8 - Wcdma Principles&Planning v3.0

WCDMA Principles and Planning
16-19/05/2007 Yksel,lgen,Uur,Ard

Introduction Mobile Technologies WCDMA
Basics System Architecture
WCDMA Principles
Codes Modulation Processing Gain Eb/No RAB Physical Channels Idle Mode Behaviour HO Power Control Cell Breathing Rake Receiver
System Overview


Radio Resource Management
Admission Control Congestion Control RRC States
Propagation Models Linkbudgets (UMTS vs GSM) Npole General Dimensioning

Dimensioning Example 8 Parameter Cell Detailed Planning
Turkcell UMTS planning strategy Planning Tips Analysing with Asset

Static Analysis Monte Carlo
HSDPA Basics HSUPA Basics
Mobile Technologies
Mobile Technology Evaluation
5%
PDC TD-CDMA
3G/UMTS
73%
GSM
GPRS
TD-SCDMA W-CDMA
HSDPA
9%
TDMA CDMA One

CDMA2000 1x RTT
EDGE
CDMA2000 1x EV-DV
90% +
13 %
CDMA2000 1x EV-DO
3GPP Evaluation
3G LTE Enh UL HSDPA Ph2 MBMS Enh UL Ph2
R99
HSDPA
2004-5
2006
2007
2008-9
RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES
HOW?
RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES

FDMA P
Band Genilii
CDMA P t kod x
Band Genilii
P t
f1 f2 P
f3 f4 TDMA
Band Genilii
t3 t1 t2
kod1 kod2 kod3 kod4 kod5
kod1 kod2 kod3 kod4 kod5
f1 f2
f3
f4
f1
f2
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Each user is assigned to one Power FDMA frequency within the spectrum Applications Analog Cellular Systems AMPS NMT TACS User Frequency Analog Satellite Communication
e e m m T Tii
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
TDMA Power Each user is assigned to one time slot from a frequency
U se r
Applications Digital Cellular Systems GSM, D-AMPS
e e m m T Tii
Frequency
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
Each user can use the whole frequency band every time Spread Spectrum Power technology 1 user = 1 pseudo random code Other users = Interference
User
Applications Digital Cellular Systems Stallite Communications
e e m m T Tii
Frequency
WCDMA
WCDMA BASICS
Introduction to W-CDMA
They will all be able to communicate in their own language (code) if their voice levels (received power) are about the same. If someone speaks too loud, the others will not be able to understand and communicate at the same levels anymore
Turkish
e Fr h nc
En
gl is
GSM vs. UMTS The major differences

Wider channel bandwidth 200 kHz -> 5000 kHz
Thermal noise will be higher
Different users in the cell will have an effect upon each other.
The resources are shared in the system. If one user consumes a lot of resources, the other users will suffer.
Fast power control (2 Hz for GSM and 1500 Hz for UMTS)

The fast power control in UMTS is required in order to make sure that no user consumes more recourses than absolutely necessary.
An interference margin in the link budget is introduced in order to make the design for a loaded scenario. Its more fun
UMTS Standards
UTRA-FDD (W-CDMA); wide area coverage, up to 384
Band Width is 60 Mhz. 12 sub band with 5 Mhz. Band width were defined. 2 frequency bands are used for uplink and downlink separately. (60 Mhz. * 2)
kbit/s
interactive applications, up to 2 Mbit/s There are 2 frequency bands with total 35 Mhz. Band
Width
2110 1900 2170 1980 2200 2010 2025
UTRA-TDD (TD-CDMA); for indoor coverage and
FDD downlink FDD uplink
TDD
1920
TDD
FDD- Frequency Division Duplex

2 carriers are used for one connection as uplink and downlink. Carrier band width is 5 Mhz. Total Band width were defined as 60 Mhz. FDD are used for wide area coverage, because its designed to serve high number of subscribers rather than high throughput. Its not suitable for high speed internet application because band widths used for downlink and uplink are fixed.
TDD- Time Division Duplex

1 carrier is used for one connection. Carrier band width is 5 Mhz. 2 frequency bands were defined with 20 Mhz. and 15 Mhz. TDD is suitable for high speed internet application, uplink and downlink data are transferred in one frequency band and according to required data rate band widths can change. TDD is designed for indoor coverage, its not very resilient to inteference so it cannot be used for wide area coverage
WCDMA Frequency Band in Europe

FDD- DL 2170 60MHz
1900
1920 FDD- UL
1980 2010 2025 2110
20MHz
60MHz
15MHz
1 Carrier = 5 MHz Total number of FDD carriers 60/5 = 12
Total number of TDD carriers (20+15)/5 =
Turkey 3G Licenses
WCDMA System Architecture
UMTS System Architecture

Node B
Node B Iub Node B
RNC
Iu (CS) MSC Iur
Circuit Switched Network
Node B Iu (PS) Node B Iub
SGSN
Packet Core Network
RNC
UMTS together with GSM

PSTN/ISDN Internet/Intranet
ISUP
TCP/IP
GSM/UMTS Core Netwok
A-Interface
Iu-Interface
UMTS Access (UTRAN)
GSM Access (BSS)
GSM
GSM/UMTS
UMTS
Node B or BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

Uu
Iub (ATM)
UE
Node B (BTS)
RNC
Main Node B functions:

Call Processing Radio access Performance Monitoring Random Access detection Air Interface Transmission/Reception Modulation/Demodulation W-CDMA Physical Channel Coding Micro Diversity Error Handling Closed Loop Power Control
RNC (Radio Network Controller)

RNC
Iub (ATM) Node B (BTS) Iu ATM Backbone
Core Network
Iur ATM Backbone
Main RNC functions: Radio Resource Management User Mobility Handling Interfaces Macro Diversity
Channel Allocation Power Control Handover Control Ciphering
Open Loop Power Control
User Equipment
Maximum Tx Power: Mobile Equipment 33 dBm = 2 W 27 dBm = 0.5 W 24 dBm = 0.25 W Mobile Termination 21 dBm = 0.125 W
User Equipment
Radio Transmission
Cu
USIM Terminal Equipment
End to End Application
WCDMA Principles
WCDMA BASIC PRINCIPLES

P t code x P t
Spread signal by means of codes
12,2 KHZ Voice service
CODE
3,84Mhz Bandwith of coded signal
Spread Spectrum
Data Modulation
Demodulation
Power
Spreading
Despreading
Frequency
Spread Spectrum
Interference Rejection
Processing Gain
Gp
Gp
W 3840 = 25 dB G p = 10 Log = {Voice} = 10 Log 12.2 Rj
3840 = 10 dB G p = {384 kbps} = 10 Log 384
Modulation schemes
Uplink
jQ 0 X X 1 X X 1 X X 11 X X 10 X X 0 01 X I X 00 I
Downlink
jQ
Z = I +jQ
Dual Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK
CODES
WCDMA CODES
WHICH BTS ? WHICH BTS ? WHICH MS ? WHICH MS ? WHICH DATA RATE? WHICH DATA RATE? HOW MANY APPLICATIONS? HOW MANY APPLICATIONS?
PN (SCRAMBLING) CODE -(LONG CODE) ORTHOGONAL CODE -Spreading -(SHORT CODE)
Channelization and scrambling codes

Channelization code
(1)
Scrambling code
chipped Data (1)

Bit rate Chip rate
chipped (2)
(2)
Chip rate
Spreading Factor =
Chiprate Bitrate
Spreading Factor Gain-1

Power density
Unspread signal
SF= W/Rb
Background Noise Spread signal
Rb W=3,84MHz
Frequency
SF= W/Rb
User bit rate Kbit 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 3840 W=3840 Kbit 3840 3840 3840 3840 3840 3840 3840 3840 3840
Rb Change by service W 3,84Mbit (fix)

SF 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 SF gain dB 24 21 18 15 ORTHOGONAL 12 VARIABLE CODE 9 6 3 0
SF= ?
SF GAIN DEPEND ON USER DATA RATE
ORTHOGONAL VARIABLE SPREADING FACTOR (OVSF)
SF Gain depend on
SF=1
User data
OVSF codes.
OVSF Code Tree

1 Chip Rate = 3.840 Mcps Chip Rate = 3.840 Mcps
SF=2 SF=4
11
1.92 Mb/s 1920 kb/s
10
1111
1100 960 kb/s
1010
1001
SF=8
11111111 480 kb/s
11110000 480 kb/s
11001100 480 kb/s
11000011 480 kb/s
10101010 480 kb/s 480 kb/s
10100101 480 kb/s 480 kb/s
10011001 480 kb/s
10010110 480 kb/s 480 kb/s
= Unusable Code Space
SCRAMBLING CODES
USAGE UL: Separation of Terminals DL: Separation of Cells NUMBER OF CODES UL: Several Millions DL: 512 CODE FAMILY Long 10 ms Code: Gold Code
Downlink Scrambling Codes

Possibility of 262,143 different downlink scrambling codes Only 8192 different scrambling codes have been defined
Primary scrambling code
Cell #1
8192
...
Cell #512
...
Secondary scrambling code #1 Secondary scrambling code #2
Secondary scrambling code #15
8192 scrambling codes
512 sets of 1 primary and 15 secondary codes
512 primary codes divided into 64 groups
SCRAMBLING CODE
CODE USING
Uplink : Distinquish Mobil Terminal. Downlink: Distinquish each cell.
NodeB Cell 1 PN code 1 PN1 PN1
PN3
PN4
NodeB cell 2 PN code 2 PN2 PN2
PN5
PN6
ORTHOGONALITY
Orthoganality = 0
Orthoganality = 0,5
Orthoganality = 1
Uplink
Downlink
UL scrambling codes has not got orthogonality DL scrambling codes has got orthogonality
Radio Access Bearer (RAB)
UMTS and Radio Access Bearer Services

UMTS Network TE TE MT MT
WCDMA WCDMA RAN RAN CN Iu CN Iu edge edge node node CN CN Gateway Gateway TE TE
End-to-End Service
TE/MT Local Bearer Service
UMTS Bearer Service RAB

CN Bearer Service
External Bearer Service
Bearer Service Classes

Real time applications: Conversational class: preserve time relation of the entities with low delay e.g. voice call, video call Streaming class: preserve time relation between entities of the stream e.g. video streaming Non-real time applications: Interactive class: request/response pattern with preserved payload e.g. Internet browsing Background class: destination is not expecting data, preserve payload e.g. email
RABs supported
Conversational Speech Conversational CS Data Streaming
12.2 kbps Circuit switched
64 kbps Circuit switched
57.7 kbps Circuit switched
Interactive
Variable rate Packet Switched

RACH/FACH, 64/64, 64/128, 64/384
Multi-RAB
Combination of Conversational AMR and Interactive 64/384
Mapping of UMTS Services to RABs
Eb/No
Eb/No
TDMA-GSM
1 1 2 3 4 3 1 4 3 1 4 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 2
W-CDMA
Power spectrum
Eb/N
C I
N C
Eb/N0 what is it ?
Eb/N0 is the ratio of the energy/bit (Eb) to the spectral noise density (N0) Simplified, the Eb/N0 can be seen as a basic measure of how strong the signal is at the receivers input.
Suppose we are going to design a digital communication system where the BER not can be more than 10-3. The modulation method used is DBPSK. According to the graph we need an Eb/N0 of at least 7.9 dB in order to fulfill the criteria This 7.9 dB will then be our coverage level for this quality.
Eb/No
Eb/No = C / I x processing gain
Power spectrum
Ebit
Eb/No required Maximum noise level
gain
Available power to share between users
Unwanted power from other sources
Echip
Eb/No & Power Control

Power spectrum
Eb/No Power control
Ebit
Eb/No required Maximum noise level Unwanted power from other sources
Power
, Interference
, Capacity
Ec/N0, Ec/I0
CPICH Ec/I0, CPICH Ec/N0 The Ec/I0 denotes the received chip energy relative to the total power spectral energy Ec/I0 is often used to indicate the quality of digital signals that do not carry any user data - like the CPICH for example.
System Overview
Physical Channels
Channels and Layers

Non Access Stratum (NAS)
CC
MM
Core Network
Layer 3
Control plane (C-plane)
Duplication Avoidance
RRC
User plane (U-plane)
PDCP Layer 2 RLC
BMC
Logical Channels MAC Transport Channels Layer 1 PHY
Access Stratum (AS)
UTRAN Protocols
RRC Radio Resource Control
Main functions:
Responsible for establishing, reconfigure and releasing connections between the mobile and the network. Routes the higher layer SDU (Service data units) to RLC, PDCP or BMC depending on its content.
PDCP - Packet Data Convergence Protocol

Main functions
Compress the packet data received from higher layers etc.
BMC - Broadcast/Multicast Control

Main functions:
Responsible for handling the broadcasting/multicasting messages SMS etc.
RLC Radio Link Control

Main functions (three different operation modes)
Transparent mode
Segmentation and reassembly Transfer of user data As in transparent mode Ciphering Etc. As in Unacknowledged Flow control etc
Un-acknowledged mode
Acknowledged mode

MAC Media Access Control

Main functions
Mapping between logical channels/transport channels and transport channel selection Multiplexing of PDUs Packet Data Unit) to/from common and dedicated channels etc.
Channels and their mapping

RLC Layer (Radio Link Control) CCCH FACH
P-CCPCH S-CCPCH
DCCH
BCCH BCH
PCCH PCH
DTCH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
Logical Channels
MAC Layer (Media Access Control) DCH RACH DCH Transport Channels PHY (Physical Layer) CPICH DPCH DPCCH DPDCH PRACH PICH AICH SCH
Air Interface
Physical Layer Structure

UMTS Frame Format
Slot = 0.667 ms = 2560 chips
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #j
Slot #14
Frame = 15 slots = 10 ms = 38400 chips
Frame #0 Frame #1
Frame #i
Frame #4095
Super frame = 4096 frames = 40.96 seconds
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

1 timeslot = 2560 Chips = 10 symbols = 20 bits = 666.667 uSec Pilot Symbol Data (10 symbols per slot)
10 11 12 13 14 15
1 Frame = 15 slots = 10 mSec

62
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P_CCPCH)

Spreading Factor = 256 1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 18 broadcast data bits / slot SCH 256 Chips P-SCH S-SCH 2304 Chips Broadcast Data (18 bits)
10 11 12 13 14 15

63
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S_CCPCH)

Spreading Factor = 256 to 4 1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 20 * 2k data bits; k = [0..6]
0, 2, or 8 bits TFCI or DTX
20 to 1256 bits Data
0, 8, or 16 bits Pilot
10 11 12 13 14 15

64
Page Indication Channel (PICH)

Spread with SF=256 Channelization code Each UE looks for a particular PICH time slot A paging indicator set to 1 indicates that the UE should read the S-CCPCH of the corresponding frame.
288 bits for paging indication b0 b1
12 bits (undefined) b287 b288 b299
One radio frame (10 ms)
65
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

Transmits Acquisition Indicators in response to UE Access Attempts AIs are derived from the UEs Access Preamble Signature
Identifies the UE which is the target of the AICH response
AI part 1024 chips a30 a31 (Transmission Off)
a j = AIsbs, j
s =0
15
a0 a1 a2
AS #14
AS #0
AS #1
AS #i
AS #14
AS #0
20 ms
66
Downlink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Downlink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
1 Slot = 0.666 mSec = 2560 chips = 10 x 2^k bits, k = [0...7] SF = 512/2k = [512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4] DPDCH Data 1 DPCCH TPC TFCI DPDCH Data 2 DPCCH Pilot
10 11 12 13 14 15

67
SUMMARY FOR PHYSICAL CHANNELS

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH): The CPICH continuously sends the SC for the cell. It also aids channel estimation for cell selection/reselection and handover for the UE. Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P_CCPCH): This channel is used to carry broadcast data and the synchronization channels. The Channelization Code CP_CCPCH,256,1 is always used for this channel since it needs to be decoded by all UEs. The Secondary Common Control Physical Channel(S_CCPCH): Uses a different Channelization Code depending on weather it is carrying a paging, signaling or user data. Paging Indicator Channel (PICH): This channel is used in conjunction with the paging that is carried by S_CCPCH The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH): Acknowledges that the RBS has acquired the RACH preamble by echoing the UEs Random Access signature. Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH): The PRACH is used to carry the 20 msec Random Access message on the I branch of the modulator and L1 control (Pilot and TFCI) on the Q branch Dedicated Physical Data/Control Channel (DPDCH/DPCCH): The DPDCH carries user traffic, Layer 2 overhead bits and Layer 3 signaling data. The DPCCH carries Layer 1 control bits, which are as follows: Pilot bits, which are used by the receiver to measure the channel quality Transmission Power Control (TPC) bits, which are used to adjust the power of the UE Transport Format Combination Indicator (TFCI) bits,which are used to tell the receiver what is being carried by this physical channel. The DPDCH and DPCCH are not time multiplexed, as they are in the downlink, but instead are fed into the I and Q inputs of a complex spreader
Downlink Data Rates

Variable Data Rates on the Downlink: Examples
Channel Bit Rate (kbps) Channel Symbol Rate (ksps) SF Bits/Frame Bits/ Slot DPCCH TFCI 512 64 150 1200 60 900 90 300 10 80 4 60 0 8 TPC PILOT 2 4 4 8 TOTAL DPDCH DPCCH TOTAL DPDCH
15 120
7.5 60
1920
960
19,200 18,720
480
1280
1248
16
Channel Coding (OVSF codes at 3.84 Mcps) Coded Data 1.920 Mb/sec (19,200 bits per 10 mSec frame) S/P Converter 960 kbps/sec
69
Downlink Spreading
cos(wt) I p(t) DPDCH & DPCCH S P Cch Cscramb p(t) Q The same channelization code is applied to both I and Q!
DPDCH Data1 N data1 bits DPCCH TPC N TPC bits TFCI N TFCI bits
k
sin(wt)
DPCCH Pilot N pilot bits
DPDCH Data2 N data2 bits bits (k=0..7)
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i One radio frame, T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
Uplink Spreading
Ch
D
Different channelization codes are applied to DPDCH and DPCCH

Scramb
cos ( w t)
DPDCH
p(t)
I + jQ Ch DPCCH
*j p(t)
c
sin ( w t)
DPDCH
Data N data bits T slot = 2560 chips, N Pilot N pilot bits

data
= 10*2 TFCI
bits (k=0..6) FBI N FBI bits TPC N TPC bits
DPCCH
N TFCI bits T slot = 2560 chips, 10 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot # i 1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
Idle Mode Behaviour
Paging in UMTS
There are 2 paging procedures in UMTS
One procedure for the mobiles in Idle. One procedure for the mobiles in Cell_DCH (i.e. The mobile has a dedicated channel)
PAGING TYPE1 (sent from the RNC after reception of A PAGING from core) PAGING TYPE2 (sent from the RNC)
Common Channel
Connected
Cell re-selection
There are 3 criterions (intra frequency and non HCS) that must be fulfilled in order for a intra cell reselection to take place:
The S-criteria must be fulfilled The cell should be ranked as the best The new cell is better ranked than the serving cell during a time period of Treselections and at least 1 second has elapsed since the mobile camped on the current serving cell.
S-criterion
The mobile measures the CPICH Ec/I0 and CPICH RSCP of the serving cell and evaluates the cell selection criterion S for the serving cell at least every DRX cycle. FDD cells: GSM cells: where: Squal = Qqualmeas - Qqualmin Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - Qrxlevmin - Pcompensation Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0 Srxlev > 0
Pcompensation = max(UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH P_MAX, 0) Squal -> CPICH Ec/I0 Srxlev -> CPICH RSCP
Cell ranking criterion - R

Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n
Re-selected cell: 1. Fulfills the S criterion 2. Is the highest ranked
Qmeas = CPICH RSCP (RxLev) Qmeas = CPICH Ec/I0
: :
Qhyst1s & Qoffset1s,n Qhyst2s & Qoffset2s,n
Squal Srxlev Qqualmeas Qrxlevmeas Qqualmin Qrxlevmin Pcompensation

UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH P_MAX
Cell selection quality value (dB). Cell selection RX level value (dB) Measured cell quality value. The quality in the received signal expressed in CPICH Ec/I0 (dB). Measured cell RX level value. The level in the received signal is expressen in CPICH RSCP (dBm) Minimum required quality in the cell Minimum required RX level in the cell Max(UE_TXPWR_MAX_RACH - P_MAX,0) Maximum TX power level a mobile may use when accessing the cell on the RACH. Maximum RF output power of the mobile
Neighbour cell measurements (in Idle mode)

The measurements are started when:
Intra frequency:
Squal Sintrasearch OR Sintrasearch is not sent in SIB Squal Sintersearch OR Sintersearch is not sent in SIB
Inter frequency:
Inter RAT (GSM): Squal SsearchRAT OR SsearchRAT is not sent in SIB*
* This is equal to the case when SsearchRAT = 20 dB
Cell re-selection (UMTS)

Qqualmeas Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0 Qhysts Treselections
No measurements are performed on neighbours
Qoffsets,n
Measurements are performed
Qqualmin
This range is decided by QSI paramet er value

h
Measurements Suitable
Re-selection
time Re-selection
Qrxlevmeas Qhyst s
Cell re-selection (UMTS-GSM)

Srxlev > 0 Treselections
Qoffsets,n
Measurements are performed
SsearchRAT
Qrxlevmin
Measurements are performed on GSM neighbours
Measurements Suitable
Re-selection
time Re-selection
Cell re-selection (GSM-UMTS)

Qqualmeas Qhysts FDDRCPMIN > 0-15 (-114 to -84 dBm)
No cell reselection are performed on neighbours FDDQOFF
This range is decided by QSI parameter value
FDDQmin No cell reselection are performed on neighbours
FDDQMINOFF
time Suitable Re-selection
Cell re-selection (GSM - UMTS)

-54 -58 -62 -66 -70 -74 -78 -82 -86 -90 -94 -98 Always measure UMTS X
dBm
Measure UMTS when RxLev is below Measure UMTS when RxLev is above
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
QSI
A threshold on the serving cell defines below (or above) which levels intersystem measurements are initiated (Trigger) A threshold on the target cell defines below which level re-selection is not possible (Capture) Serving and target cells are compared, possibly with added offsets (Ranking)
Trigger Capture Ranking
Cell Re-selection
UMTS to GSM GSM to UMTS
Measure
CPICH Ec/I0
RxLev
CPICH RSCP and RxLev Qhyst1 Qoffset CPICH RSCP and RxLev FDDQOFF
Parameters
Qqualmin SsearchRAT RxLev
Qrxlevmin
Measure
CPICH Ec/I0
Parameters
QSI
FDDQMIN
Cell re-selection rules to avoid ping pong

Qqualmin + SsearchRAT < FDDQMIN FDDQOFF < -Qhyst1 Qoffset1
Trigger Capture Ranking
UMTS to GSM GSM to UMTS
Measure
CPICH Ec/I0
RxLev
CPICH RSCP and RxLev Qhyst1 Qoffset CPICH RSCP and RxLev FDDQOFF
Parameters
Qqualmin SsearchRAT RxLev
Qrxlevmin
Measure
CPICH Ec/I0
Parameters
QSI
FDDQMIN
Cell re-selection
Region
Condition
Neighbour cells to be measured in idle mode
1 2 3 4 5
Squal > Sintrasearch

Sintersearch < Squal Sintrasearch SsearchRAT < Squal Sintersearch
None Intra frequency adjacencies Intra & Inter frequency adjacencies Intra, Inter and inter system adjacencies Full scan of 3G and 2G frequencies (initial selection mode)
Squal SsearchRAT Squal < 0
Handover
Handovers in UMTS
Intra frequency handover (f1 to f1)
Softer Handover Soft Handover Soft/Softer Handover Core Network Hard Handover
Inter frequency handover(f1 to f2)

Hard Handover
Inter system handover (UMTS to GSM)

Hard Handover
Handovers in UMTS
Node B
Node B
Intra frequency handover

An intra frequency handover is a handover between to cells using the same frequency. An intra frequency handover decision is in 99% of the cases decided by the RNC. The UE performs measurements and reports to the RNC when a certain criteria has been fulfilled. This is referred to as event based reporting.
HANDOVER
SOFTER HANDOVER
MSC/VLR
In a softer handover the active set contains at least 2 cells from the same Node-B
RNC
Iub
Node B
Node B
UMTS COVERAGE
HANDOVER
SOFT HANDOVER
In a soft handover the active set contains cells from different Node-Bs
MSC/VLR
DRIFT RNC
Iur
SERVING RNC
Iub
Iub
Node B
Node B
UMTS COVERAGE
Soft/Softer Handover
In soft/softer handover the active set contains 2 cells from the same Node-B and one cell from a different Node-B.
Active set update procedure

UE Node-B
Event Measurement reports
Decision to setup New RL Radio Link Setup Request Radio Link Setup Response 1 ~ 2 seconds Iub Bearer Setup Downlink Synchronization Uplink Synchronization Active Set Update Active Set Update Complete
RNC
X seconds
Power Control&SoftHO
UE responding to BS1 power control bits UE responding to BS2 power control bits
BS1 Receive Power Target
time
time Trouble zone: Prior to Hard Handover, the UE causes excessive interference to BS2
UE responds to power control commands from both BS1 and BS2 UE responding to BS1 power control commands
BS1 0 0 1 1 BS2 0 1 0 1 Action Reduc e power Reduc e power Reduc e power Increas e power
UE responding to BS2 power control commands
1 11 11 1111 11 11 1111 11 1111 11 11 12 111 12 22 22 2 22
222 22 22 22 2 22 2 2 time
11 1 111 1 1111 11 1 1 1
222 22 222 22 222222 22 1 1 22 222 21 1 11 111 11 1 1 111 time
SoftHO Gain
Good bloc k Bloc k in error
SRNC
CN
Macro Diversity Combining

RL 1
BER =10-1 BER =10-2 BER =10-1 BER =10-3 BER =10-5 BER =10-1 BER =10-1 BER =10-5
BER= 5,1410 2
RL 2
BER= 2,7810 2
RL 3
BER= 2,6410 2
With MDC in the RNC:

BER=1,2810 3
HANDOVER
HARD HANDOVER
Hard handover is defined as a handover where the old connection is released before the new connection is established (like in GSM)
RNC
MSC/VLR
Hard handover takes place at an inter frequency handover or an inter system handover.
BSC
Iub
Abis
Node B
BTS
UMTS COVERAGE
GSM COVERAGE
Filtering of measurements F = (1 a ) F + a M
No
n n 1 n
ts
db rte po up
Fn = Updated filtered measurement result Fn-1 = Old filtered measurement result Mn = Latest received measurement result a = () (k/2)
-75 Signal strength (dBm) -80 -85 -90 -95 -100 -105 Original signal K=2 K=6 K=8 K=11 K=19
ya ll m s ile ob
10 LogM New
NA W 10 Log M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1a H1a / 2) i =1
Measurement Quantity
CPICH 1
CPICH 2 Reporting range Reporting terminated Periodic report Event-triggered report (Event 1A) Periodic report CPICH 3
Time
1X type of reporting events in FDD

Event 1A (called E1A): A primary CPICH enters the reporting range Event 1B (called E1B): A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range Event 1C (called E1C): A non active primary CPICH (not in active set) becomes better than an active primary CPICH (in the active set Event 1D (called E1D): Change of best cell in active set Event 1E (called E1E): A primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold Event 1F (called E1F): A primary CPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold
NA 10 LogM New W 10 Log M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1a H1a / 2) i =1
Event 1B (called E1B): A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range Measurement Quantity
CPICH 1
CPICH 2 Reporting range
CPICH 3 Event-triggered report (Event 1B)

Time
MNew MInAS + H1c / 2

Event 1C (called E1C): A non active primary CPICH (not in active set) becomes better than an active primary CPICH (in the active set
CPICH 1
CPICH 2 CPICH 3
CPICH 4 Event-triggered report (Event 1C)

Time
Event 1C (called E1C): A non active primary CPICH (not in active set) becomes better than an active primary CPICH (in the active set Event 1D (called E1D): Change of best cell in active set
CPICH 1
CPICH 2 CPICH 3
CPICH 4 Event-triggered report Event-triggered Event-triggered report report (Event 1D)

Time
Intra frequency handover example

Time to trigger T
CPICH 1 R
1B
Ec /I0 R -H /2
+H
1B
/2
1A
1A
H /2
1C
CPICH 2 CPICH 3 Time Cell 1 Connected Event 1A Add Cell 2 Event 1C Replace Cell 1 with Cell 3 Event 1B Remove Cell 3
Soft Handover Overhead (SHO)

In a GSM network the soft handover overhead is always 0% The soft handover overhead is a measure on how many connections on average exceeding 1 a mobile has got to the network. A large soft handover overhead indicates that each mobile has got many connections on average to the network (>1) -> Average AS size is high. A low soft handover overhead indicates that each mobile has got few connections on average to the network (~1) -> Average AS size is low. A large SHO could indicate that too many resources are used by the mobile. A low SHO could indicate that there could be more gain achieved in having several connections to the network and that the mobile does use too much transmit power on average. A well balanced SHO is about 30-40% (1.3 1.4 connections on average)
Number _ of _ active _ radiolinks _ in _ the _ network SHO _ Overhead (%) = 100 1 Number _ of _ UEs _ with _ AS 0
Compressed Mode
Downlink Power
Normal mode
Radio frame (10 ms)
SP=256
SP<<256 normally SF/2
SF
Downlink Power
SF
Compressed mode
UE performs measurements on another frequency or another system
UE only has got one receiver and one transmitter
Intersystem Handover UMTS -> GSM (voice)

WCDMA
Contains the order to verify the BSIC
COMPRESSED MODE
Contains the verification of the BSIC
GSM
Intersystem Handover GSM -> UMTS (voice)

GSM
WCDMA
Power Control
Power Control
SIRtarget
Up/Down
SIRerror
Inner closed loop power control
Outer closed loop power control
Power Control
M1
B1
M2
B2
N1
P1
N2
P2
Power Control
There are three different power control mechanisms in UMTS
Open loop power control
Takes place at initial access in order to set the initial transmit power. (Is based on the pathloss measured by the mobile)
Inner closed loop power control

This is the fast power control (1.5 kHz) and is controlled by the Node-B/mobile based on the SIRtargets sent from the RNC/mobile. The aim of the Inner closed loop power control is to control the transmitted power (UL and DL) on the air interface so that the SIR targets can be fulfilled.
Outer closed loop power control

The outer closed loop power control sets SIR target for the Inner closed loop power. The rate is 10-100 Hz typically.
RACH transmission (preamble)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The mobile decodes the BCH to find out which RACHs that are available The downlink power is measured and the mobile calculates how much power that is required in order to reach the Node-B (Open loop power control) A 1 ms RACH preamble is sent from the mobile using the calculated transmission power. If the mobile does not get any response from the Node-B (AICH) it send another preamble with increased power. This procedure is repeated until the mobile receives a response from the Node-B
DL RACH RACH
UL
RACH
RACH
AICH
Power Control
Uplink Open Loop Power Control

Dedicated channel at just enough power Connection established with minimum interference to other users
UE 1 1) UE measures Pilot 2) Reads interference level from Broadcast channel

a tc a
at ul lc
ed
er w po
its m 4) The power is ramped ns ra T up until a response is 3) heard or maximum number of re-attempts is reached
UE 2
RBS
Downlink Open Loop Power Control

Dedicated channel at just enough power
r we po
UE 1
2
its m ns ra )T
a tc a
at ul lc
ed
1) Uses parameters to calculate required power
3) The power is ramped up until a response is heard or until a certain maximum power is reached
Minimum downlink power used to setup a connection thus maximizing downlink capacity RBS
UE 2
Uplink Inner Loop Power Control

Increase power
r we o ep c du re
Uplink Signal to Interference (SIR) target is maintained for all services
UE 2
UE 2
Commands are fast enough (1500 times per second) to compensate for Rayleigh fading
UE 1
RBS
Downlink Inner Loop Power Control

Increase power
r we o ep c du re
UE 2
UE 2
Minimum power for each connection is maintained, thus maximizing downlink capacity UE 1
Commands are fast enough (1500 times per second) to compensate for Rayleigh fading
RBS
Uplink Outer Loop Power Control

Inner loop commands based on SIR measured SIR target = x dB
Uplink BLER for the service is maintained, regardless of UE environment
SIR target = y dB
SRNC measures the BLER for the service and creates a new SIR target
UE
RBS
SRNC
Downlink Outer Loop Power Control

SIR target = y dB Inner loop commands based on SIR measured
SIR target = x dB UE measures the BLER for the service and creates a new SIR target
UE
RBS
Downlink BLER for the service is maintained, regardless of UE environment
Cell Breathing
Cell breathing due to loading

Cell Loading = 75% 6 dB Cell Loading = 50%
3 dB Thermal Noise
Thermal Noise
3 dB 3dB
Cell Breathing
Cell radius depends on traffic load
$3$
Rake Receiver
RAKE Receiver Block Diagram

WCDMA Mobile Station RAKE Receiver Architecture Each finger tracks a single multipath reflection Also be used to track other base stations signal during soft handover One finger used as a Searcher to identify other base stations
Finger #1 Finger #2 Combiner
Sum of individual multipath components
Finger #N
Searcher Finger
Power measurement of Neighboring Base Stations
RAKE Receiver Example

Composite Received Signal
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 0 50 100
2 1
150 200 250
300
350
400
time To Viterbi Decoder

3 + Interference
18 16 14 12 10 8
2 1
n 1/2-chip delay
6 4 2 0 -2 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Correlator
2 + Interference
Ai
18 16 14 12 10 8
2 1
50 100 150 200 250
m 1/2-chip delay
6 4 2 0 -2 0
300
350
400
Correlator
Ai
18 16 14 12 10
2 1
1 + Interference
k 1/2-chip delay
8 6 4 2 0 -2 0 50 100 150
200
250
300
350
400
Correlator
Ai
PN, Channelization Codes
Equal Combining, ML Combining, or Select Strongest
Radio Resource Management
RADIO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT-1

Cell Capacity RRM RNC
Optimization
NodeB
Cell Coverage
Service Quality
RRM Admission Control Admission Control
PAKET SCHEDULING LOAD (Congestion) CONTROL
Power control
HANDOVER CONTROL
Admission Control
Admission Control
The purpose of the admission control is to maintain the stability of the network by ensuring that if the loading becomes too high, no additional mobiles are admitted to the network Admission control typically allows the operator to limit (vendor dependent):
The uplink noise rise The downlink transmit power The maximum transmit power per user The allocated radio bearer
Admission Control
Before assigning new carrier, cell load is checked: New RAB Establishment Handover Channel Switching Cell load contains two part: Uplink Interference Downlink Power
Admission Control Thresholds
Admission Control
Load (Congestion) Control
Congestion Control
Start releaseAseDl
RB drop Congestion handling Bit rate adaptation Dedicated to common
Congestion detection
Load Cong_thr Cong_OK Congestion Control Actions

dB Power or Load Limit
Kbps
384
384 128 64 FACH 64 128 128
384
Congestion Control handling- DL

Start releaseAseDl DL Power Start releaseAseDl Stopp releaseAseDl
pwrOffset
pwrAdm + pwrAdmOffset
200ms = tmCongAction 75ms < pwrHyst 100ms = pwrHyst 100ms = pwrHyst
Congestion
Congestion solved
Time
Congestion Control handling - UL

RSSI Start releaseAseDl Start releaseAseDl Stopp releaseAseDl
iFOffset iFCong 300ms = tmCongAction 75ms < ifHyst 100ms = ifHyst
100ms = ifHyst
Time Congestion Congestion solved
RRC States
UE RRC states
Connected to the Network Wake me up when you need me I am still in the office Stand by mode (ready for transport)
Used for transportation of big data volumes
Used for transportation of small data volumes
Not connected to the Network
IDLE State
Not supported by many UEs
RRC states
Bad performance in many UEs Does not consume so much battery
URA_PCH
Cell_PCH
Non transmission Transmission state state
Cell_DCH
Common channel shared by Cell_FACH all users in the cell Idle
RRC states
Timer expired (RLC buffer still empty) empty)
Idle
Cell_FACH
Cell_DCH
Cell_FACH
Cell_PCH
Data Transfer starts (RLC buffer full) full)
High data transfer demand
Low data transfer demand
Data transfer finished (RLC buffer empty) empty)
Channel type switching (CTS)

Traffic volume CELL_DCH State
Event 4A is sent
Downlink upper transport channel traffic volume threshold
Uplink upper transport channel traffic volume threshold Downlink lower transport channel traffic volume threshold
CELL_FACH
Uplink lower transport channel traffic volume threshold
State
E4A E4B E4B
E4A
Event 4B is sent
time
Downlink Uplink FACH state

Soft Soft Congestion Congestion Cell_DCH 64/384 Cell_DCH 64/128 Cell_DCH 64/64 Coverage Coverage triggered downswitch triggered downswitch SHO can SHO can initiate initiate aa switchififitit switch fails to add fails to add RL aaRL
Upswitch Upswitch based on based on bandwidth bandwidth
Cell_FACH Dedicated to common based on throughput
Common to Common to Dedicated Dedicated based on based on buffersize buffer size
No activity No activity
Idle Mode

Data Buffers
User 1
Packet
User 2
Packet
User 3 Packet
Switch to dedicated
Packet
RACH
Packet
Packet
T Time -out
Switch to common
DCH
Release dedicated channel
Bit Rate Adaptation
Bit Rate Adaptation

Bit Rate can be increased via reason mentioned below High channel utilization (radio quality must be high) Bit Rate can be decreased via reason mentioned below Low channel utilization Bad radio quality High Load (congestion control) Overflow in RLC Buffer: Event 4A Underflow in RLC Buffer: Event 4B
WCDMA Planning
Radio Propagation Models
Cell Concepts
Macro Cell
Cell Range > 1km, mostly Rural areas, and Urban
Mini Cell
Cell Range 500m-1km, Urban areas
Micro Cell
Cell Range 200m-500m, DenseUrban areas
Pico Cell
nbuilding cells
Cell Concepts
d > 1 km Macro Cell
500 m < d < 1 km Mini Cell
RF Propagation Basics
Fast Fading
Rayleigh distributed
Slow Fading
Log normal distribution with standart deviation
Path Loss
Decrease of the global mean value with distance
Fast Fading (Rayleigh)
Slow Fading (Log-normal)
Shadowing
Fast and Slow Fading
Simple Radio Propagation Models

Propagation in Free Space
Simple Radio Propagation Models

Plane Earth Propagation
Knife-edge Diffraction
E0
Okumura-Hata Related Models

hb>30m 1 km < d < 100 km
Okumura Model empirical Hata Model - <1.500 MHz. Cost - 231 Hata Model - >1.500 MHz.
Okumura-Hata Model for Dimensioning
A constant for 2GHz
Walfish Ikegami Model
Flat ground Uniform building height and building seperations
Propagation Model in Asset

Pathloss (dB) = K 1 + K 2 log(d ) + K 3 hms + K 4 log(hms ) + K 5 log( H eff ) + K 6 log( H eff ) log(d ) + K 7 df + clutter =
[K
+ K 3 hms + K 4 log(hms ) + K 5 log( H eff ) + K 7 df + clutter + K 2 + K 6 log( H eff ) log(d ) = A + B log(d )
] [
where A = K 1 + K 3 hms + K 4 log(hms ) + K 5 log( H eff ) + K 7 df + clutter B = K 2 + K 6 log( H eff )

A
K1 is used to model the intercept will be directly related to the clutter factors K2 is used to model the pure distance dependence K3 should always be -2.96 as the mobile antenna height is assumed to always be 1.5 m K4 should always be 0 because mobile antenna height is assumed to always be 1.5 m K5 is used to model the relation between the site antenna height and the intercept will have an impact on the clutter factors K6 is used to model the relation between the site antenna height and the distance from the site K7 is used to model the influence of diffraction
B Received level
log(d)
Example: K6 is always negative in a correct model

10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 1 -4 -6 -8 -10
K6 < 0 As the antenna height increases the signal strength also increases The same apply to K5 !!! K6 > 0 As the antenna height increases the signal strength decreases
17
33
49
65
81
97 113
15 20 25 30 35 15 20 25 30 35
meter (-K6) meter (-K6) meter (-K6) meter(-K6) meter (-K6) meter (+K6) meter (+K6) meter (+K6) meter (+K6) meter (+K6)
Linkbudgets (UMTS vs GSM)
Linkbudgets
In GSM there is a linkbudget for one service only. But in UMTS there are several different services available
kbps
8/8
Vid e
kb ps
Vo
ic
128
4 38 / 64
s bp k
12
4 38 8/
/384
s bp k
Which one should be dimensioned for ?
HS A DP
PS Radio Bearer Allocation

Load in DL 80% 70% 0/0 kbps is used for multi RABs CS 12.2 kbps + PS 0/0 kbps
50% 30% 64/128 kbps 64/384 kbps 64/64 kbps Allocated Radio Bearer
8/8 kbps
UMTS supported Radio Bearers (Vendor dependant)

Circuit Switched AMR 12.2 kbps (Voice) UDI 64 kbps (Video) Streaming Packet Switched Interactive/Background 8/8 kbps 64/64 kbps 64/128 kbps 64/384 kbps 128/128 kbps 128/384 kbps Streaming .. Conversational ..
Multi Radio Bearers AMR 12.2 kbps + Interactive/Background
Asymmetric Services
UL: 64 kbps DL: 384 kbps
Downlink Power
Uplink Power
CPICH Coverage
Downlink Power
Uplink Power
CPICH Coverage
Linkbudget (GSM and UMTS)

A link budget is made in order to find the cell range for different environments The link budget will give you the maximum allowed pathloss (MAPL) in order to meet the requirements for that environment
The cell range could then found by a simple calculation:
Maximum output power MAPL cell range (and coverage level)
Maximum Pathloss (MAPL)
Linkbudget (GSM)
In GSM one user consume all the available power in the base station during a timeslot
timeslot Max Power User 4 User 2 User 3 User 1 User 5 User 6
time
Linkbudget (UMTS)
In UMTS one user consume the power he requires in order to keep the connection The available power in UMTS is shared between different users in the downlink Total output power =
User 1 + User 2 + User 3 Max Power User 1 User 2 User 3
time
Linkbudget (UMTS)
The available power in the downlink is 43 dBm. The available power in the uplink is 21 dBm (maximum output power of the mobile) This means:
The limiting link in terms of coverage is the uplink in UMTS !
GSM
Uplink and downlink are balanced
GSM 900 TX RBS TX Power Feeder Loss Body Loss Antenna Gain Total Max EIRP 42.5 3.0 0.0 18.0 57.5 33 0.0 2.0 0.0 28.0 Downlink Uplink
Linkbudgets
UMTS
Uplink and downlink are not balanced
W-CDMA TX Node-B TX Power Feeder Loss Body Loss Antenna Gain ? 3.0 0.0 18.0 ? 21 0.0 2.0 0.0 19.0 Downlink Uplink
Service and environmental dependant entries
Total Max EIRP
RX RX Sensitivity Feeder Loss Body Loss Antenna Gain Diversity Gain -102.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 -104.0 3.0 0.0 18.0 1.5
RX RX Sensitivity ? 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 -124.8 3.0 0.0 18.0 2.0
MAPL GSM Voice 122.7 dB MAPL UMTS Voice 127.1 dB
Feeder Loss Body Loss Antenna Gain Diversity Gain
Sigma Total Probability Area Probability Edge Penetration Loss Fading Margin Maximum Pathloss 122.7
8 95.0 % 89.1% 22 12.8 122.7
Sigma Total Probability Area Probability Edge Penetration Loss Fading Margin Maximum Pathloss ?
8 95.0 % 90.0% 19 18.2 127.1
Linkbudget
Turkcell approach
Make the design for Video Indoor with 50% load in uplink. Will always be OK in the downlink as we are limited by coverage in this scenario
MAPL
Downlink Coverage limited (uplink) Uplink Capacity limited (downlink)
Alternative approach
Assume a load for the uplink Check if its OK in downlink If not, decrease/increase the load and check again.
Coverage
Capacity
LOAD
Downlink/Uplink coverage dimensioning

Assume a path loss of 127 dB (Dense Urban environment) Signal strength from CPICH (Pilot) 33 127 = -92 dBm Signal strength from mobile 21-127 = -106 dBm
21 dBm (0.126 Watt)
Power for coverage (Pilot power) Power for traffic (for all users)
33 dBm (2 Watt) 2 Watt for CCH
Mobile coverage
Power for Uplink coverage
43 dBm (20 Watt)
42 dBm (16 Watt)
The coverage is limited by the available power in the mobile
What is Npole? Uplink or Downlink?
Uplink Npole
The uplink pole capacity, Npole, is the theoretical limit for the number of UEs that a cell can support. It is service (RAB) dependent. At this limit the interference level in the system is infinite and thus the coverage reduced to zero.
N pole
1 W = 1 + (1 + i ) Eb R j N0
Downlink Npole
General Dimensioning
Downlink/Uplink coverage dimensioning

Power for coverage (Pilot power)
33 dBm (2 Watt) 33 dBm (2 Watt)
Power for traffic (for all users)
Mobile coverage Power for Uplink coverage 43 dBm (20 Watt)
42 dBm (16 Watt)
21 dBm (0.126 Watt)
Uplink coverage dimensioning
Terminal 1 Terminal 2
Terminal X
Noise
Terminal X
L
n =1
Noise Rise
Loading Factor 50% 75% 90 % 99 % 100 %
3 dB 6 dB 10 dB 20 dB dB
Terminal 1
Thermal Noise No
Uplink dimensioning
Suppose our wanted signal is Pj and the total received power in the Node-B (all other users + noise) is Itotal, our achieved Eb/Nb can then be written:
Pj Eb W N = R I P j total j b j
where:
W Rj
is the processing gain is the bandwidth of the received signal, 3.84 MHz is the datarate of our channel (i.e. Voice 12.2 kHz)
Rj
Uplink dimensioning
Solving for Pj yields:
Pj I total
Eb R j = N W Pj b j
Eb R j I total N W b j Pj = Eb R j 1+ N W b j
I total = L j I total Pj = Nb W 1+ E R b j j
Uplink dimensioning
Inserting typical values yields:
Nb = 0.4 Eb
W = 3840000
R j = 12200
1 1 Lj = 3840000 127 1 + 0.4 12200

1 This can be interpreted as this user will be responsible for a 127 part of the total received power at the Node-B
Uplink dimensioning
Itotal includes the other users in the cell (N) and the thermal noise and can be written as:
I total = L j I total + Pn
j =1
All the users in the cell will cause the received power to rise over the unloaded received power (thermal noise). This rise is normally referred to as the noise rise in the cell. It can be written as:
I total = Pn
I total I total L j I total

j =1 N
I total
N I total 1 L j j =1
1 1 Lj
j =1 N
1 1 UL
This term is normally referred to as the loading factor
Interference in Uplink 25 20 Interference (dB) 15 10 5 0 1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 Load (% )
Output Power vs. Capacity

MAPL 3 dB Coverage limited (uplink) Uplink
Available power in the UE = 21 dBm or 126 mW Available power in the Node-B = 43 dBm or 20000 mW
Downlink
Gain for 2 x Pout
Capacity limited (downlink)
LOAD
Dimensioning Samples
Sample City - Environment

City stanbul Environment Denseurban Area 187,84 km2 Coverage Indoor Coverage Prob. %90 UL Case Limiting Service Video Subs/km2 3.000
%10 Load, Coverage Case
%50 Load, Incar Coverage Case
%50 Load, %95 Coverage Case
%50 Load, %95 Voice Coverage Case
%50 Load, Cov&Cap Case
INCREASE or DECREASE LOAD?
RESULT: DIMENSIONING LOAD # OF SITE 211 %49
%50 Load, Cov&Cap, 4000 sub/km2
%50 Load, Incar Cov&Cap, 4000 sub/km2
8 Parameter Analysis in Dimensioning
Base Line Values and 8 Parameters

Baseline values PA (W) 20 Noise Rise (dB) 3 Orthogonality 0,5 CPICH Pwr (dBm) 33 Antenna height (m) 20 Coverage probability% 90 Building Loss (dB) 18 SHO% 30 Area (km2) Subscriber# 206 228000 536 16,95 26,92 Site # UL Load % DL Load %
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Power Amplifier Noise Rise Orthogonality CPICH Power Antenna Height Coverage Prob. Building Loss SHO %
Values: 20 40 Watt Values : 0,97 - 1,55 2,2 3 4 dB Values : 0,67 0,5 0,3 0,15 Values : 36 33 30 27 dB Values : 15 20 25 - 30 Values : %85 - %90 - %95 - %99 Values : 16 18 19 20 22 dB Values : %20 - %25 - %30 - %35 - %40
Power Amplifier Values: 20 40 Watt

PA (W) 20 40
30 25 20 Load (%) 15 10 5 0 20 PA (W) 40
UL Load % DL Load % 16,95 26,92 16,95 26,92
Site# 536 536

600 500 400 300 200 100 0
Site Numbers
UL Load % DL Load % Site#
Noise Rise Values : 0,97 - 1,55 2,2 3 4 dB

Noise Rise (dB) 0,97 1,55 2,2 3 4
35 30 25 Load (%) 20 15 10 5 0 0,97 1,55 2,2 Noise Rise 3 4
UL Load % DL Load % 18,75 29,37 17,73 27,88 16,7 26,38 16,95 26,92 15,93 25,45
Site# 414 445 485 536 606
% 7,49% 8,99% 10,52% 13,06%

700 600 500 Site numbers 400 300 200 100 0
UL Load %
DL Load %
S ite#
Orthogonality Values : 0,67 0,5 0,3 0,15

Orthogonality 0,15 0,3 0,5 0,67 UL Load % DL Load % 16,95 35,12 16,95 31,61 16,95 26,92 16,95 22,94 Site# 536 536 536 536 % changes -9,99% -14,84% -14,78%
40 35 30
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0,15 0,3 0,5 0,67 Orthogonality
Site numbers
Load (%)
25 20 15 10 5 0
CPICH Power Values : 36 33 30 27 dB

CPICH Pwr (dBm) UL Load % DL Load % 27 16,95 26,92 30 16,95 26,92 33 16,95 26,92 36 16,95 26,92
30
Site# 536 536 536 536

600
25
500
Site numbers
20 Load (%)
400
15
300
10
200
100
0 27 30 33 36 CPICH Power (dBm)
Antenna Height Values : 15 20 25 - 30

Antenna height (m) UL Load % DL Load % 15 14,6 23,33 20 16,95 26,92 25 17,72 27,87 30 18,76 29,37 Site# 641 536 464 410 % changes -16,38% -13,43% -11,64%
35 30 25 Load (%) 20 15 10 5 0 15 20 25 30 Antenna Height (m) 700 600 500 Site numbers 400 300 200 100 0 UL Load % DL Load % Site#
Coverage Probability Values : %85 - %90 - %95 - %99

S. D. 12 12 12 12 LNF 6,9 10,1 14,7 23,4 Coverage Prob (%) UL Load % DL Load % 85 22,77 36,42 90 16,95 26,92 95 12,83 20,96 99 8,05 13,58 Site# 359 536 967 2890 %changes 49,30% 80,41% 198,86%
40 35 30 25 Load (%)
3500 3000 2500 Site numbers 2000 UL Load % DL Load % Site#
20 1500 15 10 5 0 85 90 95 99 Coverage Probability (%) 1000 500 0
Building Loss Values : 16 18 19 20 22 dB

Building Loss (dB) UL Load % DL Load % 16 18,75 29,37 18 16,95 26,92 19 15,93 25,45 20 14,9 23,96 22 12,49 20,22
35 30 25 Load (%) 20 15 10 5 0 16 18 19 Building Loss (dB) 20 22
Site# 416 536 608 690 889
% changes 28,85% 13,43% 13,49% 28,84%

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Site numbers UL Load % DL Load % Site#
SHO % Values : %20 - %25 - %30 - %35 - %40

SHO Gain 2 dB 2 dB 2 dB 2 dB 2 dB
35 30 25 Load (%) 20 300 15 10 5 0 20 25 30 SHO (%) 35 40 200 100 0
SHO (%) 20 25 30 35 40
UL Load % DL Load % 16,95 24,85 16,95 25,89 16,95 26,92 16,95 27,96 16,95 28,99
Site# 536 536 536 536 536

600 500 400
Site numbers
Turkcell UMTS Planning Strategy
Turkcell UMTS planning strategy

Use as much as possible of the existing infrastructure (where possible). Deploy UMTS where there are 3G terminals available (the VP sites) Take some traffic load from the 2G network. Support indoor video calls in DU areas (under certain coverage conditions)
Initial deployment procedure (Overview)

Nominal Planning Cell detailed & Capacity Planning
Initial tuning Of pre defined clusters
Initial network Optimization on a City level
3G coverage methodology
Determine the service to make the design for. Calculate the uplink link budget for this service in DU, U, SU etc. Find the maximum allowable path loss for each environment. Calculate the required pilot field strength for this MAPL (i.e. 33 dBm MAPL)
Target of the 3G coverage methodology

Create clear CPICH dominance
Minimizes pilot pollution Maximizes the initial available capacity
Plan for sufficient signal strength (not to much) in order to prepare for good network performance and quality.
Good UMTS site

The ideal UMTS site would cover its intended coverage area and very little else A practical site would be located so its emissions were contained by the terrain and clutter The site would be located no higher than absolutely necessary. In an urban area, the antennas would be high enough to clear surrounding buildings and no higher.
Bad UMTS site

A nightmare UMTS site would be located on very high ground overlooking a large city Such a site would provide little or no service in the city but would reduce the capacity of all the cells in the area Another bad example of a site would be a site positioned on a building in an urban area significantly higher that all the other surrounding buildings. The emissions from such a site would travel much further than the intended service area and reduce the capacity.
RSCP and Ec/I0

RSCP (Received Signal Code Power) is the received power of the common pilot (CPICH) dBm Ec/I0 indicates the quality of the common pilot dB The mobile will only be able to maintain a connection if the quality of the signal is good enough (i.e. -5 to -18 dB). The level of the RSCP is of secondary importance. See example on next slide
RSCP and Ec/I0 (II)

Ec/I0 = - 8 dB RSCP = - 93 dBm OK Ec/I0 = - 20 dB RSCP = - 93 dBm NO Ec/I0 = - 5 dB RSCP= -104 dBm OK Ec/I0 = - 20 dB RSCP = - 75 dBm NO
4 signals are received at cell edge: Wanted signal, Ec (RSCP): -80 dBm (1*10-11 Watt) Interferer 1 I1: -73 dBm (5.01*10-11 Watt) Interferer 2 I2: -73 dBm (5.01*10-11 Watt) Interferer 3 I3: -73 dBm (5.01*10-11 Watt) Total interference: -68 dBm (1.5*10-10 Watt) Ec Interferer 1: -73dBm I1 + I 2 + I 3 = Ec/I0 = -80 (-68) = - 12 dB
RSCP and Ec/I0 (III)
Pilot coverage
-80 dBm
Interferer 2: -73dBm
Interferer 3: -73dBm
Main activities in the nominal planning stage

Identify and confirm candidate sites Make the initial design in terms of antenna configurations, initial tilts, initial heights etc Confirm the coverage and quality in the Asset 3G tool. Identify the requirements on additional 3G sites.
Electrical down tilting

Ec I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 + I 5 + I 6 + .....
A lot of interference
No or very little interference A new site here will give very good quality
50 45 40 Number of voice connections 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6
In this particular case 6 degrees electrical down tilt was the optimum tilt.
Increases the quality in the area (Ec/I0)
Decreases the coverage in the area.
10
12
14
Downtilt (degrees)
Cell Detailed Planning
Cell detailed planning process

Finalize the RF design of the site
Antenna, feeder lengths, tilts, heights, pollution etc.
Define the 3G neighbours Assign scrambling codes according to the scrambling code planning strategy Define 2G neighbours (could physically be max 32)
1st priority are the once existing in GSM 2nd priority are 2G sites that later will be 3G as well 3rd priority are all the other 2G sites
Make Static/Monte Carlo simulations with traffic in order to confirm the design.
Use the voice traffic from the existing GSM network as starting input. Add different amounts of CS64 and PS traffic Find out if the design is limited by capacity or coverage for the different scenarios.
Scrambling Code Planning
Primary and Secondary Scrambling Codes

Primary Scrambling Code 16
Scrambling Code 17 Scrambling Code 18 Scrambling Code 19 Scrambling Code 20 Scrambling Code 21 Scrambling Code 22 Scrambling Code 23 Scrambling Code 24 Scrambling Code 25 Scrambling Code 26 Scrambling Code 27 Scrambling Code 28 Scrambling Code 29 Scrambling Code 30 Scrambling Code 31 Scrambling Code 1 Scrambling Code 2 Scrambling Code 3 Scrambling Code 4 Scrambling Code 5 Scrambling Code 6 Scrambling Code 7 Scrambling Code 8 Scrambling Code 9 Scrambling Code 10 Scrambling Code 11 Scrambling Code 12 Scrambling Code 13 Scrambling Code 14 Scrambling Code 15 Scrambling Code 58 Scrambling Code 59 Scrambling Code 60 Scrambling Code 61 Scrambling Code 62 Scrambling Code 63 Scrambling Code 33 Scrambling Code 34 Scrambling Code 35 Scrambling Code 36 Scrambling Code 37 Scrambling Code 38 Scrambling Code 39 Scrambling Code 40 Scrambling Code 41 Scrambling Code 42 Scrambling Code 43 Scrambling Code 44 Scrambling Code 45 Scrambling Code 46 Scrambling Code 47 Scrambling Code 57 Scrambling Code 56 Scrambling Code 55 Scrambling Code 54 Scrambling Code 53 Scrambling Code 52 Scrambling Code 51 Scrambling Code 50
Primary Scrambling Code 32 Primary Scrambling Code 48

Scrambling Code 49
Scrambling Code Groups

There are in total 64 scrambling code groups each containing 8 primary scrambling codes The j:th scrambling code group consists of primary scrambling code 8j + k, where j = 0....63 and k = 0....7
k=0 k=7

Scrambling Code 15 Scrambling Code 14 Scrambling Code 13 Scrambling Code 12 Scrambling Code 11 Scrambling Code 10 Scrambling Code 9 Scrambling Code 8 Scrambling Code 7 Scrambling Code 6 Scrambling Code 5 Scrambling Code 4 Scrambling Code 3 Scrambling Code 2 Scrambling Code 1
Group number
j=0
j=63
Scrambling Code Groups

k=7 k=0 j=63 j=0
The codes assigned to a Node-B should come from the same group.
Scrambling Codes in Asset 3G

Scrambling code number (within the group) 0-7 Scrambling code group 0-63 Scrambling code 0-511 (calculated automatically based on number and group)
Scrambling code allocation

SC=0 Reserved for indoor, test etc.
k=0
k=7
SC=2 SC=16
SC=1
Group number
j=0
SC=3
j=63
SC=18 SC=4
SC=17
SC=5
Scrambling Code Planning Wizard in Asset 3G
Scrambling Code Planning Wizard in Asset 3G

Note that before the Wizard is launched neighbours must have been defined !
Scrambling Code Planning Alert!

Remember that the mobile can be connected to 3 sectors (3 RLs) at the same time. The mobile can not have different connections to Node-Bs that have the same scrambling code defined ! You can plan the scrambling codes with the help of the Wizard but planning them manually is also an alternative and quite easy.
Neighbour Planning
UMTS to GSM handover procedure (Voice) Vendor dependant

Criteria to leave the UMTS network is fulfilled (RSCP, Ec/I0, UE TX) etc Go to/from compressed mode Make measurements on GSM network defined neighbours
Verify BSIC of the suitable GSM neighbour
Perform Handover to GSM
Neighbour Definition Strategy

Plan all UMTS <-> UMTS neighbours Plan all UMTS -> GSM neighbours If the UMTS site is a co-site with GSM consider to define the same neighbours to GSM as the existing GSM site Run the 3G to 2G Neighbour definition Wizard in Asset to find additional definitions or neighbour deletions Plan all GSM -> UMTS neighbours Make the above plan mutual and include the Ec/I0 threshold using the Wizard
Defining initial neighbours in 3G

All definitions must be mutual The first ring of cells should be defined as default (~20) In special cases cells from the outer ring could be added
2G 3G 2G 3G 2G All existing 2G definitions should be defined as 3G to 2G neighbours
Defining Neighbours UMTS <-> UMTS

UMTS sites
The first ring of sites
Defining Neighbours UMTS <-> UMTS

Scrambling codes should be defined after the neighbours are planned and stored in the site database. All UMTS neighbours must be mutual Always include the first ring of UMTS sites. Start off with the Neighbour Wizard in Asset 3G to find the first set of neighbour relations. Edit then these by hand by displaying the relations graphically
Neighbour Wizard in Asset 3G
Setup of the Wizard in Asset 3G

Only the sites included in the filter(s) will be planned
Good to create an xml file for backup and data build purposes
These parameters will be defined
Neighbour Wizard results

In order to see which neighbours that have been planned you need to mark the cell Outgoing
Incoming
UMTS Neighbour Planning Results in Detail
All neighbours should be mutual which could be done easily by clicking Make All Mutual
UMTS Neighbours in the graphical view
Displays the neighbours
UMTS <-> GSM Neighbours

In order to plan the UMTS <-> GSM neighbours with the Wizard there must be a best array prediction available in GSM. Also - all the defined GSM neighbours in the network should be available in the site database.
Planning GSM Neighbours

GSM sites
Planning GSM Neighbours
Planning vs. Site Database
These are neighbour relations that already existed in the database and that the Wizard also wants to add.
This is a neighbour relation that is new (did not exist in the database) and that the Wizard wants to add.
Planning Results GSM
Planning Results GSM- Graphical View
Using the Wizard for creating initial GSM <-> UMTS neighbours
GSM and UMTS
2 filters enabled One GSM and One UMTS
Will be defined later
GSM <-> UMTS neighbours Detailed Results
Mutual UMTS <-> GSM neighbours
Graphical Display of GSM <-> UMTS neighbours
Planning Tips
Cell structures
Very difficult to avoid excessive overlap Very difficult to create dominance Very difficult to avoid pilot pollution
Corner of death
Antenna ~ 20 m
Drop !!!
Active set update procedure

UE Node-B
Event Measurement reports
Decision to setup New RL Radio Link Setup Request Radio Link Setup Response 1 ~ 2 seconds Iub Bearer Setup Downlink Synchronization Uplink Synchronization Active Set Update Active Set Update Complete
RNC
X seconds
Clutter heights
These two cases give very different results in the predictions ! If you place an antenna below the clutter height in Asset 3G database make sure that this also is the case for the real site. If not, you should consider to move the antenna to 1-2 meters over the clutter in Asset in order to be able to produce more accurate predictions.
20 m
20 m
17 m
22 m
Increasing Capacity in UMTS
The capacity in UMTS can be increased by increasing the number of sectors on sites. However, the sectors must be narrow beam as the capacity increase comes as a result of better dominance (Ec/I0).
6 sector solutions
Node B Supports, 6x1 20/40W or 6x2 20W in one cabinet More Feeders, ASCs/W-TMAs & Antennas Going from 3 sector sites to 6 sector sites provides 85% Capacity gain 40% Coverage gain (30% less sites)
6 Radio Units 6 Filter Units
6 antennas 6 ASCs or W-TMAs 12 feeders
Antenna Site Design
3 deg
3 deg
Areas of poor dominance
Antenna design - Electrical downtilt and mechanical uptilt

Back lobe Main lobe Mechanical up tilt & Electrical down tilt
Effective Antenna Height Algorithms Relative algorithm

Heff = Hbase+ Hob Hom if H0b > Hom Heff = Hb if Hob Hom
15 m
Hob > Hom B
Hob = Hom A
20 m 20 m 50 m
30 m
The effective antenna height for site A 20 meters The effective antenna height for site B 35 meters
Sea Level
Planning Tips
The nominal site is an old GSM site. The antennas are placed on the nominal height of 20 meters
In the dense urban area there are a few coverage holes
Planning Tips
But the GSM site have the antennas at 22 meter height.
Planning Tips
Moving the UMTS antennas to the same height as GSM (i.e from 20 to 22 meter) will remove parts of the coverage hole
Antenna Isolation
GSM/UMTS Co-Siting Solutions Three possibilities exist when co-siting 1) Seperate Antennas 2) Diplexed to Shared Feeder 3) Shared Antennas
Each site may have a different solution according to requirements.
1) Seperate Antenna Configuration

Isolation >=30 dB
ASC
Four Feeders are required per sector
RBS2000 series BTS GSM 900
RBS3000 Series BTS UMTS
2) Shared Feeder for GSM/UMTS

GSM Antenna
Isolation >=30 dB
UMTS Antenna
DIPLEX
ASC
Shared feeders
DIPLEX
RBS 2000 series BTS GSM 900
3) Shared Antenna
Isolation >=30 dB
GSM/UMTS Antenna
ASC
RBS 2000 series BTS GSM 900
Isolation
Isolation ?
A_gain Lpattloss_ba Lpattloss_ab A_cableloss Propogation Loss
B_gain
B_cableloss
GSM 900
UMTS
Isolation = A_cableloss-A_gain+Lpattloss_ab-B_gain+Lpattloss_ba
Horizontal Seperation d I h(dB)22+20log(d/), d> d>83 cm to achieve 30 dB isolation Vertical Seperation Turkcell, for safety, it is 2m I v (dB) 28+40 log(d/), d> d d> 37 cm to achieve 30 dB isolation Turkcell, for safety, it is 1m
coming from Tx system 33cm for 900Mhz 15cm for 2000Mhz
Feeders used in TURKCELLs GSM Radio Network and their characteristics at 2 GHz
M inim um bending radius (m m ) 125 32 250
Insertion loss dB/100m at 20C 450 Andrew 1/2" LDF4 1/2" FSJ4 (flex) 7/8" LDF5 M Hz 4,8 7,6 2,7 900 M Hz 6,9 11,1 3,9 1500 M Hz 9,1 14,9 5,2 1800 M Hz 10,1 16,6 5,8 2000 M Hz 10,7 17,6 6,1 2200 M Hz 11,2 18,6 6,5
Diam eter (m m ) 16 13,2 28
Sharing of feeders between GSM and WCDMA is possible and will be used to reduce cost and visual effects.
Analysing with Asset
Static Analysis
Static Analysis
- Uses a deterministic algorithm in order to calculate the load. When
the load has been calculated, pilot coverage and quality, handover regions, downlink powers etc can be calculated as well. The cell loading parameters (uplink noise rise, downlink traffic power) can be written into the site database.
Static Analysis - Outputs

Pilot Strength, RSCP (dBm) Handover Type (No handover, Soft, Softer & Both) Pilot Quality, Ec/I0 (dB) Number of pilot polluters (Any cell that provides an Ec/I0 level higher than the pilot pollution threshold), are pilots that are flagged as a polluters. Nth Best Ec/I0, server 1-6 (dB) DL FRE (Total received power from the best serving cell divided by the total received power from all cells) (%) DL i (Total received power from other cells divided by the total received power from the best serving cell)
Monte Carlo Analysis
Analysis in Monte Carlo

Useful studies: DL Achieved Eb/N0 Mean number of soft handover cells Mean number of softer handover cells Mean size of active set Path balance Probability of noise rise failure Probability of UL Eb/N0 failure Reason for failure UL required TX power Cell uplink load DL Loss
Downlink loss for video according the linkbudget DU: 127 dB U: 133 dB SU: 146 dB
Downlink achieved Eb/N0 Displays the service required Eb/N0 (4.8 dB) as maximum and not what is achievable
Cell Uplink load (%) Displays the load in the uplink. The maximum allowable load in the uplink is 50% according to our linkbudget
NOTE: When a mobile fails to connect in the simulations t is turned off and does not generate any interference
UL required TX power Displays the average mobile required output power. Maximum power is 21 dBm. Minimum is -50 dBm
Reason for failure Displays the The reason for failure in each pixel. Note: 6 dB for noise raise
For some analyses it is very important to check the threshold parameters as they will have a great impact on the results
Path balance Displays failing link in each pixel
Probability of Noise Rise Failure Displays the probability that the Noise Rise limit (set for each cell) is exceeded
Shows the mean number of soft handover cells
Shows the mean number of softer handover cells
Shows the mean size of the Active set
HSDPA Basics
What is High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)?
SPEED
CAPACITY
REDUCED DELAY
Higher bit rates: up to 14 Mbps
2 3 times improved system throughput
Reduced round trip time
STANDARDIZED
Smooth Upgrade
Integral part of WCDMA (3GPP Release 5)
Short time to market with existing sites
Key Idea in HSDPA

Fast adaptation of transmission parameters to fast variations in radio conditions
Main functionality to support Fast link adaptation HSDPA

Fast Hybrid ARQ Fast channel-dependent scheduling
Basic Features
Short TTI (2 ms) Reduced delays Shared Channel Transmission Dynamically shared code resource Fast Channel-Dependent Scheduling 2 ms time basis Fast Link Adaptation and higher modulation Data rate adapted to radio conditions 2 ms time basis Fast Hybrid ARQ Roundtrip time ~12 ms possible Soft combination of multiple attempts 2 ms
Short 2 ms TTI
2 ms
Reduced air-interface delay Improved end-user performance Required by TCP at high data rates Necessary to benefit from other HS-DSCH features Fast Link Adaptation Fast hybrid ARQ Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling
Rel 5 (HS-DSCH)
2 ms
Earlier releases
10 ms 20 ms 40 ms 80 ms
Shared Channel Transmission

A set of radio resources dynamically shared among multiple users, primarily in the time domain Efficient code utilization Efficient power utilization
SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16
Channelization codes allocated for HS-DSCH transmission 8 codes (example) TTI Shared channelization codes
User #1
User #2
User #3
User #4
Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling

Scheduling = which UE to transmit to at a given time instant and at what rate Formally part of MAC-hs (a new MAC sub-layer in RBS) Basic idea: transmit at fading peaks May lead to large variations in data rate between users Tradeoff: fairness vs cell throughput
Scheduled user User 1
high data rate
low data rate User 2

#1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2 #1
Time
Fast Channel-dependent Scheduling

Examples of scheduling algorithms Round Robin (RR) Cyclically assign the channel to users without taking channel conditions into account Simple but poor performance Proportional Fair (PF) Assign the channel to the user with the best relative channel quality High throughput, fair Max C/I Ratio Assign the channel to the user with the best channel quality High system throughput but not fair
Fast Link Adaptation and higher modulation

Adjust transmission parameters to match instantaneous channel conditions HS DL Shared Channel: Rate control (no Fast Power control) Adaptive coding Adaptive modulation (QPSK or 16QAM) Adapt on 2 ms TTI basis fast R99: Power control (no Rate control constant data rate possible)
High data rate
Low data rate
Higher Modulation
HS-DSCH supports both QPSK and 16QAM 16QAM is mandatory in the UE, except for the 2 lowest UE categories 16QAM gives approximately double data rates 16QAM is mainly useful at good radio conditions 16QAM typically requires more advanced receivers in the UE
2 bits
4 bits
QPSK
16QAM
Fast Hybrid ARQ with Soft Combining

Rapid retransmissions of erroneous data
Hybrid ARQ protocol terminated in Node B short RTT (typical example: 12 ms) Soft combining in UE of multiple transmission attempts reduced error rates for retransmissions
P1,1
NAC
P1,2
K ACK
P2,1
K NAC
P2,2
ACK
P3,1
ACK
Transmitter
P1,1 Receiver
P1,2 + P1,1
P2,1
P2,2 + P2,1
P3,1
HS-DSCH Power Allocation

HS-DSCH must share the transmission power with all other channels Dynamic power allocation Allocate remaining power to HS-DSCH transmission Best power utilization
Total available cell power
HS-DSCH
Dedicated channels (power controlled)
Common channels (not power controlled)
HSDPA Channel structure

New data channel High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) mapped to High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) New control channels High Speed Shared Control Channel(s) (HS-SCCH) High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH)
HS -DS CH HS H S - S CC -DP H CC H
Associated Dedicated Channels
HSDPA Channel Structure

HS-DSCH: High speed downlink shared channel Fat pipe: Carrying high speed downlink traffic Iu A-DCH DL: Associated dedicated channel downlink RNC Voice/video (multi-RAB) Release 99 signaling A-DCH UL: Associated dedicated channel uplink Iub UL data transmission Associated Dedicated channels HS TCP ACK/NACK -DS CH HS Voice/video (multi-RAB) -SC HS -DP CH CC Release 99 signaling H HS-SCCH: High speed shared control channel HARQ signaling HS-DPCCH: High speed dedicated physical control channel HARQ ACK/NACK CQI: channel quality indicator
New Channel overview
Iub
Channel structure
HS-PDSCH
Carries user plane data on downlink 1 to 5 HS-PDSCH per cell Spreading Factor = 16 Always associated with a DPDCH Supports 16-QAM (optional) or QPSK (mandatory)
Channel structure
HS-DSCH
Transport channel that carries the user data Mapped to HS-PDSCHs One transport block of dynamic size per 2 ms TTI Supports link adaptation, hybrid ARQ, radio channel dependent scheduling Never in soft or softer handover Always associated with a DPCH
Channel structure
HS-SCCH Carries control information to scheduled UE in a 2-ms interval UE identity for which the HS-SCCH (and HS-DSCH) is intended Hybrid ARQ information Modulation scheme and transport format selected by link adaptation mechanism One HS-SCCH per cell Power controlled, never in soft handover SF = 128 Similar to DPCCH
Channel structure
HS-DPCCH
Carries physical layer info sent in the uplink One HS-DPCCH for each user in the cell Feedback from the UE: ACK/NACK (positive or negative acknowledge) CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) SF = 256 Timing relative to HS-PDSCH
Channel structure
A-DCH One A-DCH per HSDPA enabled terminal in the cell A-DCH UL 384 kbps (or 64 kbps) DCH (TCP ACK/NAK) 3.4 kbps SRB (control signaling: RRC & NAS) High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) ACK/NACK for H-ARQ Channel Quality Indicator (CQI) Never in soft handover (softer is possible) A-DCH DL 3.4 kbps SRB (control signaling: RRC & NAS)
HSDPA mobility
Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change Direct UE to scheduling queue in chosen target cell Stop transmission in source cell Benefits Maintains mobility for UEs using HSDPA Reduces user data interrupt for HSDPA mobility, thereby improving subscriber perceived quality Supports networks where HSDPA is deployed on separate frequency layers only, as well as networks in which not all UEs are capable of HSDPA
Without HSDPA mobility

Cell reselection
HS SRB Idle DCH
Common
HSDPA/R99 HSDPA/R99 HSDPA/R99
R99
R99
UE movement
5-6 second impact on the disruption of user traffic
With HSDPA mobility

HS-DSCH Cell Change
HS SRB Idle DCH
Common
HSDPA/R99 HSDPA/R99 HSDPA/R99
R99
R99
UE movement Practically interruption-free user traffic Intra-RNC
HSDPA admission control

Efficient and flexible allocation of power resources as well as selection of uplink Radio Bearers Applied in the system on cell level in both uplink and downlink Benefits Enables HSDPA and regular services, such as voice, to co-exist in same cell Provides the possibility to reserve downlink output power for HSDPA, increasing HSDPA user bit rates & capacity Provides the possibility to trade the average throughput per HSDPA user versus accessibility Provides efficient allocation of Uplink 384 kbps Radio Bearer Reduces dropped call probability
HSDPA admission control

Advanced Radio Resource Management
Operator-configurable parameters Max number of HSDPA users per cell Max number of HSDPA users on uplink 384 kbps RAB per cell Fast Congestion Control (every 0.67 ms) No MCPA shut-down (Lost cell) Enables aggressive Adm. & Cong. Control HS-DSCH power allocation
Pnom Pcong Padm

HS-DSCH Dynamic power allocation (every 2 ms) Reserve HSDPA power with Padm & Pcong
DCH + CCH
PCCH
t
Service differentiated Admission & Congestion Control (operator-controlled parameters) R99 Packet users down switched or moved to Common channels HSDPA users released -> Voice/video/streaming users released
HSDPA- Deployment
Shared same carrier

HSDPA
f1
R99+R5
WCDMA
Different carrier f2 f1 R5 R99 WCDMA HSDPA
WCDMA- HSDPA
WCDMA
OVSFC FAST POWER CONTROL VARIABLE MUDULATION FAST RE-TRANSMISION SOFT HANDOVER FAST SCHEDULING TTI TIME MAXIMUM THROUGHTPUT YES YES NO NO YES NO 10ms
HSDPA
NO NO YES YES NO YES 2ms
384Kbps Release 99
14Mbps HSPA
12 ms 2 ms
Retransmission delay Scheduling delay
>100 ms >200 ms
Dynamic code allocation

Dynamic Code Allocation Based on Code Utilisation and Cell capacity/HW capability
Codes shared between DCH and HS
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
15 HS codes shared in 3 sectors
# Voice Users / cell
8 4
# HS codes # HS codes
HSDPA uses fast feedback from mobile

Terminal sends fast L1 feedback to Node-B Channel Quality Info (CQI) Transmission period typically every 4 ms CQI is used by HSDPA packet scheduling Link adaptation Multiuser scheduling decisions
L1 Feedback (CQI)
Data
TTI 1 User 1 CQI
TTI 2
TTI 3
TTI 4
Proportional fair scheduling Scheduled user principle : allocate resources to the best user leading to multi-user diversity gain
User 2 CQI
HSDPA UE categories
Theoretical peak bit rate up to 14 Mbps Initially 1.8 Mbps and 3.6 Mbps capabilities with 5 codes
HSDPA Category 11 12 1/2 3/4 5/6 7/8 9 10
Modulation QPSK only QPSK only QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM
Inter-TTI 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1
Transport Block size 3630 3630 7298 7298 7298 14411 20251 27952
5 Codes 0.9Mbps 1.8Mbps 1.2Mbps 1.8Mbps 3.6Mbps -
10 Codes 7.2 Mbps -
15 Codes 10.1 Mbps 14.0 Mbps
10 and 15 codes for increased user bitrates and cell capacity

Average cell HSDPA throughput increased Peak datarate up to 7.2Mbps (10codes) and 10.714Mbps (15codes) 14.4Mbps is not in practice achieved (no channel coding) Increased cell peak data rate and capacity when most of the power can be allocated to HSDPA Gain in cell capacity from 10/15codes together with code multiplexing is more important than max bitrate per user
User data rates in practical radio conditions 15 Code Terminal with Equalizer Assumed
10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 kbps 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
10 Mbps (15codes) availability very limited 7.2 Mbps (10codes) available with 20% x cell radius = 4% x cell area
3-sector macro cell assumed
3.6 Mbps available with 45% x cell radius
BTS
Cell edge
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Distance from BTS [relative to cell radius, 1=cell edge] 1
Code Shared HSDPA Scheduler

Peak rate of 10.8 Mbps is shared dynamically between sectors Efficient utilization of resources since the peak rate of 10.8 Mbps is only seldomly available in macro cells due to interference
Instantaneous adaptation according to throughput per sector
Throughput shared equally between all sectors
HSDPA mobiles only in single sector
Throughput shared between two sectors
3.6 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
0 Mbps (no HSDPA mobiles)
7.2 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
10.8 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
HSUPA Basics HSUPA
HSUPA provides high performance with simple SW-upgrade

HSUPA is a SW-upgrade and exiting baseband in NodeBs can be reused HSUPA availability follows market needs and terminal availability Initially Max 1.5 Mbps user bitrate Max 20 users per cell Simultaneous HSUPA and HSDPA Soft/softer HO supported Fast HSUPA scheduling
HSUPA enhances end-user experience

HSUPA provides significantly improved upload performance for e.g. Email Multimedia Lower latency enabled by HSUPA benefits most services, also downloads Combined HSDPA and HSUPA enables new services like mobile multiplayer gaming or high quality video conferencing
HSUPA supports full mobility

RNC 1
For HSUPA user, the following HOs are supported Softer HO Intra RNC soft HO Inter RNC soft HO
RNC 2 DCH branch
E-DCH & DCH branch
Active set for DCH and E-DCH can be different (e.g. cell not supporting E-DCH can be added to AS) Cell change algorithm will control that best cell is the serving cell in E-DCH active set
E-DCH & DCH branch
Event 1D for CPICH Ec/No will be used to monitor the best cell Switch to DCH is performed if A cell under DRNC becomes the best cell A cell not supporting E-DCH becomes the best cell Compressed mode needs to be activated
RNC 1
HSUPA supports more RAB combinations

fully featured HSPA simultaneous HSUPA & HSDPA + AMR voice since the first release Soft and softer handover HSUPA DL physical channel power control Advanced Scheduler utilising both absolute and relative grants
HSUPA Scheduling & RRM

The users allocation is downgraded the utilization is low throughput based optimization for Release 99 DCH The users allocation is upgraded when A) the user is unhappy and B) there is room : power, hardware and transport resources No users are downgraded to make room for other users HSUPA RRM algorithm in the RNC performs combined power and throughput based packet scheduling for R99 DCH and HSUPA users RNC performs dynamic sharing of received interference between NRT DCH and HSUPA users.
Thank You

8 - Wcdma Principles&Planning v3.0

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8 - Wcdma Principles&Planning v3.0

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WCDMA Principles and Planning

WCDMA Principles and Planning

WCDMA Principles and Planning

Propagation Models Linkbudgets (UMTS vs GSM) Npole General Dimensioning

Turkcell UMTS planning strategy Planning Tips Analysing with Asset

HSDPA Basics HSUPA Basics

Mobile Technology Evaluation

TDMA CDMA One

3G LTE Enh UL HSDPA Ph2 MBMS Enh UL Ph2

RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES

RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES

kod1 kod2 kod3 kod4 kod5

kod1 kod2 kod3 kod4 kod5

Applications Digital Cellular Systems GSM, D-AMPS

Applications Digital Cellular Systems Stallite Communications

GSM vs. UMTS The major differences

Fast power control (2 Hz for GSM and 1500 Hz for UMTS)

UTRA-TDD (TD-CDMA); for indoor coverage and

FDD downlink FDD uplink

FDD- Frequency Division Duplex

TDD- Time Division Duplex

WCDMA Frequency Band in Europe

1980 2010 2025 2110

1 Carrier = 5 MHz Total number of FDD carriers 60/5 = 12

Total number of TDD carriers (20+15)/5 =

WCDMA System Architecture

UMTS System Architecture

Node B Iub Node B

Circuit Switched Network

Node B Iu (PS) Node B Iub

Packet Core Network

UMTS together with GSM

GSM/UMTS Core Netwok

GSM Access (BSS)

Node B or BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

Main Node B functions:

RNC (Radio Network Controller)

Iur ATM Backbone

Channel Allocation Power Control Handover Control Ciphering

Open Loop Power Control

End to End Application

WCDMA BASIC PRINCIPLES

Spread signal by means of codes

12,2 KHZ Voice service

3,84Mhz Bandwith of coded signal

W 3840 = 25 dB G p = 10 Log = {Voice} = 10 Log 12.2 Rj

3840 = 10 dB G p = {384 kbps} = 10 Log 384

Dual Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK

PN (SCRAMBLING) CODE -(LONG CODE) ORTHOGONAL CODE -Spreading -(SHORT CODE)

Channelization and scrambling codes

chipped Data (1)

Spreading Factor Gain-1

Background Noise Spread signal

Spreading Factor Gain-2

Rb Change by service W 3,84Mbit (fix)

Spreading Factor Gain-3

SF GAIN DEPEND ON USER DATA RATE

ORTHOGONAL VARIABLE SPREADING FACTOR (OVSF)

OVSF Code Tree

1.92 Mb/s 1920 kb/s

1100 960 kb/s