Review Sheet for Final Exam:

Aristotle's Metaphysics
1. 2. 3. 4. Who is Aristotle? What are some differences between Aristotle and Plato? How are they similar? What is the one supreme science according to Aristotle? What does 'metaphysics' refer to? Why does Aristotle call it his 'theology' or 'rst philosophy'? 5. The text begins with "all human beings by nature desire to know", what does Aristotle mean by this? Why do we take delight in it? 6. What do we naturally desire to know? What doesn't fall into this category? 7. What is the difference between being naturally curious and having wonder? 8. What is perceptual knowledge? Experiential knowledge? Knowledge of art (both practical and theoretical)? What makes them different? What makes them choice worthy? 9. What does it mean to say that experiential knowledge is sequential? 10. What are the three features of knowledge of art? 11. What does it mean to have knowledge of cause? Can you give an example? 12. What does it mean to say that knowledge of art ceases to be related to experience? And that it is not related to the natural desire to know? 13. Can knowledge based on experience be as successful as knowledge based on art? 14. What does it mean to say there is still something higher than the success of experiential knowledge? 15. What is the difference between learning a language by experience and by art? 16. What is wisdom? 17. What are the six characteristics of wisdom? 18. Which form of knowledge does Aristotle call the science of production or poetic science? 19. How does wonder relate to ignorance? 20. How does theoretical curiosity relate to perfect happiness? 21. How does Aristotle's view of wisdom differ from the religions of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism? 22. What is formal cause? Final cause? Efcient cause? Material cause?

Descartes Meditations and Discourse on Method

1. Who is Descartes? 2. Why is Descartes called the founder of modern philosophy or rationalism? 3. Why does Descartes say that physics, math, and philosophy are intimately related? How does this t with his Meditations? 4. What does Descartes claim is the goal of his work in his letter to the doctoral faculty of theology at Sorbonne?

5. What does it mean to say that he is a Christian apologist? What are the four elements of Christian Apologetic? 6. What does Descartes mean when he claims that mastery over nature is the goal of his practical philosophy? 7. How does this mastery relate to perfection? Why does he say the mastery must have a unity of source? 8. What is his notion of good sense? 9. What is natural egoism? 10. Why does he claim that reason is instrumental? 11. How does his claim that certainty in knowledge is useful, or that the goal of knowledge is practical, differ from Aristotle? 12. How does Descartes critique his own education and the tradition of education? In particular, how does he criticize mathematics, morals, theology, rhetoric and philosophy? 13. How does Descartes lower the goal of philosophy yet still raise the stakes? 14. What is Descartes method? And what is its goal? 15. Is perfection measured by the end product or the source? 16. How does the process of reforming the mind begin? 17. What is not susceptible to doubt according to Descartes? 18. What four rules are incorporated in the method? 19. Is the method for everyone? 20. What are the two things that are most doubtful for Descartes? 21. Why is the decision to equate the slightly dubious with falsity justiable when it comes to practical knowledge but not theoretical knowledge? 22. What does it mean to say that there is no guaranteed harmony between the senses and the object known by them? 23. Why can't we trust our senses? 24. Why can't we know that we are awake rather than dreaming? 25. What long standing opinion does Descartes not reject? 26. What is the one way in which we might be deceived about mathematics? 27. Could God deceive us? Why or why not? 28. Who is the evil genius? Is he more evil than God? 29. What is Cartesian Cogito? How does it relate to dualism? 30. What are we according to Descartes? What is the difference between mind and body for Descartes?