Chapter 3 Planning, implementation and evaluation

- The difference between strategic and long term planning: Long term planning focus on the determination of long term goals and objectives for a future period of time, on the other hand strategic planning focus on the future goals and how to realize them through specific detailed steps. - Strategic planning main steps: 1) Determine vision, mission and objectives of the organization. 2) Analyze the internal environment of the organization to identify strengths and weaknesses points. 3) Analyze the external environment of the organization to predict any opportunity to be exploited in the future or to avoid any threats that may confront the organization in the future. 4) To be aware about the aspirations and desires of top management team and different managerial leaders. 5) Formulation of strategies that pertain some desired goals to be realized. * In order to realize such goals, we need to convert such strategies into policies to be applied. That's what it called public policy analysis process. Its main steps are as follows: - Problem formulation: to know exactly size, causes, dimensions and stakeholders affected by these problems. - Set criterions by which we can choose the appropriate alternatives to solve the problem (indicate weights to each criterion).

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- Engender alternatives to solve the problem (different experts and practitioners related to the problem can propose solutions even by brain storming). - Compare each alternative with criteria to indicate its advantages and disadvantages. - Ranking the different alternatives according to the result of previous comparison. - Submit to the decision maker the list of these ranking alternatives, each of these alternatives represent a proposed policy for solving the problem and realize the strategies of the organization. - Strategy implementation: We can implement strategy through three methods: 1- Structural design: An appropriate structure must be designed to ensure the efficient and effective implementation of the organization strategy. This structure must maintain the necessary activities, jobs and tasks that had to be fulfilled to realize the organization strategic goals. Relying on the bureaucratic model principles, we can create a rigid systematic structure to ensure the performance efficiency. 2- System analysis: Adopting different perspective that looks to the organization as an open system; which interacts with its surrounding dynamic environment can be the asset on which the organization builds its organic structure. It receives its resources (inputs) from external environment; transforming them (processing) into full product or service (outputs) transmitting them into markets (external environment). 3- Reengineering: That's a radically method used to reform the organizational structure through analyzing each activity and job into its detailed tasks; in order to eliminate the unnecessary tasks and enhance the necessary tasks that
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propose value added to the product /output of the organization. Thus, that will lead to the maximization of organizational outputs and outcomes. - Evaluation: 1- Performance evaluation: It must be some specific standards to evaluate the government performance annually; focusing on measuring the efficiency and the quality of the inputs, process and outputs. 2- Program evaluation: This type of evaluation can be divided into two types: process evaluation and outcomes evaluation en. Process evaluation aims to set standards that measure the different steps of plan implementation through which the goals are realized (efficient use of resources). On the other hand, outcomes evaluation aims to set standards that measure the impact of the outputs to find out the extend of goals attainment (the degree of effectiveness). There are two types of measurement techniques qualitative and quantative techniques.

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