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Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects

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The Dynamic Temperature Field of Two-Stage Underground Coal Gasification (UCG)

Lanhe Yang
a a

College of Mineral Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China Version of record first published: 16 Aug 2006.

To cite this article: Lanhe Yang (2006): The Dynamic Temperature Field of Two-Stage Underground Coal Gasification (UCG), Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 28:7, 667-680 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/009083190951438

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Energy Sources, Part A, 28:667680, 2006 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1556-7036 print/1556-7230 online DOI: 10.1080/009083190951438

The Dynamic Temperature Field of Two-Stage Underground Coal Gasication (UCG)

LANHE YANG
College of Mineral Resources and Geosciences China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
Two-stage UCG is an effective technique to produce water gas with high heating value; its gas producing process is mainly determined by temperature. On the basis of the model experiment, via the analysis of the temperature eld distribution regularity in the gasied coal layers in the gasier and the generalization and treatment of the boundary conditions, two-dimension nonlinear unstable mathematical models of the temperature eld in the two-stage UCG are established, and the method of selecting model parameters is illustrated. Solution is made through the method of volume controlling. This article also analyzes the results of calculation. In the light of the numerical computation results, the calculation value of the temperature eld for coal seams of combustion and gasication can better t with the experimental one under the condition of the model experiment. Except for some measuring points in the vicinity of the ame working face, where the relative error between computation value and test value is comparatively high, those of other measuring points are all below 15%, which completely meets the accuracy requirements for the numerical simulation on the temperature eld of UCG. The consistency between the calculation value and the measurement value indicates that the numerical simulation of dynamic temperature eld of coal media in the gasier is correct, which provides necessary theoretical basis for further quantitative study of the UCG process. Keywords lation UCG, two-stage, nonlinear unstable, temperature eld, numerical simu-

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The process of UCG is virtually a self heat-balance process. The heat produced by coal combustion contributes to the establishment for ideal temperature eld in the underground gasier and also leads to the occurrence of reduction reactions and decomposition reactions and, eventually, gas production. Hence, in the process of UCG, what plays a critical role is the temperature eld in the gasier, two-stage UCG in particular. Two-stage UCG is a technique of supplying air and steam cyclically (Yang, 1995a, 1995b; Li, 1995). In the rst stage, air is supplied to make the coal burn and store heat to produce air gas; in the second stage, steam is supplied to produce water gas. Only if sufcient heat is stored in the rst stage can the decomposition reactions in the second stage run smoothly
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Ratication Nos. 59906014 and 50276066). The technical contributions of Professor Yu Li, Doctor Shuguang Jiang and Mrs. Suqin Liu are gratefully acknowledged by the author. Address correspondence to Lanhe Yang, College of Mineral Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, 221008, China. E-mail: Lhyang2053@sina.com

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and the water gas with high heating value be ensured. Meanwhile, the degree of the coal layer decomposition and the production volume of the gas are totally determined by the temperature distribution in the coal layers (Guo, 1994). In the past, scholars in the same profession overseas studied the law of change in a temperature eld for the air-gas producing (the rst stage) in the process of UCG (Massaquoi et al., 1983; Guntermann et al., 1986; Thorsness and Britten, 1986; Mortazavi et al., 1986; Advani et al., 1986; Britten and Thorsness, 1985; Thorsness and Rozsa, 1977). As to the simulation of temperature eld for two-stage UCG, at present, however, no articles concerning it have been included in the literature. Based on the model experiment, the two-dimension on-linear dynamic mathematical models of the temperature eld in the coal layers to be gasied are established in this study. Additionally, the solution of the mathematical models is made via the volume-controlling method and satisfactory results are achieved.

Conditions of Model Experiment

The model gasier used in the experiment is an oblong steel box (Figure 1) 7.8 m 1.36 m 0.52 m (length height width). It consists of top and base. It accepts natural big coal chunks in the process of coal injection so as to keep the state of the coal as natural as possible. The interstices will be injected with small pieces of coal, and nally, smeared with a mixture of a small amount of cement and pulverized coal. During coal injection, set aside room for gasication channel with 65 mm diameter as planned in advance. The strike length of the coal layer in the gasier is 6.0 m. Slope length of the coal layer is 0.8 m with the thickness of 0.24 m and 70 angle of inclination. So, the coal layer is a steep one. A number of blasting caps are buried in the coal layers. Controlled blasting with temperature can loosen the coal layers, which is conducive to the combustion. The gasier is made up of a re-resistance layer, a heat preservation layer and an insulator. The re-resistance layer is made from the mixture of re-resistance bricks, reef, and re-resistance cement (its volume proportion is 4:1:1). Heat insulator also has a little function of insulation. Heat preservation materials employ vermiculite powder, surrounding the heat insulator. The outmost layer is an A3 steel plate with the thickness of 8 mm. It also functions as an insulator.

Figure 1. Cutaway view of the gasier model.

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The major operational parameters in the rst and second stage are: air uxes 20 m3 /h, steam uxes 3.1 m3 /h. In addition, 22 rows of temperature-measuring points are arranged with seven in each row (Figure 1). Thus, the temperature-measuring points in the coal layer to be burned total 154. Temperature-measuring elements use the strictly standardized NiCr-NiSi thermal couple, whose data are collected by the automatic data collector regulatory and displayed on the screen automatically.

Establishment of Mathematical Models

Suppositions

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In the process of combustion and gasication of the coal layer, various complicated reactions occur in the gasier. Meanwhile, energy and mass transfer take place simultaneously between gaseous phase and solid phase (Guo, 1988; Debelle and Malmendier, 1992). So, in order to simplify computation, the following suppositions will be made: 1. The gasier itself is in stable working condition. Major thermodynamic parameters, such as heat transfer coefcient, specic heat and heat exchange coefcient, etc. do not vary with time (Bischoff, 1969). 2. In the process of heat transfer, the diffusion effects and the impact of mass transfer will be ignored. 3. Media of the coal layer are homogeneous and isotropic. Differential Equation Because the gasier model takes the shape of cuboid and models on the steep coal layer, the coal layers in this article will be simplied as a two-dimension model (i.e., we consider the temperature of the coal layer along the thickness unchanged). Thus, along the strike and slope of coal seam, the temperature will vary simultaneously with time. The combustion zone can be held up as a moveable changing heat source. From this, we can see the changing regularity of the media of coal layers to be gasied is virtually a two-dimension nonlinear unstable heat transmit problem with a moveable changing heat source. Therefore, the heat transmission equation has the following form: x x )(T ) T x + y y )(T ) T y = qv (x, y, t) = Cp (T ) T , t (1)

where x (T ) = heat transmission coefcient along x axis; y (T ) = heat transmission coefcient; Cp (T ) = the specic heat of coal; = the coal density; qv (x, y, t) = heat emission rate of heat source; T = temperature; and t = time. Generalization of Boundary Conditions The physical model of coal layers to be gasied is shown in Figure 2, whose four boundaries are: the top boundary y = H ; the bottom boundary y = 0; the left boundary x = 0; the right boundary x = L. Because the exterior surface of the gasier contacts the air outside, the heat on the boundary of the coal layers will exchange heat indirectly with the air around via the heat conduction effect of the heat insulator and heat preservation layer. Hence, the boundary x = 0 and x = L can be classied into the third boundary condition (i.e., the temperature

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Figure 2. The physical model of the coal layer to be gasied.

of the air, Tf and comprehensive heat exchange coefcient on the boundary of the gasier are known). Boundary y = 0, that is, gasication channel. According to the experimental data measured, the temperature distribution on the wall plane of the channel can be known. Therefore, it belongs to the rst boundary condition. The top boundary y = H , can be regarded as the outward heat diffusion at a constant heat current (Liu, 1991), therefore, belongs to the second boundary condition. The Initial Conditions The average temperature value, taken continually in different parts of the gasier before ignition, will be thought of as initial temperature. Mathematical Models Based on the above analysis, the two-dimension nonlinear and dynamic mathematical models of the temperature eld in the gasied coal layers of the gasier are as follows: (T ) T + (T ) T q (x, y, t) = C (T ) T , x y v p x x y y t t = 0, T (x, y, t) = T (x, y, 0), S = ST , T (x, y, t) = T (x , yw , t), (2) T S = Sa , (T Tf ) = , n T S = S , q = , q n 0 x L, 0 y H, 0 t Nt where q = the density of heat current on the boundary; = convection coefcient; Nt = total time; n = the direction of exterior normal of surface; subscript indicates boundary surface; other symbols have the same meaning as those above.

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The Solution of Model

The Establishment of Discretization Equations The solution of the above-mentioned temperature eld model is made via the method of control volume. We make the integral of interior control volume (Figure 3) of Eq. (1) at the interval [t, t + t]. Cp T dtdxdy = t x x dxdydt + y T y dydxdt (3)

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qv dxdydt.

Assuming the temperature of the unstable terms in the equation vary with time and space trapezoidally; diffusion terms vary with space in a subsection and linear way, and with time in a trapezoidal way. Substitute corresponding distribution function (Guo, 1993) into Eq. (3) and make the integral, it follows that: The left side = Cp (Tp Tpo ) x y; The rst term on the right side = e Tp T w TE T p w x x TN Tp Tp T s s y y y t; x t; and

The second term on the right side = n

The third term on the right side = qv x y t. Substitute the above terms into Eq. (3), and reorganize the equation to universallyused discretization equation form. ap Tp = aE TE + aW TW + aN TN + aS TS + b, (4)

Figure 3. The schematic diagram of control volume division.

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where the specic expressions of every coefcient are as follows: ap o = aN = n CP x y ; t x ; y aS = s b = aP o TP ; x ; y aE = e y ; x aW = w y ; x

aP = aE + aW + aN + aS + aP o = K x y,

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where K is the coefcient of qv . In the above-mentioned expressions, e , w , n , s are the coefcients of heat conduction for control volume at interface. Superscript 0 indicates point P has the nature of previous time. Because heat transmission is a function of temperature, according to the node temperature, only E , W , N , S , coefcients of heat conduction at nodes can be obtained. Therefore, the coefcients of heat conduction on the boundary of control volume can be calculated via the compromising average method (Jie, 1997). The Establishment of Boundary Node Equations Figure 4 is the schematic diagram of near boundary control volume and boundary control volume. Here, we adopt the treatment method of regarding boundary conditions as additional source terms, thus, boundary conditions can be substituted into the source items of the discretization equation of boundary node, and the discretization equation of boundary node B can be omitted, which lowers the dimensions of the equation group and increases solving speed. According to Figure 4, the relational form between near boundary node P and neighboring node can be expressed as the following aP TP = aE TE + aB TB + aN TN + aS TS + b, where B is boundary node and satises aB = 2B y , x (5)

aB (TB TP ) QB = . y

(6)

Figure 4. Boundary control volume.

Underground Coal Gasication Temperature Subtracting aB TP simultaneously from the two sides of Eq. (5), it follows that, (aP aB )Tp = aE TE + aB (TB TP ) + aN TN + aS TS + b. From heat conductivity formula, we know that aB (TB TP ) = qB y.

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(7)

As for the second kind of boundary condition, qB is a given value. Substitute the above expression into Eq. (5) and then reorganize it. aP TP = aE TE + aN TN + aS TS + b , (8)

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where aP = (aP aB ) = aE + aN + aS + aP o K x y, and b = qB y + aP o TP o = qB y + b. As for the third kind of boundary condition, from heat balance, we know that QB = (Tf TB ) = 2B (TB Tp )/ x. Eliminate TB , and it follows that QB = (Tf TP ) . x 1 + 2B (9)

Substitute Eqs. (6) and (9) into Eq. (7) and reorganize it, and it follows that aP TP = aE TE + aN TN + aS TS + b . (10)

Thus, we still obtain an expression similar to commonly-used discretization equation, except for the slight differences of coefcient included, where aP = aP aB + y 1 x + 2B . ,

b =b+

Tf y 1 x + 2B

Likewise, as for the top boundary and right boundary, an equation similar to Eq. (5) can be obtained. As for the circumstances involving two boundary nodes (Figure 5), a similar method mentioned above can be adopted to treat it and reorganize it into the form similar to Eq. (5) aP TP = aE TE + aS TS + b , where aP = aP aW aN + Tf y y x 1 + 2W + + x y 1 + 2N . , (11)

b =b+

1 x + 2W

Tf x 1 y + 2N

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Figure 5. Angle point control volume.

Likewise, as for the angle point contained by top boundary and right boundary, its form of equation is similar to Eq. (11). Thus, on the basis of the above work, simultaneous algebraic equation discreted can be formed so as to conduct an iterative solution.

The Selection of Model Parameters

1. In the process of UCG, the process of heat transfer in the gasier occurs in two waysheat conduction and radiation between incandescent coal chunks. Yang et al., 2001 give the relation between coefcient of heat conduction and temperature on the nonisothermal condition. k (T ) = 0.0003 + AT BT 2 , + 1000 10002 (12)

where A, B = specic constant, select A = 0.0013, B = 0.0010 in the model experiment. Overall heat transfer coefcient consists of heat conduct and radiation, whose calculation method is shown in Wen (1965). 2. Specic heat CP . As for the coal type with known composition and sedimentary environment, its specic heat is linked to temperature, whose relation is illustrated in Figure 6. CP in the inversion calculation will be determined according to Figure 6.

Figure 6. The relation between the specic heat and temperature of coal.

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Figure 7. The boundary structure of gasier. 1air, = 6 w/m ( C). 2steel plate, h = 8 mm, = 50 w/m ( C). 3vermiculite powder, h = 60 mm, = 0.05 w/m ( C). 4re-resistance brick, h = 180 mm, = 0.7 w/m ( C). 5re-resistance cement, h = 60 mm, = 0.3 w/m ( C).

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3. Density : = 1280 kg/m3 . 4. Coefcient of heat transfer z of the boundary x = 0, x = L, and Y = H will be determined on the basis of the boundary structure of the gasier. The boundary structure of the gasier is shown in Figure 7, where material, thickness and heat conduct coefcient of each layer are marked. According to the calculation method of coefcient of heat conduction for composite structure (Yang, 1980), we can obtain that z = 6.6 J/m2 . C.s, hence, the heat loss coefcient on the exterior surface of the gasier Kz = z , therefore, we select the heat current of heat loss on the second kind of boundary q = Kz T . 5. Heat emission rate of heat source qv is expressed with the effective heat current of the heating coal layer. As for the heat generation terms, qv is regarded as a very important parameter in the numerical calculation. Whether the sampling of qv is reasonable or not is related to the dependability of the simulated results of the temperature eld. The sampling value of qv depends on the gasication process. According to the rationales of Underground Coal Gasication (Figure 8), in the oxidization zone, the multi-phase chemical reactions occur between the oxygen in the gasication agent and the carbon in the coal layer, producing a large amount of heat, which is accumulating in the coal layer: C + O2 CO2 + 393.8 MJ/kmol, 2C + O2 2CO + 231.4 MJ/kmol. (13) (14)

Figure 8. The diagram of the rationales of UCG.

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L. Yang In the reduction zone, the major reactions occur between CO2 , H2 O(g) and the incandescent coal layer. Under the effect of the high enough temperature, CO2 is reduced to CO, and H2 O(g) is decomposed to H2 and CO: CO2 + C 2CO 162.4 MJ/kmol, H2 O(g) + C CO + H2 131.5 MJ/kmol. (15) (16)

Additionally, under the catalyst effect of the coal ash or the metallic oxides, etc., a certain methanation reaction will occur: C + 2H2 CH4 + 74.9 MJ/kmol. (17)

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In the dry distillation zone, the temperature of the gas and coal layer is still very high. The thermal effect will make the pyrolysis of the coal layer happen and the volatile matter will be dried and separated out. From this, we can see that, the major inuencing factors of qv include: the amount of heat discharged by the oxidization reactions, the heat absorbed by the reduction and decomposition reactions, temperature and the uxes of the gases, the moving state of the ame working face, and other heat losses. Nevertheless, it is very difcult to determine the functional relation between qv and the inuencing factors. In the identication process of the mathematical models, the inversion calculation method is adopted: rst of all, give the initial value of qv based on the method described in Yang (1980), then calculate it. If the error between the calculation results and the experimental results are greater, the value of qv will be continuously revised according to the thermal effects of the reactions near the nodes of the network, temperature, the uxes of the gases, and the moving state of the ame working face. If the measuring points are not on the nodes of the network, the linear interpolation method will be adopted to obtain the value of the variables mentioned above. This process will be repeated again and again until the calculation results are within the tolerance of the precision requirement. 6. Initial temperature T (x, y, 0). T (x, y, 0) takes the measured mean temperature at furnace mouth before ignition, i.e., 15 C. 7. The rst kind of boundary temperature T (x , y , t). On the basis of the temperature data collected in the process of the experiment, the author conducted regression for the temperature distribution along the gasication channel surface. At the stage of air supplying and steam supplying, respectively, we obtain the distribution function tted for channel surface temperature of two-stage under the unstable circumstances.

The Design and Writing of the Program for Model Solution

The computer program for model solution is written in FORTRAN77, which primarily includes main-control module, data input module, net division module, pretreatment module, equation iterative solution module, and output module. The tting calculated results of temperature eld are shown in Figures 9, 10, and 11. The measured results of corresponding time are shown in Figures 12, 13, and 14.

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Figure 9. The calculated value of the gasier temperature eld at the initial stage of the UCG (36 h after the blast air).

The Analysis of Calculated Results

Comparing Figures 9, 10, and 11 with Figures 12, 13, and 14, it can be found that the calculated results of temperature eld agree virtually with measured ones. Except for the measuring points in the combustion zone, where the comparative differentiations between calculated results and measured ones are greater (some specic points above 20%), the comparative differentiations of other measuring points are below 15%, most of which, within 10%, which meets accuracy requirements of numerical simulation of temperature eld. The reasons resulting in the above differentiations are as follows: (1) when calculating the overall coefcient of heat conduction, the selection of intermediate parameters is affected by personal factors and empirical ones, which cause certain differentiations for the value of (T ) and by the vacillation phenomena at the nearby ame working face; (2) not having taken the impact of temperature on the density of coal layer into

Figure 10. The calculated value of the gasier temperature eld 23 min after supply steam.

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Figure 11. The calculated value of the gasier temperature eld 48 min after supply steam.

concern (Guntermann, 1988); (3) the process of energy transfer is accompanied by the mass diffusion, and the process of mass diffusion is followed by energy transfer. The higher the temperature, the stronger the process (Zhang, 1998), and the stronger its impact on the calculated results will be. In the article, mass transfer, i.e., the process of three transfers is not taken into consideration in the calculation, which is the major reason resulting in the high calculation differentiations in the combustion zone; (4) in the process of coal burning, because of the loosening effect of blasting cap, the homogeneity of the media of coal layer is damaged in the combustion zone in particular. The heterogeneous extent increases markedly, which undoubtedly affects the accuracy of calculated results. In all, the simulation results indicate that the calculation values are in agreement with the measured ones, which illustrates that the establishment of two-dimension nonlinear unstable mathematical models of two-stage temperature eld, the selection of parameters, and the analysis and treatment of boundary conditions are correct. In the eld of UCG,

Figure 12. The measured value of the gasier temperature eld at the initial stage of the UCG (36 h after blast air).

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Figure 13. The measured value of the gasier temperature eld 23 min after steam supply.

this will lay down a solid foundation for further comprehensive quantitative study from the perspective of mass balance, energy balance, chemical reaction dynamics, and thermodynamics.

Conclusions
On the basis of the model experiment in the laboratory, the two-dimension nonlinear and unstable numerical simulation for the change distribution of temperature eld in twostage UCG is made in the article and satisfactory results have been obtained. Despite the differences between calculation results and experimental ones, however, the application of the above mathematical models on eld tests will be possible and the prediction of change regularity of dynamic temperature eld of UCG will be realized only if we select the right parameters or inversion solution of optimal parameters according to specic gasication conditions of coal layer combustion. UCG itself is a very complicated physical and chemical process. Because of the complexity of the process, many quantitative

Figure 14. The measured value of the gasier temperature eld 48 min after supply steam.

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relations cannot be determined. The simulation of a two-stage temperature eld for UCG is an attempt, and on the basis of that, according to the theory of three transfers, the united mathematical models can be established in hope for the interrelationship and distribution regularity among temperature, concentration, and pressure in the process of UCG. Therefore, the study results will undoubtedly provide valuable theoretical evidence for the further comprehensive quantitative study on the process of UCG.

References
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