Equation Summary, Chapters 7-8 Atkins, Revised Dec.

12, 2006 Partial Molar Volume Ideal Solutions Colligative Properties Raoults Law

VJ '

MV MnJ

pA '
p,T,n )

( xA p A (

Gibbs Free Energy

A ' A % RT ln

pA pA
(

)T ' KxB ' )T ' KN xB '

RT* 2 x ' Kbb )vapH B RT* 2 x ' Kf b )fus H B

G ' nA A % nB B % ... dG ' A dnA % B dnB % ...

Gibbs Free Energy (General)

)mixG ' nRT ( xA ln xA % xB ln xB ) )mixS ' &nR ( xA ln xA % xB ln xB )

Ideal Dilute Solutions

b/(molality, mol kg-1) = nA/(nBMB)

ln xB ' & )fusH R 1 1 & T T( T* = Tfus

dG ' V dp & S dT % A dnA % B dnB % ...

Mixing of Ideal Gases

pB '

xB KB
(

Henrys Law

A ' [B]RT
Gibbs Phase Rule

[B] = nB/V

)mixG ' nART ln

pA p

% nBRT ln

pB p

B ' B(l) % RT ln xB B(s) ' B(l) % RT ln xB B(l) ' B(l) % RT ln

( ( (

)mixG ' nRT ( xA ln xA % xB ln xB ) )mixS ' -nR ( xA ln xA % xB ln xB )

F = C - P + 2
Lever Rule

xB KB p* B

n"l" ' n$l$

Composition of the Vapour

)mixG ' -T)Smix )mixH ' 0

Excess Molar Entropy

S E ' )mixS & )mixS ideal

yA '

p A p

yB '

pB p
( (

yA '
p

x A pA
( (
( (

pB % (pA & pB ) xA
p A pB
( (

'

pA % (pB & pA ) yA