Solutions to PS 10 Physics 201

1. For a screen very far away from the aperture, the rays from each of the N slits emerge at approximately the same angle. Thus, from the diagram below, we see that the path length dierence between two adjacent slits is given by = L L = d sin and thus the phase dierence is given by = k = kd sin (2) (1)

Thus, if we take the phase of the top-most ray to be zero, the phase of the n-th ray is n = n = nkd sin Summing up the amplitude of all N rays, we nd A=
N 1

(3)

aein ei n

(4) (5) (6)

=a =a

n=0 N 1 n=0

1 eiN 1 ei

2 Where in the last line we used the formula for a nite geometric series. The rst zero of A occurs when the numerator vanishes (and the denominator is nonzero), which occurs when N = 2 N kd sin = 2 2 D sin = 2 D sin = As desired. We can write our expression for A as a ratio of sins by factoring eiN .2 out of the numerator, and ei/2 out of the denominator. Doing so gives A = ae
i(N 1) 2

(7) (8) (9) (10)

sin N 2 sin 2

(11)

2. (a) For a double slit, we have that maxima occur when d sin = n and minima when 1 d sin = (n + ) 2 Thus, the rst non-central maximum occurs at d sin = sin = d = 0.006rad d (14) (15) (16) (13) (12)

Similarly, the rst minima occurs when d sin = 2 = 0.003rad 2d (17) (18)

3 (b) Let L = 2m be the distance to the screen, and x the height of the rst dark fringe above the center. Then we have tan = x L (19) (20)

x L = 6mm An analogous calculation shows that for the rst maximum, x 12mm

(21)

(c) From the above calculations, we see that in the small angle approximation, maxima and minima are equally spaced (in both angle and position on the screen). Thus, for the second maximum, we must have 0.012rad x 24mm and similarly for the second minimum, 0.009rad x 18mm (24) (25) (22) (23)

(d) Replacing changing our value of to 500nm is equivalent to multiplying our result for x by 5/6. Thus, we have for the dierence in location of the rst maximum, 5 x = 12(1 )mm = 2mm 6 (26)

3. The dierence in optical path length due to the presence of the material is given by = (n 1)t
3 . 2

(27)

Before the material is placed, the total dierence in optical path length is 5, while aferwards, it is Thus, 3 = (5 ) 2 7 (n 1)t = 2 7 t= = 3m 2(n 1) (28) (29) (30)

4 4. For a diraction grating with N lines per meter, we have maxima when 1 sin = m N Thus, for the rst order maxima we have sin = N 0.157rad similarly for the fourth order maxima we have sin = 4N = 0.674rad (34) (35) (32) (33) (31)

Note that 0.674 radians is a fairly large angle, so we have not used the small angle approximation in the last step. 5. Since both sides of the lm are bounded by air, there is no phase shift at the lower boundary. Furthermore, normal incidence implies that all relevant angles are zero. Thus constructive interference occurs when 1 2nt = (m + ) 2 We get a minimum t when m = 0, and thus t= 6. The rst minimum occurs when d sin = which implies = arcsin 600 = 0.304rad 2000 (39) (38) = 93.0nm 4n (37) (36)

The angular width is given by = 2, and thus = 0.610rad (40)

5 7. For the third order maximum of the grating to be at = /6, we must have 1 sin = 3 N 6 1 = 3 2N 1 N= 6 = 3333 (41) (42) (43) 1 cm (44)

8. The nal kinetic energy of the electrons is given by E = eV and thus their momentum is p= 2mE = 2meV (46) (45)

and therefore they have a wavelength = h h = p 2meV (47)

The rst double slit minimum is given by the condition d sin = 2 (48)

and thus the angle of the rst minimum is given by (in the small angle approximation) = h = 2d 2d 2meV (49)

For a screen L meters away, we have the height w (note - we use w instead of h to avoid confusion with Plancks constant) of this minimum given by sin tan = h 2d 2meV w h = L 2d 2meV hL w= 2d 2meV hL 2wd 2 (50) (51) (52)

Solving for V , we nd 1 V = 2me Plugging in the numbers given, we nd

(53)

V = 37.6M V

(54)

6 9. hc h = (55) p E 2 (mc2 )2 Since the rest mass energy of the proton is given by 938M eV , we see that the ratio =
mc2 E

is vanishingly small for E = 3.5T eV . Thus, we can Taylor expand our formula for hc = 3.54 1019 m E

and keep terms only zeroth order in m, yielding = (56)

Note that since we ignored the mass term, this is the same wavelength light would have at that energy. 10. Note that the image of the source lies a distance H below the mirror. Thus, we can treat this as if it were a double slit setup, with d = 2H. However, because of the phase shift of at the mirror, we will get destructive interference at what would normally be the double slit maxima. Thus, we have minima when 2H sin = n (57)

where is measured from the mirror. For the height h of the rst minimum, this gives = 2H sin 2H tan (58) (59) (60) (61)

h = 2H D D h= 2H

= 50m 11. We have E = h W energy is zero, giving 0 = At = 20 , we have E = 2W W = W Since E = mv 2 /2, we nd the velocity of the electrons is 2W m v= = 1.19 106 m s rad W = 6.08 1015 h s

(62)

where E is the electron kinetic energy. The minimum = 0 occurs when the kinetic (63)

(64)

(65)

7 12. T = h p (66) (67) (68)

h 2mE h = 3mkT

at T = 300K, we nd T = 6.23nm (69)

13. (a) From the picture shown, we see that the dierence in path length between the top and bottom rays is given by = 2d sin (70)

The condition for constructive interference is that = m, from which we recover the Bragg condition 2d sin = m (b) Electrons with E = 54eV have a de Broglie wavelength = h = 0.167nm 2mE (72) (71)

Plugging this into the Bragg formula with = 65 , d = a and m = 1, we nd a = 0.92 A (73)