lunuAMLn1ALS Cl

1PL8MCu?nAMlCS 1PL8MCu?nAMlCS
What |s thermodynam|cs?
1he sLudy of Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween work,
heaL, and energy.
ueals wlLh Lhe converslon of energy from one ueals wlLh Lhe converslon of energy from one
form Lo anoLher.
ueals wlLh Lhe lnLeracLlon of a sysLem and lLs
surroundlngs.
1he lnLernal moLlon of Lhe aLoms ls called
heaL energy, because movlng parLlcles
produce heaL.
PLA1
LnL8C?
produce heaL.
PeaL energy can be produced by frlcLlon.
PeaL energy causes changes ln
LemperaLure and phase of any form of
maLLer.
Heat is energy transferred between two
bodies as a consequence of a temperature
difference between them.
LnL8C? Sclence
Lnergy Converslon
WhaL ls Lnergy.?
Cause Changes - Work, PeaL, eLc.
What |s thermodynam|cs?
Cause Changes - Work, PeaL, eLc.
Lnergy ls properLy of maLLer!
1herefore, LnL8C? and
8CL81? lnLerrelaLlons
Thermodynamics is a science of Thermodynamics is a science of
ENERGY and MATTER and their ENERGY and MATTER and their
relations relations
1haL would lndlcaLe LhaL Lhermodynamlcs ls a
sclence mosL closely llnked wlLh Lhe needs of a
human.
lL ls used Lo descrlbe Lhe performance of
propulslon sysLems, power generaLlon sysLems,
and refrlgeraLors, and Lo descrlbe fluld flow,
combusLlon, and many oLher phenomena. combusLlon, and many oLher phenomena.
FIGURE 15
Some application areas of thermodynamics.
Why do we need to study
thermodynam|cs
knowledge of Lhermodynamlcs ls requlred Lo
deslgn any devlce lnvolvlng Lhe lnLerchange
beLween heaL and work, or Lhe converslon of
maLerlal Lo produce heaL (combusLlon). maLerlal Lo produce heaL (combusLlon).
SysLem, Surroundlngs, and 8oundary
Closed SysLem - ConLrol Mass
Cpen SysLem - ConLrol volume
1hermo vocabulary 1hermo vocabulary
Cpen SysLem - ConLrol volume
ConLrol Surface
AdlabaLlc SysLem - nC PeaL 1ransfer
lsolaLed SysLem - nC Lnergy 1ransfer
A process is the transformation of a
system from one state to another state.
A cycle is a sequence of processes
that begins and ends at the same state.
1C1AL Lnergy
Lhermal, klneLlc, poLenLlal, elecLrlc, magneLlc,
nuclear, ..
Macroscoplc vs. Mlcroscoplc
ln1L8nAL Lnergy (u)
lorms of Lnergy lorms of Lnergy
ln1L8nAL Lnergy (u)
- sum of ALL mlcroscoplc energles
The internal energy of a system of particles, U, is the sum of the
kinetic energy in the reference frame in which the center of mass is at
rest and the potential energy arising from the forces of the particles
on each other.
U = kinetic + potential
LxLenslve
m, v, u, L
lnLenslve
1, , , u, e
SysLem 8CL81lLS SysLem 8CL81lLS
A Lhermodynamlc sysLem ls a quanLlLy of
maLLer of flxed ldenLlLy, around whlch we can
draw a boundary (see llgure 1.3 for an
example). 1he boundarles may be flxed or
moveable. Work or heaL can be Lransferred
across Lhe sysLem boundary. LveryLhlng across Lhe sysLem boundary. LveryLhlng
ouLslde Lhe boundary ls Lhe surroundlngs.
When working with devices such as engines
it is often useful to define the system to be an
identifiable volume with flow in and out. This
is termed a control volume. An example is
shown in Figure 1.5.
A closed system is a special class of system
with boundaries that matter cannot cross. with boundaries that matter cannot cross.
Hence the principle of the conservation of
mass is automatically satisfied whenever we
employ a closed system analysis. This type of
system is sometimes termed a control mass.
Closed
System
Mass Flow
0 =
dt
dm
Open
System
Mass Flow
Surroundings
Mass Flow Heat
OPEN SYSTEM
System
Mass
Flow
Power
System Boundary System Boundary
Surroundings
Energy
Flow
SLaLe or CondlLlon of a SysLem
Lqulllbrlum - SysLem ln balance,
nC Changes
SLaLe, Lqulllbrlum, rocesses SLaLe, Lqulllbrlum, rocesses
Lhermal/LemperaLure balance - no PLA1
Lransfer/adlabaLlc
mechanlcal/pressure balance - no WC8k
Lransfer
phase - no change of phases
chemlcal - no change of splces
1he Concept of ``Lqu|||br|um''
1he sLaLe of a sysLem ln whlch properLles have
deflnlLe, unchanged values as long as exLernal
condlLlons are unchanged ls called an
equlllbrlum sLaLe. equlllbrlum sLaLe.
A sysLem ln Lhermodynamlc equlllbrlum
saLlsfles:
1. mechanlcal equlllbrlum (no unbalanced
forces) forces)
2. Lhermal equlllbrlum (no LemperaLure
dlfferences)
3. chemlcal equlllbrlum.
1he Concept of a ``rocess''
lf Lhe sLaLe of a sysLem changes, Lhen lL ls
undergolng a process.
1he success|on of states through whlch Lhe
sysLem passes deflnes Lhe path of the process.
If, at the end of the process, the propert|es have If, at the end of the process, the propert|es have
reLurned Lo Lhelr orlglnal values, Lhe sysLem has
undergone a cyc||c process or a cyc|e.
Note LhaL even lf a sysLem has reLurned Lo lLs
orlglnal sLaLe and compleLed a cycle, Lhe sLaLe of
Lhe surroundlngs may have changed.
Quasi-Static Processes
Quasi-static (quasi-equilibrium) processes sufficiently
slow processes, any intermediate state can be considered
as an equilibrium state (the macroparamers are well-
defined for all intermediate states).
Examples of quasi-
equilibrium processes:
isochoric: V = const
isobaric: P = const
isothermal: T = const
adiabatic: Q = 0
equilibrium processes:
Chang|ng the State of a System w|th
neat and Work
Changes ln Lhe sLaLe of a sysLem are produced by
lnLeracLlons wlLh Lhe envlronmenL Lhrough heaL
and work, whlch are Lwo dlfferenL modes of
energy Lransfer.
uurlng Lhese lnLeracLlons, equlllbrlum (a sLaLlc or uurlng Lhese lnLeracLlons, equlllbrlum (a sLaLlc or
quasl-sLaLlc process) ls necessary for Lhe
equaLlons LhaL relaLe sysLem properLles Lo one-
anoLher Lo be valld.

neat
PeaL ls energy Lransferred due Lo LemperaLure
dlfferences only. PeaL Lransfer can alLer sysLem
sLaLes,
8odles don'L ``conLaln'' heaL, heaL ls ldenLlfled as 8odles don'L ``conLaln'' heaL, heaL ls ldenLlfled as
lL comes across sysLem boundarles,
1he amounL of heaL needed Lo go from one sLaLe
Lo anoLher ls paLh dependenL,
AdlabaLlc processes are ones ln whlch no heaL ls
Lransferred.
sLaLed LhaL heaL ls a way of changlng Lhe
energy of a sysLem by vlrLue of a LemperaLure
dlfference only. Any oLher means for changlng
Lhe energy of a sysLem ls called work. We can Lhe energy of a sysLem ls called work. We can
have push-pull work (e.g. ln a plsLon-cyllnder,
llfLlng a welghL), elecLrlc and magneLlc work
(e.g. an elecLrlc moLor), chemlcal work,
surface Lenslon work, elasLlc work, eLc.
ln deflnlng work, we focus on Lhe effecLs LhaL
Lhe sysLem (e.g. an englne) has on lLs
surroundlngs. 1hus we deflne work as belng
poslLlve when Lhe sysLem does work on Lhe
surroundlngs (energy leaves Lhe sysLem). lf
work ls done on Lhe sysLem (energy added Lo work ls done on Lhe sysLem (energy added Lo
Lhe sysLem), Lhe work ls negaLlve.
Conslder a slmple compresslble subsLance, for
example, a gas (Lhe sysLem), exerLlng a force
on Lhe surroundlngs vla a plsLon, whlch moves
Lhrough some dlsLance,