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+ =
(8) (8) (8) (8)
where the symbol denotes the variational operator. Integrating the preceding equations by
parts, and collecting the coefficients of w , the governing equation in terms of
displacement variables are obtained as follows:
( )
4 6 8
4 6 8
A 2B D C
d w d w d w
q
dx dx dx
+ + = (9) (9) (9) (9)
and the associated boundary conditions obtained are of following form:
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
295
( )
3 5 7
3 5 7
A 2B+D C or w is prescribed
d w d w d w
dx dx dx
+ = 0 (10) (10) (10) (10)
2 4 6
2 4 6
3 5 2
3 5 2
2 4
2 4
A (2B D) C 0 or prescribed
(-B+D) C 0 or is prescribed
B C 0
d w d w d w dw
is
dx dx dx dx
d w d w d w
dx dx dx
d w d w
dx dx
+ + =
=
+ =
(11) (11) (11) (11)
(12) (12) (12) (12)
3
3
or is prescribed
d w
dx
(13) (13) (13) (13)
where A, B, C and D are the stiffness coefficients given as follows:
/ 2
2
/ 2
/ 2 2 4
2
2
/ 2
2
2 / 2 2 4
2
/ 2
2 4 2
2
/ 2
A
(1 ) 4
B
4 3
(1 ) 4
C 1
16 3
(1 ) 4
D 1
16
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
h
E z dz
E h z
z dz
h
E h z
z dz
h
G h z
h
=
( | | +
=
( |
\
(
+ | |
=
(
|
\
(
( +
=
(
2
/ 2
dz
`
)
=
| |
=
|
\
where
m
q are the coefficients of Fourier expansion of load which are given by
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
296
0
4
for 1,3,5.......
0 for 2,4,6.......
m
m
q
q m
m
q m
= =
= =
Example 3
A simply supported laminated beam subjected to linearly varying load,
0
q x
L
| |
|
\
on surface
/ 2 z h = acting in the z direction. The coefficient of Fourier expansion of load in the
equation of example 2 is given by:
0
2
cos( ) for 1,3,5.......
0 for 2, 4, 6.......
m
m
q
q m m
m
q m
= =
= =
Example 4
A simply supported laminated beam subjected to center concentrated load P. The magnitude
of coefficient of Fourier expansion of load in the equation of example 2 is given by:
2
sin
m
P m
q
L L
| | | |
=
| |
\ \
where represent distance of concentrated load from x axis.
4. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results for inplane displacement (u), transverse displacement (w), axial bending stress
(
x
) and transverse shear stress (
zx
) are presented in the following non dimensional form.
3
4
10
, , , , /
x zx
x zx
b b Ebu Ebh w
u w S Aspect ratio L h
qh qL q q
= = = = = =
For centre concentrated load q becomes P
value by a particular model value by exact elasticity solution
% error 100
value by exact elasticity solution
| |
=
|
\
Table 1: Comparison of axial displacement u at (x = 0, z = h / 2), transverse displacement w
at (x = L / 2, z = 0), axial stress x at (x = 0.5L, z = h / 2) and transverse shear stress zx at
(x = 0, z = 0) for isotropic beam subjected to single sine load.
S Theory Model
u w x zx
4
Present Theory SVSDT 12.311 1.414 9.950 2.631
Bernoulli-Euler ETB 12.385 1.232 9.727 -
Timoshenko FSDT 12.385 1.397 9.727 1.273
Reddy HSDT 12.715 1.429 9.986 1.906
Ghugal Exact 12.297 1.411 9.958 1.900
10
Present Theory SVSDT 202.142 1.247 55.709 8.711
Bernoulli-Euler ETB 193.509 1.232 60.793 -
Timoshenko FSDT 193.509 1.258 60.793 3.183
Reddy HSDT 193.337 1.264 61.053 4.779
Ghugal Exact 192.950 1.261 60.917 4.771
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
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Table 1 shows the comparison of displacements and stresses for the simply supported
isotropic beam subjected to single sine load. The maximum axial displacement predicted by
present theory is in good agreement with that of exact solution (see Figure 1). The maximum
central displacement predicted by present theory is underestimated for all aspect ratios as
compared to exact solution. Figure 2 shows that, bending stress predicted by present theory is
in excellent agreement with that of exact solution for aspect ratio 4. Theory of Reddy yields
the higher value of bending stress compared to the exact value for all aspect ratios whereas
FSDT and ETB predicts lower value for the same. The transverse shear stress predicted by
present theory is in excellent agreement for all aspect ratios when obtained using constitutive
relation.
Fig.1 : Variation of Inplane Displacement ( ) u through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0, z = h / 2) when subjected to single sine load for aspect ratio 4.
Fig.2 : Variation of Inplane Normal stress ( ) x through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0.5L, z = h / 2) when subjected to single sine load for aspect ratio 4.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
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Fig.3 : Variation of Transverse shear stress ( ) zx through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0, z = 0) when subjected to single sine load and obtained using constitutive relation for aspect ratio 4.
Table 2: Comparison of axial displacement ( ) u at (x = 0, z = h / 2), transverse displacement
wat (x = L / 2, z = 0), axial stress x at (x = 0.5L, z = h / 2) and transverse shear stress zx at
(x = 0, z = 0) for isotropic beam subjected to uniformly distributed load.
S Theory Model
u w x zx
4
Present Theory SVSDT 15.753 1.808 12.444 2.980
Bernoulli-Euler ETB 16.000 1.5630 12.000 -
Timoshenko FSDT 16.000 1.8063 12.000 2.400
Reddy HSDT 16.506 1.8060 12.260 2.917
Timoshenko and
Goodier
Exact 15.800 1.7852 12.200 3.000
10
Present Theory SVSDT 250.516 1.6015 75.238 7.4875
Bernoulli-Euler ETB 249.998 1.5630 75.000 -
Timoshenko FSDT 250.000 1.6015 75.000 6.0000
Reddy HSDT 251.285 1.6010 75.246 7.4160
Timoshenko and
Goodier
Exact 249.500 1.5981 75.200 7.5000
Table 2 shows comparison of displacements and stresses for the simply supported
isotropic beam subjected to uniformly distributed load. The axial displacement and transverse
displacement obtained by present theory is in good agreement with those of Reddys theory.
The bending stress x predicted by present theory is in excellent agreement with Reddys
theory whereas FSDT and ETB underestimate the bending stress compared with those of
present theory and theory of Reddy for all aspect ratios. Variation of axial displacement and
bending stress through the thickness of isotropic beam subjected to uniformly distributed load
are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 respectively. When beam is subjected to uniformly
distributed load, the present theory underestimates the transverse shear stresses when
obtained using constitutive relations and overestimates the same when obtained using
equations of equilibrium. Variation of transverse shear stress zx is shown in Figure 6 using
constitutive relations.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
299
Fig.4 : Variation of Inplane Displacement ( ) u through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0, z = h / 2) when subjected to uniformly distributed load for aspect ratio 4.
Fig.5 : Variation of Inplane Normal stress ( ) x through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0.5L, z = h / 2) when subjected to uniformly distributed load for aspect ratio 4.
Fig.6 : Variation of Transverse shear stress ( ) zx through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0, z = 0) when subjected to uniformly distributed load and obtained using constitutive relation for aspect ratio 4.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
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Table 3: Comparison of axial displacement u at (x = 0, z = h / 2), transverse displacement w
at (x = L / 2, z = 0), axial stress x at (x = 0.5L, z = h / 2) and transverse shear stress zx at
(x = 0, z = 0) for isotropic beam subjected to linearly varying load.
S Theory Model
u w x zx
4
Present Theory SVSDT 7.773 0.8923 6.141 1.386
Bernoulli-Euler ETB 8.000 0.7815 6.000 -
Timoshenko FSDT 8.000 0.9032 6.000 1.200
Reddy HSDT 8.253 0.9030 6.130 1.458
Timoshenko and
Goodier
Exact 7.900 0.8926 6.100 1.500
10
Present Theory SVSDT 123.620 0.7903 37.129 3.0769
Bernoulli-Euler ETB 124.999 0.7815 37.500 -
Timoshenko FSDT 125.000 0.8008 37.500 3.0000
Reddy HSDT 125.643 0.8005 37.623 3.7080
Timoshenko and
Goodier
Exact 124.750 0.7991 37.600 3.7500
Comparison of displacements and stresses for the simply supported isotropic beam
subjected to linearly varying load are shown in Table 3. The maximum axial
displacement and transverse displacement predicted by present theory are in close agreement
with Reddys theory (see Figure 7). FSDT underestimate the axial displacement and
overestimate the transverse displacement. Figure 8 show that, the bending stress x predicted
by present theory is in close agreement with Reddys theory whereas FSDT and ETB
underestimate the same for all aspect ratios. The maximum transverse shear stress zx is in
excellent agreement with Reddys theory for all aspect ratios when obtained by constitutive
relation (see Figure 9).
Fig.7 : Variation of Inplane Displacement ( ) u through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0, z = h / 2) when subjected to linearly varying load for aspect ratio 4.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
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Fig.8 : Variation of Inplane Normal stress ( ) x through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0.5L, z = h / 2) when subjected to linearly varying load for aspect ratio 4.
Fig.9 : Variation of Transverse shear stress ( ) zx through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0, z = 0) when subjected to linearly varying load and obtained using constitutive relation for aspect ratio 4.
Table 4: Comparison of axial displacement u at (x = 0, z = h / 2), transverse displacement w
at (x = L / 2, z = 0), axial stress x at (x = 0.5L, z = h / 2) and transverse shear stress zx at
(x = 0, z = 0) for isotropic beam subjected to centre concentrated load.
S Theory Model
u w x zx
4
Present Theory SVSDT 6.2220 2.8650 4.6972 0.9201
Bernoulli-Euler ETB 6.0000 2.5000 6.0000 -
Timoshenko FSDT 6.0000 2.9875 6.0000 0.6000
Ghugal and Sharma HPSDT 6.1290 2.9740 5.7340 0.7480
Ghugal and Nakhate TSDT 4.7664 2.9725 8.2582 0.7740
Timoshenko and
Goodier
Exact - 2.9125 5.7340 0.7500
10
Present Theory SVSDT 37.619 2.570 13.844 0.7664
Bernoulli-Euler ETB 37.500 2.500 15.000 -
Timoshenko FSDT 37.500 2.578 15.000 0.6000
Ghugal and Sharma HPSDT 37.629 2.577 14.733 0.7480
Ghugal and Nakhate TSDT 36.624 2.577 17.258 0.7740
Timoshenko and
Goodier
Exact - 2.569 14.772 0.7500
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
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Table 4 shows comparison of displacements and stresses for the simply supported
isotropic beam subjected to center concentrated load. The maximum axial displacement and
transverse displacement predicted by present theory are in close agreement with Ghugals
theory. Variation of axial displacement through the thickness of beam is shown in Figure 10.
The bending stress x predicted by present theory is in close agreement with Ghugals theory
and non-linear in nature due to effect of local stress concentration (see Figure11). FSDT and
ETB underestimate the axial displacement and bending stress for all aspect ratios. The
maximum transverse shear stress zx is in excellent agreement with Ghugals theory for all
aspect ratios when obtained by constitutive relation as shown in Figure 12 respectively.
Fig.10 : Variation of Inplane Displacement ( ) u through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0, z = h / 2) when subjected to centre concentrated load for aspect ratio 4.
Fig.11 : Variation of Inplane Normal stress ( ) x through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0.5L, z = h / 2) when subjected to centre concentrated load for aspect ratio 4.
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 6308 (Print),
ISSN 0976 6316(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, July- December (2012), IAEME
303
Fig.12 : Variation of Transverse shear stress ( ) zx through the thickness of simply supported beam at
(x = 0, z = 0) when subjected to centre concentrated load and obtained using constitutive relation for aspect ratio 4.
5. CONCLUSION
Following conclusions are drawn from this study.
1. Present theory is variationally consistent and requires no shear correction factor.
2. Present theory gives good result in respect of axial displacements. Results of available
higher-order and refined shear deformation theories for the axial displacement are in
tune with the results of present theory.
3. The use of present theory gives good result in respect of transverse displacements.
Results of available higher-order and refined shear deformation theories for the
transverse displacement are in tune with the results of present theory.
4. In this paper, present theory is applied to static flexure of thick isotropic beam and it
is observed that, present theory is superior to other existing higher order theories in
many cases.
5. Present theory capable to produce excellent results for deflection and bending stress
because of effect of transverse normal.
6. Transverse shear stresses obtained by constitutive relations satisfy shear free
condition on the top and bottom surfaces of the beams. The present theory is capable
of producing reasonably good transverse shear stresses using constitutive relations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank the Management, Principal, Head of Civil Engineering
Department and staff of Jawaharlal Nehru engineering College, Aurangabad and Authorities
of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University for their support. The authors express
their deep and sincere thanks to Prof. A.S. Sayyad (Department of Civil Engineering, SRESs
College of Engineering, Kopargaon) for his tremendous support and valuable guidance from
time to time.
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304
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