Case studies on paralleling of Transformers 8.

1 Paralleling of Transformers of unequal ratings and same percentage impedances Data (KVA) 1 (KVA) 2 Z1 Z2 It I1 I2 Rating of Transformer No.1 Rating of Transformer No.2 % impedance of Transformer No.1 % impedance of Transformer No.2 Total load current Load current shared by Transformer No.1 Load current shared by Transformer No.2

Basically the problem is one of two impedance connected in parallel as shown. Here: And: V It = = I1 Z1 = I1 + I2 I2 Z2 1

From eqn. (1) I1 = I2 Z2 Z1 I2 Z2 + I2 Z1 I2 (Z2 + Z1) Z1 It (Z1)____ (Z1 + Z2) It (Z2)___ (Z1 + Z2) 2

It

Or I2 =

Similarly I1

Multiply eqn. (2) on both sides by V the secondary load voltage

We now have VI2 = VIt (Z1) (Z1 + Z2) = VIt (Z1)___ 1000 (Z1 + Z2) (KVA) t (Z1)___ (Z1 + Z2) (KVA) t (Z2)___ (Z1 + Z2)

Or VI2 1000 (KVA) 2

Similarly (KVA) 1

8.2

Problem: To find the load shared by 2Nos. of 132/33KV Transformers of rating 15 MVA and 25 MVA with % impedances of 10% and 6% respectively.

Total load current = 700 A Transformer No.1 - 15MVA, 132/33KV; 10% impedance Ifl = 15 x 103 3 x 33 = 262.5 A

Transformer No.2 - 25MVA, 132/33KV; 6% Impedance Ifl = 25 x 103 3 x 33 = 437.5 A

Assume MVA base = 100. The per unit impedances of the transformers is given by: Zpu (1) = 0.1 x 100 15 0.67 p.u 0.06 x 100 25 0.24 p.u

= Zpu (2) =

Load current shared by Transformer No.1 I1 = It (Z2)___ (Z1 + Z2)

700 (0.24)____ 0.67 + 0.24 700 x 0.24 0.91 184.6A

Load current shared by Transformer No.2

I2

It

(Z1)__ (Z1 + Z2)

700 (0.67) 0.91 515.4A

It can be observed that transformer No.2 is already overloaded while transformer No.1 is lightly loaded. This shows that with unequal % impedances, the load will not be shared in proportion to their ratings. 8.3 Paralleling of Transformers with unequal % Impedances Problem: To find the load shared by 2 Nos. of 132/33KV 15 MVA Transformer of equal rating but with unequal % impedances of 10% and 10.2%. Total load current = 500 A Load current shared by Transformer No.1 (Impedance 10%) = 500 x (10.2)_____ (10 + 10.2) 500 x 10.2 20.2 252.5 A

Load current shared by Transformer No.2 (Impedance 10.2%) = 500 x 10.0 20.2 247.5 A

This shows that the transformer with higher impedance shares less load than the transformer with lower impedance. In such a case, the loading should be such as not to exceed the full load current. 8.4 Paralleling of Transformers with unequal secondary voltages Let E1 E2 Z1 Z2 = = = = secondary phase voltage of Transformer No. (1) secondary phase voltage of Transformer No. (2) impedance of Transformer No. (1) impedance of Transformer No. (2)

The unequal secondary voltages will cause a circulating current Ic to flow. The magnitude of this current is given by the equation: Ic = E1 - E2_ Z1 + Z2 (E1 > E2)

The current in transformer (1) will be (I1 + Ic) and that in transformer (2) will be (I2 - Ic). Since Z1, Z2 are small in magnitude, the difference (E1 - E2) must also be small as otherwise a large circulating current will flow overloading the transformers.

Problem - To find the load shared by 2 Nos. of 5MVA; 33/11KV transformers of equal % impedance of 6% but with unequal secondary voltages of 11.2KV and 11.0KV. Total load current = 500 A Secondary full load current of each transformer will be: = 5 x 106 __ 3 x 11 x 103 262.5 A

Ifl

Impedance Z of each transformer will be: = Vph x % Z Ifl x 100 11000 x 6 3________ 262.5 x 100

Z1 = Z2 = 1.45 ohms Ic = E1 - E2 Z1 + Z2 (11.2 - 11.0) x 103 3__ 1.45 + 1.45 39.8 A I1 + Ic It (Z2) + Ic (Z1 + Z2) 500 (6) + 39.8 12 250 + 39.8

= Current in transformer 1 = =

= =

289.8 A

This is greater than the full load current of 262.5 A. Hence it is not safe to operate the two transformers in parallel with unequal secondary voltages. But the transformers may be operated in parallel provided that the current in each transformer does not exceed the full load current.