MoD MOGAS MP mph MPM MRM m/s MTM MTOM (W) NACA

instrument meteorological conditions International Council of Systems Engineering indirect operational cost Integrated Product and Process Development International Standard Atmosphere Indian Space Research Organization Joint Aviation Authority Joint Airworthiness Regulation jet pipe temperature Joint Unmanned Combat Air System kinetic energy knots equivalent air speed kilometer light aircraft lean and agile manufacturing light combat aircraft life cycle cost liquid crystal display load classication group load classication number lip contraction ratio lift-to-drag (ratio) leading edge large eddy simulation load factor landing eld length liquid hydrogen low pressure long-period oscillation long-range cruise line replacement unit mean aerodynamic chord multidisciplinary analysis multidisciplinary optimization manufacturers empty mass (weight) multifunctional display mass ow rate Ministry of Defense motor gasoline (petrol) minor parts miles per hour manufacturing process management maximum ramp mass meters per second maximum taxi mass maximum take off mass (weight) National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

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Symbols and Abbreviations

NASA NBAA NC NHA NIA NLA nm NP NRC NTC OC OEM (W) OEMF OEWF PAX PCN PCU PE PFD PHA PIA PLA PLM PNdB PNL PPR PRSOV psfc psi PTU QFD QUB RAE RAeS RANS RAT RC RCS RD&D RDDMC RDD&T RFP RJ R&M rpm rps RPV

National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Business Aircraft Association numerically controlled negative high angle of attack negative intermediate angle of attack negative low angle of attack nautical miles neutral point non-recurring cost normal training conguration operational cost operators empty mass (weight) operational empty mass fraction operational empty weight fraction passenger pavement classication number power control unit potential energy primary ight display positive high angle of attack positive intermediate angle of attack positive low angle of attack product life cycle management perceived noise decibel perceived noise level product, process, and resource pressure-reducing shutoff valve power-specic fuel consumption pounds per square inch power transfer unit quality function deployment The Queens University Belfast Royal Aircraft Establishment Royal Aeronautical Society Reynolds Average NavierStokes ram air turbine rate of climb, recurring cost radar cross-section signature research, design, and development research, design, development, manufacture, and cost research, design, development, and test Request for Proposal regional jet reliability and maintainability revolutions per minute; revenue passenger mile revolutions per second remotely piloted vehicle

Symbols and Abbreviations

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SAS SATS SAWE SEP sfc SHP SI SOV SPL SPO SST STOL STR TAF TAS TBO t/c TET TGT TOC TOFL TP TQM TR TTOM T&E UAV UCA UHBPR UHC ULD USDOT VOC VPI V-tail VTOL ZFM (W)

stability augmentation system Small Aircraft Transportation System Society of Allied Weights Engineers specic excess power specic fuel consumption shaft horsepower system international shutoff valve sound pressure level short-period oscillation supersonic transport short takeoff and landing structures total activity factor true air speed time between overhauls thickness to chord turbine entry temperature turbine guide vane temperature total operating cost takeoff eld length thrust power Total Quality Management thrust reverser typical takeoff mass (military) training and evaluation unmanned air vehicle unmanned combat aircraft ultra-high BPR unburned hydrocarbons unit load device U.S. Department of Transportation voice-operated control Virginia Polytechnic Institute vertical tail vertical takeoff and landing zero fuel mass (weight)