Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

Contents
Introduction..2 1.1 Four-Wire Resistive: ............................................................................................... 7 1.2 1.3 Eight-Wire Variation: .......................................................................................... 8 Six- and Seven-Wire Variations: ......................................................................... 9

About Touch Screen Displays:.............................................................................................. 14 Pros and Cons of Touch screens: .......................................................................................... 18 Touch screen Cons: ................................................................................................................ 18 Advantages and Disadvantages:19 Hand movements (if used with keyboard):.......................................................................... 18 Size: ................................................................................................................................. 23 Sequential Input:............................................................................................................ 23 Feedback: ........................................................................................................................ 23 Drag Operations: ........................................................................................................... 23 Reference:26

Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

INTRODUCTION:
A touch screen is computer display screen that is sensitive to human touch, allowing a user to interact with the computer by touching pictures or words on the screen. Touch screen are used with information kiosks (an interactive computer terminal available for public use, as one with internet access or site specific information), computer based training devices, and system designed to help individuals who have difficulty in manipulating a mouse or keyboard. Touch screen technology can be used as an alternative user interface with application that normally requires a mouse, such as a web browser. Some applications are designed specifically for touch screen technology, often having larger icon and link than typical PC application. Monitors are available with built in touch screen kit. A touch screen kit includes a touch screen panel, a controller, and a software driver. The touch screen panels are is a clear panel attached externally to the monitors that plug in to a serial or a universal serial Bus (USB) port a bus Card installed inside the computer. The touch screen panel registers touch event and passes these signal to controller. The controller then processes the signals and sends the data to the processor. The software driver translates the touch events into mouse events. Driver can be provided for both Window and Macintosh operating systems. Internal touch screen kits are available but require professional installation because the must be installed inside the monitors.

Fig 1.1

Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

HISTORY OF TOUCH SCREEN MONITORS:

Dr. Sam Hurst, founder of Elo-graphics, developed the first touch screen while he was an instructor at the university of Kentucky in 1971. Ten stockholders founded Elo-graphics, Inc. in March 1971, to produce Graphical data Digitizers for use in research and industrial application, with the, principal being Dr. Sam Hurst. He was on leave from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to tech at the University of Kentucky for two years, where he was faced with a need to read a huge stack of strip chart data. It would have taken two graduate student s approximately two month to do the task. He started to thinking of a way to read the and during the process, the Elo-graph (Electronic graphics) coordinate measuring system and Elo-graphics the company were born. The University Kentucky research foundation applied for and was granted a patent on the Elograph. The foundation granted an exclusive license to Elo-graphics. The touch screen is one of the easiest to use and most intuitive of all PC interface of choices fro a wide variety of applications. A touch interface to allows users to navigate a computer system by touching icon or links on the screen.

WHY TOUCH SCREEN:

User interface PCs are quickly becoming the control device of choices for the plant floor, machine control and any application where the user interface is important. This change has not been without its difficulties. One challenge industrial PC manufacturers have faced is simplifying the human machine interface while maintaining accuracy of input. Industrial grade touches Screen system have quickly become the input device of choice for several reasons. Touch systems generally have no additional hardware to mount and protect, such as a mouse or keyboard. A flat panel display can also be sealed by the factory to prevent damage from dust and water. The ultra thin nature of a touch screen on a LCD saves critical space, which is a vital for most application. Durability is tested to over 35 million finger touches with no over performance degradation.1 million-touch life max.

Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

Design Flexibility: Advanced design allows flat and spherical design. Touch screen are very intuitive; it is natural for people to respond to their environment by touching. Touch screen are usually manipulated with ease and require minimal instrumentation training for a user. Best of all, touch screens draw an operator into the application, improving accuracy attention span and speed of response. Although the touch screen system for the rigors of everyday life, for rugged environments and the best solution for your application.

Touch screen Characteristics:

Speed: high Accuracy: low (finger), high (pen) Speed control: yes Continuous movement: yes Directness: direction, distance, speed Fatigue: high Footprint: no Best uses: point, select

Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

The touch screen can be operated by two ways:

.1.Finger-Operated: 2.Stylus operated:

Fig 4.1

fig 4.2

Types of Touch Screen Technologies:

1. Resistive Touch Screen 2. Capacitive Touch Screen 3. Surface Acoustic Wave Touch Screen 4. Infrared Touch Screen

1. Resistive A resistive touch screen panel is composed of several layers, the most important of which are two thin, metallic, electrically conductive layers separated by a narrow gap. When an object, such as a finger, presses down on a point on the panel's outer surface the two metallic layers become connected at that point: the panel then behaves as a pair of voltage dividers with connected outputs. This causes a change in the electrical current which is registered as a touch event and sent to the controller for processing.

Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

fig 5.1 All types of resistive touch screens: Resistive touch screens are used in more applications than any other touch technology for example, PDAs, point-of-sale, industrial, medical, and office automation, as well as consumer electronics.

All variations of resistive touch screens have some things in common:

fig 5.1.1 They are all constructed similarly in layers-a back layer such as glass with a uniform resistive coating plus a polyester coversheet, with the layers separated by tiny insulating dots. When the screen is touched, it pushes the conductive coating on the coversheet against the coating on the glass, making electrical contact. The voltages produced are the analog representation of the position touched. An electronic controller converts these voltages into digital X and Y coordinates which are then transmitted to the host computer. Because resistive touch screens are force activated, all kinds of touch input devices can activate the screen, including fingers, fingernails, styluses, gloved hands, and credit cards. All have similar optical properties, resistance to chemicals and abuse.

Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

fig 5.1.2 Both the touch screen and its electronics are simple to integrate into imbedded systems, thereby providing one of the most practical and cost-effective touch screen solutions. 1.1 Four-Wire Resistive: Four-wire resistive technology is the simplest to understand and manufacture. It uses both the upper and lower layers in the touch screen "sandwich" to determine the X and Y coordinates. Typically constructed with uniform resistive coatings of indium tin oxide (ITO on the inner sides of the layers and silver buss bars along the edges, the combination sets up lines of equal potential in both X and Y. In the illustration below, the controller first applies 5V to the back layer. Upon touch, it probes the analog voltage with the coversheet, reading 2.5V, which represents a left-right position or X axis. It then flips the process, applying 5V to the coversheet, and probes from the back layer to calculate an up-down position or Y axis. At any time, only three of the four wires are in use (5V, ground, probe).

fig 5.1.3 The primary drawback of four-wire technology is that one coordinate axis (usually the Y axis), uses the outer layer, the flexible coversheet, as a uniform voltage gradient. The constant flexing that occurs on the outer coversheet with use will eventually cause microscopic cracks in the ITO coating, changing its electrical characteristics (resistance), degrading the linearity and accuracy of this axis. Unsurprisingly, four-wire touch screens are not known for their

Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

durability. Typically, they test only to about 1 million touches with a finger-far less when activated by a pointed stylus which speeds the degradation process. Some four-wire products even specify 100,000 activations within a rather large, 20 mm x 20 mm area. In the real world of point-of-sale applications, a level of 100,000 activations with hard, pointed styluses (including fingernails, credit cards, ballpoint pens, etc.) is considered normal usage in just a few months' time. Also, accuracy can drift with environmental changes. The polyester coversheet expands and contracts with temperature and humidity changes, thereby causing long-term degradation to the coatings as well as drift in the touch location. While all of these drawbacks can be insignificant in smaller sizes, they become increasingly apparent the larger the touch screen. Therefore, Elo normally recommends four-wire touch screens in applications with a display size of 6.4" or smaller. However, the relative low cost, inherent low power consumption, and common availability of chipset controllers with support from imbedded operating systems, makes four-wire touch screens ideal for hand-held devices such as PDAs, wearable computers, and many consumer devices. 1.2 Eight-Wire Variation:

Eight-wire resistive touch screens are a variation of four-wire construction. The primary difference is the addition of four sensing points, which are used to stabilize the system and reduce the drift caused by environmental changes. Eight-wire systems are usually seen in sizes of 10.4" or larger where the drift can be significant. As in four-wire technology, the major drawback is that one coordinate axis uses the outer, flexible coversheet as a uniform voltage gradient, while the inner or bottom layer acts as the voltage probe. The constant flexing that occurs on the outer coversheet will change its resistance with usage, degrading the linearity and accuracy of this axis. Although the added four sensing points helps stabilize the system against drift, they do not improve the durability or life expectancy of the screen.

Working of Touchscreen 1.3 Five-Wire Resistive:

Amit Bhardwaj

fig 5.1.4 As we have seen, four- and eight-wire touch screens, while having a simple and elegant design, have a major drawback in terms of durability in that the flexing coversheet is used to determine one of the axes. Field usage proves that the other axis rarely fails. Could it be possible to construct a touch screen where all the position sensing was on the stable glass layer? Then the coversheet would serve only as a voltage probe for X and Y. Microscopic cracks in the coversheet coating might still occur, but they would no longer cause nonlinearitys. The simple buss bar design is not sufficient and a more complex linearization pattern on the edges is required. In the five-wire design, one wire goes to the coversheet (E) which serves as the voltage probe for X and Y. Four wires go to corners of the back glass layer (A, B, C, and D). The controller first applies 5V to corners A and B and grounds C and D, causing voltage to flow uniformly across the screen from the top to the bottom. Upon touch, it reads the Y voltage from the coversheet at E. Then the controller applies 5V to corners A and C and grounds B and D, and reads the X voltage from E again. So, a five-wire touch screen uses the stable bottom layer for both X- and Y-axis measurements. The flexible coversheet acts only as a voltage-measuring probe. This means the touch screen continues working properly even with non-uniformity in the coversheet's conductive coating. The result is an accurate, durable and more reliable touch screen over four- and eight-wire designs. 1.4 Six- and Seven-Wire Variations:

There are some manufacturers who claim improved performance over five-wire resistive with additional wires. The six-wire variation adds an extra ground layer to the back of the glass. It is not needed for improved performance, and in some cases is not even connected to the companion controller. The seven-wire variation adds two sense lines, like with the eight-wire

Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

design, to decrease drift due to environmental changes. The proprietary "Z border" electrode pattern is a better solution to prevent drift. 2. Capacitive: A capacitive touch-screen panel is a sensor typically made of glass coated with a material such as indium tin oxide (ITO). The sensor therefore exhibits a precisely controlled field of stored electrons in both the horizontal and vertical axes - it achieves capacitance. The human body is also an electrical device which has stored electrons and therefore also exhibits capacitance. Capacitive sensors work based on proximity, and do not have to be directly touched to be triggered. It is a durable technology that is used in a wide range of applications including point-of-sale systems, industrial controls, and public information kiosks. It has a higher clarity than Resistive technology, but it only responds to finger contact and will not work with a gloved hand or pen stylus. Capacitive touch screens can also support Multitouch. Examples include Apple Inc.s iPhone and iPod touch, and HTCs G1 & HTC Magic. Two types are available: Capacitive technology & Pen-touch Capacitive

Fig 5.2 3. Surface Acoustic Wave

fig 5.3

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass over the touchscreen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed. This change in the ultrasonic waves registers the position of the touch event and sends this information to the controller for processing the location. Surface wave touch screen panels can be damaged by

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Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

outside elements. Contaminants on the surface can also interfere with the functionality of the touch screen.

Fig 5.4

4. Infrared touch screen: Conventional optical-touch systems use an array of infrared (IR) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on two adjacent bezel edges of a display, with photo sensors placed on the two opposite bezel edges to analyze the system and determine a touch event. The LED and photo sensor pairs create a grid of light beams across the display. An object (such as a finger or pen) that touches the screen interrupts the light beams, causing a measured decrease in light at the corresponding photo sensors. The measured photo sensor outputs can be used to locate a touch-point coordinate. Widespread adoption of infrared touch screens has been hampered by two factors: the relatively high cost of the technology compared to competing touch technologies and the issue of performance in bright ambient light. Another feature of infrared touch which has been long desired is the digital nature of the sensor output when compared to many other touch systems that rely on analog-signal processing to determine a touch position. Infrared touch is capable of implementing multitouch, something most other touch technologies cannot easily achieve.

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Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

Fig 5.5

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Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

WORKING OF TOUCH SCREEN MONITORS:

A basic touch screen has three main components: a touch sensor, a controller, and a software driver. The touch screen is an input device, so it needs to be combined with a display and a PC or other device to make a complete touch input system.

fig 6.1 1. Touch Sensor : A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. The touch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the video screen. There are several different touch sensor technologies on the market today, each using a different method to detect touch input. The sensor generally has an electrical current or signal going through it and touching the screen causes a voltage or signal change. This voltage change is used to determine the location of the touch to the screen. 2. Controller : The controller is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and the PC. It takes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information that PC can understand. The controller is usually installed inside the monitor for integrated monitors or it is housed in a plastic case for external touch add-ons/overlays. The controller determines what type of interface/connection you will need on the PC. Integrated touch monitors will have an extra cable connection on the back for the touch screen. Controllers are available that can connect to a Serial/COM port (PC) or to a USB port (PC or Macintosh). Specialized controllers are also available that work with DVD players and other devices.

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Working of Touchscreen 3. Software Driver :

Amit Bhardwaj

The driver is a software update for the PC system that allows the touch screen and computer to work together. It tells the computer's operating system how to interpret the touch event information that is sent from the controller. Most touch screen drivers today are a mouseemulation type driver. This makes touching the screen the same as clicking your mouse at the same location on the screen. This allows the touch screen to work with existing software and allows new applications to be developed without the need for touch screen specific programming. Some equipment such as thin client terminals, DVD players, and specialized computer systems either do not use software drivers or they have their own built-in touch screen driver. About Touch Screen Displays: Touch screen displays are the most user-friendly PC interface. They are input devices, a way to communicate with the PC. The user touches the screen to select options presented on the screen. Associated hardware and software are used to determine the location of the press. Touch screen displays can be either internally mounted, or externally mounted on an existing screen. An internally mounted screen is a touch screen input device that is designed to be installed on the inside of a PC monitor. It is commonly a touch sensitive glass panel that uses a touch screen controller and a software driver to interface with a PC system. The internal touch screen requires a sometimes-technical installation, as the monitor needs to be opened and in some cases the touch screen controller needs to be wired to a power source inside the monitor. An external touch screen panel is a touch screen input device that is designed to mount on the outside of a PC monitor. The external touch screen does not require any difficult installation or opening of the monitor. It is commonly a touch sensitive glass panel that uses an external touch screen controller and a software driver to interface with a PC system. There are five basic types of touch screen displays: resistive, capacitive, infrared, surface acoustic wave (SAW) and strain gauge. Resistive and capacitive touch screen displays are the most common. Resistive touch screens consist of a glass or acrylic panel that is coated with electrically conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are separated by invisible separator dots. During operation, an electrical current moves through the screen. When pressure is applied to the touch screen, the layers are pressed together, causing a change in the electrical current and a touch event to be registered. A capacitive touch screen consists of a glass panel with a capacitive (charge storing) material coating its surface.

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Working of Touchscreen

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Circuits located at corners of the screen measure the capacitance of a person touching the overlay. Frequency changes are measured to determine the X and Y coordinates of the touch event. Infrared touch screens are similar to resistive products. Infrared touch screens project horizontal and vertical beams of infrared light over the surface of the screen. When a finger or other object breaks those beams, the X/Y coordinates are calculated. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology sends acoustic waves across a clear glass panel with a series of transducers and reflectors. When a finger touches the screen, the waves are absorbed, causing a touch event to be detected at that point. In a strain gauge touch screen, the screen is spring mounted on the four corners and strain gauges are used to determine deflection when the screen is touched. This touch screen display technology can also measure the Z-axis

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Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

Comparing Touch Technologies

Each type of screen has unique characteristics that can make it a better choice for certain applications. The most widely used touchscreen technologies are the following:

4-Wire Resistive

Touchscreens

4-Wire Resistive touch technology consists of a glass or acrylic panel that is coated with electrically conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are separated by invisible separator dots. When operating, an electrical current moves through the screen. When pressure is applied to the screen the layers are pressed together, causing a change in the electrical current and a touch event to be registered. 4-Wire Resistive type touch screens are generally the most affordable. Although clarity is less than with other touch screen types, resistive screens are very durable and can be used in a variety of environments. This type of screen is recommended for individual, home, school, or office use, or less demanding point-of-sale systems, restaurant systems, etc

Advantages High touch

Disadvantages resolution

Pressure sensitive, works with any stylus Not affected by dirt, dust, water, or light Affordable touchscreen technology 75 % clarity Resistive layers can be damaged by a sharp object Less durable then 5-Wire Resistive technology

Touchscreen Specification TouchType:4-WireResistiveScreen Sizes: 12"-20" Diagonal Cable Interface: PC Serial/COM Port or USB Port Touch Resolution: 1024 x 1024 Response Time: 10 ms. Maximum Positional Accuracy: 3mm maximum error Light Transmission: 80% nominal Life Expectancy: 3 million touches at one point Temperature: Operating: -10C to 70C

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Working of Touchscreen

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Storage: -30C to 85C

Humidity: Pass 40 degrees C, 95% RH for 96 hours Chemical Resistance: Alcohol, acetone, grease, and general household detergent Software Drivers: Windows XP / 2000 / NT / ME / 98 / 95, Linux, Macintosh OS

5-Wire Resistive Touchscreens 5-Wire Resistive touch technology consists of a glass or acrylic panel that is coated with electrically conductive and resistive layers. The thin layers are separated by invisible separator dots. When operating, an electrical current moves through the screen. When pressure is applied to the screen the layers are pressed together, causing a change in the electrical current and a touch event to be registered. 5-Wire Resistive type touch screens are generally more durable than the similiar 4-Wire Resistive type. Although clarity is less than with other touch screen types, resistive screens are very durable and can be used in a variety of environments. This type of screen is recommended for demanding point-of-sale systems, restaurant systems, industrial controls, and other workplace applications.

Advantages Disadvantages
High touch resolution Pressure sensitive, works with any stylus Not affected by dirt, dust, water, or light More durable then 4-Wire Resistive technology 75 % clarity Resistive layers can be damaged by a sharp object

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Working of Touchscreen

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Pros and Cons of Touch screens:

The following overview lists advantages and disadvantages of touch screens and summarizes their characteristics. Touch screen Pros: Direct : Direct pointing to objects, direct relationship between hand and cursor movement (distance, speed and direction), because the hand is moving on the same surface that the cursor is moving, manipulating objects on the screen is similar to manipulating them in the manual world Fast (but less precise without pen) Finger is usable, any pen is usable (usually no cable needed). No keyboard necessary for applications that need menu selections only -> saves desk space

Touch screen Cons: .Dirt: The screen gets Low precision (finger): Imprecise positioning, possible problems with eye parallaxis (with pen, too), the finger may be too large for accurate pointing with small objects -> a pen is more accurate. Hand movements (if used with keyboard): Requires that users move the hand away from the keyboard; a stylus requires also hand movements to take up the pen. Fatigue: Straining the arm muscles under heavy use (especially if the screen is placed vertically). Sitting/Standing position: The user has to sit/stand close to the screen Screen coverage: The user's hand, the finger or the pen may obscure parts of the screen. Activation: Usually direct activation of the selected function, when the screen is touched; there is no special "activation" button as with a light pen or a mouse.

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Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

Uses for Touch screens:

Best Suited to Applications Where... Opportunity for training is low Frequency of use is low Accurate positioning is not required Little or no text or numerical input is required Desk space is at a premium The environment may be chemically or otherwise "aggressive"

Not Suited to Applications...

Requiring training/trained users With high-frequency use Requiring accuracy Requiring a lot of typing

Uses of touch screen in regular life: The touch screen is one of the easiest PC
interfaces to use, making it the interface of choice for a wide variety of applications. Here are a few examples of how touch input systems are being used today: Public Information Displays

Information kiosks, tourism displays, trade show displays, and other electronic displays are used by many people that have little or no computing experience. The userfriendly touch screen interface can be less intimidating and easier to use than other input devices, especially for novice users. A touch screen can help make your information more easily accessible by allowing users to navigate your presentation by simply touching the display screen. Retail and Restaurant Systems

Time is money, especially in a fast paced retail or restaurant environment. Touch screen systems are easy to use so employees can get work done faster, and training time can be reduced for new employees. And because input is

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Working of Touchscreen

Amit Bhardwaj

done right on the screen, valuable counter space can be saved. Touch screens can be used in cash registers, order entry stations, seating and reservation systems, and more. Customer self-services In today's fast pace world, waiting in line is one of the things that has yet to speed up. Self-service touch screen terminals can be used to improve customer service at busy stores, fast service restaurants, transportation hubs, and more.

Customers can quickly place their own orders or check themselves in or out, saving them time, and decreasing wait times for other customers. Automated bank teller (ATM) and airline e-ticket terminals are examples of self-service stations that can benefit from touch screen input. Control and Automation Systems

the touch screen interface is useful in systems ranging from industrial process control to home automation. By integrating the input device with the display, Valuable workspace can be saved. And with a graphical interface, operators can monitor and control complex operations in real-time by simply touching the screen

Computer

Based

Training

because the touch screen interface is user-friendlier than other input devices, overall training time for computer novices, and therefore training expense, can be reduced. It can also help to make learning more fun and interactive, which can lead to a more beneficial training experience for both students and educators. Assistive Technology the touch screen interface can be beneficial to those that have difficulty using other input devices such as a mouse or keyboards. When used in conjunction with software such as on-screen keyboards, or other assistive technology, they can help make computing resources more available to people that have difficulty using computers.

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Working of Touchscreen And many more

Amit Bhardwaj uses...

The touch screen interface is being used in a wide variety of applications to improve humancomputer interaction. Other applications include digital jukeboxes, computerized gaming, Student registration systems, multimedia software, financial And scientific applications, and more.

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Working of Touchscreen

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PROBLEM WITH TOUCH SCREEN MONITORS AND TROUBLESHOOTING:

ATM system is one of the application of touch screen monitors. Hardware failure can occur in touch screen monitors. We have mentioned some of the most common hardware problems of touch screen and have given some of the troubleshootings. Hardware problems:

Touch screen does not respond Portions of the touch screen do not respond Touch screen is very slow to respond

Troubleshooting: The first step in troubleshooting a touch screen system is to determine whether the problem is related to the display, software, or hardware:

Do not confuse display problems with touch screen problemsthe two are unrelated. Software problems are determined by a basic hardware functionality test. If the hardware transmits touch coordinates correctly, then the problem is with the driver or application software.

Hardware problems may be caused by the touch screen, controller, cabling, power supply, or by the integration of the touch screen components in the display.

The easiest way to verify a hardware failure is by substitution, if you have more than one unit to try.

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Working of Touchscreen

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Limitations of Touchscreens:
Size: Fingers have a certain size, So, screen elements have to have a minimum size, to ensure that a touch screen can be operated with few errors. Even with a stylus, which makes possible to use smaller screen elements, there are limiting factors. Sequential Input: Input on a touch screen is inherently sequential: One finger is used for clicking. This slows input down compared to keyboard input where several fingers can be used virtually in parallel. Strain: Keying in many numbers or letters by pointing with the finger is also very straining and tiring. Therefore, touch screens make no sense in workplaces, where much text or number input is required. Feedback: On touch screens, there is no analogue to mouse-move events. Mouse users can move the mouse pointer over screen elements, get feedback about the selected element (e.g. by highlighting), and may confirm the selection by clicking the mouse button. Touch screen users directly point on a screen element. If they are lucky, they can withdraw their finger if they touched the wrong screen element. On other touch screens, the touch immediately initiates an action - there is no opportunity to cancel the action. Drag Operations: Dragging is generally not well suited to finger-operated touch screens, Here, pointing is the preferred interaction. However, this is different for stylus-operated touch screens. Here gestures and handwriting offer promising possibilities for making interaction with computers easier and more intuitive. But here, too is the limitation of strictly sequential input. There are also no means to constrain drag operations to, e.g. straight lines, like with mousebased interfaces.

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REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/2-21-2005-66062.asp http://orissa.gov.in/emagazine/Orissareview/jun2005/engpdf/touch_screen_system.pdf http://orissa.gov.in/emagazine/Orissareview/jun2005/engpdf/touch_screen_system.pdf

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