[FAISAL SARDAR] 2009-CIV-122

EXPERIMENT # 03
TO STUDY THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OVER THE HUMP ORWEIR IN A RECTANGULAR CHANNEL

OBJECTIVE:
To study the variation of flow with the introduction of different types of weirs in the flume.

APPARATUS :
S6 tilting flume apparatus which consists of : Orifice Differential manometer Large chamber to study flow Controlling meter to vary slope. Hook gauge/point gauge to measure the depth Broad crested weirs: Rounded corner weir Sharp corner weir

RELATED THEORY: HUMP:

Stream lined construction over the bed of a channel is called hump. OR The raised bed of the channel at a certain location is called as hump.

WEIR:
It is the streamlined wall or structure constructed across a river or a stream at a suitable location. It iscommonly used to raise the water level at a river or stream to divert the required amount of water intoan off taking canal. Weirs can be gated or ungated. Gated weir is called as barrage

FLOW OVER WEIR OR HUMP SUB CRITICAL FLOW :

Consider a horizontal, frictionless rectangular channel of width B carrying a discharge Q at depth y1. Let the flow be subcritical. At section 2, a smooth hump of height Z is built on the floor. Since there areno energy losses between sections 1 and 2, construction of a hump causes the specific energy at section to decrease by Z. Thus the specific energies at sections 1 and 2 are,

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Since the flow is subcritical, the water surface will drop due to a decrease in the specific energy.In above Fig the water surface which was at P at section 1 will come down to point R at section 2. Thedepth y2 will be give by

E = y2 +
SUPERCRITICAL FLOW :

= y2 +

If Y1 is in the supercritical flow regime, Fig below shows that the depth of flow increases due to the reduction of specific energy. Point P` corresponds to y1and point R` to depth at the section 2. Up to the critical depth, y2 increases to reach yc at Z = Zmax. For Z > Zmax, the depth over the hump y2= yc Will remain constant and the upstream depth y1 will change. It will decrease to have a higher specific energy E1`by increasing velocity V1

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EFFECT OF HUMP HEIGHT ON THE DEPTH OF FLOW:

Height of hump is less than critical hump height then there will be sub critical flow over the hump,downstream of the hump and upstream of the hump. Depth of flow over the hump will decrease by acertain amount as there is a slight depression in the water.Further increase in the height of hump will create more depression of water surface over the hump untilfinally the depth becomes equals to the critical depth. When the hump height will be equal to the criticaldepth then there will be critical flow over the hump, sub critical on the upstream side and super critical just downstream of the hump.If the hump is made still higher, critical depth will maintain over the hump and depth on upstream sidewill be increased. This phenomenon is referred to as damming action.

CRITICAL HUMP HEIGHT :

Is the minimum hump height that can cause the critical depth over the hump iscalled as critical hump height.

CASE 1
y1 = y0 y1 > y2 y1,y2 > y0 The flow conditions will be sub critical Upstream level increases Over hump At downstream depth is recovered after a long distance

CASE 2 :
y1 = y0 y1 > yz y1 > yc y2 = yc Upstream level increasesOver hump

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CASE 3:
y1 > y0 y2 = yc y1 > yc y3 < yc

DAMMING ACTION:
It is the sudden increase of the water depth at upstream side due to increase in hump height.

PROCEDURE:
1.Fix the slope of the flume 2.Introduce a round corner wide crested weir in the flume at certain location 3.Set the discharge in the flume having certain value. 4.Note depth of flow at upstream side of hump, over the hump and downstream side of hump atcertain point. 5.Repeat steps 2-4 for the other discharges 6.Repeat the same procedure for sharp cornered wide crest weir 7.Predict the type of flow at every section 8.Compare depths with critical depth for every discharge value and report the type of flow. 9.Draw flow profile over the hump for both types of humps

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OBSERVATION & CALCULATION

WIER TYPE ROUND CORNER SHARP CORNER HEIGHT (mm) 120 60 WIDTH (mm) 400 400

s r . #

WIER TYPE

U/S DEPTH OF FLOW Q q m3/sec /m yc y1

m3/sec

OVER THE HUMP DEPTH OF FLOW y1 mm x=5.4 m y2 mm x=5.5 m

95 97.4 101.5 158.7 158 179.7

D/S DEPTH OF FLOW y1 mm x=5.85 m y2 mm x=6.1 m

19.4 20 22 25.4 15 30

TYPE OF FLOW U/S

OVER HUMP

y2 mm
x=4.6

y3 mm x=5.2 m
121.6 127.8 134.5 179 183.1 215.4

yavg mm

y3 mm x=5.65 m
94.5 95.6 100 146.9 144.9 160.8

yavg mm

y3 mm x=6.3 m
19.1 19.7 27 17.9 16.6 31

yavg mm

D/S

mm

mm x=4 m

m
122.3 128.2 135 179 183.1 215.8

1 2 3 1 2 3
ROUNF CORNER SHARP CORNER

0.008 0.009 0.011 0.007 0.009 0.017

0.027 0.031 0.037 0.023 0.030 0.057

41.69 46.36 51.41 37.87 44.91 68.81

124.4 130.6 135.8 179 183.1 215.8

122.77 128.87 135.10 179.00 183.10 215.67

97 99 105 159.5 163.5 192

95.50 97.33 102.17 155.03 155.47 177.50

21.2 21.9 24.4 28.7 17.2 30.6

19.90 20.53 24.47 24.00 16.27 30.53

SUB CR SUB CR SUB CR SUB CR SUB CR SUB CR

SUB CR SUB CR SUB CR SUB CR SUB CR SUB CR

SUPER CR. SUPER CR. SUPER CR. SUPER CR. SUPER CR. SUPER CR.

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SHARP CORNER BROAD CRESTED WIER

Q=0.007998m3/sec
W A T E R D E P T H

0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
(

m m

W A T E R

m 0.08 D m 0.06 E P 0.04 T 0.02 H

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m)

Q=0.009378m3/sec
0.14 0.12

0.1
( )

0 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m)

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Q=0.010952m3/sec
0.16 W A T E R 0.14 0.12 0.1 ( )

m 0.08 m 0.06 D E 0.04 P 0.02 T 0 H

4.5

5.5

6.5

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m)

ROUND CORNER BROAD CRESTED WIER

Q=0.006926m3/sec
W A T E R 0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 m 0.08 m D 0.06 0.04 E 0.02 P 0 T 4 H ( )

4.5

5.5

6.5

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m)

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Q=0.008942m3/sec
W A T E R 0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 m 0.1 m 0.08 D 0.06 E 0.04 P 0.02 T 0 H ( )

4.5

5.5

6.5

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m)

Q=0.016961m3/sec
W A T E R 0.24 0.22 0.2 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 m 0.1 m 0.08 D 0.06 E 0.04 P 0.02 T 0 H 4

( )

4.5

5.5

6.5

HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m)

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COMMENTS :
The flow is subcritical in both cases at upstream side . The flow is subcritical in both cases over the hump . The flow is supercritical in both cases at downstream side immediately after the wier .