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DC- LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

Line no.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

SB
1
2
2
1
2
3
4
5
4
7
4
7
9
6
6
6
9
10
12
13

EB
2
3
4
5
5
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
11
13
14
-

Line reactance p.u

0.059
0.198
0.176
0.223
0.173
0.171
0.042
0.252
0.208
0.176
0.556
0.119
0.085
0.198
0.225
0.13
0.27
0.192
0.119
0.348

Max permissible real line power in p.u

0.9
0.25
0.3
0.5
0.25
0.75
0.25
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.075
0.075
0.1
0.2
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.075

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AIM:
To develop a computer program to carry out D.C load flow analysis of the given system.
THEORY:
One of the fastest method of load flow analysis of power system is DC load flow analysis if it
is based on the important basic assumptions.
1. All bus voltage magnitude are equal to 1.0 p.u.
2. All angular distances are small have cos(s1-s2)=1.
3. All lines and transformer are characterized by a high X/R ratio is X>>R.
The basic steps involved in d.c. load flow analysis are,
1. Compute bus matrix [B] by considering all buses other than slack Bij-sum of line
susceptance connected to bus.
Bij- negative of line susceptances concerned between buses is j.
2. Compute bus voltage angle using the reluctance
[S]=[B]-1*[D]
[nb-1]*[nb-1]*[nb-1][nb-1]*1
Where
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
21.4 0
0
-4.48 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
16.9
4
33.4 -5.05 -5.68 -5.78 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16.9 6
4
0
-5.05 10.8 -5.84 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
-5.68 -5.48 41.9 0
-4.80 0
-1.79 0
0
0
0
0
5
23.8
0
-4.48 -5.78 0
-23.8 38.0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
3.2
6
0
0
0
0
-0.96 0
0
0
0
-5.05 -5.05 -7.69 0
3.9
4
0
0
0
-4.80 0
0
18.8 -8.48 0
0
0
0
0
9
5.6
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
-5.68 5.6 0
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
-1.78 0
0
-8.43 0
25.6 0
0
0
-8.78
8
11.7
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11.7 16.9 -5.20 0
0
0
6
7
0
0
0
0
-5.08 0
0
0
0
-5.20 16.2 0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
-3.91 0
0
0
0
0
0
12.3 -8.48 0
1
0
0
0
0
-7.69 0
0
0
0
0
0
-8.48 13.9 -2.87
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2.87 6.577

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[P] is a vector made up of specified bus power of all buses except the S.B.
3. Compute generator[S.B] over loads if any.
5. Compute line flows.
6. Compare overheads on lines if any.
SIMULATION:
D.C load flow analysis carried out on a 14 bus text s/m. All the relevant quantities such as
bus voltage angles slack bus power, generator overheads line flows and line over loads if any are
calculated.
ALGORITHM:
Step1: Read line data bus data and generator data.
Step2: Compute bus susceptance matrix[B] and current susceptance matrix and to get
[X]=[B].
Step3: Bus power vector[P].
Step4: Compute slack bus power angles of buses except the slack bus.
[S]=[X]*[P]
Step5: Compute slack bus power using the relation
NB
Pij = Si*Bij
i=1
Step6: Compute slack bus load, if any.
Step7: Compute the line flows using the relation
Pij=Si-Sij
Xij
Step8: Compare line over loads by comparing the actual power flow with the max
power flow on each line.
Step9: Print all the result.
Step 10: Stop the execution.

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PROGRAM:
clc
% load flow datas
nb=input(The no. of buses\n);
n1=input(The no. of lines\n);
sb=input(The no. of starting buses\n);
eb=input(The no. of ending buses\n);
RPG=input(The real power generation are as follows)
RPL=input(The real power load are as follows\n)
mrplf=input(The maximum permissible power flow\n)
lr=input(The Line reactance\n)
MPR=input(The machine power rating\n)
for m=1:nb
for n=1:nb
if m==n||m~=n
if lre(m,n)==0

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n=n+1;
else
b(m,m)=+lre(m,n)^-1;
b(n,n)=+lre(m,n)^-1;
b(m,n)=-lre(m,n)^-1;
b(n,m)=b(m,n);
end
end
end
end
fprintf(The bus matrix is \n)
bbus=b
fprintf(The Xbus matrix \n)
xbux=bbus^-1
del=xbus*RPG;
del(1,1)=0
for m=1:n1
for n=1:n1
f(m)=(del(sb(m),1)-del(eb(m),1/lr(m,1);
end
end
lineflow=f
for m=1:n1
d(l,m)=lineflow(l,m)-mrplf(l,m);
end
loadflow=d
if loadflow= = loadflow(l,m)
fprintf(The LINE FLOW EXCEEDS THE PERMISSIBLE POWER \n)
fprintf(The LINES ARE OVERLOADED \n)
else
fprintf(The line does not exceed the maximum permissible power flow \n)
end
OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAM:
The no. of buses:
14
The no. of lines:

20

The no. of starting buses:

[1 2 2 1 2 3 4 5 4 7 4 7 9 6 6 6 9 10 12 13]

The no. of ending buses:

[2 3 4 5 5 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 11 13 14]

The real power generation are as follows:

The real power load are as follows:
The maximum permissible power flow:
0.075 0.1 0.2 0.05 0.075 0.9 0.075]
The Line reactance:

[0;0.15;0.15;0.1;0.05;0.05;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0]
[0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0;0.295;0.09;0.035;0.061;0.135]
[0.9 0.25 0.3 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.25 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.075

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[0.059;0.198;0.176;0.223;0.173;0.171;0.042;0.252;0.208;0.176;0.556;0.119;0.085;0.198;0.225;0.13;
0.27;0.192;0.119;0.348]
The machine power rating:

[0.5;0.3;0.3;0.2;0.1;0.1] The bus matrix is:

bbus =
Columns 1 through 8
5.0505 -5.0505 -5.6818 -4.4843 -5.7803 -5.8480 -23.8095 -3.9683
-5.0505 5.0505
0
0
0
0
0
0
-5.6818
0 5.6818
0
0
0
0
0
-4.4843
0
0 4.4843
0
0
0
0
-5.7803
0
0
0 5.7803
0
0
0
-5.8480
0
0
0
0 5.8480
0
0
-23.8095
0
0
0
0
0 23.8095
0
-3.9683
0
0
0
0
0
0 3.9683
-4.8077
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-5.6818
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1.7986
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8.4034
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-11.7647
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-5.0505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Columns 9 through 14
-4.8077 -5.6818 -1.7986 -8.4034 -11.7647 -5.0505
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.8077
0
0
0
0
0
0 5.6818
0
0
0
0
0
0 1.7986
0
0
0
0
0
0 8.4034
0
0
0
0
0
0 11.7647
0
0
0
0
0
0 5.0505

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The Xbus matrix

xbus =
Columns 1 through 8
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115

-0.0115
0.1865
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115

-0.0115
-0.0115
0.1645
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115

-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
0.2115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115

-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
0.1615
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115

-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
0.1595
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115

-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
0.1075
-0.0115
-0.0115

-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
0.0735
-0.0115

-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
0.1865

Columns 9 through 14
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
0.1965
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
del =
0
0.0240
0.0207
0.0166
0.0029
0.0028

-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
0.1645
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115

-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
0.5445
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115

-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
0.0305
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115

-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
0.2405
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115
-0.0115

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-0.0057
-0.0057
-0.0057
-0.0057
-0.0057
-0.0057
-0.0057
-0.0057
lineflow =
Columns 1 through 8
-0.4061

0.0167

0.0420 -0.0130

0.1217

0.0240

0.3250

0.0004

0.0000

0.0432

0.0380

0.0658

Columns 9 through 16
0.1072 -0.0000

0.0401 -0.0000

Columns 17 through 20
0

0 -0.0000

0.0000

loadflow =
Columns 1 through 8
-1.3061 -0.2333 -0.2580 -0.5130 -0.1283 -0.7260

0.0750 -0.3996

Columns 9 through 16
-0.1928 -0.1000 -0.1599 -0.3000 -0.0750 -0.0318 -0.0620 -0.1342
Columns 17 through 20
-0.0500 -0.0750 -0.9000 -0.0750
The line does not exceed the maximum permissible power flow

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RESULT:
The program for the dc load flow in the bus system is analysed with the help of matlab and the result
are obtained with the status of the analyze.