Test 1 1~275

shores of bays and low-lying offshore islands, and occasionally even at sheltered locations fronting on the

The Northwest Coast, a complex pattern of islands, coastal plains, foothills, and mountain ranges, extends from California north to Alaska, encompassing all the territory west of the Cascade and Coast Ranges. Its climate is one of even, moderate temperatures (except in the mountains) and relatively heavy rainfall. This combination of mild temperatures and abundant rainfall produces a lush, dense forest vegetation of conifers, deciduous trees, mosses, and ferns. To its Native American inhabitants of the 1400's, the long, slender coastal region presented both a favorable and a forbidding environment. The sea and the rivers held many resources, but to exploit them required the development of super craft to navigate waters that were often stormy and rough. The forests were rich with game and many edible plant foods, but the vegetation of much of the area was so dense that land travel was extremely difficult, and large parts of the heavily forested foothills and rugged mountains were unsuitable for human settlements. Villages instead were located along the rivers, on the

open ocean. It is estimated that the Northwest Coast of the 1400's had a population of about 130,000 and thus was one of the most heavily populated areas of North America north of Mexico. The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods. By the end of the century, they reached a high cultural level usually found only among agricultural people, enjoying a stability that allowed the development of a complex social and ceremonial life, an elaborate technology, and one of the world's great art styles.

1. Which of the following is the main point the author makes about Native Americans of the Northwest Coast? 1

constantly changing They raised crops unique to North America. They made good use of the environment to build a successful society. Their technology helped them survive in the area's harsh climate. Their culture was heavily influenced by the culture of Mexico. 4. According to the passage, what probably discouraged people from trying to go from one part of the Northwest Coast region to another? sport tricks wood animals 3. The word game in the passage is closest in meaning to

Large areas thick with bushes and trees Vast fields of broken ice 2. The climate of the Northwest Coast region is generally Inability to understand other languages Disagreements over hunting warm and dry extremely cold neither very hot nor very cold 5. According to the passage, the Native 2 areas

Americans of the Northwest Coast region generally did not live

they lacked good means of transportation their society arose in an arctic

in villages on offshore islands close to rivers in the mountains

climate their society was based on ownership of domestic animals.

6. The phrase teemed with in the passage is closest in meaning to

varied according to competed for were combined with were full of land and sea mammals 7. The author implies that the Native Americans of the Northwest Coast differed from most other highly developed societies of the time because 9. All of the following are mentioned in they did not depend on agriculture the passage as being important to the people of the Northwest Coast 3 wild plant foods the people of the Northwest Coast agricultural people 8. The word they in the passage refers to

EXCEPT

likely to arise many people had migrated from

boatbuilding skills forest plants for food wood for building durable homes plentiful supplies of seafood

Mexico to the area

The city is a global phenomenon. It is also a regional and cultural variable. Even

10. It is clear that the author has a high opinion of the region's traditional

within the seemingly homogenous North American cultural realm, the city shows subtle but significant differences---not only between older eastern and

gardens art architecture music

newer western United States cities but also between cities of Canada and those of the United States. Although the urban expression is similar in the two countries, it is not identical, and the truly North American city is more a myth than a reality.

11. The author mentions the area's population in order to demonstrate that

The Canadian city, for example, is more compact than its United States counterpart of equal population size, with a higher density of buildings and people and a lesser degree of suburbanization of populations

the environment could support many people trade with Mexico was of great importance environmental problems were

and functions. Space-saving, multiple-family housing units are more the rule in Canada, so a similar population is housed on a smaller land area with much higher densities, on average, within the central area of cities. The Canadian city is better served 4

by and more dependent on mass transportation than is the United States city. This dependence gives form and structure to the Canadian central city, qualities now lost in the sprawling United States metropolis, whose residents view the central district as increasingly less central to their lives. Since Canadian metropolitan areas have only onequarter the number of kilometers of superhighways per capita as United States metropolitan areas ---and at least as much resistance to constructing more -suburbanization of peoples and functions is less extensive north of the border than south. It is likely to remain that way. Besides these physical differences, CanadianUnited States contrasts are also apparent in their cities' social structures. While cities in both countries are ethnically diverse---Canadian communities, in fact, have the higher proportion of immigrants --- in the United States there are pronounced economic contrasts between central city and suburban residents. That is, there has been much less flight to the suburbs by middle-income Canadians. As a result, the Canadian city shows greater social stability, employment opportunities, and urban

amenities than its United States counterpart. In particular, it does not have the rivalry from welldefined competitive outer cities of suburbia that so spread and fragment United States metropolitan complexes.

12. What does the passage mainly discuss?

Features that characterize the typical North American city The development of suburbs in North America Major differences between United States and Canadian cities Population migration toward newer cities

13. What does the author mean by referring to the truly North American city as more a myth than a reality?

Commonly studied histories of 5

cities in North America distort reality. Cities in Canada and the United States exhibit cultural similarities. There is no city that can be considered representative of all North American cities. Eastern and western cities display greater differences than the differences between Canadian and United States cities.

14. According to paragraph 2, which of the following statements about the typical Canadian city is true?

Canadian cities are spread out over a large area. Canadian cities vary little in size. People and functions in Canadian cities are centrally concentrated. Canadian cities have taller buildings than other countries.

15. The phrase the rule in the passage is closest in meaning to

spacious practical well-built usual

16. It can be inferred from the passage that Canadian cities are marked by 6

to their Canadian counterparts, narrow streets open spaces an absence of skyscrapers a coherent central area move away from city centers more frequently 17. The word apparent in the passage is closest in meaning to represent a greater range of income prefer living closer to urban unique obvious decreasing dependent amenities dominate the older eastern cities middle-income people in the United States tend to

18. The word pronounced in the passage is closest in meaning to

strong recent divisive growing flight to the suburbs Canadian city 19. It can be inferred from the passage that, when compared social stability United States counterpart 7 20. The word it in the passage refers to

popular music in the United States. Some of the most 21. The word fragment in the passage is closest in meaning to important were technological: the establishment of commercial radio stations and the development of the public-address system, the sound track for film, and hold down break up characterize distinguish the electrical recording process used for producing phonograph records. All used the microphone and the sound amplifier, with significant impact on the nature of orchestration and popular vocal style, and consequently on the ideas of performers, arrangers, 22. Which of the following does the author mention as a similarity between Canadian and United States cities? and even songwriters. All tended to broaden the audience for popular music---in a sense to nationalize it---but at the same time they tended to make it a more passive one, an audience of listeners rather than participants. This process tended to heighten the The size of the land area The quality of mass transportation The density of buildings in city centers The resistance to constructing new roadways importance of professionalism and sophistication among both performers and arrangers; it also tended to increase commercialism in the transmission (the distribution) of popular music to its audience. Thus, the era of the American popular music industry was born---an inevitable result of the electronic age's mass media (though the term was not yet coined). New York City was the center of the popular music industry during the 1920's: it had Broadway The 1920's saw major developments in and Schubert Alley, center of the American popular 8

musical theater, and it had Tin Pan Alley, center of the songwriting business and the still-powerful sheet music publishers. The recording studios and radio networks were also based in New York. In addition, recordings and radio opened up new possibilities for a striking new development. They made available kinds of popular music heard previously only in limited geographical areas or by specific ethnic and social groups---especially the blues, gospel songs, and jazz of African Americans and the traditional music of the southern Appalachian Mountains and other rural areas of the southern and western United States. The latter music was not to affect the mainstream of American popular music until much later, but the former influenced American popular music of the 1920's in many ways. In fact, novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald could even call the era The Jazz Age---which reflected the inroads of African American musical influence on the nation at large. 25. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a technological development of the 1920's? necessity formation connection enrichment 24. The word establishment in the passage is closest in meaning to The growth of musical theater The effect of technology on the popular music industry Technological advances in sound recording for film The influence of professional songwriters on popular music

23. What aspect of music in the 1920's in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?

The public-address system Film sound tracks Magnetic recording tape 9

The electrical recording process

in fact therefore

26. According to the passage, what was the importance of the microphone and the sound amplifier mentioned in paragraph 1 ?

although

28. The word it in the passage refers They caused major changes in the creation and performance of popular music. They helped the performance of people who were not professionals. They were used to preserve a historical record of older styles of music and performance. They helped performers meet audience demand for louder music. consider announce increase 27. The word consequently in the passage is closest in meaning to 30. Why does the passage mention otherwise New York City in paragraph 2 ? 10 adjust 29. The word heighten in the passage is closest in meaning to audience process importance commercialism to the

only to a few people became It was a major center for the invention of new technology. It had a significant concentration of performing, composing, and music business activity. It had the broadest range of audiences of any city in the United States. It was the source of a popular regional style of music. 33. The word era in the passage is 31. What is the new development that the author discusses in paragraph 3 ? period nation A blending of traditional musical styles occurred. Popular music performers began to avoid using elements of traditional music. The center of the recording industry moved south. Music styles formerly known 11 movement book closest in meaning to before there inexpensively significantly 32. The word previously in the passage is closest in meaning to known to many people.

About ten percent of the world's deserts are composed of sand dunes, which are driven across the desert by the wind. Sand grains march across the desert floor under the influence of strong winds by a process known as saltation. The grains of sand become airborne for a moment, and upon landing they dislodge additional sand grains, which repeat the process. In this manner, sand dunes engulf everything in their path, including structures made by people, and pose a major problem in the construction and maintenance of highways and railroads that cross sandy areas of desert. Sanddune migration near desert oases poses another serious problem, especially when encroaching on villages. Methods to mitigate damage to structures from sand dunes include building windbreaks and funneling sand out of the way. Without such measures, disruption of roads, airports, agricultural settlements, and towns could become a major problem in desert regions. The direction, strength, and variability of the wind, the moisture content of the soil, the vegetation cover, the underlying topography, and the amount of movable soil exposed to the wind determine the size and form

of sand dunes. Sand dunes generally have four basic shapes, determined by the topography of the land and patterns of wind flow. Linear dunes align in roughly the direction of strong prevailing winds. Their length is substantially greater than their width, and they lie parallel to each other, sometimes with a wavy pattern. Crescent dunes, also called barchans, are symmetrically shaped, with horns pointing downwind. They travel across the desert at speeds of up to 50 feet a year. Parabolic dunes form in areas where sparse vegetation anchors the side arms while the center is blown outward, causing sand in the middle to move forward. Star dunes form by shifting winds that pile up sand into central points that can rise 1,500 feet and more, with several arms radiating outward, looking much like giant pinwheels.

34. What aspect of sand dunes does the passage mainly discuss?

Their location Their destructiveness Their formation Their disappearance 12

repair roadways. 35. The word driven in the passage is closest in meaning to They increase the likelihood of accidents. They block the most direct pushed smoothed controlled strengthened 38. The word pose in the passage is closest in meaning to routes.

36. The word they in the passage refers to

solves positions presents

deserts strong winds sand grains structures

interprets

39. One purpose of the windbreaks mentioned in the passage is to

protect buildings 37. According to the passage, in what way do sand dunes interfere with transportation? remove sand dunes encourage the process of saltation utilize the power of the wind They cause travelers to get lost. They make it difficult to build and 40. The word variability in the passage 13

is closest in meaning to

ability to cause damage tendency to change forward movement speed

41. The word substantially in the passage is closest in meaning to

actually specifically frequently significantly 43. It can be inferred that pinwheels resemble which of the following shapes? 42. Which of the following is probably most influential in determining the shape of parabolic dunes? Moisture Vegetation Wind speed Soil composition 44. Look at the terms saltation, migration, oases, and topography in the passage. Which of these 14

terms is defined in the passage?

and tongue hanging out loosely. If the predator loses interest in the corpse and moves away, the snake

Saltation Migration Oases Topography

slowly rights itself and crawls off. The complete repertoire of antipredator mechanisms occurs in young hognose snakes. Researchers have shown that newborn snakes are capable of making very subtle assessments of the degree of threat posed by a particular predator.

Because many predators kill only when their prey is moving, an animal that pretends to be dead may succeed in causing a predator to lose interest and move along in search of more lively prey. Hognose snakes have a complex repertoire of antipredator mechanisms, of which feigning death is one option. These fairly large nonvenomous or slightly venomous snakes occur in sandy habitats in the eastern United States. When first disturbed, the hognose opts for bluffing the predator ---it flattens and expands the front third of its body and head, forming a hood, causing it to look larger. It then curls into an exaggerated s-shaped coil and hisses, occasionally making false strikes at its tormentor. When further provoked, however, it drops the bluff and begins to twist its body violently. Then it rolls onto its back with its mouth open

Two experiments were conducted in which the recovery from death-feigning (i.e., crawling away) of newly hatched snakes under various conditions was monitored. In one experiment the recovery of snakes was monitored in the presence or absence of a stuffed screech owl mounted on a tripod one meter from the overturned snake. In another experiment the snake recovered (1) in the presence of a human staring at the snake from a distance of one meter, (2) in the presence of the same person in the same location but with eyes averted, and (3) in a control condition in which no human was visible. Both the presence of the owl and the direct human gaze resulted in longer recovery times relative to the respective control conditions. When the human eyes were averted, the recovery time was 15

immediate. Thus, young snakes are capable of using rather subtle cues to make adjustments in their antipredator behavior.

47. For which of the following reasons does a hognose snake expand the front third of its body and head?

45. From the first sentence in the passage, it can be inferred that many predators prefer

To hide the back portion of its body To protect its head from being attacked

small prey dead prey complex prey active prey

To make its body appear larger than it actually is To increase its strength in order to strike a predator

46. How is feigning death an antipredator mechanism?

48. The word It in the passage refers to

the hognose It frightens a predator. It allows the prey to prepare a surprise attack. It causes a predator to lose interest. It distracts a predator, allowing prey to escape unnoticed. 49. All of the following are part of bluffing EXCEPT rolling over making false strikes hissing forming a hood the predator head a hood

16

be dead 50. When does the hognose snake feign death? 52. The word monitored in the passage is closest in meaning to Immediately upon seeing a predator When attempts to bluff a predator fail After it has injured a predator When the predator begins to lose interest 53. The experiments described in paragraph 2 measured how long it took for snakes to defined published controlled observed

51. The author mentions the snake's tongue hanging out loosely as an example of

notice a predator stop feigning death learn how to feign death recover from the attack of a

how the snake provokes a predator what happens when the snake flattens its head the snake's recovery how the snake pretends to

predator

54. The phrase capable of using in the passage is closest in meaning to

able to use 17

required to use supposed to use thought to use

could boast about a population of more than 100,000. Thereafter the transition from a rural to a predominantly urban nation was especially remarkable because of its speed. By 1900 urbanization, with all of

55. Which of the following is a subtle assessment made by young snakes that is mentioned in the passage?

its benefits, problems, and prospects for a fuller life, became the mark of modern America. The changing physical landscape reflected the shift to an urbanized society. Railroad terminals,

The difference between a stuffed owl and a real owl How far a predator is located Whether or not they are being observed The difference between an owl and a human

factories, skyscrapers, apartment houses, streetcars, electric engines, department stores, and the increased pace of life were all signs of an emerging urban America. Indeed, the vitality, dynamic quality, variety, and restless experimentalism in society centered in the urban communities where the only constant factor was change itself. Urbanization did not proceed uniformly throughout the nation. New England and the Middle Atlantic states

In 1860 the United States was predominantly rural. Most people were engaged in agriculture, and about 80 percent of the population actually resided on farms or in small villages. Only 20 percent lived in towns and cities of 2,500 or more, the census definition of an urban area after 1880. New York alone in 1860 had more than 1 million people, and only 8 cities

contained the highest percentage of city dwellers. In the Middle West, the growth of cities such as Chicago, Milwaukee, Cleveland, and St. Louis showed the importance of urbanization in that region. The three West Coast states also experienced rapid urban growth. In the South, urbanization developed much more slowly, although by 1910 the expansion of transpo18

rtation, commerce, and industry had greatly increased the population of older cities such as New Orleans and stimulated the growth of new urban centers such as Birmingham. However, the South remained predominantly rural. Only somewhat more than 20 percent of the population in that region was urban by 1910. In some regions the urban impact had a depressing effect upon the surrounding rural communities. Much of New England in the late nineteenth century presented a discouraging picture of abandoned farms and sickly villages as people forsook the countryside and rushed to the larger towns and cities. In the Middle West, particularly Ohio and Illinois, hundreds of townships lost population in the 1880's.

The problems associated with urban areas in the United States The history of the urbanization of the United States

57. According to the passage, which of the following was the census definition of an urban area after 1880 ?

An area with a population that had recently increased by 20 percent A city with a population of 1 million or more people A town or city with a population

56.What does the passage mainly discuss?

of at least 2,500 An area or region with a population of at least 100,000

The benefits brought about by urbanization in the 1800's The population of large urban areas in the 1800's 19

United States in the late 1800's?

58. In paragraph 1, the author implies that people were attracted to urban areas for which of the following reasons?

Streetcars Schools Cultural activities Roads and highways

The existence of public transportation The possibility for a fuller life The lack of agricultural work The availability of housing

61. In paragraph 2, the author characterizes life in urban communities as

dangerous competitive

59. The word shift in the passage is closest in meaning to

increasingly expensive constantly changing

position resource change return

62. According to the passage, New Orleans differed from Birmingham in

size 60. Which of the following are mentioned in the passage as a sign of urbanized society in the age geography industry 20

Establish that urban areas were 63. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following areas of the United States was the most urbanized at the end of the 1800's? important in contributing to the economic growth of the United States Demonstrate that the population of the United States increased The states in the Middle West The three states on the West Coast The New England and the Middle Atlantic states The states in the South dramatically during the late nineteenth century Prove that the Middle West was the most adversely affected by large shifts in population Acknowledge that urbanization had a negative impact on some communities in the United States

65. The word forsook in the passage is closest in meaning to

left 64. The author's main purpose in paragraph 4 is to do which of the following? forewarned used populated

21

66. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?

is now southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, southwestern Colorado, and northwestern New Mexico for a 2,000-year period from about 700 B.C . to the

The percentage of the population of the United States engaged in agriculture decreased between 1860 and 1900. The economic factors that caused large population shifts in the 1800's were unique to the United States. The changing physical landscape that resulted from urbanization created more disadvantages than advantages. The number of people who lived in the southern region of the United States in 1900 was significantly less than in 1860.

arrival of the Spanish in the Southwest in the 1500's. The Anasazi were the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo people of the southwestern United States. Five cultural signatures enable archaeologists to determine what is Anasazi. First is the kiva---a generally circular, underground structure used for gatherings of kin groups. The kiva belongs to the Anasazi and is not found anywhere else. Second is the unit pueblo. This building unit, made up of a room block of two to twelve rooms and a plaza or workplace containing a kiva, formed a modular unit of standardized design that was multiplied to form larger settlements---whether in the cliffs or in the open. The third cultural signature is the orientation of kivas and unit pueblos facing toward the south and southeast. The fourth is the characteristic Anasazi gray-and-white pottery and the utility pottery with a corrugated exterior. The Anasazi fired the pottery in a nonoxidizing atmosphere (a fire smothered to

Anasazi is the name given to the prehistoric people who inhabited the Four Corners area of what

reduce available oxygen), producing the gray-andwhite-colored ceramics. Many Anasazi pots were 22

decorated with black paint, producing the distinctive black-on-white pottery style. Fifth, the Anasazi in all areas followed a characteristic pattern of burials. The bodies were buried lying on the side with legs flexed against the chest and heads oriented directionally --- often toward the east ---or parallel to the slope if the grave was on steep terrain. These five characteristics are peculiarly Anasazi and were not shared by the other neighboring cultures. By matching these hallmarks to the discovered ruins, it has been possible to delineate prehistoric Anasaziland for some 2,000 years. A chronological framework has divided the history of the Anasazi into three Basket Maker stages and six Pueblo stages.

Anasazi sites The architecture of the prehistoric Anasazi people The modern-day descendants of the prehistoric Anasazi people

68. The word signatures in the passage is closest in meaning to

identifying characteristics written messages archaeological methods designs painted on pottery

69. According to the passage, what was the Anasazi kiva primarily used for?

67. What does the passage primarily discuss? Food preparation Tool storage Where prehistoric Anasazi settlements were located How archaeologists can recognize prehistoric 70. The word standardized in the 23 Family gatherings Pottery making

passage is closest in meaning to

It was created with a special mixture of clay.

closed measured ancient uniform 73. According to the passage, one of the characteristics of Anasazi burials was that bodies were buried

flat on the back 71. The word orientation in the passage is closest in meaning to with the knees bent to the chest in special burial grounds parallel to each other arrangement construction expansion preference vegetation 72. According to the passage, what was a characteristic of Anasazi pottery? climate vicinity ground It was extremely difficult to break. It was fired with a reduced amount of oxygen. It was painted gray and white. 75. Which of the following, if it were found at an archaeological site in the southwestern United States, would strongly suggest that the Anasazi 24 74. The word terrain in the passage is closest in meaning to

had lived there?

Brightly colored pottery Buildings with windows facing east An underground circular structure Remains of ceremonial fires

77. The paragraph following the passage would most logically continue with a discussion of the

different stages of Anasazi history influence of the Spanish on

76. The word delineate in the passage is closest in meaning to

Anasazi culture characteristics that made the Anasazi unique

discourage outline originate succeed

problems encountered by the descendants of the Anasazi

The importance of strength in many sports is undeniable. It is so important that many university and professional teams now hire a specialized coach who only attends to the development of strength in athletes. It is interesting to note that no such specialist is hired to attend to the other components of physical fitness. We have yet to see a cardiovascular coach, a coach who attends to developing fitness of the 25

heart and blood vessels, hired by universities or professional teams. This situation raises the question of the relative importance of each of these two components, strength training and cardiovascular training, to the other. Does the strength coach develop the cardiovascular system by prescribing a program to increase muscle fiber? It is theoretically possible to design a weightlifting program in which the resistance is so low and the repetitions so numerous that it provides the cardiovascular benefits of a running program. Therefore, if you view weights as a way to overload muscles, you can imagine a continuum of programs that emphasize cardiovascular benefits on the one extreme and strength on the other. The practical truth of the matter is that most coaches are primarily concerned with pure strength. Therefore, the athlete has to work on the end of the weight-overload continuum that promotes little, if any, cardiovascular benefit. In fact, one study has found that a highintensity strength program reduced mitochondrial density (density of the cellular structures that produce energy in the muscle fiber) per unit of muscle. The athletes increased muscle mass, so they did not

eliminate mitochondria presumably, but the fact remains that the oxidative capacity, the ability to use oxygen in the synthesis of energy, was not promoted. Oxidative capacity would usually improve in programs that stress cardiovascular conditioning. Neither increased blood flow nor increased mitochondrial density (both indicators of oxygen extraction) occur with strength training. Obviously, there is nothing wrong with training athletes to gain strength, but in most strength programs cardiovascular improvements are not made. Therefore, for athletes, who require both strength and cardiovascular conditioning, both components must be trained independently.

78. What is the main point of the passage?

College and professional teams 26

do not need specialized coaches. Strength training should be replaced by cardiovascular training. Cardiovascular training is more difficult than strength training. Athletes need both strength and cardiovascular training.

heavy When the weights are lifted very slowly When lifting a heavy weight overtires the muscles When light weights are lifted a large number of times

81. The word it in the passage refers to

79. The word prescribing in the passage is closest in meaning to

cardiovascular system muscle fiber weight-lifting program

accepting assigning releasing expecting

resistance

82. Why does the author mention running?

80. Under which of the following conditions can a weight-lifting program provide cardiovascular benefits?

To give an example of the benefits of strength training To demonstrate what a typical weight program includes To give an example of an activity

When the weights are very

that provides cardiovascular 27

conditioning To demonstrate the importance of oxygen extraction

85. The word indicators in the passage is closest in meaning to

kinds 83. The word promotes in the passage is closest in meaning to signs problems requirement agrees with advertises designs contributes to clearly directly easily 84. Which of the following is an important direct result of cardiovascular training? 87. The word components in the passage is closest in meaning to Improved oxidative capacity Increased muscle fiber Decreased mitochondrial density Increased body weight elements effects perspectives values possibly 86. The word Obviously in the passage is closest in meaning to

28

88. Which of the following policies would the author be most likely to support?

groups. In contrast, people standing on a corner waiting at a traffic light do not qualify, even if they do interact. There is no regularity to these people's

Sports teams should increase their strength-training programs. All athletes should be able to choose the kinds of training they prefer. Sports teams should provide improved cardiovascular training. All athletes should avoid strength training in order to avoid injury.

interaction, nor any division of roles and statuses. They share a common purpose only to the extent that they all want to cross the street, but once across, they will all go their separate ways. Sociologists refer to such a cluster of people as an aggregate. A particular kind of social group that is of great importance in modern society is the formal organization, which is defined as a relatively largescale group having a name, some official purpose or goals, a structure of statuses and roles, and a set of rules designed to promote these goals. What distinguishes formal organizations from other kinds of groups is the official---and usually written --- nature of the goals, rules, and status structure. The structure

A social group can be defined as a set of two or more people who interact regularly and in a manner that is defined by some common purpose, a set of norms (shared standards of behavior), and a structure of statuses and roles within the group. By this definition, the members of a college class, of a family, and of a workplace all qualify as social

of a formal organization is sufficiently clear so that it can be put on paper in the form of an organizational chart. Formal organizations can be grouped into three broad types. Some organizations are voluntary organizations ---people choose to join them because they are interested in the group's purpose or 29

activities. Examples of voluntary organizations are political groups and professional organizations. Another type, overlapping somewhat with voluntary organizations, is the utilitarian organization --- an organization designed to accomplish some task. Businesses and neighborhood improvement associations are examples of this type, as are large-scale organizations such as governments and corporations. Finally, there are coercive organizations---organizations that people are compelled to participate in, such as the military in some countries. Children frequently participate in, a wider range of coercive organizations, most notably schools.

groups that are found in a society

90. The word common in the passage is closest in meaning to

new shared real related

91. What does the author mean by stating people standing on a corner waiting at a traffic light do not qualify in paragraph 1 ?

89. What does the passage mainly discuss? They do not fit the definition of a social group. How people interact in clusters The structure of coercive organizations Types and purposes of social groups and organizations Some types of leadership Sometimes they do not talk to one another. They often get impatient and do not wait. Their roles and statuses are not the same. 30

unusual 92. In paragraph 1, the author explains the difference between a social group and useful general typical

a college class a family an aggregate an organization

95. According to the passage, why do people join a voluntary organization?

They prefer an informal structure to a formal one.

93. According to the passage, a formal organization is distinct from other groups mainly because

They do so as part of their job training. They are not interested in becoming leaders.

the official structure is written down only a few people belong to it its members interact regularly its leadership roles change frequently

They want to associate with people who have similar interests.

96. The word overlapping in the passage is closest in meaning to

94. The word broad in the passage is closest in meaning to

cooperating with other groups sharing characteristics 31

confused viewed

There are more people in voluntary organizations than in political groups.

97. Which of the following best identifies a group of neighbors who work together to create a park for their children?

Children participate in a greater number of coercive organizations than do adults. Adults are trying to get children more involved in utilitarian

A coercive organization A government organization A utilitarian organization A professional organization

organizations. More people are interested in political organizations than in professional groups.

98. The word compelled in the passage is closest in meaning to Thomas Edison, an inventor of the late 1800's, always said that the phonograph was his trained persuaded anxious forced only real discovery, the only invention he stumbled upon rather than deliberately set out to find. Having invented it, he then had to find a use for it. Musical entertainment was one of the first uses he predicted for the phonograph, although it was by no means the 99. Which of the following statements is best supported by the passage? only one. The inventor claimed that it would change education, politics, and business communication, in addition to providing entertainment. Edison also 32

thought it could be adapted for phonographic books for people with visual impairments, for the teaching of public speaking, and for talking clocks. It was thought that the phonograph could be used to save telephone messages, and the ability to record speech opened up several commercial uses. Chief among these was its employment as a dictating machine for people in business. A talking machine could be used to replace the tedious exchange of letters with the recorded message of the speaker on a phonograph cylinder. The inventor hoped that the cylinder could be sent through the mail with the ease of a letter. The advantage was that the recipient got an exact record of the sender's message as it was dictated, substituting a sound recording for correspondence. The paperless business office was anticipated well before the advent of personal computers and modems. Edison hoped that the phonograph would transform office work. The electric light, telephone, and typewriter were slowly changing the way business was conducted in the United States, facilitating the task of managing the larger business organization of the late nineteenth century. When used as a dictating

machine, the phonograph promised to further ease the burden of business administration by mechanizing correspondence. The device that had begun as a complement to the telephone was now seen as an adjunct to the typewriter. At the same time that Edison was imagining the phonograph as the ultimate business tool, he also made a prophetic statement about its future. This machine, he wrote in 1878, shortly after the clamor surrounding the invention had died down, can only be built on the American principle of interchangeability of parts, like a sewing machine. Edison had grasped the idea of mass production using standardized parts.

100. What does the passage mainly discuss?

The discovery and potential uses of the phonograph Various inventions of Thomas Edison Office technology in the United States in the late 1800's The impact of the telephone on 33

businesses

presented modified

101. The author uses the phrase stumbled upon in the passage to indicate that Edison's invention of the phonograph was

rotated

104. According to the passage, Edison believed the phonograph could be used to improve all of the following

accidental disorganized important popular

EXCEPT

business communication musical entertainment speed of mail delivery

102. The word one in the passage refers to

education

105. The word tedious in the passage Edison phonograph uses entertainment tiresome regular confusing 103. The word adapted in the passage is closest in meaning to 106. The word facilitating in the passage sold is closest in meaning to 34 hurried is closest in meaning to

be used by business to identifying structuring explaining easing save money make office work easier to manage create new jobs improve accounting procedures

107. The author mentions The electric light, telephone, and typewriter in paragraph 3 in order to

109. The word device in the passage refers to

phonograph show how office work was organized in the late 1800's indicate problems that existed in offices in the late 1800's provide examples of inventions that improved office efficiency in the late 1800's point out accomplishments of offices in the late 1800's variety of uses cost of manufacture 108. According to the passage, Edison believed that the phonograph could future impact on business method of production 35 110. Thomas Edison compared the phonograph to the sewing machine in terms of its electric light telephone typewriter

Of course, families today still do special things together at times: go camping in the summer, go Television's contribution to family life in the United States has been an equivocal one. For while it has, indeed, kept the members of the family from dispersing, it has not served to bring them together. By dominating the time families spend together, it destroys the special quality that distinguishes one family from another, a quality that depends to a great extent on what a family does, what special rituals, games, recurrent jokes, familiar songs, and shared activities it accumulates. Like the sorcerer of old, writes Urie Bronfenbrenner, the television set casts its magic spell, freezing speech and action, turning the living into silent statues so long as the enchantment lasts. The primary danger of the television screen lies not so much in the behavior it produces---although there is danger there---as in the behavior it prevents: the talks, games, the family festivities, and arguments through which much of the child's learning takes place and through which character is formed. Turning on the television set can turn off the process that transforms children into people. 111. Which of the following best represents the author's 36 to the zoo on a nice Sunday, take various trips and expeditions. But the ordinary daily life together is diminished---that sitting around at the dinner table, that spontaneous taking up of an activity, those little games invented by children on the spur of the moment when there is nothing else to do, the scribbling, the chatting, the quarreling, all the things that form the fabric of a family, that define a childhood. Instead, the children have their regular schedule of television programs and bedtime, and the parents have their peaceful dinner together. But surely the needs of adults are being better met than the needs of children, who are effectively shunted away and rendered untroublesome. If the family does not accumulate its backlog of shared experiences, shared everyday experiences that occur and recur and change and develop, then it is not likely to survive as anything other than a caretaking institution.

argument in the passage?

television program that is harmful

Television has negative effects on family life. Television has advantages and disadvantages for children. Television should be more educational. Television teaches children to be violent.

To expand the author's argument To discuss the positive aspects of television

114. The word freezing in the passage is closest in meaning to

controlling halting

112.The word it in the passage refers to

dramatizing encouraging

dominating time television quality

113. Why is Urie Bronfenbrenner quoted in paragraph 2? 115. Urie Bronfenbrenner compares the To present a different point of view from that of the author To provide an example of a a statue 37 television set to

an educator a family member a magician

118. The word it in the passage refers to

the television the family

116. Which of the following would be an example of what the author means by a special thing that families do?

its backlog an institution

119. According to the author, what Going on vacation in the summertime Playing cards together in the evening Reading to the children at bedtime Talking to each other Doing ordinary things together Watching television together Celebrating holidays together Living together distinguishes one family from another?

117. The things that form the fabric of a family in paragraph 3 are

120. It can be inferred from the passage that a caretaking institution is one in which care is given

special things ordinary things television programs children charitably lovingly constantly impersonally 38

of pounding tools to crack walnuts and the use of 121. probing tools to loosen and extract their nutmeat. The apparatus in the study was a plastic container with an opening two centimeters wide on top. At the onset of each trial, a walnut was placed atop a pedestal inside the container so that it protruded slightly through the opening. Two stones and four sticks were provided on the cage floor. Thirty trials were conducted with each group of capuchins over a two-week period. A trial began when a capuchin approached the container and ended when the animal no longer showed interest in the task. An observer noted each bout, or each time that a capuchin placed a stone or stick in contact with a Capuchin monkeys have been observed using tools in a broad variety of contexts, but their use of tools had been limited to the application of a single type of tool to solve a specific problem. In a recent study, however, researchers observed caged capuchins using a tool set, which is defined as different types of objects used sequentially to achieve a goal. Nine capuchins were divided into two groups. The capuchins were presented with an apparatus designed to accommodate the use walnut, and whether the bout involved pounding, probing, or another type of action. A bout began when a capuchin placed an object in contact with a walnut and ended when the animal discarded the implement. The observer also noted the instant a walnut was first cracked within each trial. Three of the capuchins used stones to crack the walnuts and sticks to loosen and extract their nutmeat. They cracked the walnuts by repeatedly pounding them with stones, loosened the nutmeat by 39

inserting sticks into small shell cracks, and extracted the nutmeat by inserting sticks into the shell openings and removing it. The six capuchins that did not use tools obtained some food by retrieving nutmeat dropped by the other capuchins or left in the apparatus. The three capuchins that used stones and sticks to exploit walnuts did so in 59 of the 60 trials. The results of the study provide further evidence of the extensive tool-using capabilities of capuchin monkeys. 124. What was the total number of capuchins in the study? settings choices behaviors objects

122. What does the passage mainly discuss?

Two Three Six

Tools used by researchers to study capuchins Food preferences of capuchins The use of a tool set by capuchins The emotional impact of captivity on capuchins

Nine

125. The word accommodate in the passage is closest in meaning to

represent allow for consider

123.The word contexts in the passage is closest in meaning to

break open

40

126. The word it in the passage refers to

study are listed. The results of one study are

trial walnut pedestal container

compared to the results of another study. The process involved in a study is described. The conclusions drawn from a

127. What event marked the beginning of a trial?

study are provided.

129. The word pounding in the passage is A capuchin approaching the apparatus A capuchin placing an object in contact with a walnut A capuchin probing a walnut with a stick A capuchin losing interest in a walnut throwing chewing dropping hitting closest in meaning to

128. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 2 of the passage?

The reasons for conducting a 41

different types of tools sequentially to achieve 130. How did the capuchins that did not use tools obtain food? a goal. Capuchins will use stones and sticks interchangeably to break By picking up nutmeat left behind by other capuchins By chewing on the walnut to crack it open By climbing the pedestal to retrieve the walnut By shaking the cage until the walnut dropped What the components of the apparatus in the study were. What the capuchins that used the tool set were trying to obtain 131. What do the results of the study demonstrate? In how many trials the capuchins used the tool set An account that explains why Capuchins do not necessarily need to have a goal to use a tool set. Capuchins use tools sets less readily than other kinds of monkeys do. Capuchins are able to use The insect known as a cherry leaf roller begins its life as a flat, legless leaf miner in a cherry tree. The tiny miner is destined to become a brightly colored 42 some of the capuchins failed to use the tool set 132. What information about the study is NOT provided by the author? open walnuts.

moth. Feeding on sap that oozes from the plant cells it slices open with scissorslike jaws, the insect tunnels within the leaf for a week or so and then metamorphoses into a caterpillar possessed of legs and a spinneret that produces the silk used in making webs. Somewhere within the complex of neurons that instruct this caterpillar's behavior, a program switches on, directing and monitoring a building instinct. The caterpillar chews its way out of the leaf and moves actively about on the surface, appearing to assess the leaf's features that are appropriate to the task that lies ahead --- constructing a shelter by trying the leaf together with silk. In late spring and early summer, caterpillars are busily at work rolling, folding, and tying the leaves of trees and plants. In the northeastern United States, caterpillars that build shelters out of leaves are particularly abundant on cherry, maple, oak, and poplar trees. Although the caterpillars are often small, cryptically colored, and short-lived, the compact shelters they create are almost always conspicuous and endure long after the occupant has departed. Leaf shelters protect residents from predators, but

they serve other purposes as well. On cool, sunny days, the shelters act as miniature greenhouses, trapping air that is moister and warmer than the outside atmosphere, and thereby creating a microclimate conducive to the rapid growth and development of the resident caterpillar. Some species construct shelters with vertical, open-ended leaf rolls that function as chimneys. These tubelike structures set up convection currents that draw fresh air through the shelters, preventing them from overheating on hot, sunny days. Leaf shelters also enable some caterpillars to feed on plants that would normally be poisonous to them. The leaves of Saint-John's-wort, for example, contain hypericin, a toxin that is activated by sunlight. Leaf rollers that feed on this plant can do so only because the walls of their shelters filter out the Sun's catalytic rays.

133. The youngest form of the cherry leaf roller is called a

moth leaf miner 43

caterpillar spinneret

a shelter. The temperature inside the leaf is too high.

134. The word conspicuous in the passage is closest in meaning to

It wants to avoid eating poisonous substances in the leaf.

small edible colorful noticeable

135. What does the leaf miner eat?

Sap Leaves Flowers Small insects count 136. Why does the caterpillar come out of the leaf? evaluate consume attack It needs to look for additional food. It is ready to begin building 138. The passage mentions all of the following as trees in which 44 137. The word assess in the passage is closest in meaning to

caterpillars build shelters EXCEPT

caterpillar create a cool, damp atmosphere

poplar oak silk cherry To provide ventilation 139. What does the passage suggest about the leaf shelters? To draw in food To act as a greenhouse To keep out predators They are difficult to see. They benefit the trees in which they are built. The caterpillars consume them at the end of the summer. They are not easily destroyed. plants caterpillars shelters 140. The passage suggests that the primary purpose of the leaf shelters is to 143. The word toxin in the passage is closest in meaning to attract potential mates store food for the winter provide protection for the pigment reaction 45 days 142. The word them in the passage refers to 141. What is the function of the chimneys mentioned in the passage?

poison cell

on in normal, parallel fashion. Another skier looks on in amazement. The power of the cartoon derives from the contrast between what our eyes can plainly see and what our brains know to be impossible. If, instead of a skier, Addams had depicted something altogether different --- an avalanche, say, or better yet, a mountain stream ---no one would give the scene a second thought. There is nothing strange about a current of water flowing around a tree and reconstituting itself on the other side. But for a solid object to pass through an impenetrable barrier is impossible. It is impossible in our macroscopic, everyday world, but in the realm of atoms, where quantum mechanics reigns, the rules are different. It is

The most profound mystery confronting physics at the end of the twentieth century is neatly captured in a Charles Addams cartoon that appeared in The New Yorker magazine in 1940. The setting is a winter landscape. An eerie light casts long shadows upon the pristine snow. In the foreground a crouching skier speeds down a hillside leaving twin tracks that trail up the slope behind him, diverge to pass on opposite sides of an enormous pine tree, then rejoin to continue

normal for an atomic particle to occupy two places at once, to tunnel through a barrier, or to circumvent an obstacle on both sides at once. For this reason the Addams cartoon has an immediate appeal to physicists. It tends to be shown to lighten the mood at the beginning of difficult technical lectures about quantum interference and at the end of summary talks on modern developments in atomic physics, as a visual aid to ease the audience's transition 46

back to the real world. The picture has even been reprinted in a scholarly journal with a paper about the experimental investigation of wave-particle duality. Scientific audiences respond instantly to the uncanny precision with which Addams has unintentionally captured the dilemma of quantum theory: If atoms obey strange rules and we are made of atoms, why don't we follow the same rules?

increase scientific understanding

145. The word diverge in the passage is closest in meaning to

cross over disappear move apart deepen

146. What function does the skier on the right in the cartoon serve?

He illustrates the proper way to 144. What is the mystery referred to in the passage? ski around a tree. He makes it possible for the first skier to accomplish an unusual What triggers avalanches What atoms are composed of Why solid objects behave differently from the atoms they are composed of How cartoons operate to 47 feat. His presence symbolizes public support for scientific research. His reaction emphasizes the impossibility of the situation.

147. The word depicted in the passage is closest in meaning to

presented rejected laughed about evaluated

148. 150.

149. 151. Which of the following can be inferred from the reaction of physicists to the Addams cartoon? 48

complexity in quantum physics Physicists need an explanation in order to understand the cartoon. Physicists disagree with the cartoon's message. Physicists do not find the cartoon to be amusing. Physicists quickly understand the cartoon's connection to their field. 154. Which of the following can be inferred about the mystery discussed in the 152. The word precision in the passage is closest in meaning to Charles Addams solved it. delight purpose confusion accuracy It has not yet been solved. Physicists are no longer interested in solving it. The phenomenon involved in it does not really exist. 153. Why does the author discuss the Charles Addams cartoon? passage? Because it contributed to a breakthrough in quantum physics To point out changes in scientific knowledge that have occurred since 1940 To clarify the atomic structure of snow flakes

Because it illustrates a basic 49

feed the hunger of millions for music, books, plays, and pictures. The structure of all the projects was essentially the When the United States experienced a severe economic depression during the 1930's, painters, sculptors, and designers were given the opportunity to participate in a country-wide experiment known as the Federal Arts Projects (FAP). This program provided government funds to employ artists to participate in art projects all Americans could enjoy. The scale and purpose of the program were something new for the country. It brought together previously separate efforts to provide support for the arts. For more than a century such matters had been handled by ten different committees, officials, and departments, including the Civil Works Administration, and then by the Fine Arts Section of the Treasury Department. It was obvious by 1935 that no present plan could take care of the thousands of jobless writers, musicians, sculptors, painters, designers, photographers, and actors; and in the summer of that year the Federal Arts Projects of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) were established not only to give these people work and relief but, as one of the directors said, to 50 155. What is the passage mainly about? same: a general policy with regional direction and a local administration in each of the states. The growing concentration of the arts in a few cities was to be reversed in the hope that art would become the possession of the population of the entire country. The states were instructed to set up local projects. As a result, towns that had never heard music firsthand listened to orchestras. Plays were produced for people to whom actors had been shadows on a screen. The nation's decorative arts, those arts other than painting, sculpture, and architecture, were recorded in thousands of drawings by the Index of American Design. In hundreds of villages there were new post offices, schools, and small art galleries with murals, sculptures, and paintings. Talented children received art instruction, and men and women learned how to plan homes and to weave, spin, and carve their own furnishings.

Government restrictions on art Government support for the arts Government-sponsored schools to teach art The cost of government art projects

acceptable clear surprising unfortunate

158.

156.

159. A purpose of the Federal Arts Projects mentioned by the author 157. The word obvious in the passage is closest in meaning to sell American artwork abroad 51 in paragraph 1 was to

build a reputation for American artists bring foreign artists to the United States to teach Americans provide work for unemployed artists

explain how to restore antiques

162.

160. The word feed in the passage is closest in meaning to

satisfy understand discover survey

161. The purpose of the Index of American Design was to

163. According to information in paragraph 2, the Federal Arts Projects involved non-artists by

list the nation's interior decorators catalog the holdings of American museums document American decorative arts using them to paint buildings encouraging them to buy American art teaching them practical artistic skills 52

motivating them to perform in hometown dramatic productions

164. Which of the following is the main subject of paragraph 2 ?

The impact of the Federal Arts Projects on regional American life How the Federal Arts Projects were financed Famous artists who worked in Federal Arts Projects programs The policies of local Federal Arts Projects administrators

165.

53

which algae, barnacles, and other organisms can settle. Such organisms become part of a food web that includes not only animals that remain within the forest and the waters beneath it, but fish and birds that venture into other ecosystems at different times of their lives. For instance, juvenile red drum and gray snapper take advantage of the protection and food in the prop roots of red mangroves while they grow. These fish later move into sea-grass beds Mangrove forests grow along many of the world's tropical coastlines. Mangrove trees are terrestrial plants that have invaded salt water and created one of the most productive ecosystems on Earth. Growing where the water is warm, shallow, salty, and calm, mangrove trees flourish in fine-grained soils rich in nutrients. Because mangrove forests provide dense cover and ample food in a narrow area that bounds marine and terrestrial habitats, they attract a diverse community of birds and other animals. Leaf litter that accumulates on the forest floor is regularly submerged by salt water and colonized by bacteria and fungi. The roots of some species of mangrove form props to the trunks of the trees and create surfaces on or onto coral reefs as they mature. Other species of fish, such as jacks and barracuda, can move far up tidal streams during dry periods, feeding on the rich food produced by the forest. When they return to the waters over sea-grass beds and coral reefs, they take with them the nutrients that the forests have produced. The productivity of mangrove forests can benefit adjacent ecosystems in other ways. For instance, leaf litter that is swept from mangrove forests by tides or storms introduces additional sources of nutrients into sea-grass beds and reef areas. Taken together, through the abundance and diversity of fish and shellfish that they support, mangrove forests feed coastal people by the millions. In Fiji, as 54

one example, about half of the fish caught in commercial and traditional fisheries use mangrove forests at one or more critical stages in their lives. Furthermore, life for people in many parts of the world is supported directly by local mangrove forests, from which they harvest oysters, clams, mussels, crabs, and crocodiles, as well as wood for building materials and fuel. 168.

there are few people provide food and protection to both sea and land animals

166. What does the passage mainly discuss?

The habitat of fish Different types of forests A productive ecosystem Nutrients in the ocean

167. According to the passage, mangrove forests attract a variety of species because they

contain few predators are kept clean by ocean currents grow in remote areas where

169.

55

171.

170.

172. The red drum and gray snapper mentioned in paragraph 2 are 56

types of

moisture supplies

fish birds sea grass coral reefs

damage areas

175.

173. According to paragraph 3, what is the role of jacks and barracuda in the environment described in the passage?

They carry sea grass into mangrove forests. They spread nutrients to other ecosystems. They seek the protection of mangrove forests to breed. They discourage the growth of bacteria during dry periods.

174. The word sources in the passage is closest in meaning to

176. Why does the author mention Fiji in paragraph 4?

57

To illustrate the importance of mangrove forests in supporting human life To contrast commercial and traditional fisheries To demonstrate that mangrove forests contain both fish and shellfish To explain where fisheries obtain the fish that they sell internationally

ancestors, and because ideals of interior design considered massively framed portraits to be essential home furnishings, painting in the eighteenth century was a flourishing profession. Only the preeminent painters, however, managed to establish themselves for long in one place. Once a painter completed all the available customers' portraits, there was usually no further demand for the work. Most painters belonged to the large band of traveling artists, actors, and musicians who roamed the colonies. Usually they announced their arrival and period of stay in the local newspaper, telling where specimens of their work could be seen -- a coffeehouse, private residence, or the printer's office. Universally, painters advertised two selling

The demand for portrait painting gave steady employment to surprisingly many artists in colonial North America. The nature of the work gave them a crucial economic advantage over the engraver, composer, or writer. Prints, musical scores, novels, or plays could be imported cheaply; personal portraits could not. Because portrait painting served the purpose of commemoration in a society without other visual means of preserving the memory of its

points: cheap rates and a good likeness. Most offered to accept no payment if the person who sat for the portrait found the likeness unpleasing. The relative costliness of the work and the demand for it made painting in colonial America a competitive and prestigious profession, a possible source of economic independence and social advancement. Some painters obviously could not survive the considerable competition. Most became 58

neither rich nor destitute, but earned a comfortable living between painting and engaging in related work. Some painters also ran shops selling brushes, glass, turpentine, varnish, canvas, carved frames. Other painters offered lessons in drawing or music. Success depended not only on the painter's skill but also on the kind of painting offered. Landscape painting, for instance, did not serve the purposes for which most colonists bought paintings. For provincials anxious to mark their social level, declare their taste, display their recent material gains, and record their success for posterity, painting meant portrait painting.

services.

178. The word means in the passage is closest in meaning to

methods elements purposes problems

179. The word flourishing in the passage is closest in meaning to

177. Which of the following statements can be inferred about engravers, composers, and writers in the colonies?

persistent influential accomplished thriving

Their work was of poor quality. They could easily become rich. Their work was in great demand even though it was expensive. They competed with people abroad who provided similar

180. The word they in the passage refers to

portraits painters colonies 59

specimens

183. A painter would cancel the fee for a portrait when the customers

181. The passage supports which of the following statements about portrait painters? were unhappy with the painting were art students of the painter's Few portrait painters enjoyed giving lessons in drawing. The profession of portrait painting offered little prestige. Most portrait painters advertised low rates for their services. Most portrait painters were able to establish themselves in one location. 184. The author mentions brushes, glass, turpentine, varnish, canvas, and carved frames, in the passage as examples of items that sat for the portrait in the painter's own shop allowed the painter to display sample works in their homes

182. The word Universally in the passage is closest in meaning to

portrait painters gave to their customers as gifts had to be imported into the

on purpose as a result in exchange without exception

colonies varied greatly in price from city to city some painters sold to supplement their income 60

187. All of the following are reasons why portrait painters prospered 185. The word anxious in the passage is closest in meaning to There was little competition worthy eager fortunate obvious among portrait painters. Colonists felt that portraits were a symbol of high status in society. Portraits were considered 186. The author states that painting meant portrait painting to imply that important decorations for colonial homes. Portraits were the only way to colonists purchased various types of paintings most colonists engaged in some form of painting portrait painting was the most highly regarded form of painting the meaning of the word painting was confusing to many colonists Over many centuries Native American builders developed ways to keep the cold, rain, wind, and heat at bay. Traditional techniques for warming or cooling were sometimes part of the hidden engineering of a dwelling and often had little effect on its outward appearance. 61 preserve the likeness of a loved one. EXCEPT:

Dwellings were generally heated from centrally located hearths, or separate family fires in large structures. The smaller and more subterranean the building, the easier it was to heat. Nevertheless, in chilly climates, dwellings often were built at ground level. Partitions of hanging mats broke up drafts in large structures, and split-plank, earthen, adobe, or snow-block windbreaks frequently were built against doorways. A wide range of insulating methods was devised. The earth surrounding houses below ground level retained heat and was an effective barrier against the chill of the wind. Southwestern dwellings, called pueblos, built above ground level, used the same heat-retention principle. Their thick adobe walls soaked up heat from the sun during the day, and at night radiated warmth into the rooms. Many groups employed double-shelled walls for insulation. In the northern Plains, tents made of animal skins had an inner liner that created an insulating air pocket. When temperatures dropped, this space could be filled with dry grass, and snow could be piled around the outside. In the Aleutian Islands, the native people built double walls of planks, stuffing moss or grass

in between for insulation and stacking sod against the outside walls and roof. Relief from the heat was also important. Nearly every where, Native American encampments included arbors. For example, in the Southwest they were simple post-and-beam structures, shaded with leafy boughs, split cactus trunks, or cornstalks. In the southern Plains, the Kiowa and Wichita devised large bowed frames that they thatched with willow boughs to within a few feet of the ground. In scorching weather they frequently splashed the cover with water; evaporation lowered the shaded area's temperature by ten degrees or more. In the Southeast, where humidity as well as heat was a problem, houses needed as much airflow as possible. The Seminole of the Florida swamps achieved this by constructing thatch-roofed, opensided buildings with deep eaves and raised floors so that air circulated above and below. The raised floor also protected the occupants from the fluctuating groundwater, from insects, and from snakes.

188. The passage focuses on which of the following aspects of Native 62

American building?

It could be heated easily. It was inexpensive to build.

Materials used for construction Heating and cooling techniques The effect of engineering techniques on the appearance of a building Protection from groundwater, insects, and snakes equaled absorbed renewed resembled 189. The phrase at bay in the passage is closest in meaning to 191. The phrase soaked up in the passage is closest in meaning to

in balance on purpose under control by coincidence 192. It can be inferred that which of the following was done to tents in the northern Plains during warm weather? 190. Which of the following is mentioned as an advantage of a dwelling built below ground level? The grass was removed from the space between the animal skins and the liner. It stayed dry. It looked attractive. The animal skins were replaced with new ones. 63

The earthen floors were renewed. The airflow through the roof was reduced.

variable relatively humid exceedingly hot

196. Which of the following is mentioned 193. The purpose of an arbor was to as a building technique used by groups that lived in humid areas? provide shade grow food resist wind support beams Subterranean construction Earthen floors Thick walls Deep eaves 194. The word split in the passage is closest in meaning to 197. In which of the following areas did Native Americans fill double walls divided beneficial plentiful wet The Southwest The Aleutian Islands The southern Plains 195. The word scorching in the passage is closest in meaning to Florida with insulating material?

typical 64

Diffusion, the process of introducing cultural elements from one society into another, occurs in three basic patterns: direct contact, intermediate contact, and stimulus diffusion. In direct contact, elements of a society's culture may be adopted first by neighboring societies and then gradually spread farther afield. The spread of the manufacture of paper is an example of extensive diffusion by direct contact. The invention of paper is 198. The author organizes the discussion of Native American building techniques in terms of attributed to the Chinese Ts'ai Lun in A.D. 105. Within fifty years, paper was being made in many places in central China. By 264 it was found in Chinese Turkmenistan, and from then on the successive the order of their development from ancient to modern times a comparison of their effectiveness in large and small buildings a comparison of traditional and modern techniques the differences caused by regional climate conditions places of manufacture were Samarkand (751), Baghdad (793), Egypt (about 900), Morocco (about 1100), and France (1189). In general, the pattern of accepting the borrowed invention was the same everywhere. Paper was first imported into each area as a luxury, then in ever-expanding quantities as a staple product. Finally, usually within one to three centuries, local manufacture started. Diffusion by intermediate contact occurs through the agency of third parties. Frequently, traders carry a cultural trait from the society that 65

originated it to another group. As an example of diffusion through intermediaries, Phoenician traders spread the alphabet, which may have been invented by another Semitic group, to Greece. At times, soldiers serve as intermediaries in spreading a culture trait. During the Middle Ages, European soldiers acted as intermediaries in two ways: they carried European culture to Arab societies of North Africa and brought Arab culture back to Europe. In the nineteenth century Western missionaries brought Western-style clothing to such places as Africa and the Pacific Islands. In stimulus diffusion, knowledge of a trait belonging to another culture stimulates the invention or development of a local equivalent. A classic example of stimulus diffusion is the creation of the Cherokee syllabic writing system by a Native American named Sequoya. Sequoya got the idea from his contact with the English; yet he did not adopt the writing system nor did he even learn to write English. He utilized some English alphabetic symbols, altered others, and invented new ones. All the symbols he used represented Cherokee syllables and had a distinctly Cherokee form. 66 201. The word successive in the passage is closest in meaning to credited presented promised limited 200. The word attributed in the passage is closest in meaning to cultures retain their unique characteristics cultural elements transfer from one culture to another paper came into general use economies grew through trade and manufacturing 199.The passage mainly discusses how

specialized principal prosperous subsequent causes 202. The word it in the passage refers to restricts requires diffusion contact trait society 205. In stating that the Cherokee writing system is a classic example, the author means that this example is 203. According to the passage, a change that occurred in Africa and the Pacific Islands as a result of the arrival of missionaries was representative understandable difficult an increase in the presence of soldiers variation in local style of dressing the manufacture of paper the introduction of new alphabetical systems Adopt the English writing system 67 206. What did Sequoya do? old especially simplifies 204. The word stimulates in the passage is closest in meaning to

for use in Cherokee Study English intensively in order to learn to write it Teach English to Cherokee Native Americans Create a Cherokee writing system based on elements of the English alphabet They all cause changes in cultures. They all occur in more than one 207. The origins of the Greek and Cherokee writing systems were discussed in the passage because both systems culture. They all involve the interaction of cultures. They all require the trading of manufactured products. underwent identical patterns of development in different parts of the world influenced the development of alphabets of other languages represented distinct ways in which elements could be introduced into a culture were introduced by religious missionaries establishing a historical chronology from the past through the present illustrating specific categories with examples identifying important geographic 68 209. The author organized the discussion in the passage by 208. Which of the following statements about direct contact, intermediate contact, and stimulus diffusion is NOT true?

regions ranking categories from most to least significant

Clockmakers, working in small shops, produced small numbers of timepieces; their clocks were works of art. They were expensive, usually more than fifty dollars without a case. Like many products of craft shops, clocks were often the work of more than one set of hands. American clockmakers bought parts from one another, and imported parts and sometimes whole mechanisms from Europe to take advantage of the benefits of the division of labor. The cost and scarcity of brass encouraged the production of clocks with wood mechanisms. By 1800 wood clocks accounted for the majority of American clock production. Many of the same techniques used in making brass clocks were modified and used for producing wood clocks. Their gears were cut on

Clocks were made in the United States long before entrepreneurs began to produce them in large numbers in factories. From the early eighteenth century, skilled craftspeople, many of them immigrants from England, made tall clocks with long cases. Clockmakers used many tools, among them hand-powered wheelcutting engines to cut gear wheels from imported cast brass. Cabinetmakers applied their skill to clock cases.

hand engines; their parts turned on foot-powered lathes. Their form, too, imitated brass clocks; most were long-case clocks. Clocks with wooden gears cost less than half the price of clocks with brass gears. Like their brass counterparts, these wooden clocks were made one at a time, by hand. Making clocks this way was a slow process. Daniel Burnap, one of the best-known makers, produced an average of only four clock mechanisms per year from 1787 69

to 1805. In the eighteenth century, timepieces were expensive and few in number. One historian has calculated that there were about 42,500 clocks in the United States in 1800, and about 64,000 watches. Approximately one American adult in fifty had a clock, one in thirty-two a watch. The vast majority of the population depended on other means of telling the time. City dwellers could rely on public time: tower clocks, church bells, and town criers. In the countryside, sundials and noon marks were common.

materials used in clockmaking

211. The word them in the passage refers to

tall clocks clockmakers tools engines

212. In stating that clocks were often the work of more than one set of hands the author means that

210. What is the passage mainly about? a variety of tools were needed The contributions of clockmakers to the economic development of North America The history of the clockmaking industry in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries The artistic value of clocks made in North America Factors that influenced the 213. The word scarcity in the passage 70 to make clocks most clockmakers worked in factories each clock was produced by several workers many clockmakers developed unusual techniques

is closest in meaning to

Wood mechanisms were less expensive to produce.

complexity attractiveness familiarity shortage

It was possible to make several wood mechanisms at one time.

216. According to the passage, wood and brass clocks were similar in their

214. The word encouraged in the passage is closest in meaning to appearance value improved guaranteed promoted completed 217. Daniel Burnap is mentioned in the passage to 215. Why were clocks with wood mechanisms produced in greater numbers than clocks with brass movements? illustrate how rapidly the clock industry grew in North America describe an original technique of clockmaking Wood mechanisms allowed for greater variety of design. Wood mechanisms combined size with precision. describe the variety in quality of clocks made during the late eighteenth century illustrate how long it took to make 71 durability popularity

clocks at the time

public.

220. What can be inferred from the 218. The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to passage about clock factories in North America?

interested accepted great simple

They produced more expensive clocks than those made by hand. They did not produce any tall clocks.

219. Why were tower clocks, church bells, and town criers needed?

They used imported clock cases for the clocks they made.

People who lived in the country found them more reliable than wooden clocks. They made it possible for everyone in the city to know the time. Most people used them to set the time on their watches. They were used to introduce the work of clockmakers to the

They did not exist until after the early nineteenth century.

Of all the musical riches that exist in our lives, the orchestra affords us the most varied source of genuine listening pleasure. Countless communities look upon their local orchestras, whether small or large, as their most treasured cultural possessions. Many of the larger orchestral ensembles maintain 72

fairly extensive travel schedules that bring them to towns and cities without a regular orchestra of their own. In addition, the great orchestras of the world can now reach even the most remote areas due to a profusion of recorded performances, as well as through radio and television broadcasts. An enormous repertoire is available for anyone who cares to listen. Works in this repertoire range from early orchestral literature for smaller orchestras to grand creations written for the full orchestra by major composers, from the giant orchestral masterpieces to the avant-garde complexities of modern times. Without a doubt, the orchestra has become the most important vehicle for the transmission of musical thought. The musicians within the orchestra's ranks enrich their community immeasurably by ensuring that new generations of musicians, or simply music lovers, are given the kind of superior instruction that only an actively engaged, practicing musician can impart. In Europe, orchestras usually enjoy either direct or indirect government support. In the United States --- where there are today close to one thousand orchestras of all sizes and of varying importance ---

it is more a matter of civic consciousness and pride for the people of local communities to take on the responsibility of supporting their orchestras, thereby getting personally involved in individual as well as group efforts in behalf of music. However, these private contributions rarely keep an orchestra out of debt, and some public funds are used in the United States to support orchestras. For example, the National Endowment for the Arts, an independent federal agency, distributes a portion of its funds to orchestra societies. Both in a musical and sociological sense, the orchestra today occupies a central position in our cultural life. A look at the evolution of the orchestra not only provides us with invaluable insight into the development of music but also affords us a capsule history of the patronage of the arts.

221.What does the passage mainly discuss?

The history of the orchestra The need for increased funding of orchestras 73

The cultural role of the orchestra Various kinds of orchestral music

far away culturally independent musically diverse

222. The word affords in the passage is closest in meaning to

225. The word available in the passage is closest in meaning to

provides purchases originates requires

obtainable necessary inexpensive acceptable

223. The word them in the passage refers to

riches ensembles schedules towns and cities

226. The word vehicle in the passage is closest in meaning to

machine goal

224. The word remote in the passage is closest in meaning to

idea means

newly constructed

227. The author mentions European and 74

American orchestras in paragraph 3 in order to compare their

highly useful historical

different sizes type of financing musical styles popularity

230. The passage mentions all of the following methods used by orchestra members to encourage music appreciation EXCEPT

228. It can be inferred from the passage that the purpose of the National Endowment for the Arts is to

touring teaching writing new pieces of music recording performances

promote artistic activity schedule performances for government functions license orchestras to play in the United States hire musicians types of people who attend orchestra performances today 229. The word invaluable in the passage is closest in meaning to training necessary to become an orchestra musician factors that have shaped the peculiar detailed modern orchestra different instrumental sections 75 231. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses the

of the orchestra

along cracks, joints, fault planes, and fissures. This water actually constitutes a weak form of carbonic acid and slowly dissolves the limestone. Gradually this dissolving action enlarges the cracks, joints, and crevices into passageways, rooms, or huge halls. These barren, dissolved areas are called solution channels. The rate of erosion for a cave is relative, depending on the amount of water involved, the

In essence, the formation of a limestone cave is not particularly complicated, but it may take millions of years to first produce the basic cavity and then to decorate it with cavern formations. Caves can be said to have 3 growth phases: excavation, decoration, and dormancy. Beds, or strata, of limestone or marble (metamorphosed limestone) are commonly faulted, cracked, and fractured by movements of the Earth's surface and certain parts of a strata may be much softer than others. It is along these planes of weakness that caverns develop. Water excavates or hollows out the caverns. Rain, snowmelt, and other groundwaters containing carbon dioxide seep or flow downward

length of time, the rate of flow, and the resistance of the particular limestone. Some caves have apparently been created by an underground stream or river flowing along the line of least resistance deep in the Earth. After solution channels have been excavated, rooms may fill up with very slow moving water. This water acts on the walls of the room, gradually expanding the chamber by dissolving the walls and causing the ceiling to collapse. The ceiling rubble is then attacked by the water, which in turn dissolves it and carries it away. This is somewhat of an oversimplification, but gigantic rooms, such as those in Carlsbad Caverns in the western United States, have been created by this process. Eventually the prime dissolving waters leave 76

the caverns. This may be due to geological uplift of the region, causing the water to drain away, or perhaps the original source is diminished, terminated, or diverted. Then air fills the chambers---most accessible caverns have an abundance of fresh air in them. Air and water are essential to the second phase of cavern development, decoration.

over time

234. The word constitutes in the passage is closest in meaning to

finds out consists of

232. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

causes prevents

How limestone caves develop Dating limestone caves Dangers associated with limestone caves Effects of climate on limestone caves

235. The word Gradually in the passage is closest in meaning to

powerfully as a result little by little predictably

233. The phrase In essence in the passage is closest in meaning to 236. All of the following are mentioned as factors in the rate of erosion in in the meantime basically significantly age of the limestone 77 a cave EXCEPT the

strength of the limestone amount of water present speed at which groundwater moves They are now filled with water. 237. They were only recently discovered. They contain unusually large chambers. They were formed more quickly than the average limestone cave. 238. Which of the following is true of the caves found at Carlsbad Caverns?

239. The word diminished in the passage is closest in meaning to

polluted replaced reduced endangered

240. Which of the following is primarily responsible for cave excavation?

78

Limestone Water Heat Air

passage?

The rate of erosion for a cave is relative, depending on the amount of water involved, the length of time, the rate of flow, and the resistance of

241. The passage probably continues with a discussion of

the particular limestone. Some caves have apparently been created by an underground stream or river flowing along the line of least resistance deep in the

erosion in caves the decoration phase of cave development the geology of regions where caves are found Carlsbad Caverns

Earth. After solution channels have been excavated, rooms may fill up with very slow moving water. This water acts on the walls of the room, gradually expanding the chamber by dissolving the walls and causing the ceiling to collapse. The ceiling rubble is then attacked by the water, which in turn dissolves it and carries it away. This is somewhat of an

242. The following sentence can be added to paragraph 4.

oversimplification, but gigantic rooms, such as those in Carlsbad Caverns in the western United States, have been created by this process.

Others may have been formed just below the water table where the ground is saturated with water. There are several problems in accurately determining what bald eagles eat. The best approach is to observe the eagles and identify the prey they Where would it best fit in the capture, but this is often difficult. Most studies use 79

an indirect method for determining dietary habits. The eagle's diet can be reconstructed either by examining food remains at the nest and feeding perches or by analyzing regurgitated pellets, which contain the undigested portions of the food. Pellet analysis is, however, a poor research technique because fish remains are either totally absent from or underrepresented in pellets, since fish are more easily digested than other foods. The vast diversity of prey that eagles exploit is exemplified by the variety of prey remains found at their nests or under their feeding perches. Also, eagles will feed on prey of any size. Bald eagles are known to eat small rodents, but they also dine on beached whales. Their food habits can change daily or seasonally and from one location to next, and their varied foraging tactics mean that their diet will also be diverse. When eagles steal prey from other predators, for example, they exploit a whole new range of food sources. Perhaps the only restriction the eagle faces is in the location in which it seeks prey. Eagles require large, open expanses of water or land for foraging and feeding. Bald eagles feed primarily on fish, birds,

and mammals. Using information from 20 studies of nesting eagles in North America, an overall average diet can be calculated: 56 percent fish, 28 percent birds, 14 percent mammals, and 2 percent miscellaneous sources. In other words, nesting eagles eat twice as many birds as mammals, but twice as many fish as birds. When a choice is available, bald eagles invariably select fish over other prey. Preference tests, in which fish, bird, and mammal carrion were placed at feeding areas or provided to captive birds, showed that fish were chosen most often, followed by birds, then mammals. Although fish may be preferred, prior experience can greatly influence a bird's choice. An eagle that has been eating a particular item will likely continue foraging for it as long as it remains available.

243. What aspect of bald eagles does the passage mainly discuss?

Diet Nesting behavior Habitat 80

Hunting skill

the eagle is increased.

244. Why is a pellet analysis a poor research technique?

The pellets are difficult to locate. The proportion of fish remains is too low. Small rodents eat some of the pellets. The partially digested remains are too damaged to analyze. 246. According to the passage, all of the following factors affect an eagle's choice of food EXCEPT

245. According to the passage, what is one effect of an eagle stealing prey from other predators?

the season of the year the size of the prey what it has been eating recently its normal preferences

It reduces the time required for hunting. The eagle is able to hunt close to its nest. Other predators are driven away. The variety of food available to Fish Rodents 81 247. Given a selection, which of the following would an eagle probably eat first?

Insects Birds

concentrations studies

248. The word diversity in the passage is closest in meaning to

251. The word prior in the passage is closest in meaning to

variety volume region necessity

significant noticeable past normal

249. The word next in the passage refers to

252. The word it in the passage refers to

fish habits location tactics diet 253. According to the passage, the direct 250. The word expanses in the passage is closest in meaning to method of determining what bald eagles eat is to experience eagle item

areas seasons

conduct preference tests monitor prey populations 82

observe eagles foraging in the wild examine food remains at nests

United States industrial technology was in part copied from Europe, especially England, and was in part an outgrowth of the efforts of American inventors, skilled mechanics, and entrepreneurs. Manufacturers found an impelling incentive for

In a sense, the Industrial Revolution, in the United States as in Europe, was merely an acceleration of technological changes that had no clear beginning. It involved the development and increasing use of power-driven machines in industrial production, the location of those machines in factories that tended to grow in size and complexity, and, with the decline of transportation costs, the distribution of products in ever widening mass markets. As the domestic market expanded, manufacturing enterprises became increasingly specialized. The early textile mills, for example, marketed their own products and constructed their own machinery; but eventually they concentrated on spinning and weaving, selling their products to wholesalers and buying their machinery from independent machine shops. The essential features of the Industrial Revolution, then, were mechanization, specialization, and a trend from local to regional and national distribution.

mechanization in the relative scarcity and high cost of domestic labor. The high cost of labor was the direct result of the high productivity of American agriculture, which forced industry to pay wages comparable to what could be earned on the land. Another incentive was the presence of cheap waterpower to which machinery could easily be harnessed. Moreover, optimistic American entrepreneurs, anticipating continued technological advances, usually built cheaper machines that wore out quickly, thus making it relatively inexpensive to retool, that is, adapt machines for different uses. In the United States, such conditions provided many inducements for mechanical innovation. In addition, the relative youth of the society meant that there were few established political and social structures that would be likely to impede technological change.

254. What does the passage mainly 83

discuss?

the Industrial Revolution acceleration

Similarities between the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States The complexity of new factories in the United States The effects of industrialization on society in the United States Features of the Industrial Revolution in the United States

beginning

257. Which of the following is mentioned as a reason for the expansion of markets?

The availability of natural resources Highly effective salespeople Inexpensive transportation

255. The word acceleration in the passage is closest in meaning to

The location of factories

258. The author mentions textile mills in crossing over speeding up acceptance construction size of factories power of newly developed machines cost of textile manufacturing 256. The word It in the passage refers to growing specialization in industry the passage in order to focus on the

sense

259. The word essential in the passage 84

is closest in meaning to

description result

unusual precise individual fundamental explanation 260. All of the following are mentioned as being features of the Industrial Revolution EXCEPT motive request activity 262. The word incentive in the passage is closest in meaning to

a decrease in the cost of labor an increase in regional distribution of goods more use of machines in factories the specialization of work in factories obstruct 261. The word outgrowth in the passage is closest in meaning to precede measure connect cause assumption 264. All of the following contributed to the 85 263. The word impede in the passage is closest in meaning to

industrialization of the United States economy EXCEPT

been used to convert liquid water to a gas goes instead to increase the surface temperature further. At night, although both city and countryside cool

the availability of water as a source of power new inventions the ability to change industrial machinery without great expense traditional social and political structures

through radiation losses, the stonelike surface of the city gradually releases the additional heat accumulated during the day, keeping the urban air warmer than that of the outlying areas. Part of the urban temperature rise must also be attributed to waste heat from such sources as home heating and air conditioning, power generation, industry, and transportation. Many studies have shown that the magnitude of human-made energy in metropolitan areas is equal to a significant percentage

The radical change in the land's surface that results when rural areas are transformed into cities is a significant cause of the rise in temperature in cities that is known as urban heat island. First, the tall buildings and the concrete and asphalt of the city absorb and store greater quantities of solar radiation than do the vegetation and soil typical of rural areas. In addition, because the concrete and asphalt are impermeable, the runoff of water following a rain is rapid, resulting in a severe reduction in the evaporation rate. So heat that once would have

of the energy received from the Sun at the surface. Investigations in Sheffield, England, and Berlin showed that the annual heat production in these cities was equal to approximately one-third of that received from solar radiation. Another study of the densely built-up Manhattan section of New York City revealed that during the winter the quantity of heat produced from combustion alone was two and one-half times greater than the amount of solar energy reaching the ground. In summer the figure dropped to one-sixth. It is interesting to note that during the summer there is 86

a mutual reinforcement between the higher nighttime temperatures of the city and the human-made heat that helped create them. That is, the higher temperatures result in the increased use of air conditioners, which, in turn, use energy and further increase the amount of urban heat. During the winter the nighttime warmth of urban areas, produced in large part by heavy energy consumption, is beneficial because less energy is needed to heat buildings. 267. The word severe in the passage is closest in meaning to 265. What does the passage mainly discuss? necessary natural The loss of farmland to urban development The causes of increased heat in cities Waste heat generated by home heating and air conditioning How seasonal change affects the temperature of cities reverse transform reduce 266. All of the following contribute to the urban heat island effect EXCEPT 87 compare 268. The word convert in the passage is closest in meaning to simple large absorption of heat from the Sun storage of heat from the Sun an increased rate of evaporation after a rainfall the release of heat at night from city surfaces

269. The word that in the passage refers to

city heat day air

272. The author mentions Manhattan in order to demonstrate that

heat in urban areas can be reduced

270. In which of the following locations would the rate of evaporation probably be highest?

the conclusions of the investigation in Sheffield were wrong its heat production is smaller

A rural area A small town A medium-sized city A big city

than that of Berlin human-made heat can exceed the solar energy that reaches the ground in winter

271. The word magnitude in the passage is closest in meaning to

273. According to the passage, an important consequence of the use of air conditioners at night is

calculation comprehension extent formation greater energy costs higher levels of urban heat serious problems with the 88

energy supply less need for air conditioning in the morning

solar energy.

274. The word beneficial in the passage is closest in meaning to

predictable powerful hazardous advantageous

275. Which of the following is true about cities at night in the winter?

Solar energy has an increased impact on the urban heat island. They tend to be colder than rural areas. Less energy is required to heat buildings. Human-made energy creates a larger area of total heat than The development of advanced radio 89 Test 2 1~275

telescopes has allowed astronomers to attempt to answer a question that has long intrigued scientists, philosophers, and laypersons alike: Do other forms of intelligent life exist elsewhere in the universe? Although the legends of many ancient cultures hold that divine beings created the heavens and controlled such cosmic events as eclipses, the idea that other planets harbor life similar in development and intelligence to our own did not become popular until the nineteenth century, when a few scientists considered ways in which earthlings might contact other beings. One plan envisioned the building of huge canals in the desert in the shape of easily recognizable geometric symbols; when filled with gasoline and ignited, the canals would signal the presence of life on Earth to neighboring worlds. Since then, many astronomers have become seriously interested in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, or SETI. They assume that alien beings elsewhere in the galaxy will probably try to contact earthlings, using flashes of light to carry their messages. In 1960 one astronomer performed one of the first serious searches for extraterrestrial life, called Project Ozma. The astronomer turned

a sensitive radio telescope in the direction of nearby stars Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani but found no transmissions that might be beacons from extraterrestrial civilizations. Since Project Ozma, about four dozen other searches have been conducted. No one has yet received an unambiguous signal from an extraterrestrial civilization, and numerous false alarms have been caused by interference from radio-wave sources here on Earth. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA, has also been involved in SETI and sought funding from the United States Congress to build a complete receiver and to undertake a ten-year search program. One half of this search plan calls for using radio telescopes in its Deep-Space Network to repeatedly scan the entire sky. The other half involves using its 1,000-foot telescope to listen to nearby stars similar to the Sun that may have Earthlike planets orbiting around them. Although scientists realize their survey will be far from complete, they believe the search must begin with small efforts. Said one scientist: We're new at this business, and when you walk into a dark, unfamiliar 90

forest, you should probably listen before you shout.

of the following ideas first became popular in the nineteenth century?

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? Divine beings created the heavens. Planets harboring extraterrestrial life Types of extraterrestrial civilizations Developments in NASA's Deep-Space Network The search for extraterrestrial intelligence 4. According to the passage, astronomers have assumed that intelligent life-forms will try to contact 2. The word envisioned in the passage is closest in meaning to sending spaceships to Earth interfered with conceived of authorized facilitated igniting geometrically shaped canals sounding loud alarms transmitting flashes of light earthlings by Building canals could make desert regions habitable. Intelligent life might inhabit other planets. Eclipses were caused by alien beings.

3. According to the passage, which

5. The word scan in the passage is 91

closest in meaning to

plans to direct its 1,000-foot telescope toward

measure photograph map examine stars near the Earth distant galaxies planets in our solar system the Sun 6. The word them in the passage refers to 9. telescopes planets stars scientists

7. The word orbiting in the passage is closest in meaning to

glowing developing exploding revolving

8. According to the passage, NASA 92

10. In the passage, walking into a dark, unfamiliar forest is being compared to studying Some people believe that mathematics is a difficult, dull subject that is to be pursued only in a clear-cut, logical fashion. This belief is the Universe the Earth's desert regions ancient civilizations human intelligence perpetuated because of the way mathematics is presented in many textbooks. Often mathematics is reduced to a series of definitions, methods to solve various types of problems, and theorems. Theorems are statements whose truth can be 11. Paragraph 3 answers which of the following questions? established by means of deductive reasoning and proofs. This is not to minimize the importance of proof in mathematics, for it is the very thing that How might a search for extraterrestrial life be conducted? When will extraterrestrial life probably be discovered? Why should a search for extraterrestrial life be implemented? On which planets will extraterrestrial life most likely be found? gives mathematics its strength. But the power of the imagination is every bit as important as the power of deductive reasoning. The long history in the development of a concept or any of the unproductive approaches that were taken by early mathematicians is not always addressed in mathematics courses. The fact is that the mathematician seeks out relationships in simple cases, looks for patterns, and only then tries to generalize. It is often much later that the generalization is proved and finds its way into an 93

actual textbook. One way we can learn much about mathematics and in the meantime find enjoyment in the process is by studying numerical relationships that exhibit unusual patterns. For example, children may find it easier to learn their multiplication tables by exploring the patterns that the numbers display. Even complicated arithmetic problems can sometimes be solved by using patterns. Given a difficult problem, a mathematician will often try to solve a simpler, but similar, problem. This type of reasoning---first observing patterns and then predicting answers in complicated problems ---is an example of inductive reasoning. It involves reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general statement that may be true. The more individual occurrences that are observed, the better able we are to make a correct generalization. For instance, we can predict the exact time of sunrise and sunset each day. This is an example of inductive reasoning since the prediction is based on a large number of observed cases. Thus there is a very high probability that the prediction will be successful.

12. What is the main idea of the passage?

Inductive reasoning should be included in the study of math. Mathematics can be studied only in a logical manner. Proving theorems should be the central focus of mathematics. Mathematics courses should concentrate on deductive reasoning.

13. By stating Often mathematics is reduced to a series of definitions, the author implies that

mathematics includes more than definitions definitions are rarely studied in mathematics mathematics is best studied by focusing on definitions mathematics is too difficult for 94

most people to understand

situations methods

14. The word power in the passage is closest in meaning to

arguments properties

origin strength quality appropriateness

17. According to the author, using inductive reasoning can make learning mathematics more

technical 15. The author believes that many mathematics textbooks underestimate the importance of enjoyable uniform abstract

imagination logic multiplication formulas

18. The word exhibit in the passage is closest in meaning to

record show determine limit

16. The word cases in the passage is closest in meaning to 19. The word unusual in the passage is closest in meaning to 95

generalizations may be stated indirect unnecessary uncommon inexact 22. The word Thus in the passage is closest in meaning to in mathematical language

20. Which of the following is the first step in an inductive reasoning process?

however prior to although

Generalization Prediction Definition Observation

consequently

21. Why does the author mention sunrise and sunset in paragraph 3 ? Much of our knowledge of the earliest hunters and gatherers is found by excavating abandoned living To describe how difficult it is to make generalizations To demonstrate that probability is unrelated to mathematics To give an example of a prediction based on a pattern To explain that scientific sites. These groups of people favored lakeside camps or convenient rock overhangs for protection from predators and the weather, for availability of abundant water, and for access to herds of game and vegetable foods. Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania is renowned for its prehistoric sites, which include small lakeside locations used by early humans for a few 96

days or weeks before they moved on in their constant search for game, vegetable foods, and fish. Fortunately for archaeologists, the early hunters and gatherers abandoned food bones and tools where they dropped them. In Olduvai, the gently rising waters of a prehistoric lake slowly covered the bone caches and preserved them for posterity, with the tools lying where they had fallen. Other ancient people lived by the banks of large rivers. Their tools are found in profusion in the gravel of riverbeds that were subsequently jumbled and re-sorted by floodwater, leaving a confused mass of artifacts, rather than undisturbed floors of former dwellings for archaeologists to uncover. Caves that were occupied more than half a million years ago were reoccupied again and again as people returned to the locations they preferred. Many natural caves and rock shelters contain deep deposits of artifacts, called occupation layers, that can be removed by meticulous excavation with a dental pick, trowel, and brush. The sequence of occupation layers can be uncovered almost undisturbed from the day of abandonment. In contrast to the archaeological evidence left

by hunters and gatherers, sites left by farmers were generally larger because farmers were tied to their herds and gardens and moved less often. Higher population densities and more lasting settlements left more conspicuous archaeological sites from later millennia of human history. In many areas, farming sites were occupied time after time over several thousand years, forming deep mounds of refuse, house foundations, and other debris from human habitation. These sites, known as tells, require large excavations and extensive earthmoving if anything is to be understood about how towns and settlements were laid out.

23. With which of the following is the passage mainly concerned?

Methods used by archaeologists to excavate occupation layers. Why the study of ancient towns is more complex than the study of caves. How the way of life of ancient farmers differed from that of 97

hunters and gatherers. The information provided about prehistoric people by the examination of abandoned living sites.

from predators and the weather, for availability of abundant water, and for access to herds of game and vegetable foods. Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania is renowned for its prehistoric sites, which include small lakeside locations used by early humans for a few days or weeks before they moved on in their constant search for game, vegetable foods, and fish.

26. Look at the word they in the 24. The earliest hunters and gatherers looked for living sites that had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania is plentiful food land suitable for growing crops a protected living space access to water renowned for its prehistoric sites, which include small lakeside locations used by early humans for a few days or weeks before they moved on in their constant search for game, vegetable foods, and fish. passage. Click on the word in the bold text that this word refers to.

25. Look at the word sites in the passage. Click on the word in the bold text that is similar in meaning.

27. The word constant in the passage is closest in meaning to

continued These groups of people favored lakeside camps or convenient rock overhangs for protection careful successful 98

difficult

have been changed dramatically by the forces of nature

28. It can be inferred from the passage that Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania differs from other prehistoric sites because it has 30. Look at the word jumbled in the passage. Click on the word in the bold text that is similar in meaning.

undisturbed deposits of artifacts an abundance of predators no evidence of human habitation access to lake water

Fortunately for archaeologists, the early hunters and gatherers abandoned food bones and tools where they dropped them. In Olduvai, the gently rising waters of a prehistoric lake slowly covered the bone caches and preserved them for posterity, with the

29. It is significant that food bones and tools in Olduvai were abandoned where they were dropped because they

tools lying where they had fallen. Other ancient people lived by the banks of large rivers. Their tools are found in profusion in the gravel of riverbeds that were subsequently jumbled and re-sorted by floodwater, leaving a confused mass of artifacts,

provide accurate information about the people who used them have been preserved and sold to collectors of artifacts are buried under huge quantities of earth

rather than undisturbed floors of former dwellings for archaeologists to uncover.

31. The word sequence in the passage is closest in meaning to

variation 99

succession technique situation

Caches Trowel Millennia Tells

32. The passage supports all of the following statements about archaeological sites in caves EXCEPT: The age at which a female cetacean, an order of marine mammals such as whales, becomes capable of bearing young varies greatly. It appears The layers of deposits were left by groups of people from different historical periods. Floor deposits in caves can provide accurate information about the former occupants. Caves yield few artifacts because few people lived in them. Excavations of caves must be done with great care. that female humpback whales attain sexual maturity when they are between four and five years old, while a female gray whale is older, probably between eight and twelve years. The majority of female baleen whales mate between their fourth and tenth years. Many of the odontocetes (toothed whales), on the other hand, take longer to attain sexual maturity. A sperm female will mate between the ages of seven and twelve, female killer whales between eight and ten, false killers may wait as long as fourteen years, and bottlenose dolphin females are around twelve years of age when they give birth for the first time. 33. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage? Gestation periods range from around ten to thirteen months in the baleen whales. Many odontocetes also have gestation periods of around 100

one year, but some, such as the sperm, pilot, and killer whales, have unusually long pregnancies, lasting up to sixteen months or more. In the wild, the nuances of cetacean pregnancy and birth are rarely seen by human observers. Perhaps because of a tendency to give birth under the cover of darkness, the actual birth is still shrouded in mystery. Researchers may watch in fascination as a female's pregnancy progresses and then one day a substantially slimmed-down mother simply reappears with a newborn calf in tow. Surprisingly, the best observations of birth in the wild are of large cetaceans such as sperm and gray whales. Witness the arrival of a particular infant gray into world: for more than a minute, the solitary female gray whale is vertical in the water, her head down, flukes held stiffly six feet above the surface. She lowers her flukes, then raises them again to a height of three feet, then rotates. As she lowers her flukes again to a horizontal position, the calf's snout protrudes from her belly. Two other females with young calves pass within one hundred fifty feet of her but venture no closer. The calf submerges as its mother returns to her vertical position but reappears

as the mother rests belly-up, just under the surface. Now halfway out, the newborn wobbles as the mother again sinks beneath the surface. Within thirty seconds the calf pops up to the surface, separate from its mother for the first time. Thirty seconds after the calf's arrival, and ten minutes after her labors are first detected, the gray whale surfaces and takes a breath.

34. Which of the following aspects of whales does the passage mainly discuss?

Hunting and feeding habits Tracking migration patterns Pregnancy and birth Methods of observing whale behavior

35. The word attain in the passage is closest in meaning to

declare reach combine 101

observe

38. According to the passage, which of the following whales typically has the

36. The phrase on the other hand in the passage is closest in meaning to

shortest gestation period?

Sperm as a result furthermore therefore however 39. The word some in the passage refers to Baleen Pilot Killer

odontocetes gestation periods pregnancies 37. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the author organizes the discussion of female whales by their 40. Paragraph 5 is mainly a description of the size and weight age of sexual maturity coloration swimming ability birth of a gray whale swimming ability of a newborn gray whale anatomy of female gray whales 102 months

natural habitat of gray whales

rests surfaces

41. According to the passage, a gray whale holds which of the following parts of its body several feet above the surface of the water while giving birth?

turns watches

Back Head Belly Flukes 44. Which of the following statements about whales is supported by the passage?

42. The word solitary in the passage is closest in meaning to

Sperm whales are generally slimmer than gray whales. Most whales become sexually

rare active lone large

mature at twelve years of age. Whales live longer in captivity than in the wild. In the wild, whale births are rarely observed by humans.

43. The word rotates in the passage is closest in meaning to Each of the social and humanistic branches 103

of learning apart from sociology seems to have its own distinctive subject matter. Political science, for example, deals with the ways in which society allocates the right to use legitimate power. Sociology, however, has not yet had a special or distinctive subject matter clearly associated with it. The subject matter should be something concrete, specific, and easily identified, something that is not claimed as the central object of study of some other established discipline. The most cursory glance at the easily identified major institutions, social products, and social processes reveals that there are indeed such unassigned or unclaimed subjects. Politics and economics are spoken for, and so in large measure are literature, language, education, and business. But there remain the family, crime, social classes, ethnic and racial groups, the urban and the rural community. No one of these major components of society has become the distinctive object of study for a specialized branch of learning, which has the status of an independent discipline, such as politics or economics. Instead, each of these subjects has become a focus for research and theory-building

within sociology. In this way sociology has, to a degree, become the great residual category of the social sciences. It has not one subject, but many. Indeed, some might argue that in this sense sociology has no distinctive subject matter. It is merely a collection of disciplines united mainly by the fact that they deal with institutions and social processes that have historically failed to become sufficiently specialized and important to win independent standing as intellectual disciplines. If the long, continuing process of differentiation and specialization in scholarship were to go so far that all the subfields of sociology came to be established as separate disciplines, would sociology then cease to exist as a discipline in its own right? We can properly say no only if we can point to a distinctive subject matter that would remain for sociology. Happily we can. We may propose several distinctive subject matters to which sociology could still lay claim. They are, in decreasing order of size and complexity: societies, institutions, social relationships, and families.

104

subject matter on which sociologists need to concentrate should be all of the following EXCEPT 45. The author uses political science in paragraph 1 as an example of a discipline that concrete specific universal needs to be divided into distinct categories has not been given adequate attention is easily defined overlaps with other subject areas It is a combination of many related subject areas. It is a highly specialized field. 46. The word allocates in the passage is closest in meaning to It has finally won the respect of researchers. It is not studied by as many returns signifies designates reveals 49. The phrase spoken for in the passage is closest in meaning to 47. According to the passage, the 105 people as politics or economics. 48. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about sociology? unclaimed by another discipline

debated pronounced differently combined claimed

development freedom appearance position

50. According to the passage, which of the following is the central object of study of an established academic discipline?

52. The word It in the passage refers to

focus theory-building sociology

Politics Social classes Ethnic groups The rural community

degree

53. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true about the institutions and social processes mentioned in the passage?

They have not been considered to be as important as business and economics. 51. The word status in the passage is closest in meaning to They were a late addition to the field of sociology. They are not functioning as well 106

as they did in the past. They are clearly distinct from the study of sociology.

complete sudden

54. According to the passage, why is the study of sociology unlikely to disappear?

Each of its divisions has become an independent subject. It is still receiving support from other disciplines. It has always been able to define its subject matter clearly. There are still some subjects that belong only to sociology. Credit for first conceiving of the Earth as a spaceship usually goes to the inventor and philosopher Buckminister Fuller, a tireless and enthusiastic proponent of what is now called alternate 55. The phrase in its own right in the passage is closest in meaning to technology, who began using the paradigm in speeches at least as early as 1964. I wish to point out vigorously to you that we are indeed aboard an legal independent 8,000-mile-diameter spherical space vehicle, Fuller remarked to a Senate subcommittee in 1969. 107

The spaceship image is powerful. It suggests at once vulnerability, interdependence, and closure. Spaceships are small and fragile in the depths of space, prey to meteorites and radiation and able to support life only so long as they remain intact. And they are also thoroughly and completely closed systems. There is no running down to the corner store for something that has been forgotten: all you have is what you have carried with you from the launching pad. Every thing must be either used over or used up. Crew members of a spacecraft do not recycle because it is politically correct to do so; they recycle because if they do not they will die. All these qualities make the spaceship paradigm far better than other proposed paradigms for modeling a dynamic society on a finite planet. It is, nonetheless, not entirely satisfactory. The primary problem lies in its technological, human-constructed nature, which suggests that technology is the answer to environmental problems as well. Worse: it suggests that when things begin to go wrong, the proper course of action is to tinker with them. Both of these assumptions are correct for machines but dangerously misleading for the planet. Life is an

evolved system, not a designed one, and it cannot be treated as though a quick look at the blueprints and a couple of nails can cobble it up and make it run again.

56. What is the main idea of the passage?

Spaceships are small and self-contained. The need to recycle is relevant to both Earth and spaceships. The comparison of Earth to a spaceship is ultimately unsatisfactory. The concept of alternate technology should be applied to spaceship design.

57. The phrase conceiving is closest in meaning to

managing with modifying imagining 108

traveling on

powerful?

Earth and a spaceship have important similarities. The engines in spaceships need to be enlarged. Most people have a good idea of how spaceships operate. It is difficult to imagine the 58. Why does the author mention Buckminister Fuller? complexities of travel in a spaceship.

He was a speech writer for prominent scientists. He was among the first to discuss the spaceship paradigm. He was a pioneer of innovative spaceship design. He was a famous politician who advocated space exploration.

60. The word support in the passage is closest in meaning to

sustain identify balance interrupt

61. What does the author mean by stating And they are also thoroughly

59. What does the author mean by stating The spaceship image is

and completely closed systems?

109

There are frequent problems with equipment on some spaceships. The crew of a spaceship changes frequently. There is insufficient room for storage on spaceships. Spaceships function as independent units. does not take into account the alternate technology advocated by Buckminister Fuller 62. mistakenly assumes that technological solutions are equally relevant to all problems cannot be understood without specialized training establishes a useful framework for solving design problems 63. According to paragraph 3, the author believes that the spaceship paradigm

64.

110

65. The word one in the passage refers to

planet life system look

66. The passage will probably continue with a discussion of

the conditions necessary for life on Earth the problems of interpreting blueprints and plans advances in spaceship technology a better paradigm for modeling a dynamic society

An increasing number of people are advocating a switch from chemical pesticides to a more organic approach to raising and protecting the world's food 111

supply. By using predator insects such as ladybugs, praying mantises, and wasps, farmers can reduce the amount of chemicals they release into the environment. Crop rotation has been used to control pests by changing their food supply on a regular basis. Intercropping, or mixing different crops together in the same fields, also helps control pest populations by creating different environments that will not allow large numbers of problem plants and animals to become established. Another pest management technique, called integrated pest management (IPM), is being promoted as an alternative to chemical pest control. IPM is a management strategy rather than an attempt to eliminate problem-causing plants and animals. Instead of trying to kill all the pests that cause problems, an IPM approach attempts to keep their populations below the level where they cause negative economic or health effects. Although IPM incorporates the use of some pesticides, its primary control measures are nonchemical. IPM involves the evaluation of each crop and its related pest species as an ecological system. A control program is developed that includes various cultivation, biological, and chemical control methods

applied in the best sequence and timing to achieve the best results. Fields are carefully monitored for damage, and appropriate control measures are applied only when pests reach an economically damaging level. This approach saves the farmers money by reducing their need for chemicals and for the machinery to apply them. Furthermore the IPM approach protects the environment by reducing the chemical impact on the ecosystems. By introducing natural control methods, farmers can actually restore areas to more natural systems and thus help reclaim land that has become unproductive. Although a sudden change to organic methods may reduce production, a slow conversion from chemicals to organic pest control methods usually will not cause much economic loss. Yields per hectare may drop, but costs also fall so that profits usually remain relatively stable. There is also evidence that as the soils recover over time, they become more productive, and crop yields may even improve.

67. What does the passage mainly discuss? 112

The economic impact of soil conservation on farming The use of intercropping to improve yields of farmland The effectiveness of chemicals in reducing agricultural pest populations The use of alternatives to chemical pest control in agriculture

69. The word alternative in the passage is closest in meaning to 68. development effect option reason

70. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as techniques of organic farming EXCEPT 113

using insects that eat destructive pests planting a variety of crops in a single field rotating the crops planted from one season to the next trying to kill all the harmful plants and animals in a field 72. The word sequence in the passage 71. is closest in meaning to

quality order preparation result

73. A farmer who is using IPM should consider applying chemical pesticides when

any pest is found in a field changing from one type of crop to another in a particular field 114

cultivation and biological control methods have been inadequate chemical pesticides become economically competitive with nonchemical methods With IPM, soils can recover their productivity in time, and therefore crop yields may improve. Crop yields may fall initially with 74. It can be inferred that some farmers fear switching to IPM because they believe that IPM, but farmers' costs also decrease. A rapid switch to IPM is recommended in order to fully the amount of food produced by their land will decrease the number of ladybugs, praying mantises, and wasps will increase to dangerous levels they will not be able to afford the machinery required to implement IPM IPM will cause conditions that lead to soil erosion profit from the conversion process. IPM decreases the negative impact of chemicals on the environment by using natural pest controls.

75. Which of the following claims about IPM is NOT supported by the passage? 115

Where would it best fit in the passage?

76. The author suggests that chemical pesticides

An increasing number of people are advocating a switch from chemical pesticides to a more organic approach to raising and protecting the world's food

can reduce the productivity of soil allow farmers to eliminate pests with a single application can increase the number of predator insects are less expensive than other pest control methods

supply. By using predator insects such as ladybugs, praying mantises, and wasps, farmers can reduce the amount of chemicals they release into the environment. Crop rotation has been used to control pests by changing their food supply on a regular basis. Intercropping, or mixing different crops together in the same fields, also helps control pest populations by creating different environments that will not allow large numbers of problem plants and animals to become

77. The following sentence can be added to paragraph 1.

established. Another pest management technique, called integrated pest management (IPM), is being promoted as an alternative to chemical pest control.

Another benefit to farmers is that their exposure to chemicals in the fields where they work is reduced, and thus their health is protected.

IPM is a management strategy rather than an attempt to eliminate problem-causing plants and animals. Instead of trying to kill all the pests that cause problems, an IPM approach attempts to keep their populations below the level where they cause negative economic or health effects. Although IPM 116

incorporates the use of some pesticides, its primary control measures are nonchemical.

guarded as state secrets, like the maps of newly discovered passages through dangerous waters to distant ports. The ancient population counts among the Egyptians, Greeks, Hebrews, Persians, Romans, and Japanese were apparently aimed toward taxable people and property, and men of military age. A different kind of accounting was the goal in the earliest recorded comprehensive census of a population and its food supply, which was taken in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1449, when the town was threatened by a siege. The town council ordered a full count of all the mouths to be fed and an inventory of the food supply, but the results were kept secret and did not become public until two centuries later. Public numbers are a modern by-product of new ways of thinking about government, wealth, and security. Representative governments have required periodic public censuses of population in order to determine representation. The framers of the Constitution of the United States pioneered in this area by providing for a national census every ten

There was no known public national census anywhere before the eighteenth century. Any figures indicating a nation's military and economic power were

years. Established in 1790, the United States census is the oldest continuous periodic census done by a nation and has served as a model for the institution 117

elsewhere. The proposal for a ten-year census was not the first census proposal made in the United States. In 1776 during the American Revolution, the committee working on a preliminary body of laws for the new nation proposed the requirement of a census every three years. These early lawmakers understood the importance of the census even then. Today, the periodic United States census is used to determine the number of members from each state in the House of Representatives, one of the two houses of the United States Congress. property age census population 79. The word its in the passage refers to

78. The author mentions maps of newly discovered passages in the passage as examples of 80. The Nuremberg census mentioned in information sources contributing to the first censuses early evidence of careful record keeping information kept secret by some nations the only surviving records of early civilizations assess the town's ability to survive the siege make plans for future building projects assess the amount of damage 118 the first paragraph was conducted in order to

caused to the town by the siege make plans for attacking another town

limited necessary

84. The word elsewhere in the passage 81. Click on the sentence in the passage that implies that early censuses did not include the entire population. in other places otherwise 82. What is the second paragraph mainly about? as well immediately is closest in meaning to

The census in world history The beginnings of the United States census The establishment of the United States Constitution The measurement of economic power through the ages

85. It can be inferred that the United States census is taken

every year every three years every ten years at inconsistent intervals

83. The word periodic in the passage is closest in meaning to

86. Click on the sentence in the passage that states the first year in which the United States census was taken.

regular final 87. Click on the sentence in paragraph 2 119

that mentions the specific way in which the census influences representation in the United States government.

guarded as state secrets, like the maps of newly discovered passages through dangerous waters to distant ports. The ancient population counts among the Egyptians, Greeks, Hebrews, Persians, Romans, and Japanese were apparently aimed toward taxable people and property, and men of military age. A different kind of accounting was the goal in the earliest recorded comprehensive census of a population and its food supply, which was taken in Nuremberg,

88. The following sentence can be added to the passage.

Germany, in 1449, when the town was threatened by a siege. The town council ordered a full count of all the mouths to be fed and an inventory of the food supply,

Although the purposes for which these early censuses were used can only be surmised, a later example was associated with a known historical incident.

but the results were kept secret and did not become public until two centuries later. Public numbers are a modern by-product of new ways of thinking about government, wealth, and security. Representative governments have required periodic public censuses of population in order to

Where would it best fit in the passage?

determine representation. The framers of the Constitution of the United States pioneered in this area by providing for a national census every ten

There was no known public national census anywhere before the eighteenth century. Any figures indicating a nation's military and economic power were

years. Established in 1790, the United States census is the oldest continuous periodic census done by a nation and has served as a model for the institution 120

elsewhere. The proposal for a ten-year census was not the first census proposal made in the United States. In 1776 during the American Revolution, the committee working on a preliminary body of laws for the new nation proposed the requirement of a census every three years. These early lawmakers understood the importance of the census even then. Today, the periodic United States census is used to determine the number of members from each state in the House of Representatives, one of the two houses of the United States Congress.

addition, several hundred to one thousand or more asteroids wider than one-third of a mile are capable of crossing Earth's orbit for a close encounter. For example, on December 8, 1992, a large asteroid called Toutatis, which measured 2.5 miles long by 1.6 miles wide, flew within 2.2 million miles of Earth. Not one of the close encounters had been anticipated by astronomers. To avoid the danger of an asteroid collision, the threatening body would first have to be tracked by telescopes and radar and its course plotted accurately so its orbit could be determined precisely. If an asteroid were found to be on a collision course with Earth, astronomers could

The closest a large asteroid has come to flying by Earth occurred on March 22, 1989, when asteroid 1989 FC came within 430,000 miles of our planet. Astronomers did not detect asteroid 1989 FC until it was already moving away from Earth. Only then did they notice a dramatic decrease in the asteroid's motion against background stars. The astronomers failed to notice the approach, which must have been on a near-grazing trajectory, because it came from the direction of the Sun. Also, the Moon was nearly full, further hampering observations. The asteroid was about half a mile wide, and though a collision with Earth would have been catastrophic, a fluke of orbital geometry might have lessened the impact a little. The asteroid orbits the Sun in the same direction and at almost the same speed as Earth, completing a revolution in about one year. Therefore, its approach was rather slow compared to other celestial objects. However, because of Earth's large size, the planet's gravitational pull would have accelerated the asteroid during its final approach. If a collision had occurred, the asteroid would have produced a crater five to ten miles wide. Asteroid 1989 FC is one of only thirty similar bodies that are capable of approaching Earth. In

provide timely warnings. The rogue asteroid might then be nudged out of its Earth-bound trajectory by use of explosive devices.

89. Which of the following subjects does the passage mainly discuss?

How scientists predict the course of asteroids A comparison of asteroid 1989 FC and asteroid Toutatis 121

The effects of an asteroid's collision with Earth Asteroids that closely approach Earth

90. According to the passage, which of the following is true of asteroid 1989 FC ? 92. The word hampering in the passage is closest in meaning to

It is the largest asteroid ever recorded. It travels at a slower speed than Earth. It missed hitting Earth by less than 430,000 miles. Its approach toward Earth was observed by astronomers.

providing lowering restricting assisting

93.

91.

122

about close encounters between Earth and the asteroids mentioned in the passage is true?

They were not predicted by 94. The word accelerated in the passage is closest in meaning to astronomers. They involved tiny asteroids. They were hidden from view by speeded up separated into guided toward attracted to 97. 95. The author mentions asteroid Toutatis in paragraph 3 as an example of a large asteroid that sunlight. They typically occur once every three years.

collided with Earth approached Earth at the same time as asteroid 1989 FC travels faster than Earth crossed Earth's orbit

96. Which of the following statements 123

98. The paragraph below is a summary of the passage. Click on the sentence in the paragraph that should NOT be included in the summary.

The asteroid to most closely approach Earth in recorded history was 1989 FC. There may be over one thousand asteroids that are similar in size to asteroid 1989 FC. The most accurate way to measure the size of an asteroid is to observe its passage in front of a star. Tracking asteroids and calculating orbits would possibly allow astronomers to prevent their collisions with Earth. Within the earth's crust, rock exhibits a plastic or fluid character if subjected to great forces. This is evident from observations of rock layers that have been compressed horizontally into what are called folds. These folds, or wrinkles, may be less than a fraction of an inch wide or they may be several 99. miles in width. The earth's crust in many places appears to have been compressed into upward and downward folds. The upward arch of a fold is called an anticline, and the downward part, or the trough, is 124

called a syncline. The anticline is generally the more accessible part of the fold in terms of observation because the syncline is buried beneath the surface. The anticline, being forced upward, is subject to erosion, and often the rock in the anticline is so disrupted, cracked, and distorted in the folding process that it may be readily eroded away. When this happens, the upper parts of the adjacent syncline may be exposed, and the structure of a region can be more carefully studied. Oil-well drilling records, highway cuts, and stream erosion provide other sources of information through which a fairly satisfactory idea of the arrangement of the rock layers in syncline can be obtained. Folding in the earth's crust partly accounts for the formation of many mountain ranges, such as the Appalachian Mountains. The folds in these mountains were originally formed during the Appalachian Revolution, roughly 200 million years ago. In recent geologic periods these folds have become stabilized, that is, they have not been significantly further distorted, pushed together, or pulled apart. Erosion has removed most of the ridges and filled the troughs to the extent that many

of the present ridges are formed by erosion-resistant rock that at one time lay in the lower part of a fold. Before the process of folding was understood, many types of rock layering presented a difficult puzzle for geologists until the early twentieth century. However, using the concept of folding has allowed the geologists to work out quite satisfactory structures, even for the most complex folds.

100. What does the passage mainly discuss?

Methods of observing rock folds The characteristics of rock folding The development of mountain ranges The composition of the earth's crust

101. The phrase subjected to in the passage is closest in meaning to

shaped by 125

placed under made of prone to

buried complex nearby layered

102. According to the passage, which of the following causes rock layers to fold? 105. The phrase accounts for in the passage is closest in meaning to

Drilling for oil Horizontal compression Stream erosion Highway cuts

disguises questions analyzes explains

103. Synclines are not usually observable because they are typically

106. Why does the author mention the Appalachian Mountains in paragraph 2 ?

part of an upward arch subject to distortion a fraction of an inch wide under the ground To give an example of how folding can affect mountains To indicate the amount of time mountains take to develop 104. The word adjacent in the passage is closest in meaning to To introduce the effects of erosion on mountains To demonstrate that folding 126

is unique to mountains 109. The word puzzle in the passage is closest in meaning to 107. The word roughly in the passage is closest in meaning to situation game equally thoroughly approximately mainly 110. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? 108. In can be inferred from the passage that the Appalachian Mountains' present-day ridges and troughs The Appalachian Revolution that created the Appalachian Mountains was an unusual will become higher than they are currently are made of rock different from that found in other mountains are older than those of most mountain ranges are not undergoing as much change now as they did in the past geologic event. Earthquakes tend to be limited to areas in which rock folds are numerous. Some areas of the Earth's surface are not subject to the process of folding. Studying the rock folds in a region will provide 127 question solution

information about the geologic development of the region.

In 1900 one farmworker was able to supply the needs of about seven people. In contrast, a farmworker today supplies the needs of 50 people. The first major contributions that energy made to farming were in the use of commercial fertilizer, an energy-intensive product, and in factory-made

The objective of agriculture is to collect and store solar energy as food energy in plant and animal products, which are then distributed to serve as food for the human population. To collect solar energy in plants and animals and to help crops convert this solar energy into food energy and then to distribute the food products, farmers spend fossil-fuel energy and electric energy in tilling the soil, fertilizing, irrigating, harvesting, and processing. New kinds of energy have helped to make a revolution in farm life, farmwork, and farm output since 1900. Only a hundred years ago in the United States most people were rural people: farmers, planters, trappers, and pioneers. In the nineteenth century, most work was done on farms by muscle power, human or animal. The chief sources of energy for heating were wood and coal. Many farms were fortunate enough to have a windmill for pumping water.

farm machinery, which required energy to produce. Motorized farm machinery, which also required energy for its operation, first became practical for the farmer around 1910 when farm tractors became available. During the period of 1900 to 1971, the size of the average farm in the United States more than doubled while the farm population declined to one-third of its 1900 level. This change was made possible by the introduction of new technologies to the farming process, including the use of tractors, commercial fertilizers, motorized harvesters, and new scientific methods of farming. By 1975 there were approximately 5 million tractors in use in the United States with a total capacity of 250 million horsepower, consuming 21 gallons of gasoline and 20 gallons of diesel fuel per capita in the United States. The use of commercial fertilizer grew by a factor of approximately 14 during the period 1900 to 1970 and is a critical 128

factor in the ability to increase crop yield per unit of land cultivated.

113. The word convert in the passage is closest in meaning to

111. What does the passage mainly discuss?

convince gather link

The contributions of different types of energy to the development of farming The importance of solar energy to successful farming The increase in crop yield since 1900 The objective of agriculture since the early 1900's

transform

114. The word spend in the passage is closest in meaning to

process pay for collect use

112. The word which in the passage refers to

115. Which of the following does the author imply about pumped water?

agriculture solar energy plant and animal products food energy

It was a luxury some farms did not have. It was introduced on farms after 1900. It was of better quality than water 129

taken directly from a stream. It was unknown in the United States before the 1900's. The availability of new technologies The increased market for farm 116. Between 1900 and today, the efficiency of the farmworker has increased products The change in the kinds of farm products generated The increase in the number of less than four times approximately seven times by 50 percent by almost 100 percent people who lived on farms

117. The word practical in the passage is closest in meaning to

capable realistic influential visible 119. According to the passage, commercial fertilizer is responsible for which of the following? 118. According to the passage, the increase in farm size is the result of which of the following? The increased cost of farm maintenance 130

Increased crop yield Lower energy consumption The decreased need for tractors and harvesters

As new technologies become available, farms may become more efficient. Because of the increased size of farms, there is a greater

120. The word critical in the passage is closest in meaning to

demand for farmworkers than there was in the past.

accurate historical special important Geologists can measure geologic time by tracing fossils through the rock strata, or layers, and by noticing the greater change in the deeper rocks as compared to those near the surface. Fossil-bearing 121. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the passage? strata can be followed horizontally over great distances, because a particular fossil bed can be identified even in another locality with respect to beds Motorized farm equipment will become powered by solar energy sometime in the near future. Farm output increased more from 1970 to the present than during the period from 1900 to 1970. above and below it. These are called marker beds and are used for identifying geologic formations. They originally were used in the exploration for coal, one of the first practical uses of geology. Since coal-bearing seams are generally the same age and were laid down during times of abundant plant life, geologists could determine where to mine coal by studying the fossil content of rocks. 131

When fossils are arranged according to their age, they do not present a random or haphazard picture, but instead show progressive changes from simple to complex forms and reveal the development of species through time. Paleontologists are thus able to recognize geologic time periods based on groups of organisms that were especially abundant and characteristic during a particular time. Within each period, there are many subdivisions determined by the occurrence of certain species. This same succession is never out of order and is found on every major continent. Both large and small extinctions of different groups of species were used by 19th century geologists to define the boundaries of the geologic timescale. But because there was no means of actually dating rocks, the entire geologic record was delineated using relative dating techniques, which only indicated which bed was older or younger according to its fossil content. Therefore, relative dating only places rocks in their proper sequence or order and does not indicate how long ago an event took place, only that it followed one event and preceded another. Before the development of

radiometric dating techniques, geologists had no method of dating events precisely. Thus, relative dating techniques were developed and are still used today. Absolute dating methods such as radiocarbon dating, which was discovered in the late 1940's, did not replace these techniques, however, but only supplemented them.

122. What does the passage mainly discuss?

Fossil formation Exploring for coal Geologic age dating Ancient plant life

123. The word tracing in the passage is closest in meaning to

marking copying following interpreting

132

124. Individual fossil beds can be identified by

comparing them to the beds above and below them locating coal seams in the rock analyzing the chemical elements found in the rock understanding the plant life presently found in the area 126.

125.

127.

133

The techniques are not very accurate. Paleontologists and geologists disagree on when these techniques should be used. Geologists prefer radiometric dating techniques to relative dating ones. The techniques do not indicate exactly when an event occurred.

130. The paragraph following the 128. The word another in the passage refers to species that are now extinct event order fossil content development uses of relative dating techniques field exploration methods used by geologists uses of radiometric dating 129. What is a limitation of relative dating techniques? 134 techniques passage most likely discusses

131.

132.

Shipping and shipbuilding were vital industries in the British colonies in North America throughout colonial days and into the nineteenth century. Wooden sailing ships were constructed in many towns in the Northeast and all along the Atlantic 135

seaboard. One of the most symbolic and decorative components of the ship was the figurehead, located near the bowsprit, at the front of the ship where the sides come together. The earliest North American figureheads resembled English examples---usually images of animals or elegant, classical female figures. By the mid-eighteenth century, the variety of American figureheads increased markedly and a national style began to emerge. The most common motif showed a female figure, larger than life-size, costumed in the style of the day. Carved of native woods, usually pine, by masters and apprentices, the figures were composed of several parts. The body was made of one piece of wood, with decorative bases, arms, legs, and other projectiles attached by dowels or pegs. Some parts were detachable and could be removed when the ship encountered stormy weather. Most figureheads were painted in bright colors with much attention paid to details in faces and dress. Occasionally, some figureheads were enameled in white paint with decorative elements embellished with gold leaf to reflect the brilliant sunlight. Often the figure's head looked upward and her dress was

shown flowing backward as if blown by the wind, thus exaggerating the silhouette. Although female figures were the most popular, a vast variety of subjects were depicted: sea serpents, dolphins and other aquatic creatures, patriotic personages and national heroes, literary characters, and eagles. Stern boards, broad boards attached to the backs of ships, were also decoratively carved. Many featured eagles and elaborate curvilinear scrolls and curlicues. Some carvings were bust-length; others varied in size depending on the type and dimensions of the ship. Another type of carved marine decoration showed a cat or lion's head in a visual play on words describing the cathead, a projection on the bow to which the anchor line was attached. While the makers of most ship carvings remain anonymous, the work of some craftspeople has been documented through primary sources such as bills of sale, advertisements, or customs house records.

133. The passage mainly discusses figureheads in terms of

136

the type of ship they were found on the craftspeople who made them their construction and decoration the sources of the earliest examples

design by the mid-eighteenth century?

There was a greater emphasis on symbolic decoration. The styles became more uniform.

134. The word vital in the passage is closest in meaning to

There was an increase in the use of female figures. The figureheads became more

practical important popular creative

distinctly North American.

137. Why were some parts of figureheads removable?

135. The word components in the passage is closest in meaning to

To protect them from severe weather To make them easier to carve

parts developments methods signals

To reduce the weight of the figure To make them easier to transport

136. What change occurred in figurehead

138. The word Occasionally in the 137

passage is closest in meaning to

141. Look at terms seaboard, projectiles, silhouette, and Stern boards in the

hardly ever sometimes usually almost always

passage. Which of these terms is defined in the passage?

seaboard projectiles

139. The word aquatic in the passage is closest in meaning to

silhouette stern boards

attractive traditional marine imaginary

142. The word others in the passage refers to

curlicues stern boards

140. All of the following were subjects for North American figureheads EXCEPT

ships carvings

143. symbols of freedom patriots literary figures eagles

138

intention movement, and by watching these intention movements of flight all the members of the flock are brought into a state of readiness. Wood pigeons use similar intention movements but in a different way. Provided that each pigeon makes the intention movements before taking off, the Birds have an extremely sophisticated visual communication system. The movement of a flock of dunlins is a marvel of coordinated precision flying. The birds take off, turn, and land, apparently without a leader or any sort of command, yet collisions are extremely rare. The secret is that each bird watches the other birds in the flock, anticipating their actions from their slightest movements, so that a maneuver spreads through the whole flock in a smooth wave in only a fraction of a second. When the flock changes direction in flight, the birds watch those ahead of them and time their reactions to create a wave of movement that occurs too rapidly for the human eye to catch what is happening. But it is possible to see what occurs when a small flock of starlings takes to the air. As each bird prepares to take off, it crouches slightly, then leaps into the air and flies away. The crouching action that precedes take off is known as an others ignore the behavior. But if one spots danger and does an emergency take off, the others interpret the absence of intention movements as an alarm signal, and the whole flock rises into the air. Another bird signal is the attitude of alertness that conveys a warning among flocks of geese. Geese are quick to notice a member of their flock standing with its neck stretched after spotting possible danger. In all of these examples, the birds are reacting to the behavior of others, but this behavior is not primarily a signal. Other forms of communication have evolved through such patterns of behavior being modified into deliberate signals. These signals are called displays, and they are common to all members of a species, forming a kind of sign language that conveys the mood of the bird. Most commonly, displays are used to advertise a territory, repel a rival, and attract a mate. 139

146. Why is it difficult for people to 144. What does the passage mainly discuss? observe bird signals that indicate a change in flight direction?

The way birds learn how to fly Migratory patterns of various kinds of birds Territorial conflicts among birds The use of visual signals in bird communication

The signals are made simultaneously by many different birds in a flock. The signals happen too quickly to be perceptible. The signals are rarely used. The signals are easily confused

145. The word apparently in the passage is closest in meaning to

with display signals.

147. How would wood pigeons most ordinarily creatively surprisingly seemingly By signaling the other members to remain on the ground By flying away immediately By making a display movement By ignoring the behavior likely react if a member of the flock failed to make intention movements before flight?

140

148. The word one in the passage refers to 151. The word reacting in the passage is closest in meaning to pigeon behavior danger take off happening pursuing responding obtaining 149. The word conveys in the passage is closest in meaning to

needs benefits uses communicates

150. The author mentions that geese stretch their necks 152. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 in preparation for flight in reaction to danger to attract a mate to indicate a change in flight direction avoid communicating with one another 141 that members of two different flocks of geese would

have few territorial disputes understand the displays of one another avoid mating with one another

dunlins is a marvel of coordinated precision flying. The birds take off, turn, and land, apparently without a leader or any sort of command, yet collisions are extremely rare. The secret is that each bird watches the other birds in the flock, anticipating their actions

153. The word repel in the passage is closest in meaning to

from their slightest movements, so that a maneuver spreads through the whole flock in a smooth wave in only a fraction of a second. When the flock changes

confuse contribute to ward off gather

direction in flight, the birds watch those ahead of them and time their reactions to create a wave of movement that occurs too rapidly for the human eye to catch what is happening. But it is possible to see what occurs when a small flock of starlings takes to the

154. Look at the four sentences in bold text in the passage. Click on the sentence in which the author provides an explanation for how flocks of birds perform flight maneuvers.

air. As each bird prepares to take off, it crouches slightly, then leaps into the air and flies away. The crouching action that precedes take off is known as an intention movement, and by watching these intention movements of flight all the members of the flock are brought into a state of readiness.

Scroll the passage to see all four sentences.

Wood pigeons use similar intention movements but in a different way. Provided that each pigeon makes the intention movements before taking off, the

Birds have an extremely sophisticated visual communication system. The movement of a flock of

others ignore the behavior. But if one spots danger and does an emergency take off, the others interpret 142

the absence of intention movements as an alarm signal, and the whole flock rises into the air. Another bird signal is the attitude of alertness that conveys a warning among flocks of geese. Geese are quick to notice a member of their flock standing with its neck stretched after spotting possible danger. In all of these examples, the birds are reacting to the behavior of others, but this behavior is not primarily a signal. Other forms of communication have evolved through such patterns of behavior being modified into deliberate signals. These signals are called displays, and they are common to all members of a species, forming a kind of sign language that conveys the mood of the bird. Most commonly, displays are used to advertise a territory, repel a rival, and attract a mate.

seeking gold and silver. The prospectors who flocked to Sutter's Mill found gold nuggets or gold dust in the rivers and streams. Placer mining---washing the dirt from the stream in a pan, leaving the heavy grains of gold in the bottom ---required little labor, capital, or skill. If there was a large quantity of gold in the dirt, a wooden box, or cradle, could be used to wash larger amounts of sand and dirt as it was rocked to and fro. Wooden cleats in the bottom of the box held the gold as the water and earth washed away. A group of prospectors might build a sluice, a series of long wooden boxes fitted with riffle bars across the bottom. They diverted water from the creeks through the sluice, and the flowing water carried away the dirt and sand dumped into the sluice by the miners. Nuggets and dust remained trapped in the riffle bars. Muscle and sweat produced wealth for a few and

The mineral discoveries of the nineteenth century in the United States stimulated settlement, forced the early formation of laws and government, created a demand for transportation, and lured labor and capital westward. Waves of pioneers swept into California, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, and the Dakota Territory

created a true cornucopia of publicity to lure thousands to the West. The days of gold placer mining proved shortlived, however. As prospectors moved into the interior, into the mountain range called the Sierra Nevada and the area known as the Great Basin, gold 143

and silver were found, but the minerals were locked in quartz lodes, or deposits, buried deep in the earth. To reach this treasure, miners had to dig tunnels, install timber supports, and use pumps to remove water seeping into these subterranean labyrinths. Capital for mills to crush the quartz and for vessels of mercury to dissolve the gold came not from the prospectors but from investors in San Francisco, Philadelphia, and London. These investors formed the mining corporations that controlled the mills, tunnels, machinery, and transportation at the mines as well as the army of laborers.

be mined quickly

156. The word Waves in the passage is closest in meaning to

groups rivers curves signals

155. It can be inferred that the mineral discoveries created a demand for transportation because a mining corporation people and equipment needed to be moved west the mountains could not be crossed without railways large amounts of dirt and rock had to be dumped into a sluice the precious minerals had to 144 158. The word rocked in the passage is closest in meaning to the name of a prospector a machine used in mines a place where gold was found 157. It can be inferred that Sutter's Mill is

built moved buried in sand filled with stones

gold from the sluice. Most prospectors were not strong enough to continue placer mining.

159. According to paragraph 2, wooden cleats and riffle bars are both used to

161. What happened when prospectors looked for gold and silver in the Sierra Nevada and the Great Basin?

stabilize the cradle increase the amount of water separate the sand from the dirt prevent gold from being washed away

They did not find any gold or silver. They had to use different techniques to extract the minerals. They decided to leave the gold

160. What does the author mean by stating, Muscle and sweat produced wealth for a few?

and silver and mine the quartz instead. They discovered that the minerals were under so much

Mining was hard work with uncertain rewards. Prospectors usually worked together in small groups. It was difficult to remove the

water that they could not be extracted.

145

162. It can be inferred that the type of mining described in paragraph 3

Increased migration Expanded military activity Additional publicity about the

was too difficult to be profitable was not appropriate for mountainous regions was too expensive for a single individual to do alone required less equipment than placer mining

West New patterns of settlement

165. Look at the 4 terms highlighted in the passage. Which of the terms is NOT defined in the passage?

Placer mining 163. The word Capital in the passage is closest in meaning to sluice lodes labyrinths labor plans money space It is in search of adequate food supplies that cetaceans, marine mammals such as whales and dolphins, travel the oceans. They live in a world that 164. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a consequence of the mineral discoveries of the nineteenth century? is largely hidden from humans. Yet their range is three times as large as ours, since oceans occupy about three-quarters of the Earth's surface. They travel through well-marked ocean zones, each with its own characteristic marine life. They glide through the 146

water, periodically rising to the surface to breathe. The sea may be raging but cetaceans are untroubled by the greatest storms; indeed they are more at home in rough than in calm seas. Indirectly, however, their life is greatly influenced by wind. The eastward rotation of the Earth produces the prevailing trade winds, blowing east to west at the equator. These winds drag the surface waters and all they contain in a westerly direction. Warmed by its passage through the tropics, the wind-driven water is deflected against the westward continents, turning southwest in the Southern Hemisphere and northwest in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, the warm flow of tropical water under the west-going equatorial trade wind produces a genial climate along the eastern shores of Australia, South America, and South Africa. But there is open ocean to the south. Here the current is driven eastward unimpeded by land before the almost incessant westerly gales of this zone. The huge mass of water moves fast, chilled by water from the Antarctic Region, but laden with masses of plankton. This cold, swift current is split when it strikes

the southwestern extremities of the three southern continents. The northern portion of this water is diverted by the southwest coast of South America to sweep northward toward the equator. Known as the Humboldt Current, this current is rich in plankton on which cetaceans feed. Part of this same cool eastward-flowing current, enriched with water from higher latitudes, is similarly diverted north along the southwest coast of South Africa. This is the Benguela Current, where many cetaceans come to feed.

166. The passage answers which of the following questions?

What is the main difference between cetaceans and other marine life? How far do most cetaceans travel in a year? How often do cetaceans need to breathe? What winds and ocean currents affect cetaceans?

147

167.

168. The word each in the passage refers to a

cetacean surface range zone

169. The word prevailing in the passage is closest in meaning to

arctic blowing dominant energetic

170. Which diagram best matches the description in paragraph 2 of the water flow caused by the trade winds? 148

in the Southern Hemisphere

172. The word laden in the passage is closest in meaning to

balanced filled touched wrapped

173. The word split in the passage is closest in meaning to

stopped 171. What do paragraphs 3 and 4 primarily discuss? divided opened surrounded The water currents in the Southern Hemisphere The trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere The three continents in the Southern Hemisphere The large area of open ocean In the latter, the land masses that almost enclose the Arctic Ocean in the north obstruct and 149 174. The following sentence can be added to paragraph 2.

divert the wind as it swings to the northeast and circles south, cooled by the flow of cold water from the icefields of the North Pole.

Where would it best fit in paragraph 2 ?

Indirectly, however, their life is greatly influenced by wind. The eastward rotation of the Earth produces the prevailing trade winds, blowing east to west at the equator. These winds drag the surface waters and all they contain in a westerly direction. Warmed by its passage through the tropics, the wind-driven water is deflected against the westward continents, turning southwest in the Southern Hemisphere and northwest in the Northern Hemisphere. 176.

175.

150

At a time when major areas of American cities were frequently destroyed by fires and when new suburbs did not have efficient fire-fighting systems, the fact During the late nineteenth century, many architects in the United States considered wood, an abundant North American building product, to be nature's true material, and they anticipated that a native style of architecture would emerge from its proper use. Other architects, however, thought that wood had serious liabilities and were thus attracted to solid construction of stone, brick, or concrete. Their choice was based on economic reasons--when the price of wood soared, as it occasionally did, they questioned the financial advantages of timber and predicted that it would be even more expensive as American forests became depleted. They also argued that even though the initial cost of a timber house was less than that of one in brick, stone, or concrete (and they often disputed this point), the long-term expense was greater. They pointed out that unlike the materials used in solid construction, timber deteriorated quickly, needed constant upkeep, and attracted harmful insects and rodents. More important, timber was combustible. 177. What does the passage mainly 151 that masonry was fireproof was a compelling argument in favor of solid construction. The ephemeral nature of wood was more than an economic liability; it also had serious aesthetic disadvantages. In The Architecture of Country Houses, architect Andrew Jackson Downing argued that the idea of eternal duration added incalculably to the effect of any work of art, including a building. He felt that masonry gave the impression of permanence, whereas wood always looked temporary. These arguments were reinforced by the fact that masonry could be considered just as natural as wood. After all, stones came from the ground, and bricks and concrete were made from earth products. There were also many fruitful historical precedents for the use of these materials, not only in the domestic architecture of Europe but also in early American architecture.

discuss?

improvements limitations

The popularity of wood as a building material in the nineteenth century The difficulty in obtaining wood to use as a building material The disadvantages of wood as a building material The aesthetic appeal of wood as a building material

parts solutions

180. Which of the following is true of architects who argued against the use of wood for economic reasons?

They were considering the possibility of future shortages of timber.

178. The word anticipated in the passage is closest in meaning to

They were considering advantages and disadvantages of importing

required expected denied proposed

timber from abroad. Their arguments were weaker than the arguments of those who showed the economic advantages of wood construction.

179. The word liabilities in the passage is closest in meaning to

Their arguments were based on the prices of timber in their own day. 152

181. The word it in the passage refers to

illustrate the vulnerability of wooden construction to fire

solid construction choice price timber

point out the location of the first use of stone and brick as building materials prove that wood buildings were especially poorly constructed

182. What point was being disputed among some architects in the late nineteenth century?

and maintained describe how buildings were designed in modern architectural styles

The public's preference for stone houses The time required to build stone houses The expense of building wood houses The danger to animals caused by the construction of wood houses supported necessary frequent powerful 183. The author mentions American cities in the passage to 185. The word nature in the passage is 153 184. The word compelling in the passage is closest in meaning to

closest in meaning to By looking at examples of atoms, one discovers weight danger beauty quality that each contains an equal number of electrons and protons in the nucleus. This is normally true of any atom. When in this condition, the atom is considered to be in its balanced state (sometimes referred to as the neutral state). 186. Andrew Jackson Downing thought that buildings made from wood looked

impermanent solid exotic expensive Atoms can be affected by many outside forces 187. The word reinforced in the passage is closest in meaning to such as heat, light, electrostatic fields, chemical reactions, and magnetic fields. These external forces can upset the balanced atom, and as a result, the submitted popularized strengthened complicated atom can gain or lose electrons. When the balanced condition is upset, the number of negative charges no longer offsets the number of positive charges, thus the atom is left with a net charge. An atom that is no longer in its balanced or neutral state is called an 154

ion. The process of changing an atom into an ion is called ionization. Positive ions or negative ions can exist depending on the balance upset. An atom that contains more protons than electrons is called a positive ion. An atom that contains more electrons than protons is called a negative ion. There are many forces in nature that can dislodge an electron and cause it to become what is known as a free electron. When this condition occurs, the atom is left with one positive charge that is not canceled by a corresponding negative charge. The result is a net positive charge, or a positive ion. When an atom picks up a stray electron, it has one additional negative charge that is not offset by a corresponding positive charge. The result is a net negative charge, or negative ion. The ion still retains all the basic characteristics of the original atom since the protons in the nucleus are not disturbed. This process of ionization occurs around us every day. The electrical characteristics of many different types of material are determined largely by the number of free electrons and ions within the material. One of the most noticeable effects of ionization is lightning. One of the most common

applications of ionization is the storage battery.

188. With which of the following is the passage mainly concerned?

The electrical characteristics of materials The forces of nature that affect atoms The process of ionization The organization of the nucleus of an atom

189. The word discovers in the passage is closest in meaning to

agrees hears learns remarks

190.

155

closest in meaning to

dissolve energize position remove

193. It can be inferred that a neutral atom will become a negative ion when it

gains more protons than electrons acquires a free electron reestablishes its balance loses its basic characteristics 191. The word result in the passage is closest in meaning to 194.

consequence fact goal situation

192. The word dislodge in the passage is 156

196.

195.

157

197. Why does the author mention lightning in paragraph 4 ?

To demonstrate the danger posed by ions To give a familiar example of ionization To identify the electrical characteristics of some materials To illustrate a common use for ions

198. 158

and otherwise cares for the larvae. They assume this position as the nurse glands in their heads become active and secrete various nutritive substances for The organization of hymenopteran societies, whose members often associate in large colonies with complex social organization, can be illustrated by the society of the most familiar social insect, the honeybee, Apis mellifera. The honeybee society is made up of three types of individuals. The majority of members are workers, sterile females who, as the name implies, do most of the work around the hive or dwelling place. They gather nectar and pollen, they secrete beeswax, they build combs (hexagonal cells of wax), they feed the larvae, and in general keep the hive operational. Worker bees demonstrate polyethism, the division of labor by age. As a honeybee matures, it assumes different tasks, depending on its age and physiological state. During the first two or three days after emergence, worker bees are assigned to cleaning work, where their responsibilities include preparing the combs to receive eggs; later on, they may concentrate on removing dead or dying bees from the hive. They then progress to the nurse contingent, the group that feeds the architecture of the honeybee hive three types of individuals in honeybee society 159 199. The passage mainly discusses growing bees. After a week or two, the wax glands in their abdomens develop rapidly and begin to secrete beeswax. The worker bees then participate in comb building and capping. Finally, two or three weeks after emerging from their hive cells, worker bees are ready to leave the hive and forage for nectar and pollen, which they take back to the hive to be processed into honey. They also guard the hive entrance from intruders. Guard bees take stations near hive entrances with antennae poised to touch entering bees in order to ensure that they are colony members rather than outsiders intending to rob honey. At this age, worker bees also act as soldier bees aggressively defending the colony against intruders.

physical characteristics of the honeybee the changing roles of the worker bee as it matures

the jobs a bee does in the hive?

Physical attractiveness Physiological state Being a sterile female

200. All of the following are true of worker bees in honeybee societies EXCEPT

Age

203. The first task of a young worker bee is to

They do most of the work. They never leave the hive. They are in the majority. They are sterile females. feed the larvae protect the hive prepare the combs for eggs secrete beeswax 201. The word tasks in the passage is closest in meaning to 204. The author mentions dead or dying bees in the passage in terms of the needs sizes responsibilities abilities cleaning responsibilities aggressive behavior responsibilities for defense 202. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor related to 160 nursing activities worker bees'

205. The phrase forage for in the passage is closest in meaning to

208. For which of the following purposes do guard bees use their antennae?

clean produce work with hunt for

To process nectar and honey To attack intruder bees To identify members of the colony To collect honey from other

206. What specific responsibility is mentioned for guard bees?

workers

Protecting the young Keeping the honey safe Keeping the hive open Defending the worker bees 209. The passage mentions two-to 207. The word they in the passage refers to three-week-old worker bees as doing all of the following EXCEPT

guard bees stations entrances entering bees

feeding the larvae leaving the hive to search for nectar and pollen identifying potential robbers defending the colony against 161

intruders

a chemistry professor at the University of Pennsylvania, discovered bromine, which reduced the exposure time necessary to produce an image

Early experiments in light-sensitive images were conducted in France by the chemist Joseph N. Niepce. When he died in 1833, Niepce's photography process was taken up and perfected by Louis J. M. Daguerre. Daguerre's procedure involved coating a copper plate with a light-sensitive emulsion, which, when exposed to light for 5 to 40 minutes, produced an image on the plate. Because there was no negative, as in modern film, the image, called a daguerreotype, was unique and could not be duplicated. In August 1839, he made his process public, and word of it spread far and wide. After accounts of Daguerre's process appeared in United States newspapers, a Philadelphian, Joseph Saxon, produced what is believed to be the first daguerreotype in the United States. Robert Cornelius, a manufacturer of metal lamps in Philadelphia, was also one of the first to produce daguerreotypes, operating a studio from 1839 to 1842. His partner, Dr. Paul Beck Goddard,

sufficiently to make posing for a portrait possible. Philadelphia's credentials as an early center of photography were further established by the exhibitions of daguerreotypes held at the Franklin Institute and the American Philosophical Society in late 1839 and 1840. In New York, the painter Samuel F. B. Morse was influential in the dissemination of the daguerreotype process. Morse had been in Paris in 1839 and knew Daguerre. When he returned, he began advocating the use of the daguerreotype process by artists---as president of the National Academy of Design, he was in a good position to do so. The original camera was little more than a wooden box with a lens at one end and a sensitized plate at the other. The process of making a daguerreotype required only some mechanical aptitude and a little knowledge of chemistry, but no artistic talent. Suddenly anyone could produce images. This in itself effected a revolution in picture making. By 1853 there were reportedly 2,000 daguerreotypists 162

practicing in the United States, most of whom were in the business to make money, not art. However, although the majority of early daguerreotypes had a relatively low aesthetic threshold, there were many powerful images among them showing perceptive observation and great exactitude in every detail.

daguerreotype process is mentioned in the passage?

The size of the lens The cost of the supplies The colors that could be produced The number of copies that could be made

210. What does the passage mainly discuss? 212. The word it in the passage refers to

How the daguerreotype process functioned Some early developments in the field of photography The influence of Joseph N. Niepce on Louis J. M. Daguerre Technical improvements in film processing

film image process word

213. How did Joseph Saxon learn how to make daguerreotypes?

He studied the process in Paris. He read about the process in the

211. Which of the following differences between a modern camera and the

newspaper. Daguerre taught him the process 163

when he visited Philadelphia. He learned the process while he was working in Cornelius' studio. 215. The word dissemination in the passage is closest in meaning to 214. It can be inferred that daguerreotype portraits were rarely made before the discovery of bromine because purpose creation spread people could not sit without moving for a long enough period of time people had to maintain a safe distance from the equipment daguerreotypists could make more money by producing other types of pictures the lighting necessary to produce the picture made people's faces look unattractive 217. Why does the author mention the National Academy of Design in the passage? considering borrowing releasing recommending 216. The word advocating in the passage is closest in meaning to change

To emphasize Morse's 164

influence in the art world To argue that artists ought to have supported the work of Morse To give an example of one of the places where Daguerre displayed his work To explain that both New York and Paris were important centers of art

daguerreotypes most daguerreotypists were professional chemists the popularity of the daguerreotype lasted for only a short time there were more daguerreotypists in Europe than in the United States

218. The phrase little more than in the passage is closest in meaning to

as small as in addition to possibly simply

219. The author mentions 2,000 daguerreotypists in the passage to support the idea that 220. What does the author imply by stating in the passage that most early it was relatively easy to make daguerreotypes had a relatively low 165

aesthetic threshold?

1900's and those who came after 1945 was that the latter settled primarily in urban centers in

Most daguerreotypes had little artistic value. Some artists offered lessons on making daguerreotypes. Few people bought daguerreotypes because they were expensive. Most daguerreotypes failed to capture adequately the details of a scene.

central Canada or in the province of British Columbia, whereas at the opening of the century they had settled in many provinces. The province of Ontario received slightly over 50 percent of the midcentury immigrants, Quebec about 25 percent, British Columbia 10 percent, and the prairie provinces about 12 percent. The remainder, a mere 3 percent, settled the Atlantic provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. In addition, the typical immigrant of the early 1900's had been a farmer or laborer; the immigrant of the 1950's was usually a skilled worker or a professional person.

In the two decades after the end of the Second World War (1945), over two and a half million people came to Canada as immigrants. Possibly one-fifth of these went on to other countries, but the majority stayed, enriching Canada with their skills, their enterprise, and the distinctive flavor of their national cultures. The British Isles provided the largest single group, followed by Italy, the United States, Germany, Greece, and Portugal. One difference between the immigrants of the early

The hundred years after confederation (the creation of Canada as a self-governing nation) in 1867 witnessed remarkable changes in the dispersal of Canada's population. Some regions lost population, others gained. The cities, especially the larger ones, gained most of all in the postwar era. People moved from rural areas into the cities, not simply because industrialization seemed to offer better economic opportunities but also because technological changes reduced the number of 166

workers needed to work farms or cut trees for lumber. The rural segment of Canada's population fell from 38 percent in 1951 to 26 percent in 1966. People moved as well from smaller towns and cities to the more dynamic metropolitan centers. The ten largest Canadian cities grew at a rate twice as fast as that of the remainder of the country. Canadians, like so many other people in the industrialized world, were becoming a nation of city dwellers. Life in the city offered many amenities not present in rural communities, but it also necessitated physical and social planning on a scale that Canada had never experienced before.

social changes in Canada

222. According to the passage, one-fifth of the midcentury immigrants mentioned in paragraph 1

left Canada for other countries settled in the Atlantic provinces returned to their native countries moved to the United States

223. Which of the following describes patterns of immigrant settlement in the early 1900's?

221. What does the passage mainly discuss?

Immigrants moved primarily to Newfoundland. Immigrants concentrated in a few

Differences among Canadian provinces Changes in Canada's population The reasons people moved to Canada Economic tensions caused by

central provinces. Immigrants settled throughout the country. Immigrants moved to the British Isles after arriving in Canada.

167

224. The word mere in the passage is closest in meaning to

227. The word segment in the passage is closest in meaning to

possible well-defined amazing insignificant

part density character development

225. The word flavor in the passage is closest in meaning to 228. Shortly after 1945, the ten largest Canadian cities importance essence account structure were located in the prairie provinces joined together to regulate industry 226. The word dispersal in the passage is closest in meaning to grew more rapidly than the rest of the country offered fewer economic production communication representation distribution 229. The phrase the latter in the passage refers to 168 opportunities than they had in the past

expanded its industries to the Portugal immigrants who came after 1945 urban centers in central Canada the province of British Columbia northern provinces trained more people to work in lumbering began to develop plans to manage urban growth 230. According to the passage, what impact did technological change have on farming? One of the most complex communication systems---certainly among invertebrates---is that Fewer agricultural workers were needed. The number of farms increased. Farmers began growing trees for lumber. Farmers wanted to unite the provinces. of honeybees. For maximum foraging efficiency, workers must convey to one another the location of good food sources, which may change frequently as various flowers bloom or new fields of flowers are located. How do honeybees communicate? The problem was studied in the 1940's by Austrian zoologist Karl von Frisch. By carefully watching individual bees when they returned to the vertical 231. It can be inferred from the passage that after 1945 the Canadian government face of an open hive, von Frisch discovered that other bees gather around the bee that has returned. The returned bee then goes through a dance. Based on his experiments, von Frisch proposed that the encouraged people to move back to rural areas dance indicates the location of food. If the source is relatively close---less than about 50 meters---the 169

bee moves rapidly sideways in tight circles (the round dance), causing the others to become excited. Often the dancer regurgitates some nectar that the others taste. The workers then leave the hive and begin foraging nearby. Although the round dance does not indicate direction, tasting the nectar is likely to help the bees identify a scent to fly toward. If the food is farther away, more information is needed. A worker returning from a longer distance does a waggle dance: a half-circle swing in one direction, followed by a straight run and then a halfcircle swing in the other direction. According to von Frisch, this dance indicates both direction and distance. The angle of the straight run in relation to the vertical surface of the open hive is the same as the horizontal angle of the food in relation to the Sun. If the bee runs at a 30 angle to the left of vertical, the other workers will fly 30 to the left of the horizontal direction of the Sun. If the dancer runs directly upward, the others will fly directly toward the Sun, and so forth. Distance to the food is indicated by variation in the speed at which a bee wags its abdomen during the straight run.

232. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A method of studying insect behavior The accomplishments made in the 1940's in zoology Communication systems of invertebrates The way honeybees communicate location of a food source

233. The word complex in the passage is closest in meaning to

unique mysterious well-known elaborate

234. The word they in the passage refers to

170

fields of flowers the individual bees returning to the hive the other bees waiting in the hive invertebrates source of food is close to the hive source of food is over 50 meters away from the hive bees should follow the 235. The word proposed in the passage is closest in meaning to direction of the Sun to the food source bees should follow the supported discussed intended hypothesized 237. The word foraging in the passage is closest in meaning to direction of the dance to the food source

searching for food building beehives attacking another beehive feeding other bees

236. According to the passage, the round dance of the honeybee indicates that the

238. According to the passage, why does a honeybee regurgitate nectar?

171

As part of reproductive behavior To identify itself as a member of the hive To help other honeybees identify the scent of the food source As a method of self-protection against other insects control measurement change spreading

239. It can be inferred from the passage that if a bee makes a straight run downward in the waggle dance, the food is located

in the direction opposite the Sun in the direction directly toward the Sun in the direction opposite the beehive opposite the vertical surface of the open beehive the time of day the honeybee returns to the hive the location at which the 240. The word variation in the passage is closest in meaning to honeybee dances the waggle dance 172 241. According to the passage, the distance from the hive to the food is determined by

how long the honeybee dances the waggle dance the speed at which the honeybee dances the waggle dance

making raised bread was discovered. Conditions there were favorable, because wheat was an important factor, specifically wheat that did not have to be parched before the grain was separated from the stalk.

242. What can be inferred from the passage about honeybees?

The starchy endosperm, the inner nutritive portion of wheat grain, contains gluten-forming proteins. In favorable conditions, yeast, the other essential

Honeybees within the same hive are highly competitive for food. Honeybees must rely on the one bee in the colony who knows the dances to learn where food sources are located. Honeybees' communication system was not understood by scientists until the 1940's. Honeybees possess one of the simplest communication systems among insects.

ingredient of raised bread, produces carbon dioxide gas. If the two ingredients are brought together in a bread mix, the result is a spongy mass consisting of tiny gas bubbles, each enclosed in an elastic skin of gluten. When the mixture is subsequently heated, the gluten becomes firm instead of elastic, and this is what holds the bread in its raised form. If, however, the gluten-forming proteins have been subjected to heat before they come into contact with the yeast, their nature has already been changed; they have become inelastic and unable to rise. Since most of the early grains needed some degree of toasting before they could be separated from the stalk, raised bread was a chemical impossibility. But, approximately five thousand

It was reputedly in ancient Egypt that the art of

years ago in Egypt, a wheat had been developed 173

that could be separated from the stalk without being heated. According to one theory, leavening bread so that it will rise was discovered when some yeast spores drifted onto a dough that had been set aside for a while before baking. It would rise, not very much, perhaps, but enough to make the bread lighter and more appetizing than usual. Afterward, inquiring minds set about the task of reproducing deliberately a process that had been discovered by accident. But an alternative and even more likely theory proposes that on some occasion a fermented beverage was used instead of water to mix the dough. The rise would be more spectacular than that produced by a few errant spores, and the effect would be easy to explain and equally easy to reproduce.

making bread The chemical properties of yeast The diet of ancient Egyptians

244. According to the passage, what advantage did the new variety of wheat have over older varieties?

It was thought to have a superior flavor. It required less liquid to make the bread dough. It grew in great abundance. It did not need to be parched to be separated from the stalk.

245. What is the purpose of paragraph 2 ? 243. What does the passage mainly discuss? To present the scientific basis of a process The discovery of the process for making bread rise The varieties of wheat used in To explain why principles of nutrition were slow to be discovered 174

To present the historical record of events To explain why starch is needed in the human diet 248. The word that in the passage refers to 246. The word subsequently in the passage is closest in meaning to beverage water thoroughly afterward reliably vertically 249. The word inquiring in the passage is closest in meaning to 247. According to the passage, where are gluten-forming proteins found? curious confused In spores drifting in the air In wheat stalks In the starchy endosperm In fermented beverages 250. The word alternative in the passage is closest in meaning to mature confident dough rise

understandable excellent 175

different descriptive

has produced carbon dioxide has been heated contains gluten-forming proteins

251. The word reproduce in the passage is closest in meaning to

has become spongy

organize discontinue observe copy

Artifacts from hundreds of early sites dotting the American Southwest provide evidence that jewelry making by the Native Americans there has spanned more than two thousand years. To adorn themselves and their clothing, Native Americans in the Southwest

252. It can be inferred that the fermented beverage mentioned in paragraph 5 contained

produced innumerable types of beads, pendants, bracelets, rings, necklaces, earrings and buttons, utilizing such diverse materials as stone, shell, wood, clay, and bones. Evidence suggests that

gluten proteins dough yeast

they exchanged ideas, materials, and objects along well-established trade routes for centuries before Europeans started to explore the North American continent. From approximately 300 B.C. to A.D. 1540,

253. According to the passage, yeast will NOT be effective in causing bread dough to rise if the wheat in the dough

three major cultural groups inhabited the Southwest, developing agricultural communities based on the cultivation of corn, squash, and beans. The Hohokam settled in southern Arizona along the Gila, Salt and 176

Santa Cruz rivers, where they refined the artistry of creating jewelry from shells. The Anasazi (whose name is a Navajo word meaning The Ancients) occupied the high-plateau country of the Four Corners area, where they built grand cities of multistoried cliff dwellings and ceremonial chambers in what is now Colorado and New Mexico. And the Mogollon, renowned for their distinctive figurative pottery, founded their villages in the mountainous region of eastern Arizona and the Mimbres valley of southwestern New Mexico. These cultures all reached the pinnacle of their artistic expression during approximately the same period, between A.D. 900 and 1200. The legacy of their traditions in making turquoise and shell jewelry enriches the southwestern Native American cultures of today. Much of the jewelry featured turquoise and shell, but other stones were also used. In addition to beads, pendants in various geometric and representational shapes were also popular; they have been found in abundance throughout the Southwest. The life-forms depicted in the pendants included snakes, whose sinuous shapes may have represented lightening, many types of birds, often

in profile, as well as animals that might have been encountered in the hunt. Animals associated with water, such as frogs and turtles, also appear frequently. For cultures inhabiting a semiarid environment in which water was---and is---a precious commodity, water symbols were predictably popular and proliferated on pottery as well as jewelry.

254. What does the passage mainly discuss?

The geography and climate of the American Southwest Plants and animals of the American Southwest Exchange of goods along trade routes in Native American societies Jewelry making among Native Americans of the Southwest

255. The word adorn in the passage is closest in meaning to

177

identify cover decorate advance

258. The word refined in the passage is closest in meaning to

perfected selected

256. The word suggests in the passage is closest in meaning to

defined maintained

indicates advises challenges demands

259. The word pinnacle in the passage is closest in meaning to

gradual change high point innovation acknowledgment

257. The passage mentions all of the following as materials used to make jewelry EXCEPT 260. The author explains the origin of which of the following names?

shell clay wood silver

Hohokam Mogollon Anasazi Navajo

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261. All of the following are mentioned as being true of the Native Americans of the Southwest EXCEPT that they

associated with water plentiful in the areas where the jewelry makers lived easy to depict

cultivated crops considered artistic expression important built cities traded with Europeans 264. It can be inferred that the designs 262. The word they in the passage refers to on jewelry made by southwestern Native Americans were based on

pendants beads other stones turquoise and shell

ancient narratives objects found in cities hunting scenes observation of the environment

263. According to paragraph 3, frogs and turtles were common motifs in southwestern Native American jewelry because they were Although glasswares that were made in England dominated the early North American market, glassblowers from Great Britain were not easily persuaded to go to the North American believed to bring good luck colonies. The eighteenth century was the golden 179

age of English glass: the industry and its employees prospered. Glassmakers were discouraged from emigrating because if English-quality glass were produced in the colonies the home industry would have been threatened. In one instance, five English glassmakers were arrested in England as they boarded a ship for America. In spite of England's disapproval of American manufacturing, an interest in glassmaking recurred periodically during the entire colonial era. The actual number of glass factories erected was small, only twelve or so, probably because the manufacturing of glass required a considerable initial investment in a large facility and a team of skilled workers. Glasshouses, as the glassmaking factories were called, could not be erected any where. Rather, sites had to be carefully selected on the basis of the availability of fuel and raw materials of very specific properties. The financial and technical considerations of glassmaking were such that most of the colonial glass factories lasted only a short time. The colony of Pennsylvania was chosen as a site to make glass by several glass manufacturers. One glassworks was built there in the seventeenth century;

at least six followed in the eighteenth. Pennsylvania's first glasshouse was conceived in 1682 as part of the economic plan of the settlement of Philadelphia. For this undertaking an English window maker from England was hired. Four other English glassmakers agreed to accompany him. The founders of the settlement envisioned a glass factory not only to supply the demands for window and table glass within the colony, but also to provide goods for commercial trade.

265. What does the passage mainly discuss?

Glassmaking in colonial America Effects of immigration on colonial American industry The use of glass products in colonial America Competition among glassmakers in colonial Pennsylvania

180

the colonies would decrease. American glassmakers would use up the raw materials 266. According to the passage, why were most glassblowers unwilling to move to the American colonies? needed for making glass. Skilled American glassblowers would stay in America rather than coming to England. The need for glass products in the colonies was declining. The glassblowing industry was highly successful in England. The colonies did not have the necessary raw materials to make glass. The colonists required a different kind of glass than the English made. stopped reappeared invested lessened 267. It can be inferred from the passage that England did not want America to manufacture glass for which of the following reasons? preferably The demand for English glass in somewhat 181 269. The word Rather in the passage is closest in meaning to 268. The word recurred in the passage is closest in meaning to England wanted to avoid the responsibility of supervising American glass factories.

instead however a highly profitable and stable industry 270. All of the following are mentioned as being required for the manufacture of glass EXCEPT technical advances in colonial glassmaking the failure of many glass factories nearby transportation availability of materials investment in a facility skilled labor 272. The phrase at least in the passage is closest in meaning to many sites being appropriate for glassmaking

in addition no more than at the end at the minimum

273. The phrase this undertaking in the passage refers to

271. The author indicates that the financial and technical considerations of colonial glassmaking resulted in

creating the colony of Pennsylvania establishing Pennsylvania's 182

first glasshouse establishing six glasshouses in the eighteenth century supplying the demands for glassmakers within the colony

To give an example of a site of early American glass manufacturing

274. The word accompany in the passage is closest in meaning to

visit precede join supply

275. What is the purpose of paragraph 3 ? Test 1 1~275 Answers To describe the glassmaking process To summarize the economic role that glassmaking played in colonial America To compare glassmaking in different parts of colonial America 1~11 12~22 23~33 34~44 45~55 56~66 67~77 BCDADDACCBA CCCDDBAABBD BBCACBCBDAA CACBCABDBDA DCCAABDDBAC DCBCADBCDAA BACDABBDCBA 183

78~88 89~99 100~110 111~121 122~132 133~143 144~154 155~165 166~176 177~187 188~198 199~209 210~220 221~231 232~242 243~253 254~264 265~275

DBDCCDABAAC CBACACDBCDB AACCCADCBAD ACCBDABBAD CADBBACDACD BDABBCDCABC CCDADDAB BBDACCA CDABBA DADBCDADBCA BCCBAAADDBD BADCBAADCDB BCCDCCADCBD CABBADBACCC ABBCACCBB ABDBAABACDC DBBCDDADBAD BCDBDACDBDC

184

144~154 155~165 166~176 177~187 188~198 199~209 210~220 221~231 232~242 Test 2 1~275 Answers 243~253 254~264 1~11 12~22 23~33 34~44 45~55 56~66 67~77 78~88 89~99 100~110 111~121 122~132 133~143 DBCDDCDAAA AABAABBCDCD DBAAABCD CBDBBAADCCD CCCADADCADB CCBAADBCD DCDBCACA CDABAAC DCCADA BBBDCDACDCD ACDDABBABDC CCAADD CBADABCADD 265~275

DDBBADBCCCA AADBDABCCBD DDCCABB CBBADCADDAC CCADBB DBCACADBDCA BDCBACDADAA BACDBDACBAD DDBDAACACDC ADABCDACDDB DCADABCD{AB}BD ABABCACDBCD

185