Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
the production of tilapia in a 200-m3 tank employing aeration, solids removal, mixing, bacterial-based treatment in the water column, and denitrification. u Modify and improve the system during the course of three production trials.
u Evaluate
Biofloc Tank
16 m 1.09 m Total Culture Volume = 200 m3 3 Slope Sludge Cone Volume = 1.0 m3 Sludge Removal Line 0.15 m Freeboard
Biofloc Tank
Aeration device Central cone Base addition tank
To storage lagoon
Procedures
u Aeration
continuously u Mix continuously to maintain suspension of biofloc u Remove settleable solid waste daily u Feed twice daily with floating feed (32% protein) u Feed ad libitum for 30 60 minutes u Monitor pH daily, maintain pH 7-7.5 with Ca(OH)2 u Add CaCl2 to prevent nitrite toxicity u Monitor important water quality parameters
Feed Trial 1
50 Feed 40 Linear (Feed)
Feed (kg)
30
20
10
Feed Trial 2
50 45 40 35 Feed (kgs) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 29 57 85 Day 113 141 169 197
y = 0.1279x + 9.915 R2 = 0.6537
Clarifier Efficiency
(1744)
TSS (mg/L) 1500 1000
(600)
500 0
10 /5 10 /9 10 /1 1 10 /13 9/ 25 10 /1 9/2 9 10 /3 10 /7 9/2 7
Date
Week
Aeration devices
Denitrification
5 HOAc + 8NO3- = 4N2 + 10CO2 + 6H2O + 8OHMust have a carbon source: e.g., acetate Denitrification recovers the alkalinity that is lost during nitrification.
Production
Trial Stocking Initial Rate Size (g) (#/m3) 20 25 25 214 73.6 70.0 Final Size (g) 912 678 707
Culture Growth Final FCR Survival Period Rate Biomass (%) (d) (g/d) (kg/m3) 175 201 182 4.0 3.0 3.5 14.4 13.7 15.3 2.2 1.9 1.8 78.9 81.0 86.0
1 2 3
1 2 3
Feed Trial 3
50 45 40 35 Feed (kgs) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 29 57 85 Date 113 141 169 y = 0.1323x + 15.407 R2 = 0.6453
Feed (kgs) Linear (Feed (kgs))
Water Quality
Parameter (mg/L) DO Water Temp (C) NH3-N NO2-N pH Total Alkalinity Trial 1 Mean 5.5 26.8 1.2 1.5 7.8 224 Trial 2 Mean 7.9 28.5 1.8 2.7 7.8 204 Trial 3 Mean 5.3 26.1 2.0 1.9 7.7 247
Water Quality
Parameter (mg/L) Chlorophyll a (ug/L) COD Settleable solids (ml/L) TSS Ortho-Phosphate Cl Trial 1 Mean 1895 353 29 476 16.9 301 Trial 2 Mean 924 363 48 855 19.2 317 Trial 3 Mean 820 292 23 317 34 95
11
13
15 17 Week
19
21
23
25
27
29
Nitrite-Nitrogen Trial 1 - 3
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 3
Concentration (mg/L)
11
13
15
Week
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
9
26% removal
11
13
15
Week
17
19
21
23
26
average daily NO3-N reduction was 20.5 mg/L for the 1-day treatment and 45.8 mg/L for the 2-day treatment u The 1-day treatment reduced NO 3-N by 176.5 mg/L in the rearing tank during culture period u The 2-day treatment reduced NO 3-N by 197.2 mg/L in the rearing tank during culture period u Combined reduction for both treatments was 373.7 mg/L in the rearing tank during the culture period
Nitrate-Nitrogen Trial 1 - 3
800 700
Concentration (mg/L)
11
13
15
Week
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
TAN
30 25 20 mg/L 15 10 5 Influent 1 day retention 2 day retention 5 0.86 1.82 3.33 7 1.02 3.10 4.35 9 2.69 2.94 5.72 11 3.53 4.07 5.82 13 2.14 4.38 6.04 15 0.95 5.59 6.84 17 1.46 4.73 6.44 19 1.12 6.82 13.86 21 3.58 22.51 26.97 23 4.37 16.70 11.35 26 2.42 10.17 5.30
week
Nitrite-Nitrogen
8 7
6 5
mg/L
5 Influent 1 day retention 2 day retention 0.64 1.23 1.52 7 2.56 3.63 4.04 9 0.29 1.23 2.61 11 1.90 2.07 2.84 13 2.31 2.46 2.17 15 1.89 2.92 3.20 17 2.19 4.14 4.88 19 0.88 3.67 4.88 21 5.07 7.56 3.38 23 3.54 6.70 3.19 26 0.52 1.62 0.50
Week
denitrification effluent is diluted 95% (1 day treatment) and 97.5 % (2 day) u The highest TAN values were 22.5 mg/L (1 day) and 27.0 mg/L (2 day) u These values would be diluted to 1.1 mg/L (1 day) and 0.7 mg/L (2 day) u The highest nitrite-N level was 7.6 mg/L (1 day) and 4.9 mg/L (2 day) u These values would be diluted to 0.4 mg/L (1 day) and 0.1 mg/L (2 day)
management u Low water requirements u Algal die-offs do not cause mortality u Algae and bacteria supplement tilapia diet u No off-flavor detected u Production ~ 30 times higher than ponds for tilapia u No recruitment problem u Wastewater used to irrigate and fertilize field crops
a 6-week period to establish bacterial populations u Suspended solids nitrification less stable than fixedfilm nitrification u Feeding response fluctuates u Algal die-off reduces feeding response temporarily u High energy input u Reliance on continual aeration and mixing requires backup power
Key Results
u Total
tilapia production: (3060 kg in 1/50-ha tank) u Daily makeup water averaged 0.29% (0.59 m3) of total water volume u Recovered approximately 36% (0.21 m3) of daily makeup water for irrigation and fertilization of field crops.
Conclusions
u This
biofloc tank process was nearly 30 times more productive than a standard earthen pond (15.3 vs. 0.5 kg/m3) u External clarification simplifies tank construction, improves solids removal and water quality and increases production u Simple open channels with solids accumulation can provide adequate denitrification u This production technology conserves water and recovers solids and nutrients
Future Research
(1,000 m2?, 4,000 m2?) uAeration requirement uMixing technique uSize and number of clarifiers uSpecies uEconomics
uScaleup