11/14/03

SYLLABUS FOR THE WRITTEN PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION IN THE CONCENTRATION OF AEROHYDRODYNAMICS.

The exam will be open book and notes. Students are also allowed to use a computer, calculator, any references or written materials as they see fit. Students may also find software referenced at http://www.aoe.vt.edu/academics/software.php useful in solving some prelim problems. Students' solutions must be strictly their own. No communication of any type, implicit or explicit is allowed during the exam. The honor code will be strictly enforced. Students are required to answer four of seven questions. Questions will require the student to effectively apply their knowledge from across the area of concentration to familiar and unfamiliar situations. Questions may address a single topic, or integrate material from different areas. Questions will draw on material contained within the recommended texts listed below. 1. LIST OF RECOMMENDED TEXTS Text: Sections: Text: Sections: Text: Sections: Text: Sections: Text: Sections: Karamcheti K, 1980, Principles of Ideal Fluid Aerodynamics, 2nd Edition, Kreiger, Malabar. All chapters except 7 and 20. Grossman B., 2000, Fundamental Concepts Of Real Gasdynamics, Lecture notes version 3. All. Anderson J. D., 2003, Modern Compressible Flow with Historical Perspective, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. Chapters 1-10 and 11.1-11.7, 14.1-14.2, 15.1-15.4, 16.8-16.12, 17.1-17.6 Bertin, J.J, 2002, Aerodynamics for Engineers, 3rd Edition Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. Chapters 1-7 Schetz J. A., 1993, Boundary Layer Analysis, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. Chapters 1 (except 1-8), 2 (except 2-9), 3, 4 (except 4-6 and 4-7-5), 5 (except 5-7, 5-9, 5-10, 5-12 and 5-14), 6 (except 6-6-6 and 6-6-8), 7 (except material on suction and injection, and 7-10 through 7-15), 8 (except 8-2-3, 8-4-3, 8-4-4 and 8-5), 10 (except 10-4 and 10-5). Hill P G and Peterson C R, 1992, Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion, 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley Chapters, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.1-7.5, 10, 11, 12.1-12.3, 14. Ames Research Staff, 1953, Equations Tables and Charts for Compressible Flow, NACA Report 1135, published by AMTEC Engineering, Bellevue WA. Also available at http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1953/naca-report-1135/naca-report-1135.pdf All

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2. SAMPLE QUESTIONS (Note: Author initials will be removed in final version) Consider a (2D) rocket motor on a test stand whose geometry is sketched below. The rocket has a chamber pressure of pc =107, a chamber temperature of Tc =500 K , and a nozzle area ratio of Ae /At =4. After the nozzle exit, there is a base region denoted by the line A - B which is inclined at 15o to the axis. The external housing O - B may be considered semi-infinite and is parallel to the axis. For the purpose of this problem, you may assume that the internal and external flow is air, with =1.4. a) For ambient conditions of pb =4 .9 104 N/m2 and Tb =220K determine the flow in the vicinity of A -B. i. Find the pressure along A - B. ii. Determine the initial plume angle i. iii. Carefully sketch the flow in this region, indicating all waves and contact surfaces. b) Determine the value of the ambient pressure pb such that the initial plume angle i will be zero. Sketch the flow for this condition. c) We wish to make a crude estimate of the surface temperature along A - B, including the effect of a laminar boundary layer. (You may neglect the effect of the boundary layer inside the nozzle up to point A). i. For an insulated wall, estimate the wall temperature for Prandtl number 1and 0.7. ii. If we fix the wall temperature at Tw , write a relationship which can be used to estimate the Stanton number in terms of the skin friction coefficient. How can we determine the heat transfer rate from the Stanton number?

______________________________ Turbulence is convected towards a stagnation point (see figure). The velocity vector field of the convecting flow is V = Axi -Ayj where i and j are unit vectors in the directions of the cartesian coordinates x and y and A is a dimensional constant. The velocity fluctuations associated with the turbulence are weak enough so as not to significantly disturb this velocity field. We wish to determine the fate of turbulent eddies approaching the stagnation point. Consider a small segment of an eddy initially a distance h from the stagnation point of length , angle to the horizontal and average vorticity . Using inviscid vortex theorems, determine expressions for the angle and average vorticity of the eddy as a function of time. Make clear what assumptions you are making.

Consider the YB-49, shown here frm Lloyd Jones, U.S. Bombers, Aero Publishers, 1974.
Y8.49 and YR8-49A FLYING WING

1.67

NORTHROP YB-49

a YRB-49A

Fit- 1.2. "o"hmp V"'4."

VRII-4.AFlyi"t WI"t-

b = 172 ft S = 4000 sq. ft. CrocI 37.33 ft = CliP 9.33 ft = WTO 200,000 lbs = Flight conditions: 340 mph at 35,000 ft.

a. What is the cruise CL? Comment on this value. if b. What is CDO the sole contribution is skin friction, and
i. ii. iii. if the flow is all laminar if the flow is all turbulent comment on the likely state of the boundary layer at the prescribed flight condition What is the cruise UD if the flow is laminar?, turbulent? -comment Assuming turbulent flow, what is UDma.x and CLfor I/Dmax. Comment.

c.

Consider a thin symmetric airfoil (e.g. NACA 0012) of 1m chord. The airfoil is traveling through a stationary sealevel atmosphere at 100m/s and an angle of attack of 5 degrees. (a) Estimate the maximum pressure on the airfoil (in Pascals) on the airfoil. (b) Estimate the boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the airfoil. The airfoil passes by a stationary vortex shed by a previous vehicle, as shown in the cartoon strip below. Outside its core the velocity distribution of the vortex is close to that of an ideal two-dimensional point vortex with a strength of 500m2s. (c) Quantitatively estimate the lift coefficient on the airfoil as a function of time as it passes the vortex. (d) Explain in detail the limitations and shortcomings of your time-history estimate, and therefore which parts of the history you expect to be most accurate, and which least accurate. (e) Suppose the minimum pressure coefficient recorded on the airfoil surface during the encounter is -8.1. Would you expect compressibility effects to be significant in this flow? Quantitatively justify your answer.

Vortex Core

1m 100m/s

Consider a circular shock tube 0.1m in diameter in which both driver and driven gases are air, initially at 300K. The driven section of the tube is 3m long. A pressure probe is mounted in the driver section. The probe has a stem, 5mm in diameter, that projects 5cm into the tube. The probe initially records a pressure of 500kPa. Exactly five milliseconds after the diaphragm ruptures the probe pressure starts to drop. The drop in pressure followed by a short period during which the pressure remains constant at 295kPa. Estimate, as best you can (a) The distance from the diaphragm location to the probe (b) The initial mass flow rate through the fractured diaphragm. (c) The time taken for the shock to reach the closed end of the driven section. (d) The drag on the probe stem, during the short period while it reads a pressure of 295kPa. DRIVEN SECTION DRIVER SECTION

3m DIAPHRAGM LOCATION

5cm PROBE

______________________________ (a) Analyze the flow over a 2 ft. circular cylinder traveling at 100 mph at sea level. i) Write down the edge velocity distribution in a coordinate system appropriate for boundary layer calculations. ii) What is the stagnation point velocity gradient? iii) What is the best approximate method for this problem in the region of favorable pressure gradient? iv) What is the value of the momentum thickness at the stagnation point? At a point 60 deg around the cylinder from the stagnation point? v). Estimate the skin friction, displacement thickness, and shape factor for the caes in part iv. vi). What criteria will be used to determine separation? Where do you expect it to occur? (b) Suppose a circulation is imposed around the cylinder such that the stagnation point is moved 20 deg. around the surface. Reformulate the analysis in A above to incorporate the effects of circulation. What are the new values of the stagnation point velocity gradient and the momentum thickness at the stagnation point? Interpret this result. (c) Suppose this infinitely long cylinder is swept 45 deg. Explain how this changes the problem.

An astronaut on extravehicular activities (EV A) suddenly finds the safety tether that connects him to the space station is broken. The astronaut quickly decides to open an external valve of his air tank so to utilize gas flow from pressurized tank to vacuum to get him back to the space station (along a straight line, see attached Figure). Assume the following: at start of the operation, the total mass of astronaut plus gas is Mo (kg), the total mass of the gas inside the tank is Mgo(kg), the temperature inside the tank is Tco.The mass flow rate of air breathed by astronaut is ma (kg/s), which is then leaked out of the system (without producing any thrust). The mass flow rate of air used for propulsion purpose is m(kg/s). Both ma and m are constant during the entire operation. Consider the gas as a perfect gas, with known specific heat ratio 'Y.The initial distance between astronaut and space station is L, and there is no initial relative velocity. a) If the gas inside the tank undergoes an isothermal process, find the velocity of the astronaut as a function of time V(t). (Note: you may NOT assumethe total mass is a constant.) b) Obviously, the fastest way to get back is to adjust ni such that all oxygen inside the tank is consumed just when astronautreaches space station. Show how you may find this ni using your result from a). (Ignore the regulator pressure and residual gas in the tank). c) Now, if the gas inside the tank undergoes an isentropic process, find the velocity of the astronaut as a function of time V(t).

Please note: In a) and c), the following variables are known: Mo,MgoTco, fila' m, L, ', universal gas constant R, and molecular mass M. Please first write down the characteristic velocity c* and thrust coefficient CP.In b), you may define constants using Mo,MgoTco, m'a, L, R, and M to simplify the expression. There is no need to calculate ', any numerical value.