Figure 1: Classification of Electric Machines.

Table 1: NEMA Classifications. Types

A. Open: i. ii. Drip-proof Guarded Operate with dripping liquids up to 150 from vertical Guarded by limited size openings (less than 0.75 inch) Ventilated with separate motor driven blower, can have other types of protection

Features

iii. Externally ventilated

B. Totally enclosed: i. ii. Non-ventilated (TENV) Fan-cooled (TEFC) Not equipped for external cooling Cooled by external integral fan Cooled by circulating water

iii. Water-cooled

The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm

46
Volume 7. Number 1. May 2006 (Spring)

1. General information about electrical machines

1.1. Definition of terms An electrical machine converts energy from one category into another. Thereby at least one energy category features as electric power.

Survey 1 Energy transformation of electrical machines Irrespective of manifold features, for instance the external shapes of the electrical machines, they all comprise two electric circuits which have been coupled through a magnetic circuit. An electrical machine is an energy converter in which two electric circuits have been coupled by means of a magnetic circuit. 1.2. Types of electrical machines The components, namely the bearers of both electric circuits are rigid to one another in stationary electrical machines. Conversely, the bearers of the electric circuits are mobile to one another in rotating electrical machines. This explains the system of electrical machines.

Survey 2 System of electrical machines

1.3. Operations of electrical machines The operation of electrical machines results from their incorporation into the process of energy conversion in the generation, transmission and consumption of electric power. Thus, for example, in a power station the combustion heat of coal, natural gas, etc. is employed in boilers for steam generation. The energy flow of the steam drives the turbine which is coupled to a turbine generator that converts the flow energy into electric energy. The efficient transmission and distribution of electric energy is ensured through the high voltages generated by the transformers. Thereby, the high voltages are switched to consumer voltage and directed to a motor whose mechanical energy drives machines in industry, the home and traffic.

Survey 3 Tasks of electrical machines in power flow

1.4. System of rotating electrical machines (generators, motors, converters) Since the energy direction of an electrical machine is reversible, the rotating electrical machine can operate, without constructional changes, as a motor or generator and transform the stationary electrical machine upwards or downwards. For this reason rotating electrical machines are generally systematized in accordance with their operating principles.

Survey 4 System of rotating electrical machines

1.5. System of stationary electrical machines (transformers) Stationary electrical machines (transformers) can be differentiated through manifold features, for example according to design, coolant, mode of operation, special purpose, etc. Survey 5 features by way of example the system of small transformers.

Survey 5 System of small transformers

2. Basic principles
2.1. The magnetic field

2.1.1. Definition and presentation of the magnetic field

The area within which magnetic actions arise is called the magnetic field. Field lines are employed to display graphically magnetic fields. Figure 1 shows a currentcarrying conductor. Iron powder scattered at the level of this arrangement falls into concentric circles. This leads to a model presentation of field lines.

Figure 1 Magnetic field and field line sequence made visible by iron powder

2.1.2. Magnets

Magnetic field Bodies of ferromagnetic materials (e.g. iron, nickel, cobalt, etc.) have a magnetic field in their vicinity.

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
MACHINES IN THE WORLD ARE OF TWO TYPES1. MECHANICAL MACHINES 2. ELECTRICAL MACHINES SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL ELECTRICAL MACHINES1. ALL ELECTRICAL MACHINES ARE BASED ON SAME PRINCIPLE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION. 2. EVERY MACHINE FOLLOWS THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY. 3. EVERY MACHINE HAS ITS SPECIAL SPEEDVOLTAGE EQUATION WHICH GOVERNS ITS SPEED OR VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS. 4. MOTION OR GENERATION OF VOLTAGE, BOTH NEEDS A CHANGING FLUX. THAT IS EVERY MACHINE USES A.C. FOR ITS OPERATION. 5. EVERY MOTOR NEEDS A FIELD IN WHICH ARMARYRE ROTATES. ELECTRICAL MACHINES ARE OF TWO TYPES1. STATIC E.M. 2. DYNAMIC E.M. 1. STATIC ELECTRICAL MACHINESIN STATIC ELECTRIC MACHINES, AS THE NAME INDICATES, THERE IS NO MOVING PARTS. TRANSFORMERS COME UNDER THIS CATEGORY. TRANSFORMERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED ON DIFFERENT BASIS. ON THE BASIS OF PHASES, TRANSFORMERS CAN BE (A) SINGLE PHASE (B) MULTI-PHASE

ON THE BASIS OF CONFIGURATION OF CORE, TRANSFORMERS CAN BE (A) CORE TYPE (B) SHELL TYPE ON THE BASIS OF APPLICATIONS, TRANSFORMERS CAN BE OF MORE THAN 30 TYPES SUCH AS 1. POWER TRANSFORMER 2. CURRENT TRANSFORMER 3. CONSTANT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (USED BELOW 100 KV) 4. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (USED ABOVE 100 KV). 5. BUSHING TRANSFORMER OR NON-BUSHING TRANSFORMER 6. IMPEDANCE MATCHING TRANSFORMER 7. DITRIBUTION TRANSFORMER ETC. ON THE BASIS OF VOLTAGE LEVEL, TRANSFORMERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS (A) STEP UP TRANSFORMER (B) STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER(V2/V1) = (N2/N) = (I1/I2) 1. DYNAMIC ELECTRICAL MACHINESDYNAMIC ELECTRICAL MACHINES CAN BE OF TWO TYPES(i) DISCRETE MOTION E.M. (ii) CONTINUOS MOTION E.M.
(i)

DISCRETE MOTION E.M.-

IN DISCRETE MOTION ELECTRICAL MOTION MACHINES, MOTION OCCURS AT DISCRETE INSTANCES. IT INCLUDES STEPPER MOTOR AND RELAYS. EXAMPLE- WHEN WE PRESS THE BUTTON OF DVD DRIVE OF COMPUTER, THE DRIVER MOTOR STEPS OUT AND WE PLACE DVD IN IT. AGAIN WHEN WE PRESS THE BUTTON, DRIVER STEPS IN THE DRIVE. HERE THE STEPPER MOTOR IS USED (AS THE NAME SUGGETSSTEP-PER). RELAYS AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS ARE USED IN MCB IN HOME. CONTINOUS MOTION E.M.CONTINOUS MOTION MACHINES CAN BE OF THREE TYPES (A) D.C ELECTRIC MACHINES (B) A.C ELECTRIC MACHINES (C) SPECIAL MOTORS
(ii)

(A) D.C ELECTRIC MACHINES IN THESE MOTORS, ARMATURE AND FIELD ARE SUPPLIED WITH D.C. D.C MOTORS HAVE COMMUTATOR WHICH ACTS LIKE A RECTIFIER WHICH CONVERTS A.C. GENERATED IN THE ARMATURE (MOVING PART IN THE CENTRE OF FAN) INTO D.C. COMMUTATER IS COMPOSED OF SPLIT RINGS AND BRUSHES. SPEED EQUATION E= (NPZ)/60A A.C ELECTRIC MACHINES A.C. ELECTRIC MACHINES ARE OF TWO TYPES1. SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 2. INDUCTION MACHINES
(B)

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINESS.M. CAN BE

1.

(A) 1- OR 3- (B) SALIENT OR CYLINDRICAL ROTOR (C) MOTOR OR GENERATOR VARIOUS COMBINATION OF THESE MACHINES CAN BE MADE, BUT MOSTLY- 3- CYLINDRICAL ROTOR GENERATOR IS USED FOR GENERATION OF HIGH VOLTAGE. THESE MACHINES ARE USED IN 3- SYSTEMS. IN THESE MACHINES, ARMATURE AND FIELD CAN BE PLACED OVER EITHER ROTOR OR STATOR BUT GENERALLY ARMATURE IS PLACED OVER STATOR AND FIELD OVER ROTOR. THESE ARE DOBLY EXCITED MACHINES BECAUSE D.C SUPPLY IS GIVEN TO FIELD ON ROTOR AND A.C. OUTPUT IS OBTAINED FROM STATOR (IN CASE OF GENERATOR) OR A.C. INPUT IS GIVEN TO STATOR (IN CASE OF MOTOR). ITS SPEED EQUATIONNs = (120f)/P 2. INDUCTION MACHINES I.M. CAN BE(A) 1- OR 3- (B) SALIENT OR CYLINDRICAL ROTOR (C) MOTOR OR GENERATOR (D) SLIP RING INDUCTION MACHINE (SRIM) OR SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MACHINE (SCIM). IT IS SINGLY EXCITED MACHINE. AS THE NAME INDICATES, FLUX FROM STATOR IS ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED OVER ROTOR AND THEN BOTH FLUXES INTERACT TO MOVE THE MOTOR. I.M. IS GENERALLY USED AS MOTOR. THESE ARE INEFFICIENT AS GENERATOR. HOUSE CEILING FAN IS - 1- CAPACITOR START INDUCTION MOTOR.

SPEED EQUATION OF INDUCTION MACHINE IS Nr = Ns (1-s) (C) SPECIAL MOTORS THERE ARE SOME SPECIAL TYPES OF MOTOR CONFIGURATIONS MADE SUCH AS UNIVERSAL MOTOR WHICH CAN OPERATE OVER BOTH A.C. AND D.C.