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Circular Culvert Design Calculations / Software / Equations

Circular Culvert using Manning Equation

Uses Manning equation with circular culvert geometry. Compute velocity, discharge, depth, top width, culvert diameter, area, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, Froude number, Manning coefficient, channel slope.

To: LMNO Engineering home page (more calculations) Culvert Design using Inlet and Outlet Conrol Trapezoidal Channel Design Rectangular Channels Unit Conversions LMNO@LMNOeng.com phone (USA): (740) 592-1890 Trouble printing?

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Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. Links on this page: Introduction Variables Manning's n coefficients Error messages References Introduction The equation beginning V=.... is called the Manning Equation. It is a semi-empirical equation and is the most commonly used equation for uniform steady state flow of water in open channels (see Discussion and References for Open Channel Flow for further discussion). Because it is empirical, the Manning equation has inconsistent units which are handled through the conversion factor k. Uniform means that the water surface has the same slope as the channel bottom. Uniform flow is actually only achieved in channels that are long and have an unchanging cross-section. However, the Manning equation is used in other situations despite not strictly achieving these conditions.

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Circular Culvert Design Calculations / Software / Equations

In our calculation, most of the combinations of inputs have analytic (closed form) solutions to compute the unknown variables; however, some two require numerical solutions ("Enter Q, n, S, d" and "Enter V, n, S, d"). Our numerical solutions utilize a cubic solver that finds roots of the equations with the result accurate to at least 8 significant digits. All of our calculations utilize double precision. It is possible to get two answers using "Enter Q,n,S,d" or "Enter V,n,S,d". This is because maximum Q and V do not occur when the pipe is full. Qmax occurs when y/d=0.938. If y/d is more than that, Q actually decreases due to friction. Given a pipe with diameter d, roughness n, and slope S, let Qo be the discharge when the pipe is flowing full (y/d=1). As seen on the graph below, discharge is also equal to Qo when y/d=0.82. If the entered Q is greater than Qo (but less than Qmax), there will be two solution values of y/d, one between 0.82 and 0.938, and the other between 0.938 and 1. The same argument applies to V, except that Vo occurs at y/d=0.5, and Vmax occurs at y/d=0.81. If the entered V is greater than Vo (but less than Vmax), there will be two solution values of y/d, one between 0.5 and 0.81, and the other between 0.81 and 1. For further information, see Chow (1959, p. 134). The following graphs are valid for any roughness (n) and slope (S): Qo=full pipe discharge; Vo=full pipe velocity:

Variables To top of page A = Flow cross-sectional area, determined normal (perpendicular) to the bottom surface [L2]. d = Culvert diameter [L]. F = Froude number. F is a non-dimensional parameter indicating the relative effect of inertial effects to gravity effects. Flow with F<1 are low velocity flows called subcritical. F>1 are high velocity flows called supercritical. Subcritical flows are controlled by downstream obstructions while supercritical flows are affected by upstream controls. F=1 flows are called critical. g = acceleration due to gravity = 32.174 ft/s2 = 9.8066 m/s2. g is used in the equation for Froude number. k = unit conversion factor = 1.49 if English units = 1.0 if metric units. Our software converts all inputs to SI units (meters and seconds), performs the computations using k=1.0, then converts the computed quantities to units specified by the user. Required since the Manning equation is empirical and its units
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Circular Culvert Design Calculations / Software / Equations

are inconsistent. n = Manning coefficient. n is a function of the culvert material, such as plastic, concrete, brick, etc. Values for n can be found in the table below of Manning's n coefficients. P = Wetted perimeter [L]. P is the contact length (in the cross-section) between the water and the culvert. Q = Discharge or flowrate [L3/T]. R = Hydraulic radius of the flow cross-section [L]. S = Slope of channel bottom or water surface [L/L]. Vertical distance divided by horizontal distance. T = Top width of the flowing water [L]. V = Average velocity of the water [L/T]. y = Water depth measured normal (perpendicular) to the bottom of the culvert [L]. If the culvert has a small slope (S), then entering the vertical depth introduces only minimal error. = Angle representing how full the culvert is [radians]. A culvert with =0 radians (0o) contains no water, a culvert with =pi radians (180o) is half full, and a culvert with =2 pi radians (360o) is completely full.

Manning's n Coefficients To top of page The table shows the Manning n values for materials most commonly used for culverts. These values were compiled from the references listed under Discussion and References and in the references at the bottom of this web page (note the footnotes which refer to specific references). A more complete table of Manning n values can be found on our Manning n page. Material Metals: Brass Cast Iron Non-Metals: Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) with smooth inner walls a,b Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) with corrugated inner walls c Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) with smooth inner walls d,e Glass 0.010 Finished Concrete Clay Tile 0.014 Unfinished Concrete Brickwork 0.015 Gravel Asphalt 0.016 Earth Masonry 0.025 Planed Wood Unplaned Wood 0.009-0.015 0.018-0.025 0.009-0.011 0.012 0.014 0.029 0.025 0.012 0.013 Manning n 0.011 0.013 Material Smooth Steel Corrugated Metal Manning n 0.012 0.022

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Circular Culvert Design Calculations / Software / Equations

Error Messages To top of page "Infeasible Input. T/d > 1." Water top width cannot be greater than the culvert diameter. "An input is <= 0." Certain inputs must be positive. "Infeasible Input. T < 0." Water top width cannot be negative. "Infeasible Input. y/d > 1." Water depth cannot exceed the pipe diameter. References (footnotes refer back to Manning n table) To top of page a Barfuss, Steven and J. Paul Tullis. Friction factor test on high density polyethylene pipe. Hydraulics Report No. 208. Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University. Logan, Utah. 1988.
c

Barfuss, Steven and J. Paul Tullis. Friction factor test on high density polyethylene pipe. Hydraulics Report No. 208. Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University. Logan, Utah. 1994. Bishop, R.R. and R.W. Jeppson. Hydraulic characteristics of PVC sewer pipe in sanitary sewers. Utah State University. Logan, Utah. September 1975. Chow, V. T. 1959. Open-Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Neale, L.C. and R.E. Price. Flow characteristics of PVC sewer pipe. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Div. Proc 90SA3, ASCE. pp. 109-129. 1964. Tullis, J. Paul, R.K. Watkins, and S. L. Barfuss. Innovative new drainage pipe. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pipeline Design and Installation, ASCE. March 25-27, 1990.

1998-2000 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. (All Rights Reserved) Revision 0 on 12/17/1998. Revision 1 on 7/13/2000 (additional units). LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. Athens, Ohio USA (740) 592-1890 LMNO@LMNOeng.com http://www.lmnoeng.com/

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Culvert Design. Inlet and Outlet Control

Culvert Design. Inlet and Outlet Control. Flow thru culverts and over road or dam. Graph Headwater depth vs. Flow. Based on HDS-5 methodology
To: LMNO Engineering home page Circular Culvert using Manning Equation LMNO@LMNOeng.com Unit Conversions Register Trouble printing? Diagram of Flow through a Culvert

Register to fully enable "Calculate" button. Demonstration mode for 0.9 m < D < 1.1 m and N<3. (D is pipe diameter, N is number of pipes). Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. Links on this page: Introduction Equations Variables Values of Coefficients and Manning n Error Messages and Validity References In the calculation above: Culvert Types: "Conc. Sq edge. Wall" = Concrete pipe with square edged inlet and headwall "Conc. Groove. Wall" = Concrete pipe with groove end at inlet and headwall "Conc. Groove. Proj" = Concrete pipe with groove end projecting at inlet
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Culvert Design. Inlet and Outlet Control

"CMP. Headwall" = Corrugated metal pipe with headwall at inlet "CMP. Mitered" = Corrugated metal pipe mitered to slope at inlet "CMP. Projecting" = Corrugated metal pipe projecting at inlet Units: m=meters, ft=feet, l/s=liter/sec, cfm=cubic feet per minute, cfs=cubic feet per second, gpm=US gallons per minute, gph=US gallons per hour, gpd=US gallons per day, MGD=Millions of US gallons per day. You can enter tailwater depth (Yt) as a negative number if flow from the culvert drops down to a receiving channel. You don't need to know the exact elevation drop; entering any negative number for Yt will have the same effect. The phrase "Inlet Control" or "Outlet Control" that appears in the upper right hand corner of the calculation refers to the type of control for the total flow (Qt) entered in the calculation's upper left hand corner. The graph below the calculation plots headwater depth (Yh) for the range of Qt min to Qt max entered in the bottom right hand corner. The type of control may change from one part of the graph to another as Qt changes. Introduction Culverts have been utilized for thousands of years as a means to transmit water under walkways or roads. Often, a culvert is simply installed without much thought to how much water it needs to convey under extreme conditions. If a culvert cannot convey all of the incoming water, then the water will flow over or around the pipe, or simply back up behind the culvert creating a pond or reservoir. If any of these conditions are unacceptable, then the proper culvert diameter and number of culverts must be selected prior to installation in order to convey all of the anticipated water through the pipe(s). This calculation helps the designer size culverts as well as present a headwater depth vs. discharge rating curve. The LMNO Engineering calculation is primarily based on the methodology presented in Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts by Normann (1985) and published by the U.S. Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration. It is also known as HDS-5 (Hydraulic Design Series No. 5). HDS-5 focuses on culvert design. Culvert design is usually based on the maximum acceptable discharge - thus the HDS-5 methodology is geared toward culverts flowing full with water possibly flowing over the road above the culvert. In addition to programming the HDS-5 methodology, LMNO Engineering wished to compute headwater depths for lesser flows. Therefore, in addition to the HDS-5 methodology, we have added the Manning equation for culverts flowing partially full. The HDS-5 methodology also assumes that the user knows the tailwater depth (Yt) before using the methodology. Though Yt can be found by field measurements, it is often computed in the office using Manning's equation based on bottom width, side slopes, channel roughness, and channel slope. Therefore, LMNO Engineering added the additional feature of a built-in subroutine for computing Yt for trapezoidal channels. Note that for the graphing portion of our calculation, Yt is recomputed for the entire range of flows (Qt) shown on the graph (unless the user specifically inputs Yt). As explained in Normann, 1985 (also known as HDS-5), the discharge through a culvert is controlled by either inlet or outlet conditions. Inlet control means that flow through the culvert is limited by culvert entrance characteristics. Outlet control means that flow through the culvert is limited by friction between the flowing water and the culvert barrel. The term "outlet control" is a bit of a misnomer because friction along the entire length of the culvert is as important as the actual outlet condition (the tailwater depth). Inlet control most often occurs for short, smooth, or greatly downward sloping culverts. Outlet control governs for long, rough, or slightly sloping culverts. The type of control also depends on the flowrate. For a given culvert installation, inlet control may govern for a certain range of flows while outlet control may govern for other flowrates. If the flowrate is large enough, water could go over the road (or dam). In this case, the calculation automatically computes the amount of water going over the road and through each culvert, as well as the headwater depth. If you have surfed around our website, you may have noticed our other calculations for circular culverts. We have a calculation using Manning's equation for design of circular culverts. Since it uses Manning's equation, it assumes the culvert is long enough so that normal depth is achieved. We also have a calculation for computing discharge from the exit depth ("end depth") in a circular culvert - very useful for flowrate measurement in the field. For flows under pressure, we have several calculations listed under the Pipe Flow category on our home page.

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Culvert Design. Inlet and Outlet Control

Equations and Methodology Back to calculation The LMNO Engineering methodology generally follows that of Normann (1985; also known as HDS-5). However, the Normann methodology is mainly for culvert design. Culvert design usually involves the largest expected flowrate. We wanted to write a calculation that also determines headwater depth for small flowrates. Therefore, in addition to the Normann methodology, we have incorporated Manning's equation for outlet control when the headwater depth is less than 0.93 times the culvert diameter. 0.93D is used since it is the depth at which discharge through a partially full culvert is a maximum (Chow, 1959). At depths greater than 0.93D and for full flow, the Nomann (1985) equation is used for outlet control. For inlet control, our calculation uses Normann's equations. Many of the equations shown below are empirical and require U.S. Customary units (feet, seconds, and radians). Some of the equations are based on first principles and are compatible with any consistent set of units (e.g. SI). However, to keep this web page from being "too busy", we have refrained from indicating which equations are empirical and which are fundamental. If you work through the equations by hand, please use feet, seconds, and radians in all of them, to avoid any problem with units. [Our calculation (above) allows many different types of units; the units are internally converted before and after using the equations.] Since total flowrate (Qt) is entered and headwater depth (Yh) is computed, the equations below are solved simultaneously to determine Yh. Outlet versus inlet control is determined by the equation resulting in a larger value for Yh. All of the variables are defined below in the Variables section. Pipe downstream invert elevation is defined as 0.0. General Equations Qt = Qr + N Qp Sp = Sc - Yf /Lp

Ei = Lp Sp

Eh = E i + Yh

V=Qp /Av

Tailwater Depth, Yt Yt can be computed or input. If it is computed, Manning's equation is used (Chow, 1959):

Since Qt is input, the above equations are solved numerically (backwards) for Yt. Headwater depth, Yh Yh is computed independently based on inlet and outlet control equations. The equation that gives the larger value of Yh is considered to be the controlling mechanism and is reported. Inlet Control (see below for values of constants C1, C2, C3, C4 , C5) Outlet velocity (V) is computed based on what we call the velocity depth, Yv. Normann (1985) suggests computing Yv using the Manning equation. If Yv is greater than D, then Yv is set to D. Unsubmerged Inlet (Normann, 1985):

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Culvert Design. Inlet and Outlet Control

Submerged Inlet (Normann, 1985):

Outlet Control Outlet velocity (V) is computed based on what we call the velocity depth, Yv. Normann (1985) suggests: If Yt<=Yc, then Yv=Yc. If Yc<Yt<D, then Yv=Yt. If Yt>=D, then Yv=D. If Yh<0.93D, then Manning's equation (Chow, 1959) is used:

Since Qp is input, the above equations are solved numerically for Yt. If Yh>=0.93D, Normann (1985) is used:

Flow over Road (or Dam) If water flows over the road (or dam), then flow over the road is computed by (Normann, 1985):

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Culvert Design. Inlet and Outlet Control

Note that, instead of using a constant value of 3, Normann (1985) uses a coefficient that varies from 2.5 to 3.1 depending on the water depth above the road and whether the road is paved or gravel.

Variables Back to calculation A=Flow area [ft2]. Ac=Flow area in one pipe based on critical depth [ft2]. Av=Flow area in one pipe used for computing outlet velocity [ft2]. b=Width of channel bottom [ft]. Used for computing Yt. C1, C2, C3, C4, C5=Constants for inlet control equations. See values below. D=Diameter of each pipe (culvert) [ft]. Eh=Headwater elevation relative to invert of pipe outlet [ft]. Pipe outlet invert elevation is defined at 0.0 ft. Ei=Elevation of pipe inlet invert relative to pipe outlet invert [ft]. Pipe outlet invert elevation is defined at 0.0 ft. Er=Elevation of road (or dam) crest relative to pipe outlet invert [ft]. Pipe outlet invert elevation is defined at 0.0 ft. g=Acceleration due to gravity, 32.174 ft/s2. H=Head loss computed from outlet control equation [ft]. Ke=Minor loss coefficient for pipe inlet (used for outlet control equations). See values below. Lp=Pipe (culvert) length [ft]. If there is more than one culvert, they all must have the same length. Lp is the length of one of them (not the sum of the lengths). Lw="Weir" length [ft]. Length of the road (or dam) that water could flow over. Lw is the width that the water sees as it flows over the road. nc=Channel Manning n coefficient. See values below. np=Pipe (culvert) Manning n coefficient. See values below. N=Number of pipes (culverts) next to each other. P=Wetted perimeter [ft]. Qp=Flowrate through each pipe [cfs, ft3/s]. Qr=Flowrate over the road (or dam) [cfs]. Qt=Total flowrate [cfs]. Sum of flows through pipes plus flow over road. Sc=Slope of existing channel [elevation change/length]. Longitudinal slope, not side slopes. Sp=Pipe slope [elevation change/length]. Longitudinal slope, not side slopes. Tc=Top width of flow in one pipe based on critical depth [ft]. V=Pipe outlet velocity [ft/s]. Vc=Pipe velocity based on critical depth [ft/s]. Yavg=Average water depth [ft]. Yc=Critical water depth [ft]. Yf=Fall [ft]. Vertical distance that inlet pipe invert is lowered below the existing channel bottom. Yh=Headwater depth [ft]. Yo=Water outlet depth [ft]. Yt=Tailwater depth [ft]. Depth of water in existing channel at culvert outlet. Yv=Depth used for computing outlet velocity [ft]. z1=Left side slope of existing natural channel [horizontal/vertical]. z2=Right side slope of existing natural channel [horizontal/vertical].

Values of Coefficients and Manning n Back to calculation Manning n values are from Chow (1950), French (1985), Mays (1999), Normann (1985), and Streeter (1998). C1 through C5 and Ke are from Normann (1985).

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Culvert Design. Inlet and Outlet Control

Pipe material and inlet type Concrete. Square edge inlet with headwall. Concrete. Groove end inlet with headwall. Concrete. Groove end projecting at inlet. Corrugated metal (CMP). Headwall at inlet. Corrugated metal (CMP). Mitered to slope at inlet. Corrugated metal (CMP). Projecting at inlet.

Manning n

C1 0.0098 0.0078 0.0045 0.0078 0.0210 0.0340

C2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.33 1.50

C3 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 -0.5 0.7 -0.5

C4 0.0398 0.0292 0.0317 0.0379 0.0463 0.0553

C5 0.67 0.74 0.69 0.69 0.75 0.54

Ke 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.9

0.013 0.013 0.013 0.022 0.022 0.022

Channel Material Natural Streams Clean and Straight Major Rivers Sluggish with Deep Pools Floodplains Pasture, Farmland Light Brush

Manning n 0.030 0.035 0.040

Material Excavated Earth Channels Clean Gravelly Weedy Stony, Cobbles Heavy Brush Trees

Manning n 0.022 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.075 0.15

0.035 0.050

Error Messages and Validity Back to calculation Input checks in top half of calculation. If one of these messages appears, the calculation and graphing is halted. "Need 0<=Qt<10000 m3/s". Total flow cannot be negative or must be less than 10,000 m3/s. "Need 0<N<1001". Must have at least one pipe, but no more than 1000 pipes. "Need 0<D<100 m". Pipe diameter must be positive and less than 100 m. "Need 0<Lp<10000 m". Pipe length must be positive and less than 10,000 m. "Need 0<Pipe n<0.05". Pipe Manning n must be positive and less than 0.05. "Need Yt<Er". Tailwater depth cannot be higher than the road crest. "Need Ei+D<Er". Upstream pipe invert plus culvert diameter cannot exceed road crest elevation. If Ei+D is greater than Er, then the top of the culvert is pushing through the road, which is unacceptable. "Need 0<Lw<10000 m". "Weir" length of road (or dam) must be positive and less than 10,000 m. "Need Yt<10000 m". Tailwater depth must be less than 10,000 m. Negative values are acceptable. Negatives simulate culverts discharging to a lower channel. "Need Sc<0.5". Channel bottom slope cannot exceed 0.5 m/m (vertical to horizontal ratio). This is the longitudinal slope, not the side slopes. "Need Sc>0". Channel cannot be horizontal. "Need 0<Chan n<0.5". Channel Manning n must be positive and less than 0.5. "Need 0<b<10000 m". Channel bottom width must be positive and less than 10,000 m. "Need 0<z1<10000", "Need 0<z2<10000". Channel side slopes can be neither exactly vertical (z=0) nor nearly flat (z>10,000). z is defined as horizontal to vertical ratio. "Need 1e-7<Sp<0.5". Pipe slope must be between these limits. Input checks for graph. If one of these messages appears, the graph will not proceed. Note that if any value is out of range in the upper portion of the calculation, a graph will not be shown. "Need min Qt>=0". Minimum total flow for graph was entered as a negative number.

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Culvert Design. Inlet and Outlet Control

"Max Qt>10000 m3/s". Maximum total flow for graph cannot exceed 10,000 m3/s "Min must be < Max". Minimum Qt entered for graph must be less than maximum Qt entered for graph. "Need Min/Max<0.99". Minimum Qt entered for graph must be less than 0.99 times maximum Qt entered for graph. Otherwise, the minimum and maximum are too close together to have good axis labels for the graph. Run-time errors. The following message may be generated by the graphing portion of the calculation: "Yt>Er for some Qt". Tailwater depth exceeds road (or dam) crest for large values of Qt. Yh cannot be computed or graphed when Yt>Er since the equations are only valid for Yt<=Er.

References Back to calculation Chow, V. T. 1959. Open-Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, Inc. (the classic text) French, R. H. 1985. Open-Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Mays, L. W. editor. 1999. Hydraulic design handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Normann, J. M. 1985. Hydraulic design of highway culverts. HDS-5 (Hydraulic Design Series 5). FHWA-IP-85-15. NTIS publication PB86196961. Obtainable at http://www.ntis.gov/. Streeter, V. L., E. B. Wylie, and K. W. Bedford. 1998. Fluid Mechanics. WCB/McGraw-Hill. 9ed.

2001 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. (All Rights Reserved) LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. Athens, Ohio 45701 USA (740) 592-1890 LMNO@LMNOeng.com http://www.lmnoeng.com/

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Design of Circular Water Pipes using Hazen Williams Equation

Design of Circular Pressurized Water Pipes

Calculation uses Hazen-Williams friction loss equation (commonly used by Civil Engineers). Valid for water at temperatures typical of city water supply systems (40 to 75 oF; 4 to 25 oC).

To: Other single pipe calculators: Hazen-Williams with pump curve Darcy-Weisbach without pump curve Darcy-Weisbach with pump curve Multiple pipes: Bypass Loop Pipe Network LMNO Engineering home page Unit Conversions Page Trouble printing?

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Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. Topics: Scenarios Common Questions Equations H-W Coefficients Minor Loss Coefficients

Piping Scenarios

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Design of Circular Water Pipes using Hazen Williams Equation

Common Questions

Back to Calculations I took fluid mechanics a long long time ago. What is head? Why does it have units of length? Head is energy per unit weight of fluid (i.e. Force x Length/Weight = Length). The program on this page solves the energy equation (shown below); we call energy "head." Why is Pressure=0 for a reservoir? A reservoir is open to the atmosphere, so its gage pressure is zero. Why is Velocity=0 for a reservoir? This is a common assumption in fluid mechanics and is based on the fact that a reservoir has a large surface area. Therefore, the water level drops very little even if a lot of water flows out of the reservoir. A reservoir may physically be a lake or a large diameter tank. What is a "main" and a "lateral"? A "main" is a large diameter water supply pipe that has many smaller diameter "laterals" branching off of it to supply water to individual residences, businesses, or subdivisions. In fluid mechanics, we set V=0 for the main since it has a large diameter (relative to the lateral) and thus a very small velocity. To further justify the V=0 assumption, the main's pressure is typically high, so the velocity head in the main is negligible. The main is drawn such that it is coming out of your computer monitor.
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Design of Circular Water Pipes using Hazen Williams Equation

Can I model flow between two reservoirs using either Scenario B or E? Yes, you can. If using Scenario E, just set P1-P2=0. Scenario B automatically sets P1-P2=0. Can I model flow between two mains using either Scenario B or E? Only if the pressure is the same in both mains. How do I model a pipe discharging freely to the atmosphere? Use Scenario A, C, or F. Since P2=0 (relative to atmospheric pressure), P1-P2 that is input or output will be P1. What are minor losses? Minor losses are head (energy) losses due to valves, pipe bends, pipe entrances (for water flowing from a tank to a pipe), and pipe exits (water flowing from a pipe to a tank), as opposed to a major loss which is due to the friction of water flowing through a length of pipe. Minor loss coefficients (Km) are tabulated below. For our program, all of the pipes have the same diameter, so you can add up all your minor loss coefficients and enter the sum in the Minor Loss Coefficient input box. I'm confused about pumps. Only input Pump Head if the pump is between points 1 and 2. Otherwise, enter 0 for Pump Head. Your program is great! What are its limitations? Pipes must all have the same diameter. Pump curves cannot be implemented. The fluid must be water. Where can I find additional information? References What is Driving Head? See below.

Steady State Energy Equation used for this page:


Obtained from References

Back to Calculations

Driving Head (DH) = left side of the first equation g = acceleration due to gravity = 32.174 ft/s2 = 9.8066 m/s2 k = unit conversion factor = 1.318 for English units = 0.85 for Metric units S = Specific Weight of Water (i.e. weight density; weight per unit volume) = 62.4 lb/ft for English units = 9800 N/m for Metric units Pump Power = SQHp. Note that 1 horsepower = 550 ft-lb/s All of the calculations on this page have analytic (closed form) solutions except for "Solve for V, Q" and "Q known. Solve for Pipe Diameter." These two calculations required a numerical solution. Our solution utilizes a modified implementation of Newton's method that finds roots of the equations with the result accurate to 8 significant digits. All of the calculations utilize double precision.

Table of Hazen-Williams Coefficients (C is unit-less):


Compiled from References

Back to Calculations

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Design of Circular Water Pipes using Hazen Williams Equation

Material Asbestos Cement Brass Brick sewer Cast-Iron: New, unlined 10 yr. old 20 yr. old 30 yr. old 40 yr. old Concrete/Concrete-lined: Steel forms Wooden forms Centrifugally spun

C 140 130-140 100 130 107-113 89-100 75-90 64-83 140 120 135

Material Copper Galvanized iron Glass Lead Plastic Steel: Coal-tar enamel lined New unlined Riveted Tin Vitrif. clay (good condition) Wood stave (avg. condition) Back to Calculations

C 130-140 120 140 130-140 140-150 145-150 140-150 110 130 110-140 120

Table of Minor Loss Coefficients (Km is unit-less):


Compiled from References Fitting Valves: Globe, fully open Angle, fully open Gate, fully open Gate 1/4 closed Gate, 1/2 closed Gate, 3/4 closed Swing check, forward flow Swing check, backward flow 180 return bends: Flanged Threaded 0.2 1.5 10 2 0.15 0.26 2.1 17 2 infinity Tees: Km

Fitting Elbows: Regular 90, flanged Regular 90, threaded Long radius 90, flanged Long radius 90, threaded Long radius 45, threaded Regular 45, threaded

Km 0.3 1.5 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.4

Line flow, flanged Line flow, threaded Branch flow, flanged Branch flow, threaded

0.2 0.9 1.0 2.0

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Design of Circular Water Pipes using Hazen Williams Equation

Pipe Entrance (Reservoir to Pipe): Square Connection Rounded Connection Re-entrant (pipe juts into tank) 0.5 0.2 1.0

Pipe Exit (Pipe to Reservoir) Square Connection Rounded Connection Re-entrant (pipe juts into tank) 1.0 1.0 1.0

1998-2000 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. (All Rights Reserved) LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. Athens, Ohio USA (740) 592-1890 LMNO@LMNOeng.com http://www.lmnoeng.com/

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DPlot Graphing Software for Scientists and Engineers - Home Page

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DPlot Graphing Software for Scientists and Engineers - Home Page

Current Version (9 December 2007)

The latest release version of DPlot is 2.1.4.9. Check the Revision History page for a list of recent changes. Licensed users should sign up for the mailing list to receive instructions for downloading the free upgrade, or select Check for Updates on the Help menu within DPlot.

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The DPlot download includes an Add-In for Microsoft Excel that makes moving data in a variety of layouts from Excel to DPlot a snap. The functions included in the Add-In might also give developers ideas for their own VBA solutions. We think you'll find this new feature very useful. Your comments and suggestions are welcome. The most recent update includes 2D vector plots and the ability to draw antialiased curves and other graphic objects for more attractive graphs.

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DPlot Graphing Software for Scientists and Engineers - Home Page

or other restrictions. There's nothing to buy and no registration fee involved. The latest version of DPlot Jr is distributed with the DPLOTLIB DLL, which makes it exceptionally easy to plot data from a variety of languages and environments. The distribution includes examples in C, C#, Visual Basic, VB.NET, PowerBasic, FreeBASIC, and several varieties of FORTRAN.

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Gradually Varied Flow Calculation. Backwater profile

Gradually Varied Flow in Trapezoidal Channel


Plot Water depth, Velocity, Froude, Top width vs. Distance. Compute GVF profile (M1, M2, S2, S3, C1, C3). Compute normal and critical depths.
To: LMNO Engineering home page (more calculations) Trapezoidal Channel Design Hydraulic Jump Unit Conversions LMNO@LMNOeng.com phone (USA): +1(740) 592-1890 Trouble printing? Cross-Section of Trapezoidal Channel:

Gradually Varied Flow Profiles:

Calculation: Register to fully enable the "Calculate" button. Demonstration mode for B=3 m. Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. If x-axis says "Distance in m divided by 10^2", then multiply the value shown on the axis by 10^2 in order to get the actual value. Therefore, 5.0 on the axis is actually 500 meters. Likewise for the y-axis. Elevation graph shows bottom of channel (i.e. channel invert) and water surface elevations relative to channel invert elevation of 0.0 at Xmax. Units: cm=centimeter, cfs=cubic feet per second, ft=feet, gpm=US gallons per minute, gph=US gallons per hour, gpd=US gallons per day, km=kilometer, m=meter, MGD=Millions of US gallons per day, s=second
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Gradually Varied Flow Calculation. Backwater profile

Links on this page: Equations Variables Manning n coefficients Error messages References Introduction In long prismatic (constant cross-sectional geometry) channels, flowing water will attempt to reach the "normal depth" (also known as the "uniform flow depth"). Normal depth is the water depth determined using Manning's equation (please see our other web page for design of trapezoidal channels using Manning's equation). A gradually varied flow (GVF) profile is a plot of water depth versus distance along the channel as the water depth gradually achieves normal depth. A GVF computation in a trapezoidal channel involves starting at a known depth Ys and making successive water depth computations at small distance intervals. The method involves the continuity equation and energy slope equations. The LMNO Engineering calculation initially computes normal depth, critical depth, and GVF profile type. Then, it computes the water depth profile and plots it. The calculation also displays channel properties (depth, velocity, Froude number, etc.) at a specific location Xp entered by the user. A GVF profile is also known as a water depth profile, backwater calculation, and non-uniform flow computation. It is for steady state flows (discharge remains constant). The LMNO Engineering calculation plots GVF profiles for M1, M2, S2, S3, C1, and C3 curves. M3 and S1 curves cross over the critical depth in order to achieve normal depth. Flows crossing the critical depth are called "rapidly varied flows" and cannot be computed using GVF methods. Equations and Methodology Fundamental flow equations are first presented, followed by equations for computing the critical depth Yc and normal depth Yn. Then, using the input value of Ys, the GVF profile type is determined and the GVF profile is computed using the Improved Euler method. References for the equations are shown alongside the equations. Manning's equation for Yn and the equation for the friction slope Sf are empirical; they are shown in the form that uses meters and seconds for units. Units for all other equations can be from any consistent set of units. Fundamental equations The following equations are always valid for trapezoidal channels (Chanson, 1999; Chow, 1959; Simon and Korom, 1997):

Critical depth computation To compute critical depth Yc the Froude number F is set to 1.0. Then, we use the Newton method (Kahaner, Moler, and Nash, 1989; Rao, 1985) along with the fundamental equations above to solve for Yc. Normal depth computation To compute normal depth Yn a cubic solution technique (Rao, 1985) is used to solve the fundamental equations above in conjunction with the Manning Equation (Chanson, 1999; Chaudhry, 1993; Chow, 1959; Simon and Korom, 1997):

Gradually varied flow profile determination (Chanson, 1999; Chaudhry, 1993; Chow, 1959; Simon and Korom, 1997): If Yn>Yc, then the channel is considered to have a mild (M) slope. If Yn<Yc, the slope is steep (S). If Yn=Yc, then the slope is termed critical (C). The slopes are further classified by a number (1, 2, or 3) as follows: For mild slopes (Yn>Yc): If Ys>Yn, then the slope is an M1. The GVF calculation starts downstream at Xmax at a depth of Ys and proceeds upstream to X=0. The water depth gets closer to Yn as the calculation proceeds further and further upstream. If Yn>Ys >Yc, then the slope is an M2. The GVF calculation starts downstream at Xmax at a depth of Ys and proceeds upstream to X=0.
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Gradually Varied Flow Calculation. Backwater profile

The water depth gets closer to Yn as the calculation proceeds further and further upstream. If Yc>Ys, then the slope is an M3. This is an unstable GVF calculation since the water depth begins below both Yn and Yc. Since the slope is mild, an hydraulic jump will occur. Hydraulic jumps are rapidly varied flow situations that cannot be modeled by a GVF calculator. Therefore, the message, "Cannot plot S1 or M3", will be shown. For steep slopes (Yc>Yn): If Ys>Yc, then the slope is an S1. This is an unstable GVF calculation since the water depth begins above both Yc and Yn. Since the slope is steep, the water depth will have to pass through the critical depth in order to reach the normal depth. Passing through the critical depth is a rapidly varied flow situation that cannot be modeled by a GVF calculator. Therefore, the message, "Cannot plot S1 or M3", will be shown. If Yc>Ys>Yn, then the slope is an S2. The GVF calculation starts upstream at X=0 at a depth of Ys and proceeds downstream to Xmax. The water depth gets closer to Yn as the calculation proceeds further and further downstream. If Yn>Ys, then the slope is an S3. The GVF calculation starts upstream at X=0 at a depth of Ys and proceeds downstream to Xmax. The water depth gets closer to Yn as the calculation proceeds further and further downstream. For critical slopes (Yc=Yn): If Ys>Yc, then the slope is a C1. The GVF calculation starts downstream at Xmax at a depth of Ys and proceeds upstream to X=0. The water depth gets closer to Yn as the calculation proceeds further and further upstream. If Yc>Ys, then the slope is a C3. The GVF calculation starts upstream at X=0 at a depth of Ys and proceeds downstream to Xmax. The water depth gets closer to Yn as the calculation proceeds further and further downstream. There is no such thing as a C2 slope - sinceYc=Yn, Ys cannot be between Yc and Yn. Gradually varied flow profile (graph) computation To compute the gradually varied flow profile (graph), the Improved Euler method (Chaudhry, 1993) is used: At control section, i=1 and Yi=Ys. Repeat for i=2 to n in increments of distance dX where dX is negative for downstream control and dX is positive for upstream control. Compute Ti, Ai, and Pi using the fundamental equations shown above using Y=Yi. Compute the friction slope, depth increment, and intermediate depth (note: for the friction slope equation shown, the friction slope variables must be in meters and seconds):

Compute T2, A2, and P2 using the fundamental equations shown above with Y=Y2. Then, compute the friction slope based on T2, A2, and P2 followed by computation of a second depth increment. Finally, compute the water depth, Yi+1 by using the average of the two differential depth increments (this is the basis of the Improved Euler method).

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Gradually Varied Flow Calculation. Backwater profile

Then repeat the loop by incrementing i. The LMNO Engineering calculation uses an unequal node spacing so that more nodes are used at the beginning of the calculation to improve accuracy. The first node spacing is approximately 10-10 m, and there are 4500 distance increments. The results have been checked against hand calculations, spreadsheets, and results shown in Chaudhry (1993), Chow (1959), French (1985), Henderson (1966), and Simon and Korom (1997). Back to calculation Variables Variables are shown below in SI units (metric). If you work through the above equations by hand, use the SI units shown - since many of the equations are empirical and are valid only with the indicated units. (The calculation performs internal unit conversions which allow you to select a variety of different units.) A=Channel cross-sectional area [m2]. Ai=Area computed at successive i intervals in Improved Euler method [m2]. Ap=Area at Xp [m2]. A2=Area for intermediate computation in Improved Euler method [m2]. dX=Distance increment for Improved Euler method [m]. Negative for M1, M2, and C1 since computation proceeds upstream. Positive for S2, S3, and C3 since computation proceeds downstream (dY/dX)1=First depth increment for Improved Euler method [m]. (dY/dX)2=Second depth increment for Improved Euler method [m]. B=Channel bottom width [m]. E=Elevation [m]. The calculation automatically sets the channel invert elevation to 0.0 at Xmax. Epi=Elevation of channel invert at Xp [m]. Invert means bottom of the channel. Epy=Elevation of water surface at Xp [m]. F=Froude number [dimensionless]. Fp=Froude number at Xp [dimensionless]. g=Acceleration due to gravity, 9.8066 m/s2. i=Loop index for computing GVF profile. n=Manning's n value [dimensionless]. See table below for values. P=Channel wetted perimeter [m]. Pi=Wetted perimeter computed at successive i intervals in Improved Euler method [m]. P2=Second wetted perimeter computed in Improved Euler method [m]. Q=Discharge (flowrate) of water in the channel [m3/s]. So=Slope of bottom of channel (vertical to horizontal ratio) [m/m]. Sf1=First energy slope for Improved Euler method [dimensionless]. Sf2=Second energy slope for Improved Euler method [dimensionless]. T=Top width of water in channel [m]. Ti=Top width computed at successive i intervals in Improved Euler method [m]. T2=Second top width computed in Improved Euler method [m]. Tp=Top width at Xp [m]. V=Average velocity of water [m/s]. Vp=Velocity at Xp [m/s]. X=Distance along channel [m]. Xmax=Maximum distance for computing GVF profile [m]. Profile is always plotted from X=0 to Xmax. For M1, M2, and C1 profiles, Ys is at X=Xmax. For S2, S3, and C3 profiles, Ys is at X=0. Xp=Distance entered by user for showing channel properties [m]. Cannot exceed Xmax. If user enters Xp>Xmax, the calculation will automatically set Xp to Xmax. Y=Water depth [m]. Yc=Critical depth [m]. Yi=Water depth computed at successive i intervals in Improved Euler method [m]. Yn=Normal depth [m]. Yp=Depth at Xp [m].
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Gradually Varied Flow Calculation. Backwater profile

Ys=Starting depth [m]. This is also known as the depth at the control section. It is the depth that GVF calculations start at. Y2=Second depth computed in Improved Euler method [m]. Z1=One channel side slope (horizontal to vertical ratio) [m/m]. Z2=The other channel side slope (horizontal to vertical ratio) [m/m]. Back to calculation Manning n Coefficients The Manning's n coefficients were compiled from Chaudhry (1993), Chow (1959), French (1985), and Mays (1999). Material Natural Streams Clean and Straight Major Rivers Sluggish with Deep Pools Manning n 0.030 0.035 0.040 Material Excavated Earth Channels Clean Gravelly Weedy Stony, Cobbles Floodplains Pasture, Farmland Light Brush Heavy Brush Trees Manning n 0.022 0.025 0.030 0.035

Metals Brass Cast Iron Smooth Steel Corrugated Metal Non-Metals Glass Clay Tile Brickwork Asphalt Masonry

0.011 0.013 0.012 0.022

0.035 0.050 0.075 0.15

0.010 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.025

Finished Concrete Unfinished Concrete Gravel Earth Planed Wood Unplaned Wood

0.012 0.014 0.029 0.025 0.012 0.013

Error Messages Back to calculation Initial input checks. The following messages are generated from improper input values: "Need 1e-20<Q<1e50 m3/s", "Need 1e-20<B<1e6 m", "Need Z1, Z2 >=0", "Z1, Z2 cannot both be 0", "Need 1e-9<n<20", "Need 1e20<So<1e99", "Need 0.001<Xmax<1e6 m", "Need 1e-20<Ys<100 m", "Need Xp>=0". Run-time messages. The following messages may be generated during execution: "Infeasible input". Inputs are unusually large or small causing the program to have trouble computing Yn or Yc. "Cannot plot S1 or M3". As discussed above, these two GVF profiles encounter rapidly varied flow where the water depth crosses through critical depth. "No graph. Ys=Yn". This is a uniform flow situation, not a GVF calculation. Water depth will remain at normal depth, so the GVF profile is not computed. "Yn at x=874.231 m". This is the distance where the water depth is within 0.01% of the normal depth.

Back to calculation References Chanson, H. 1999. The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Chaudhry, M. H. 1993. Open-Channel Flow. Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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Gradually Varied Flow Calculation. Backwater profile

Chow, V. T. 1959. Open-Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, Inc. (the classic text) French, R. H. 1985. Open-Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Henderson, F. M. 1966. Open Channel Flow. MacMillan Publishing Co. Kahaner, D, C. Moler, and S. Nash. 1989. Numerical Methods and Software. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2ed. Mays, L. W. editor. 1999. Hydraulic design handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Rao, S. 1985. Optimization: Theory and Applications. Wiley Eastern Limited. 2ed. Simon, A. and S. Korom. 1997. Hydraulics. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 4ed.

2002 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. (All Rights Reserved) LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. Athens, Ohio 45701 USA (740) 592-1890 LMNO@LMNOeng.com http://www.lmnoeng.com/

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Hydraulic Jump Calculation

Hydraulic Jump in Horizontal Rectangular Channel

Hydraulic jump for water in rectangular horizontal channel. Enter discharge, channel width, upstream depth. Compute downstream depth, Froude numbers, depth ratio, velocities, jump length and energy loss.

To: LMNO Engineering home page (all calculations) Related open channel calculations: Rectangular Channel Design Trapezoidal Channel Design Gradually varied flow in trapezoidal channel Unit Conversions LMNO@LMNOeng.com phone (USA): (740) 592-1890 Trouble printing?

Photograph from Ohio University's Fluid Mechanics Laboratory. Athens, Ohio USA

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Hydraulic Jump Calculation

Register to enable "Calculate" button.


Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. Equations Equations for hydraulic jump in horizontal rectangular channel (Chaudhry, 1993; Chow, 1959): V=Q/(yB) F=V/(gy)0.5 y2/y1 = 0.5 [(1+8F12 )0.5 - 1] h = (y2-y1)3 /(4y1y2)

L = 220 y1 tanh[(F1-1)/22]

where (subscript 1 indicates upstream of jump; subscript 2 indicates downstream of jump): B=Channel width (m), F=Froude number (dimension-less), g=acceleration due to gravity (9.8066 m/s2), h=Head loss (m), L=Length of jump (m), Q=Discharge (m3/s), tanh=Hyperbolic tangent trigonometric function, V=Velocity (m/s), y=Water depth (m) Note: Equations require consistent units, such as ft and seconds or meters and seconds. LMNO Engineering calculation allows a wide variety of other units. Most units are self-explanatory. MGD is Millions Gallons (US) per Day.

What is a Hydraulic Jump? A hydraulic jump occurs when the upstream flow is supercritical (F>1). To have a jump, there must be a flow impediment downstream. The downstream impediment could be a weir, a bridge abutment, a dam, or simply channel friction. Water depth increases during a hydraulic jump and energy is dissipated as turbulence. Often, engineers will purposely install impediments in channels in order to force jumps to occur. Mixing of coagulant chemicals in water treatment plants is often aided by hydraulic jumps. Concrete blocks may be installed in a channel downstream of a spillway in order to force a jump to occur thereby reducing the velocity and energy of the water. Flow will go from supercritical (F>1) to subcritical (F<1) over a jump. According to Chow (1959), a strong jump occurs when F1>9, a steady jump occurs when 4.5<F1<9, an oscillating jump occurs when 2.5<F1<4.5, a weak jump occurs when 1.7<F1<2.5, and an undular jump occurs when 1<F1<1.7. According to Chaudhry (1993), the best jumps occur when 4.5<F1<9.

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Hydraulic Jump Calculation

Messages "Need B>0." Channel width must be a positive number. "Need Q>0." Discharge must be positive. "Need y1>0." Upstream depth must be positive. "Need F1 >1." Upstream flow must be supercritical. References Chaudhry, M. H. 1993. Open Channel Flow. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chow, V. T. 1959. Open Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2004 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. (All Rights Reserved) LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. Athens, Ohio USA (740) 592-1890 LMNO@LMNOeng.com http://www.lmnoeng.com/

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Manning Equation

Manning's Equation Calculator / Software

The open channel flow software website

LMNO Engineering Home Page Manning n values Unit Conversions Trouble printing? More calculations: Design of Rectangular Channels Design of Trapezoidal Channels Circular Culverts using Manning Equation Culvert Design using Inlet and Outlet Control Q=VA simple flowrate calculator

Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. The Manning Equation is the most commonly used equation to analyze open channel flows. It is a semiempirical equation for simulating water flows in channels and culverts where the water is open to the atmosphere, i.e. not flowing under pressure, and was first presented in 1889 by Robert Manning. The channel can be any shape - circular, rectangular, triangular, etc. The units in the Manning equation appear to be inconsistent; however, the value k has hidden units in it to make the equation consistent. The Manning Equation was developed for uniform steady state flow (see Discussion and References for Open Channel Flow). S is the slope of the energy grade line and S=hf/L where hf is energy (head) loss and L is the length of the channel or reach. For uniform steady flows, the energy grade line = the slope of the water surface = the slope of the bottom of the channel. The product A/P is also known as the hydraulic radius, Rh.

file:///E|/engineering/hydraulics/Manning%20Equation.htm12/11/2007 4:07:02 PM

Non-Circular Open Channel Geometry

Geometric Calculations for Non-Circular Partially Filled Channels

The open channel flow calculations / software website

Manning Equation Calculator Design of Rectangular Channels Calculation Unit Conversions LMNO Engineering Home Page Trouble printing?

Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. You may enter numbers in any units, so long as you are consistent. (L) means that the variable has units of length (e.g. meters). (L2) means that the variable has units of length squared (e.g. m2). Equations (note that R=A/P):

file:///E|/engineering/hydraulics/Non-Circular%20Open%20Channel%20Geometry.htm12/11/2007 4:07:19 PM

Pipe Network Calculator. Hardy Cross. Darcy Weisbach or Hazen Williams losses

Pipe Network Calculator. Darcy Weisbach or Hazen Williams friction losses

Compute pressure and hydraulic head at each node and flow in each pipe. Enter node flows, elevations, pressure. Select Darcy Weisbach (Moody diagram) or Hazen Williams friction losses. Include minor losses by equivalent length of pipe. Don't have to use all the pipes or nodes.

To: Darcy-Weisbach single pipe Hazen-Williams single pipe Bypass Loop LMNO Engineering home page (more calculations) Unit Conversions Page Trouble printing?

Enter positive values for inflows at nodes (negative values for outflows). Enter pipe diameter of 0.0 to make a pipe nonexistent.

Register to fully enable "Calculate" button


Demonstration mode for: Fluid: mercury. Pipe material: wood. Losses: Darcy-Weisbach. Head loss units: m of fluid. Flow units: m3/s. Diameter units: meters. Length units: meters. Elevation units: meters. Pressure units: m of fluid. Z+P/S (hydraulic head) units: m of fluid. To enable other fluids, materials, units and Hazen-Williams losses, please register. Click shift-Reload on your browser to reload the default values. Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. Topics on this page: Introduction Equations and Methodology (Hardy Cross method, friction losses (Darcy Weisbach and Hazen Williams), pressure computation, minor losses and calculator) Applications Built-in fluid and material properties Units Variables Error Messages References

Introduction
Pipe Network simulates steady flow of liquids or gases under pressure. It can simulate city water systems, car exhaust manifolds, long pipelines with different diameter pipes in series, parallel pipes, groundwater flow into a slotted well screen, soil vapor extraction well design, and more. Enter flows at nodes as positive for inflows and negative for outflows. Inflows plus outflows must sum to 0. Enter one pressure in the system and all other pressures are computed. All fields must have a number, but the number can be 0. You do not need to use all the pipes or nodes. Enter a diameter of 0.0 if a pipe does not exist. If a node is surrounded on all sides by non-existent pipes, the node's flow must be entered as 0.0. The program allows a wide variety of units. After clicking Calculate, the arrows "<--, -->, v, ^" indicate the direction of flow through each pipe (to the left, right, down, or up). Losses can be computed by either the Darcy-Weisbach or Hazen-Williams (HW) method, selectable by clicking on the "Roughness, e" drop-down menu. If HW is used, then the fluid must be selected as "Water, 20C (68F)". The H,V,Re output field is scrollable using the left and right arrow keys on your keyboard. Velocity is in m/s if metric units are selected for flowrate Q, and ft/s if English units are selected for Q.

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Pipe Network Calculator. Hardy Cross. Darcy Weisbach or Hazen Williams losses

Equations and Methodology

Back to Calculation The pipe network calculation uses the steady state energy equation, Darcy Weisbach or Hazen Williams friction losses, and the Hardy Cross method to determine the flowrate in each pipe, loss in each pipe, and node pressures. Minor losses (due to valves, pipe bends, etc.) can be accounted for by using the equivalent length of pipe method. Hardy Cross Method (Cross, 1936; Viessman and Hammer, 1993) The Hardy Cross method is also known as the single path adjustment method and is a relaxation method. The flowrate in each pipe is adjusted iteratively until all equations are satisfied. The method is based on two primary physical laws: 1. The sum of pipe flows into and out of a node equals the flow entering or leaving the system through the node. 2. Hydraulic head (i.e. elevation head + pressure head, Z+P/S) is single-valued. This means that the hydraulic head at a node is the same whether it is computed from upstream or downstream directions. Pipe flows are adjusted iteratively using the following equation,

until the change in flow in each pipe is less than the convergence criteria. n=2.0 for Darcy Weisbach losses or 1.85 for Hazen Williams losses. Friction Losses, H Our calculation gives you a choice of computing friction losses H using the Darcy-Weisbach (DW) or the Hazen-Williams (HW) method. The DW method can be used for any liquid or gas while the HW method can only be used for water at temperatures typical of municipal water supply systems. HW losses can be selected with the menu that says "Roughness, e (m):". The following equations are used: Hazen Williams equation (Mays, 1999; Streeter et al., 1998; Viessman and Hammer, 1993) where k=0.85 for meter and seconds units or 1.318 for feet and seconds units:

Darcy Weisbach equation (Mays, 1999; Munson et al., 1998; Streeter et al., 1998):

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Pipe Network Calculator. Hardy Cross. Darcy Weisbach or Hazen Williams losses

where "log" is base 10 logarithm and "ln" is natural logarithm. Variable definitions. Pressure computation After computing flowrate Q in each pipe and loss H in each pipe and using the input node elevations Z and known pressure at one node, pressure P at each node is computed around the network: Pj = S(Zi - Zj - Hpipe) + Pi where node j is down-gradient from node i. S = fluid weight density [F/L3].

Minor Losses Minor losses such as pipe elbows, bends, and valves may be included by using the equivalent length of pipe method (Mays, 1999). Equivalent length (Leq) may be computed using the following calculator which uses the formula Leq=KD/f. f is the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor for the pipe containing the fitting, and cannot be known with certainty until after the pipe network program is run. However, since you need to know f ahead of time, a reasonable value to use is f=0.02, which is the default value. We also recommend using f=0.02 even if you select Hazen-Williams losses in the pipe network calculation. K values are from Mays (1999). Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. For example, there is a 100-m long 10-cm diameter (inside diameter) pipe with one fully open gate valve and three regular 90o elbows. Using the minor loss calculator, Leq is 1.0 m and 1.25 m for the fully open gate valve and each elbow, respectively. The pipe length you should enter into the pipe network calculator is 100 + 1.0 + 3(1.25) = 104.75 m. The calculator allows a variety of units such as m, cm, inch, and ft for diameter; and m, km, ft, and miles for equivalent length. If a fitting is not listed, select "User enters K" and enter the K value for the fitting.

Applications
The pipe network calculation has many applications. Two examples will be provided. 1. Municipal water supply system. A water tower is located at node D. The other nodes could represent industries or homes. Enter the water withdrawals at all the nodes as negative numbers, then enter the inflow to the network from the water tower at node D as a positive number equal to the sum of the withdrawals from the other nodes. Usually, cities require a certain minimum pressure everywhere in the system, often 40 psi. Use the drop-down menu to select the node that you expect will have the lowest pressure - possibly the node furthest from D or the one at the highest elevation; we'll use node I. Enter the pressure at node I as 40 psi. Enter all the pipe lengths, diameters and node elevations. Then click "Calculate". You can use your right and left arrow keys to scroll to the left and right to see the velocity in each pipe. Typically, you want pipe velocities to be around 2 ft/s. If you are designing a system (as opposed to analyzing a system that is already in place), vary the pipe diameters until the pipe velocities are reasonable and pressure at node D is as low as possible to minimize the height of the water tower. There will be a trade-off between pressure at D and pipe diameters. Smaller diameter pipes will save money on
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Pipe Network Calculator. Hardy Cross. Darcy Weisbach or Hazen Williams losses

pipes but will require a taller water tower. The water tower height is proportional to the pressure at D according to h=P/S, where P is the pressure at D. S is the weight density of the water, and h is the water tower height required. A more detailed example. 2. Manifold. A manifold has multiple inflows at various positions along the same pipeline, and one outflow. Let node I be the outflow and use all other nodes A-H as inflow locations; so flow is from node A through pipes 1, 2, 5, 7, 6, 8, 11, and 12 and out node I. Enter the diameters and lengths of these pipes and the desired inflows at nodes A-H. Enter the outflow at node I as a positive number equal to the sum of the inflows at nodes A-H. Enter the diameters of pipes 3, 4, 9, and 10 as 0.0 since they are non-existent pipes. Enter the elevations of all nodes. For a horizontal pipe, set all the elevations to the same value or just to 0.0 to keep it simple. From the drop-down menu, select the node where you know the pressure and enter its pressure. Clicking "Calculate" will give the flowrate in all pipes and the pressure at all the nodes.

Built-in fluid and material properties


The user may manually enter fluid density and viscosity or select one of the common liquids or gases from the drop-down menu. Density and viscosity for the built-in fluids were obtained from Munson et al. (1998). Likewise, the user may manually enter material roughness or Hazen-Williams C, or select one of the common pipe materials listed in the other drop-down menu. Surface roughnesses for the built-in materials were compiled from Munson et al. (1998), Streeter et al. (1998) and Mays (1999).

Units
bbls/day=barrels/day, cfm=ft3/min, cfs=ft3/s, cm=centimeter, cP=centipoise, cSt=centistoke, in=inch, in H2O=inch water at 60F, in Hg=inch mercury at 60F, ft=foot, g=gram, gpd=gallon (US)/day, gph=gallon (US)/hr, gpm=gallon (US)/min, hr=hour, kg=kilogram, km=kilometer, lb=pound, lb(f)=pound (force), m=meter, mbar=millibar, mm=millimeter, mm H2O=mm water at 4C, min=minute, N=Newton, psi=lb(f)/in2, s=second

Variables [] indicates units: F=force, L=length, P=pressure, T=time

Back to Calculation Fluid density and viscosity may be entered in a wide choice of units. Some of the density units are mass density (g/cm3, kg/m3, slug/ft3, lb(mass)/ft3) and some are weight density (N/m3, lb(force)/ft3). There is no distinction between lb(mass)/ft3 and lb (force)/ft3 in the density since they have numerically equivalent values and all densities are internally converted to N/m3. Likewise, fluid viscosity may be entered in a wide variety of units. Some of the units are dynamic viscosity (cP, poise, N-s/m2 (same as kg/m-s), lb(force)-s/ft2 (same as slug/ft-s) and some are kinematic viscosity (cSt, stoke (same as cm2/s), ft2/s, m2/s). All viscosities are internally converted to kinematic viscosity in SI units (m2/s). If necessary, the equation Kinematic viscosity = Dynamic viscosity/Mass density is used internally.

A = Pipe area [L2]. C = Hazen Williams coefficient. Selectable as last item in drop-down menu saying "Roughness, e". D = Pipe diameter [L]. e = Pipe roughness [L]. All pipes must have the same roughness. f = Moody friction factor, used in Darcy Weisbach friction loss equation. g = Acceleration due to gravity = 32.174 ft/s2 = 9.8066 m/s2. H = Head losses in pipe [L]. Can also be expressed in pressure units [P]. k = Constant in Hazen Williams equation for computing H. K = Minor loss coefficient. L = Pipe length [L]. Leq = Equivalent length of pipe for minor losses [L]. n = Constant used in Hardy Cross equation. P = Node pressure [P]. Can also be expressed in length units [L]. Q = Flowrate through pipe, or into or out of node [L3/T]. Also known as discharge or capacity. Re = Reynolds number. S = Specific Weight of Fluid (i.e. weight density; weight per unit volume) [F/L3]. Typical units are N/m3 or lb(force)/ft3.
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Pipe Network Calculator. Hardy Cross. Darcy Weisbach or Hazen Williams losses

Note that S=(mass density)(g) V = Velocity in pipe [L/T]. Z = Elevation of node [L]. Z+P/S = Hydraulic head [L]. Also known as piezometric head. Can also be expressed in pressure units [P]. v = Kinematic viscosity of fluid [L2/T]. Greek letter "nu". Note that kinematic viscosity is equivalent to dynamic (or absolute) viscosity divided by mass density. Mass density=S/g. Back to Calculation "Node Q's must sum to 0". Check the node flowrates that you entered. Total flow into pipe network must equal total flow out of pipe network. "Total inflow must be >0". Check that you have positive flow into the system. You have entered all node flows as 0.0 or negative. "Node i must have Q=0". Node i is completely surrounded by pipes having diameters less than 0.001 m, which is the criteria the program uses for treating pipes as being non-existent. You cannot have flow in or out of a node that is surrounded by nonexistent pipes. "|Q| must be < 1e9 m3/s". Node flows cannot exceed 109 m3/s. | | is absolute value. "P at isolated node." Be sure that the "P known at node x" drop-down menu indicates a node that is surrounded by at least one existing pipe (i.e. a pipe having a diameter greater than 0.001 m). If you don't know the pressure anywhere in your system, just enter 0.0 for the pressure. All the other node pressures will be computed relative to the pressure you enter. "Density must be > 0", "Density too high", "Viscosity must be > 0", "Viscosity too high.". These messages can only occur if "Another fluid" is selected from the fluid drop-down menu. Be sure the density and viscosity you enter are greater than zero but less than 1010 kg/m3 and 1010 m2/s, respectively. "D must be < 1e6 m". Individual pipe diameters cannot exceed 106 m. "L must be < 1e7 m". Individual pipe lengths cannot exceed 107 m. "|Z| must be < 1e20", " |P| must be < 1e20 m". The absolute value of each node elevation and pressure that are input cannot exceed 1020 m. "Need Water (20C) if H-W". If "Hazen-Williams C" is selected from the Roughness drop-down menu, you must also select "Water, 20C (68F)" from the fluid drop-down menu. The Hazen-Williams method for head losses is only valid for water at typical city water supply temperatures, such as 20C. "C out of range", "e out of range". These messages can only occur if you selected "Another material" from the pipe material drop-down menu. Valid ranges are 0<C<1000 and 0 <= e < 10.0 m. Normally, C will not exceed 150 and e will not exceed 0.001 m, but we allow high ranges for those who like to experiment. "Pipe i e/D out of range". See the equations above for Friction loss computation using Darcy-Weisbach. e/D cannot exceed 0.05 unless Reynolds number is less than 4000. Also, e/D cannot be 0.0 (i.e. e cannot be 0.0) if Reynolds number is greater than 108. "Unusual input." If you experiment with the calculation long enough, you may enter some very unusual input combinations. Some situations are physically not possible, but the calculation will continue iterating to compute the pipe flows and losses. After 5000 iterations (a few seconds of real time), the program will stop running and give you this error message, so you can check your input and enter more realistic numbers. The program has been designed so that it will not "lock up". Other things. If the calculation doesn't seem to run when you click "Calculate", check your inputs. If you accidentally entered two decimal points or a letter in an input field, then it won't run and won't give an error message.

Error Messages in Pipe Network calculation

References

Back to Calculation Cross, Hardy. Analysis of flow in networks of conduits or conductors. University of Illinois Bulletin No. 286. November 1936. Mays, L. W. editor. 1999. Hydraulic design handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Munson, B.R., D. F. Young, and T. H. Okiishi. 1998. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 3ed. Streeter, V. L., E. B. Wylie, and K. W. Bedford. 1998. Fluid Mechanics. WCB/McGraw-Hill. 9ed.
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Pipe Network Calculator. Hardy Cross. Darcy Weisbach or Hazen Williams losses

Viessman, W. and M. J. Hammer. 1993. Water Supply and Pollution Control. HarperCollins College Publishers. 5ed. 2001 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. (All Rights Reserved) LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. Athens, Ohio USA (740) 592-1890 LMNO@LMNOeng.com http://www.lmnoeng.com/

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Pressurized Liquid or Gas Pipes with Pump Curve. Darcy Weisbach (Moody diagram) friction losses

Circular Pressurized Liquid or Gas Pipe with Pump Curve (Darcy Weisbach - Moody friction losses)

Compute flow (i.e. discharge, capacity), velocity, pipe diameter, length, elevation difference, pressure difference, major losses (using Darcy-Weisbach friction loss, i.e. Moody Diagram), minor losses, total dynamic head, net positive suction head. User enters two points on pump curve - Head at no flow and Flow at no head. Parabolic shaped pump curve is formed from the two points.

To: Other single pipe calculators: Darcy-Weisbach without pump curve Hazen-Williams without pump curve Hazen-Williams with pump curve Multiple pipes: Bypass Loop Pipe Network LMNO Engineering home page (more calculations) Unit Conversions Page Trouble printing?

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Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. Topics: Piping Scenarios Equations and Methodology Variables Minor Loss Coefficients Error Messages References

Introduction
This program automatically intersects a system curve with a pump curve to tell you the operating point. If you have a pump already installed or want to investigate system performance of a certain pump before purchasing it, you can enter two points on its pump curve along with piping system information to determine the actual flowrate through the system. Or, if you know the flowrate or velocity, you can solve for diameter, pipe length, pressure difference, elevation difference, or the sum of the minor loss coefficients. A pump curve (blower curve for gases) is incorporated into the calculation to simulate systems containing a centrifugal pump or other pump that has a pump curve. To keep the calculation's input relatively simple, we only require you to enter two points on the pump curve - flow at zero head and head at zero flow. A parabolic curve is then formed between the two points as shown in equations below. The calculation also asks for information specifically about the pipe on the suction side of the pump. This information is used to compute the net positive suction head available (NPSHA) for liquids. For a pump to properly function, the NPSHA must be greater than the NPSH required by the pump (obtained from the pump manufacturer). If your system does not require a pump or uses a pump that does not have a parabolically shaped pump curve, then our other Darcy Weisbach design calculation may be more helpful.
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Pressurized Liquid or Gas Pipes with Pump Curve. Darcy Weisbach (Moody diagram) friction losses

Piping Scenarios
Pipe A is the pipe upstream from the pump (i.e. the suction side pipe). Convention for Z1-Z2 and Z1-Z3: If location 1 is above location 2, then Z1-Z2 should be entered as positive. If location 2 is above location 1, then Z1-Z2 should be entered as negative. Likewise for Z1-Z3.

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Pressurized Liquid or Gas Pipes with Pump Curve. Darcy Weisbach (Moody diagram) friction losses

Equations and Methodology

Back to Calculations The calculation on this page uses the steady state energy equation. Minor losses (due to valves, pipe bends, etc.) and major losses (due to pipe friction) are included. The Darcy Weisbach equation for friction losses is used and the calculation includes both laminar and turbulent flow. The equations are standard equations which can be found in most fluid mechanics textbooks (see references below). A pump curve is included in the calculation. Determination of the pump curve requires that the user enter the two extreme points on the curve - head when capacity is zero, and capacity when head is zero. Then, a parabola with a negative curvature is fit through the two points. This parabola is used since it is a good approximation of a typical pump curve and does not require users to enter a multitude of data points. And, oftentimes, pump catalogs only give the two extreme points on the curve rather than a graph showing the complete curve.

Energy equation with Darcy-Weisbach friction losses All equations were compiled from references except for parabolic pump curve equation which is our development. The Colebrook equation is an equation representation of the Moody diagram.

Pump Curve To provide an example of a pump curve developed using the equation H=Hmax[1-(Q/Qmax)2], let

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Pressurized Liquid or Gas Pipes with Pump Curve. Darcy Weisbach (Moody diagram) friction losses

Qmax=1500 gpm (when head is zero) and Hmax=900 ft (when Q is zero). The pump curve used in the calculation will look like:

The Colebrook equation is solved for f using Newton's method (Kahaner et al., 1989). The remaining calculations are analytic (i.e. closed form) except "Solve for V, Q", "Q known. Solve for Diameter", and "V known. Solve for Diameter". These three calculations required a numerical solution. Our solution utilizes a cubic solver (Rao, 1985) with the result accurate to 8 significant digits. Multiple solutions are possible for the three numerical solutions. All solutions for both laminar and turbulent flow are automatically determined and shown, if they exist. All of the calculations utilize double precision. Built-in fluid and material properties The user may enter his own fluid properties or select one of the common liquids or gases from the dropdown menu. Weight density, kinematic viscosity, and vapor pressure (if a liquid) for the built-in fluids were obtained from references. Likewise, the user may enter his own material roughness or select one of the common pipe materials listed in the other drop-down menu. Surface roughnesses for the built-in materials were compiled from references. Net Positive Suction Head NPSH is the sum of the heads that push fluid into a pump less the suction side losses. Most pumps have a minimum requirement for NPSH, called NPSHR. If the NPSH available by the piping system (NPSHA) is lower than NPSHR, then the pump will not function properly and may overheat. NPSH is only defined for liquids.

Variables Units: F=force, L=length, P=pressure, T=time

Back to Calculations

Fluid density and viscosity may be entered in a wide choice of units. Some of the density units are mass density (g/cm3, kg/m3, slug/ft3, lb(mass)/ft3) and some are weight density (N/m3, lb(force)/ft3). There
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Pressurized Liquid or Gas Pipes with Pump Curve. Darcy Weisbach (Moody diagram) friction losses

is no distinction between lb(mass)/ft3 and lb(force)/ft3 in the density since they have numerically equivalent values and all densities are internally converted to N/m3. Likewise, fluid viscosity may be entered in a wide variety of units. Some of the units are dynamic viscosity (cP, poise, N-s/m2 (same as kg/m-s), lb(force)-s/ft2 (same as slug/ft-s) and some are kinematic viscosity (cSt, stoke (same as cm2/s), ft2/s, m2/s). All viscosities are internally converted to kinematic viscosity in SI units (m2/s). If necessary, the equation Kinematic viscosity = Dynamic viscosity/Mass density is used. A = Pipe area [L2] D = Pipe diameter [L]. e = Pipe roughness [L]. f = Moody friction factor, used in Darcy-Weisbach friction loss equation. g = Acceleration due to gravity = 32.174 ft/s2 = 9.8066 m/s2 hf = Major losses for entire pipe [L]. Also known as friction losses. hfA = Major losses for pipe upstream of pump (pipe A) only [L]. hm = Minor losses for entire pipe [L]. hmA = Minor losses for pipe upstream of pump (pipe A) only [L]. H = Total dynamic head [L]. Also known as system head or head supplied by pump. Hmax = Maximum head that pump can provide [L]. It is the head when Q=0. K = Sum of minor loss coefficients for entire pipe. See table below for values. KA = Sum of minor loss coefficients for pipe upstream of pump (pipe A). Same as Ka. Only required for liquids. L = Total pipe length [L]. LA = Length of pipe upstream of pump (pipe A) [L]. Same as La. Only required for liquids. NPSH = Net positive suction head [L]. The calculation computes NPSHA (NPSH available). Patm = Atmospheric (or barometric) pressure [P]. Standard atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi = 29.92 inch Hg = 760 mm Hg = 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 1.01 bar. Note that your local atmospheric pressure is different from standard atmospheric pressure. Be careful - if you change the units of Patm and Pv, be sure to enter Patm in the selected units. Only required for liquids. Pv = Vapor pressure of fluid [P]. Expressed as an absolute pressure. Only required for liquids. P1 = Gage pressure at location 1 of the system [P]. Location 1 could be the surface of a reservoir open to the atmosphere (thus P1=0), or the pressure in a supply main (same as a tank under pressure), or location 1 could simply be a location in a pipe upstream of the pump. Only required for liquids. P1-P3 = Pressure difference between locations 1 and 3 [P]. Q = Flowrate [L3/T]. Also known as discharge or capacity. Qmax = Maximum flowrate on pump curve [L3/T]. Corresponds to point on pump curve where head is zero. Re = Reynolds number. S = Specific Weight of Fluid (i.e. weight density; weight per unit volume) [F/L3]. Typical units are N/ m3 or lb(force)/ft3. Note that S=(mass density)(g)

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Pressurized Liquid or Gas Pipes with Pump Curve. Darcy Weisbach (Moody diagram) friction losses

V1 = Velocity of fluid at location 1. This is determined when you select a scenario. If location 1 is a reservoir or main (Scenarios B, C, E, and F), then V1 is automatically set to 0 because the velocity head of the fluid in the reservoir or main (or pressure tank) is much smaller than in the attached pipeline. This is a standard assumption in fluid mechanics. However, if location 1 is inside the suction side pipeline, then V1 is automatically computed as Q/A. V3 = Velocity of fluid at location 3. This is determined when you select a scenario. If location 3 is a reservoir or main (Scenarios B, D, E, and G), then V3 is automatically set to 0 because the velocity head of the fluid in the reservoir or main (or pressure tank) is much smaller than in the attached pipeline. This is a standard assumption in fluid mechanics. However, if location 3 is inside your discharge side pipeline, then V3 is automatically computed as Q/A. Z1-Z2 = Elevation of location 1 minus elevation of pump [L]. If the pump is above location 1, then enter this value as negative. Only required for liquids. Z1-Z3 = Elevation of location 1 minus elevation of location 3 [L]. v = Kinematic viscosity of fluid [L2/T]. greek letter "nu". Note that kinematic viscosity is equivalent to dynamic (or absolute) viscosity divided by mass density. Mass density=S/g.

Table of Minor Loss Coefficients (K is unit-less):


Compiled from references Fitting Valves: Globe, fully open Angle, fully open Gate, fully open Gate 1/4 closed Gate, 1/2 closed Gate, 3/4 closed Swing check, forward flow Swing check, backward flow 180 return bends: Flanged Threaded Pipe Entrance (Reservoir to Pipe): 0.2 1.5 10 2 0.15 0.26 2.1 17 2 infinity K

Back to Calculations

Fitting Elbows: Regular 90, flanged Regular 90, threaded Long radius 90, flanged Long radius 90, threaded Long radius 45, threaded Regular 45, threaded Tees: Line flow, flanged Line flow, threaded Branch flow, flanged Branch flow, threaded Pipe Exit (Pipe to Reservoir)

K 0.3 1.5 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.4

0.2 0.9 1.0 2.0

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Pressurized Liquid or Gas Pipes with Pump Curve. Darcy Weisbach (Moody diagram) friction losses

Square Connection Rounded Connection Re-entrant (pipe juts into tank)

0.5 0.2 1.0

Square Connection Rounded Connection Re-entrant (pipe juts into tank)

1.0 1.0 1.0

Back to Calculations The following are input checks and will appear if an input is physically impossible, such as a negative length.: "Q, V, D, L must be > 0", "Density, Viscosity must be > 0", "K must be >= 0", "e must be >= 0", "Qmax , Hmax must be > 0", "Q must be <= Qmax". The following are input checks for liquids only: "La, Ka must be >= 0", "Vapor and Atm P must be > 0". "Need La<=L and Ka<=K". Length of the suction pipe (Pipe A) was entered as being longer than all of the pipe, or K for the suction pipe was entered as greater than K for the entire system. Other messages: "K must be >=1". If "Q known. Solve for D" and V =0, then K must be > 1 in order to solve.
3

Error Messages

"Tanks open, so P1-P3=0 for B". Cannot solve for pressure difference if using Scenario B since reservoirs are defined to be at zero pressure thus zero pressure difference. "Infeasible input. H<0", "Infeasible input. hm<0", "Infeasible input. hf <=0", "Re or e/D out of range", "Infeasible. Losses will be <=0", "f won't be 0.008 to 0.1", "f will be too small", "f will be too large", "Re will be > 1e8", "Infeasible input". One of these messages will appear if each of your inputs is okay, but they combine to give no possible solution. For instance, if you are solving for pipe diameter and your input data will result in negative losses regardless of pipe diameter, then your data are infeasible.

References

Back to Calculations

Numerical methods citations Kahaner, D., C. Moler, S. Nash. 1989. Numerical methods and software. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Rao, S. S. 1985. Optimization theory and applications. Wiley Eastern Limited. 2ed. Fluid mechanics references Gerhart, P. M, R. J. Gross, and J. I. Hochstein. 1992. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. AddisonWesley Pubishing Co. 2ed. Mays, L. W. editor. 1999. Hydraulic design handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Co.

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Pressurized Liquid or Gas Pipes with Pump Curve. Darcy Weisbach (Moody diagram) friction losses

Munson, B.R., D. F. Young, and T. H. Okiishi. 1998. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 3ed. Potter, M. C. and D. C. Wiggert. 1991. Mechanics of Fluids. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Roberson, J. A. and C. T. Crowe. 1990. Engineering Fluid Mechanics. Houghton Mifflin Co. Streeter, V. L., E. B. Wylie, and K. W. Bedford. 1998. Fluid Mechanics. WCB/McGraw-Hill. 9ed. White, F. M. 1979. Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill, Inc.

2001 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. (All Rights Reserved) LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. Athens, Ohio USA (740) 592-1890 LMNO@LMNOeng.com http://www.lmnoeng.com/

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Pressurized Water Pipes with Pump Curve. Calculation uses Hazen Williams equation

Compute flow (i.e. discharge, capacity), velocity, pipe diameter, length, elevation difference, pressure difference, major losses (using Hazen Williams coefficient), minor losses, total dynamic head, net positive suction head. User enters two points on pump curve - Head at no flow and Flow at no head. Parabolic shaped pump curve is formed from the two points. Valid for water at temperatures typical of city water supply systems (40 to 75 oF; 4 to 25 oC).

Circular Pressurized Water Pipes with Pump Curve (Hazen Williams)

To: Other single pipe calculators: Hazen-Williams without pump curve Darcy-Weisbach without pump curve Darcy-Weisbach with pump curve Multiple pipes: Bypass Loop Pipe Network LMNO Engineering home page Unit Conversions Page Trouble printing?

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Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. Topics: Scenarios Common Questions Equations Variables Hazen Williams Coefficients Minor Loss Coefficients Error Messages

Introduction
The Hazen Williams equation for major (friction) losses is commonly used by engineers for designing and analyzing piping systems carrying water at typical temperatures of municipal water supplies (40 to 75 oF; 4 to 25 oC). A pump curve is incorporated into the calculation to simulate flows containing centrifugal pumps or other pumps that have a pump curve. To keep the calculation's input relatively simple, we only require you to enter two points on the pump curve - flow at zero head and head at zero flow. A parabolic curve is then formed between the two points as shown in Equations below. The calculation also asks for information specifically about the pipe on the suction side of the pump. This information is used to compute the net positive suction head available (NPSHA). For a pump to properly function, the NPSHA must be greater than the NPSH required by the pump (obtained from the pump manufacturer). If your system does not require a pump or uses a pump that does not have a parabolically shaped pump curve, then our other Hazen Williams design calculation may be more helpful.

Piping Scenarios
Pipe A is the pipe upstream from the pump (i.e. the suction side pipe).
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Pressurized Water Pipes with Pump Curve. Calculation uses Hazen Williams equation

Convention for Z1-Z2 and Z1-Z3: If location 1 is above location 2, then Z1-Z2 should be entered as positive. If location 2 is above location 1, then Z1-Z2 should be entered as negative. Likewise for Z1-Z3.

Equations and Methodology

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Pressurized Water Pipes with Pump Curve. Calculation uses Hazen Williams equation

The calculation on this page uses the steady state energy equation. Minor losses (due to valves, pipe bends, etc.) and major losses (due to pipe friction) are included. The Hazen Williams equation for friction losses is used. The equations are standard equations which can be found in most fluid mechanics textbooks (see References). A pump curve is included in the calculation. Determination of the pump curve requires that the user enter the two extreme points on the curve - head when capacity is zero, and capacity when head is zero. Then, a parabola with a negative curvature is fit through the two points. This parabola is used since it is a good approximation of a typical pump curve and does not require users to enter a multitude of data points. And, oftentimes, pump catalogs only give the two extreme points on the curve rather than a graph showing the complete curve.

Pump Curve To provide an example of a pump curve developed using the equation H=Hmax[1-(Q/Qmax)2], let Qmax=1500 gpm (when head is zero) and Hmax=900 ft (when Q is zero). The pump curve used in the calculation will look like:

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Pressurized Water Pipes with Pump Curve. Calculation uses Hazen Williams equation

All of the calculations on this page have analytic (closed form) solutions except for "Solve for V, Q", "Q known. Solve for Diameter", and "V known. Solve for Diameter". These three calculations required a numerical solution. Our solution utilizes a modified implementation of Newton's method that finds roots of the equations with the result accurate to 8 significant digits. All of the calculations utilize double precision. "V known. Solve for Diameter" may find two diameters which give the same velocity - if this is the case, both diameters are shown.

Variables Units: L=length, P=pressure, T=time

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A = Pipe area [L2] C = Hazen-Williams coefficient. See table below. D = Pipe diameter [L]. DH = Driving Head [L] = left side of the first equation above g = Acceleration due to gravity = 32.174 ft/s2 = 9.8066 m/s2 hf = Major losses for entire pipe [L]. hfA = Major losses for pipe upstream of pump (pipe A) only [L]. hm = Minor losses for entire pipe [L]. hmA = Minor losses for pipe upstream of pump (pipe A) only [L]. H = Total dynamic head [L]. Also known as system head or head supplied by pump. Hmax = Maximum head that pump can provide [L]. It is the head when Q=0. k = Unit conversion factor = 1.318 for English units = 0.85 for Metric units. K = Sum of minor loss coefficients for entire pipe. See table below for values. KA = Sum of minor loss coefficients for pipe upstream of pump (pipe A). Same as Ka. L = Total pipe length [L]. LA = Length of pipe upstream of pump (pipe A) [L]. Same as La. NPSH = Net positive suction head [L]. The calculation computes NPSHA (NPSH available). Patm = Atmospheric (or barometric) pressure [P]. Standard atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi = 29.92 inch Hg = 760 mm Hg = 1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 1.01 bar. Note that your local atmospheric pressure is
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Pressurized Water Pipes with Pump Curve. Calculation uses Hazen Williams equation

different from standard atmospheric pressure. Pv = Vapor pressure of fluid [P]. Expressed as an absolute pressure. This value is built-in to the program as 2000 N/m2 (absolute) for water at 15oC. P1 = Gage pressure at location 1 of the system [P]. Location 1 could be the surface of a reservoir open to the atmosphere (thus P1=0), or the pressure in a supply main (same as a tank under pressure), or location 1 could simply be a location in a pipe upstream of the pump. P1-P3 = Pressure difference between locations 1 and 3 [P]. Q = Flowrate [L3/T]. Also known as discharge or capacity. Qmax = Maximum flowrate on pump curve [L3/T]. Corresponds to point on pump curve where head is zero. S = Specific Weight of Water (i.e. weight density; weight per unit volume) = 62.4 lb/ft for English units = 9800 N/m for Metric units V1 = Velocity of fluid at location 1. This is determined when you select a scenario. If location 1 is a reservoir or main (Scenarios B, C, E, and F), then V1 is automatically set to 0 because the velocity head of the fluid in the reservoir or main (or pressure tank) is much smaller than in the attached pipeline. This is a standard assumption in fluid mechanics. However, if location 1 is inside the suction side pipeline, then V1 is automatically computed as Q/A. V3 = Velocity of fluid at location 3. This is determined when you select a scenario. If location 3 is a reservoir or main (Scenarios B, D, E, and G), then V3 is automatically set to 0 because the velocity head of the fluid in the reservoir or main (or pressure tank) is much smaller than in the attached pipeline. This is a standard assumption in fluid mechanics. However, if location 3 is inside your discharge side pipeline, then V3 is automatically computed as Q/A. Z1-Z2 = Elevation of location 1 minus elevation of pump [L]. If the pump is above location 1, then enter this value as negative. Z1-Z3 = Elevation of location 1 minus elevation of location 3 [L]. Back to Calculations What is net positive suction head? It is the sum of the heads that push fluid into the pump less the suction side losses. Most pumps have a minimum requirement for NPSH, called NPSHR. If the NPSH available by the piping system (NPSHA) is lower than NPSHR, then the pump will not function properly and may overheat. What is Driving Head? DH is the sum of heads supplied by the pump, elevation, pressure, and velocity differences between the inlet and outlet system boundaries. DH is equivalent to the sum of minor and major losses. How is Total dynamic head different than Driving head? Total dynamic head, H, is the head that the pump must provide to overcome major losses, minor losses, and elevation, pressure, and velocity head differences between outlet and inlet. H may be more or less than DH depending on whether the elevation, pressure, and/or velocity head differences are beneficial or must be overcome. Your program is great! What are its limitations? Pipes must all have the same diameter. The fluid must be water. Our approximation for the pump curve may not be close enough to your actual pump
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Common Questions

Pressurized Water Pipes with Pump Curve. Calculation uses Hazen Williams equation

curve to give sufficiently accurate results. Do you have more common questions and answers somewhere else on your website? Yes, see our Hazen Williams calculation without pump curves. Where can I find additional information? References

Table of Hazen Williams Coefficients (C is unit-less):


Compiled from References Material Asbestos Cement Brass Brick sewer Cast-Iron: New, unlined 10 yr. old 20 yr. old 30 yr. old 40 yr. old Concrete/Concrete-lined: Steel forms Wooden forms Centrifugally spun 140 120 135 Tin 130 107-113 89-100 75-90 64-83 C 140 130-140 100 Material Copper

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C 130-140 120 140 130-140 140-150 145-150 140-150 110 130 110-140 120

Galvanized iron Glass Lead Plastic Steel: Coal-tar enamel lined New unlined Riveted

Vitrif. clay (good condition) Wood stave (avg. condition) Back to Calculations

Table of Minor Loss Coefficients (K is unit-less):


Compiled from References Fitting Valves: Globe, fully open Angle, fully open Gate, fully open Gate 1/4 closed Gate, 1/2 closed 10 2 0.15 0.26 2.1 K

Fitting Elbows: Regular 90, flanged Regular 90, threaded Long radius 90, flanged Long radius 90, threaded Long radius 45, threaded

K 0.3 1.5 0.2 0.7 0.2

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Pressurized Water Pipes with Pump Curve. Calculation uses Hazen Williams equation

Gate, 3/4 closed Swing check, forward flow Swing check, backward flow 180 return bends: Flanged Threaded Pipe Entrance (Reservoir to Pipe): Square Connection Rounded Connection Re-entrant (pipe juts into tank)

17 2 infinity

Regular 45, threaded Tees: Line flow, flanged Line flow, threaded

0.4

0.2 0.9 1.0 2.0

0.2 1.5

Branch flow, flanged Branch flow, threaded Pipe Exit (Pipe to Reservoir)

0.5 0.2 1.0

Square Connection Rounded Connection Re-entrant (pipe juts into tank)

1.0 1.0 1.0

Back to Calculations "An input is < 0." The following values must be entered as >= 0: K and KA. One or more of them was entered as <0. "An input is <= 0." The following values must be entered as positive: Q, V, D, L, C, Qmax, Hmax, LA. One or more of them was entered as <=0. "KA must be <= K." Minor loss coefficient for pipe A cannot exceed the minor loss coefficient for the entire pipe system. "LA must be <= L". The length of pipe A cannot exceed the length of the entire pipe. "P1+Patm must be >0." The sum of P1+Patm gives P1 in absolute pressure. It is physically impossible to have an absolute pressure <= 0 since that implies a complete vacuum at location 1. "Q must be <= Qmax." System flowrate cannot be entered as greater than the maximum flowrate that the pump can deliver. "Tanks open so P1-P3=0 for B." This message occurs if Scenario B (reservoir to reservoir) is selected and Solve for P1-P3 is selected. Reservoirs are defined to be open to the atmosphere, so they have a pressure difference of zero by default. If you have tanks that are under pressure, select Scenario E (main to main) instead. "Pump not needed. H will be <=0." The system characteristics that were entered result in a negative total dynamic head which means that a pump is not necessary to deliver the flow. There are enough elevation, pressure, and/or velocity head differences to overcome the major and minor losses without the need of a pump. For this situation, it would be better to run our Hazen-Williams calculation that doesn't incorporate a pump curve. "Infeasible Input. DH will be <=0." Driving head (the left hand side of the first equation shown above in Equations) must be positive in order for fluid to flow. The system and pump characteristics entered
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Error Messages

Pressurized Water Pipes with Pump Curve. Calculation uses Hazen Williams equation

result in DH being <= 0. "Infeasible Input. (DH-hm)<=0." The difference (DH-hm) is <= 0 implying that major losses will also be <=0 which is impossible for a flowing fluid. "Infeasible Input (DH-hf )<0." The difference (DH-hf ) is < 0 implying that minor losses will also be <0, which is impossible. "Infeasible input." Driving head and/or major losses are <=0; or minor losses are < 0.

2000 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. (All Rights Reserved) LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. Athens, Ohio USA (740) 592-1890 LMNO@LMNOeng.com http://www.lmnoeng.com/

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Trapezoidal Open Channel Design Calculations, Software. Manning equation. Rivers, streams

Trapezoidal Open Channel Design Calculation

Uses Manning Equation. Compute velocity, discharge, depth, top width, bottom width, area, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, Froude number, Manning coefficient, channel slope.

To: LMNO Engineering home page (more calculations) Gradually varied flow in trapezoidal channel Culvert Design using Inlet and Outlet Control Circular Culvert using Manning Equation Rectangular Channel Design Hydraulic Jump Unit Conversions LMNO@LMNOeng.com phone (USA): (740) 592-1890 Trouble printing?

Register to enable "Calculate" button.


Your browser does not support Java, or Java is disabled in your browser. Calculation should be here. Links on this page: Introduction Variables Manning n coefficients Error Messages References Introduction Many natural and man-made channels are approximately trapezoidal. This calculation uses the most commonly used equation for analyzing open channels - the Manning equation. It is the equation
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Trapezoidal Open Channel Design Calculations, Software. Manning equation. Rivers, streams

beginning with V=... above. The Manning equation is best used for uniform steady state flows. Uniform means that the cross-section geometry of the channel remains constant along the length of the channel, and steady state means that the velocity, discharge, and depth do not change with time. Though these assumptions are rarely ever strictly achieved in reality, the Manning equation is still used to model most open channel flows where conditions are relatively steady and for reaches (portions of rivers) that have a reasonably constant cross-section for a long enough distance that the depth remains fairly constant. The Manning equation is a semi-empirical equation. Thus, its units are inconsistent. The factor, k, has units which allow the equation to be used properly. Our calculation takes care of all the unit conversions for you, and allows you to enter and compute variables in a wide variety of units. In our calculation, most of the combinations of inputs have analytic (closed form) solutions to compute the unknown variables; however, some require numerical solution. Our numerical solutions utilize a cubic solver that finds roots of the equations with the result accurate generally to at least 8 significant digits. All of our calculations utilize double precision. Two depths and bottom widths are possible for certain combinations of entered values when Q, T, n, and S or V, T, n, and S are entered. Variables [] indicates dimensions To calculation A = Flow cross-sectional area, determined normal (perpendicular) to the bottom surface [L2]. b = Channel bottom width [L]. F = Froude number. F is a non-dimensional parameter indicating the relative effect of inertial effects to gravity effects. Flows with F<1 are low velocity flows called subcritical. F>1 are high velocity flows called supercritical. Subcritical flows are controlled by downstream obstructions while supercritical flows are affected by upstream controls. F=1 flows are called critical. g = acceleration due to gravity = 32.174 ft/s2 = 9.8066 m/s2. g is used in the equation for Froude number. k = unit conversion factor = 1.49 if English units = 1.0 if metric units. Our software converts all inputs to SI units (meters and seconds), performs the computations using k=1.0, then converts the computed quantities to units specified by the user. n = Manning coefficient. n is a function of the channel material, such as grass, concrete, earth, etc. Values for n can be found in the table of Manning's n coefficients shown below. P = Wetted perimeter [L]. P is the contact length between the water and the channel bottom and sides. Q = Discharge or flowrate [L3/T]. R = Hydraulic radius of the flow cross-section [L]. S = Slope of channel bottom or water surface [L/L]. Vertical distance divided by horizontal distance. T = Top width of the flowing water [L]. V = Average velocity of the water [L/T]. y = Water depth measured normal (perpendicular) to the bottom of the channel [L]. If the channel has a small slope (S), then using the vertical depth introduces only minimal error. z1, z2 = Side slopes of each bank of the channel. These slopes are computed as horizontal distance divided by vertical distance.
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Trapezoidal Open Channel Design Calculations, Software. Manning equation. Rivers, streams

= Angle formed by S. Manning's n Coefficients To calculation The Manning's n coefficients were compiled from the references listed under Discussion and References and in the references at the bottom of this web page (note the footnotes which refer to specific references). Material Natural Streams Clean and Straight Major Rivers Sluggish with Deep Pools Manning n 0.030 0.035 0.040 Material Excavated Earth Channels Clean Gravelly Weedy Stony, Cobbles Floodplains Pasture, Farmland Light Brush Heavy Brush Trees Manning n 0.022 0.025 0.030 0.035

Metals Brass Cast Iron Smooth Steel Corrugated Metal Non-Metals Glass Clay Tile Brickwork Asphalt Masonry

0.011 0.013 0.012 0.022

0.035 0.050 0.075 0.15

0.010 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.025

Finished Concrete Unfinished Concrete Gravel Earth Planed Wood Unplaned Wood

0.012 0.014 0.029 0.025 0.012 0.013 0.009-0.015 0.018-0.025 0.009-0.011

Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) with smooth inner walls a,b Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) with corrugated inner walls c Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) with smooth inner walls d,e

To calculation Error Messages "Invalid boxes checked." This message is displayed if too many or too few variables are selected to be entered. A problem cannot be over-stated or under-stated. In all, there are 30 combinations of inputs which are acceptable. This message can be displayed to both registered and non-registered users.

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Trapezoidal Open Channel Design Calculations, Software. Manning equation. Rivers, streams

The following messages are displayed if an entered value lies outside the acceptable range for the variable. These messages are only displayed when the "Calculate" button is clicked - for registered users. "b must be > 0", "b must be 1e-9 to 10000 m", "n must be 1e-9 to 100", "Q must be > 0", "Q must be 1e9 to 1e9 m3/s", "S must be 1e-9 to 1e9", "T must be > 0", "T must be 1e-9 to 10000 m", "V must be > 0", "V must be 1e-9 to 1e9 m/s", "y must be < 0", "y must be 1e-9 to 1e9 m", "z1, z2 must be >=0", "z1, z2 cannot both be 0". Note that the channel cannot have both z1=0 and z2=0. However, if you wish to simulate a rectangular channel, you can set one of them to 0.0 and the other to a very small positive number such as 0.00001. Or, you can use our rectangular open channel calculation. Triangular channels can be modeled by setting the bottom width, b, to a very small positive number such as 0.001 m or as low as 10-9 m. The following messages are displayed if the values entered result in an infeasible situation. For instance, entering certain combinations of values for T, Q, n, and S can result in an impossible flow situation indicated by a negative bottom width or negative depth. These messages are only displayed when the "Calculate" button is clicked - for registered users. "b will be < 0", "T will be > 10000 m", "y will be < 0", "y will be <= 0", "y or b will be < 0". The calculation uses an upper limit of 10,000 m for top width. References To calculation A further discussion of open channel flow, Manning's equation, and trapezoidal channel geometry can be found in these references and on our discussion page. The Manning's n coefficients shown above are compiled from the references shown here. The footnotes refer to specific values shown in the Manning n table above.
a

Barfuss, Steven and J. Paul Tullis. Friction factor test on high density polyethylene pipe. Hydraulics Report No. 208. Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University. Logan, Utah. 1988. Barfuss, Steven and J. Paul Tullis. Friction factor test on high density polyethylene pipe. Hydraulics Report No. 208. Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University. Logan, Utah. 1994. Bishop, R.R. and R.W. Jeppson. Hydraulic characteristics of PVC sewer pipe in sanitary sewers. Utah State University. Logan, Utah. September 1975. Chaudhry, M. H. 1993. Open Channel Flow. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Chow, V. T. 1959. Open Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, Inc. (the classic text) French, R. H. 1985. Open Channel Hydraulics. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Mays, L. W. editor. 1999. Hydraulic design handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Co.
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Trapezoidal Open Channel Design Calculations, Software. Manning equation. Rivers, streams

Munson, B.R., D. F. Young, and T. H. Okiishi. 1998. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 3ed.
d

Neale, L.C. and R.E. Price. Flow characteristics of PVC sewer pipe. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, Div. Proc 90SA3, ASCE. pp. 109-129. 1964. Streeter, V. L., E. B. Wylie, and K. W. Bedford. 1998. WCB/McGraw-Hill. 9ed.

Tullis, J. Paul, R.K. Watkins, and S. L. Barfuss. Innovative new drainage pipe. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pipeline Design and Installation, ASCE. March 25-27, 1990. 2000 LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. (All Rights Reserved) LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd. 7860 Angel Ridge Rd. Athens, Ohio USA (740) 592-1890 LMNO@LMNOeng.com http://www.lmnoeng.com/

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Waterhammer, surge analysis and transient analysis pipe flow modeling software

Home | Products | Services | Customer Area | News | Training | Company | Contact Products Fathom Fathom Modules Arrow Arrow Modules Mercury Impulse - Overview - Details - Brochure - Views - Latest Release - Annual Support - FAQ - Tips - Pricing - Ordering - Registration - Demo Titan Utilities SteamCalc Engineering Utility Suite ChemPak home > products > impulse > overview

Tuesday, 11 December 2007

Waterhammer analysis tools of the past have been noted for being difficult to use and requiring extensive specialized knowledge. As a result, this critical aspect of piping system design and operation has often been overlooked. But no longer. Now AFT Impulse offers the ease-of-use of a drag-and-drop interface and built-in waterhammer modeling expertise. AFT Impulse helps you design and operate your systems with greater reliability and safety by avoiding the potentially catastrophic effects of waterhammer and other undesirable system transients.

View the version 4.0 New Features List

Piping systems engineers typically do not have the time to become specialists in waterhammer modeling. Now they dont have to. Now they can be equipped with the proper tools to design and analyze for waterhammer transients in liquid systems containing water, petroleum and chemical products, cryogens, refrigerants and more. Waterhammer specialists will find a no compromise tool capable of modeling a broad range of waterhammer events, including transient cavitation and various surge suppression devices. AFT Impulse provides a built-in library of fluids and fittings, variable model configurations, pump and control valve modeling and much more. Scenario Manager raises the what-if potential of waterhammer modeling to a new level. Multiple system configurations varying by any modeling parameter are easily managed within a single model file with a familiar hierarchical interface. Changes in the base model are automatically inherited by alternate design cases. AFT Impulse incorporates a steady-state solver providing seamless transfer of initial conditions to the transient analysis. The traditional Method of Characteristics are employed to solve the transient mass and momentum equations of pipe flow. Modeling vapor cavitation and liquid column separation, the effect of pressure surges due to vapor cavity collapse may be evaluated. Modeling tools for a wide range of system
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Waterhammer, surge analysis and transient analysis pipe flow modeling software

components and surge devices are included. Transients can be initiated based on time or on events in the system. For example, a valve closure transient may be initiated when a specified pressure level is attained at a location. In addition to time varying fluid dynamics, AFT Impulse can calculate transient hydraulic forces on piping for use in calculating pipe stresses and even generate a CAESAR II force file for direct importation to this popular pipe stress analysis tool. From the powerful drag-and-drop model building features to the fully customizable output, AFT Impulse is a powerful tool ready to tackle your most demanding design problems, and with the release of version 4.0, AFT Impulse further expands you ability to analyze and design your piping systems dynamically. View a partial list of the many industry applications for AFT Impulse View a partial list of the many system applications for AFT Impulse Learn More About AFT Impulse 4.0

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