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Chapter 5: PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

I. Prepositions 1. Definition Prepositions are words used with nouns or noun equivalents to show the relation in which these nouns stand to some other word in the sentences. E.g. The underlined word in the following sentences is a preposition: The children climbed the mountain without fear. In this sentence, the preposition "without" introduces the noun "fear". *Adverbs vs. Prepositions Words that are sometimes prepositions can act as adverbs. A preposition requires an object. An adverb does not. A single word acting as an adverb answers where, when, how or to what degree about the verb. E.g. If you want to see the eclipse, you will need to go outside.

OUTSIDE tells you where YOU WILL NEED TO GO. NOTE: Without an object OUTSIDE is an adverb. When the same word is a preposition (the entire prepositional phrase acts as an adverb modifying the verb). Dorothy colors outside the lines. OUTSIDE THE LINES is an adverbial phrase and OUTSIDE is a preposition. NOTE: LINES is the object of the preposition.

*Prepositional adverbs A prepositional adverb is a particle which behaves like a preposition with ellipted complement. E.g. A car drove past the door (past is a preposition). A car drove past (past is a prepositional adverb; i.e.: past something or someone identified in the context). 2. Classification 2.1 According to Morphology 2.1.1 Simple prepositions: Most of prepositions in English are simple. In, at, for, on, since, beneath, against

E.g. The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. The book is leaning against the table. 2.1.2 Compound prepositions: consist of two or more root morphemes. Into, onto, inside, outside, beside E.g. The book is beside the table. 2.1.3 Derived prepositions: contain one root morpheme and affixes. Considering, concerning, E.g. He asked several questions concerning the future of the company. Considering he's only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.

2.1.4 Composite prepositions: According to, because of, by way of, in addition to, in front of, in place of, in regard to, in spite of, instead of, on account of, out of,

2.2. According to Semantics 2.2.1. Prepositions of time: in, at, about, after, before, during, until, E.g: The shop closes at midnight.

Do you work on Mondays? In England, it often snows in December.

2.2.2. Prepositions of place: in, at, on, across, E.g: When will you arrive at the office? Do you work in an office? There are no prices on this menu. She live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.

2.2.3. Preposition of purpose: for, to, in order to, so as to, Eg: In order to pass the exams, you have to study a lot. This pool is for the use of hotel residents only.

There are many other kinds of prepositions according to semantics:

Kinds of prepositions Prepositions of cause

Prepositions Because of, on account of,

Examples The barbecue was cancelled because of the rain. We didnt go on account of the bad weather.

Prepositions of purpose Prepositions of mean/ instrument Prepositions of manner Prepositions of concession Prepositions of source/origin Prepositions of direction Prepositions of exception Prepositions of movement Prepositions of reference Prepositions of orientation

For By, with, without, With, like, by, on, in In spite of, despite, for all, with all, From Up, around, down, along, across, Except for, except, but, To, through, across, away from, into, With/in regard to, as to, as for, Beyond, over, past, across, through, up, down, With, of, out of, At, in, on, as, for

He will do anything for money. He caught the ball with his left hand. He walks like an old man. He went on foot. He lost the flight, for all his boasting. I admire him, in spite of his faults. He comes from Ho Chi Minh City. I borrowed the book from Kim. There isnt a bridge across the river. We were sitting around the campfire. All the students except/but John failed the test. I would john you except for my cold. The train went through the tunnel. He moved to Germany in 2000. Id like to know your opinion as to/with regard to the burglars behavior. There is a hotel across/along the road. The village past the bus-stop.

Prepositions of material/ ingredient Prepositions of condition/state

He made the frame (out) of wood. You make a cake with eggs. I see her as a good person. I mistook you for some one. He is on duty. She is bad at games. He is not bad for a youngster.

Prepositions of At, for respect/standard

Prepositions of reaction

To

To my surprise, he returned the money.

II. Prepositional phrases (PPs) A Prepositional phrase consists of a preposition followed by a prepositional complement, which is characteristically a NP, an AdvP, Wh-clause or a V-ing clause. Considering examples following: Prep On Over For By * Notes: - Exceptionally, an Adv or an Adj may function as preposition complement: at once, before long, in there, until now, since when, at least, at worst, in brief. Preposition phrases can themselves be prepositional complements. E.g. He crawled from under the table. - That-clause can often become effect prepositional complements through the use of the appositive construction the fact that: E.g. She became aware of the fact that I had deceived her. III. Syntactic functions of PPs 1. Adverbial 1.1 Adjunct Prepositional Complement the air plane : A NP there : An AdvP what you did : Wh-clause writing a letter :V- ing clause

A prepositional clause can be used as an adjunct to refer to information about TIME, PLACE, MANNER, CAUSE. E.g. He worked in a shop last year. (PLACE)

1.2. Disjunct A prepositional phrase can be used as a disjunct and there are two types of prepositional phase functioning as disjunct: style disjunct and attitudinal disjunct. - Style disjunct: In brief, in general, in all frankness, in all honesty, in all seriousness - Attitudinal disjunct: To my regret, to my relief, to my annoyance, of course 1.3. Conjunct Lists of prepositional phases used as conjuncts: for another (thing), for a start, in the first place, in the second place in addition, above all in the same way by the way in all, in conclusion in other words, for example, for instance as a result in other words, in that case

ENUMERATIVE REINFORCING EQUATIVE TRANSITIONAL SUMMATIVE APPOSITION RESULT INFERENTIAL

REFORMULATORY in other words REPLACIVE on the other hand

ANTITHETIC CONCESSIVE TEMPORAL TRANSITION

on the contrary, in contrast, by comparison, on the other hand in any case, at any rate, in spite of that, on the other hand in the meantime

2. Modifier in a Noun phrase: Most PPs are used as post-modifier in NPs. E.g. The team from England won. The girl with red dress is my close friend.

Contrast between two sentences in the textbook: People are singing on the bus. (1) The people on the bus are singing. (2) (1) PP is used as place adjunct and modifies the sentence. (2) PP is used as post modifier in the NP( the people), modifies the NP. However, in some other cases, it may be difficult to decide whether a PP following a N is a post modifier of a NP or an Adverbial (Adjunct) in a clause. Take some examples:

E.g.

The man from England. A friend of mine from a remote area.

This type of PP occurs not only as an adjunct but also as a post modifier.

3. Complementation 3.1. Complementation of a verb (prepositional verb such as depend on, aim at, point to, look for, fill in) E.g. It depends on you. You should fill in this form.

3.2. Complementation of an adjective (any adjective is followed by a preposition such as intent on, reliant on, familiar with, keen on, good at, sorry for) E.g. My sister is good as Math. Im sorry for hurting your feeling.