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1 1 G 1 2 G 1 G 2 2 3 G 1 3

Line No. 1 2 3 4

Starting Bus 1 1 1 2

Ending Bus 2 2 3 3

Line Changing Admittance 0.05j 0.05j 0.1j 0.06j

Generator Data G1 G2 Transformer Data T1 T2

Gradient Reactance 0.25j 0.20j Transient Reactance 0.10j 0.08j

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SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

AIM: To develop a program to carry out simulation of a symmetrical three phase short circuit on a given power system. THEORY: When a abnormal condition a rises in a power system such an insulation flash over on a lighting stroke to the transmission on a tower high current flow in the power system. Before in the operation of the circuit breaker high result increasing instability in the system and also curse. Short circuit study is an important study which provides vital information regarding the magnitude of fault current through various component of power system during short circuit. In avoiding a mathematical short circuit studies a number of assemptotes are made to supply the formation of the problem certain assumptions are made. The load line charging capacitance showing connections to the ground are neglected. The generator is represented by a voltage source in series with a reactance which is taken to be slak transient reactance. All the resistance of the transmission is sufficient then the reactance and the resistance are neglected. V0 = prefault voltage reffered to phasea. Z1 = generator transient impedance I referred to by, 1, 2.n generator bus. N = total number of buses 0 = ground bus consider the voltage source v0 shorted. (ie.,) node 0&0 shorted, the whole network is reduced to passive net work. [Vbus] = [Zbus] [Ibus]. Now introduce the voltage source between 0+_0 this result in resisting all the 2 bus V0 . [Vbus] = [Zbus] [Ibus] + bro9------------------------------------------------------2 where b = [1, 11]T Suppose that a three phase fault occurs at path bus the voltages are in the fault. If = fault current. Ip(F) = current infected of bus p. If = -Ip(F)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Vf = Vp(F) = IfZf ----------------------------------------------------------------------------4

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START

READ THE REQUIRED DATAS FROM THE PROGRAMMER COMPUTE AND MODIFY THE YBUS MATRIX PRINT Y-BUS MATRIX COMPUTE AND MODIFY Z-BUS MATRIX PRINT Z-BUS MATRIX GET THE FAULT LINE DATA

SWITCH TO THE SPECIFIC CASE

DISPLAY THE VALUE OF LINE CUREENTS BEFORE THE FAULT

STOP

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This flows from the fault various theorem is applied to the V- port network shown in the above figure expanding eg2 various theorem is applied to the V-port network shown in the above figure expanding eg2 for as port description. V1(F)=-Z11 I1(F)+------------+Z1P1I1(F)+---------------Z1nIn(F)+Va* V2(F)=Zp1I1(F)+--------------+Z2Ip(F)+------------------Z2nIn(F)+V0A Vp(F)=Zp11(F) +--------------+ZppIp(F)+---------+ZpnIa(F)+Voa Vn(F)=Z21I1(F)+---------+Z21Ip(P)+-----------+ZpIv(F)+Voa Using the result in the above equation we get ZpIp= -ZppIf +Voa If=Voa/Zpp+Zp=Vp(F). The above bus voltage are obtained from the rest of the equation. V1(F)=Vaa-Zip*Voa/Zpp+Zp V1(F)=Voa[1-Zip/Zpp+Zp]-------------------------------------------------5 If all the line voltages are line current and generator for current can be completed. ALGORITHM Step 1: Start Step 2: Read line data,machine data and transformer data fault impedance etc. Step 3: Compute Y-bus matrix and calculate Y-bus matrix. Step 4: From Z-bus by inverting the modified Y-bus matrix. Step 5: Initiate count I=0. Step 6: I=I+1 this means fault occurs on bus I. Step 7: Compute fault current at the faulted bus voltage of all buses. Step 8: Check whether the current is less than the number of buses if so go to step 6 otherwise go to next step Step 9: Print the result. Step 10: Stop. HAND CALCULATION Formation of y-bus matrix Y11 = (1/0.05j) + (1/0.05j) + (1/0.1j) = -50j Y12 = -Y21 = - (1/0.05j) - (1/0.05j) = -40j Y13 = -Y31 = - (1/0.1j) = 10j Y22 = (1/0.01j) + (1/0.05j) = 16.667j Y33 = - (1/0.1j) + (1/0.06j) = 26.66j YBUS = -50j 40j 10j 40j -56j 16j 10j 16j 16j

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CASE (P) COMPUTE THE FAULT CURRENT = (Voa / (Zbus(1,1)+Zf))

COMPUTE THE VOLTAGE AT THE NEAREST BUS TO THE FAULTED LINE COMPUTE THE VOLTAGE OF THE BUSES DUE TO THE FAULT CURRENT COMPUTE THE LINE CURRENTS DUE TO THE FAULTED LINE RETURN

Date: Ex. No.: Modified y-bus matrix is as follows Y11 = -50j + (1/ (0.25j + 0.1j)) = -52.85j Y33 = -26.66j + (1/ (0.2j + 0.008j)) = -30.23j Modified y-bus is = -52.85j (-1435 - 7145) - 40j (1376.9) + j (-1233 - 335) = 8506.715j Zbus = 0.168j 0.161j 0.145j 0.1618j 0.176j 0.150j 0.145j 0.150j 0.164j

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Fault occurs at bus p=1 Bus voltage is Vi = vm-If * Zip V1 = 0 V2 = 1.0 + 0.0j (5.924j) * (0.1618j) = 0.0414 V3 = 1.0 + 0.0j - (-5.924j) * (0.145j) = 0.141 The symmetrical three phase short circuit analysis is carried out on given bus system fault under faulted conditions. PROGRAMM: clear all clc nb=input('The Number of Buses\n'); nl=input('The Number of Lines\n'); sb=input('The Number of Starting Buses\n'); eb=input('The Number of Ending Buses\n'); lca=input('Enter The Details of Line Changing Admittance\n'); %Machine Data g1=input('Generator Data G1\n'); g2=input('Generator Data G2\n'); G=[g1;g2] t1=input('Transformer Data T1\n') t2=input('Transformer Data T2\n') T=[t1;t2] %Formation of Ybus Matrix for m=1:nb for n=1:nb if m==n||m~=n if lca(m,n)==0 n=n+1; else y(m,n)=+lca(m,n)^-1; y(n,n)=+lca(m,n)^-1;

Date: Ex. No.: y(m,n)=-lca(m,n)^-1; The Number of Buses 3 The Number of Lines 4 The Number of Starting Buses [1 1 1 2] The Number of Ending Buses [2 2 3 3] Enter The Details of Line Changing Admittance [0 0.05j 0.1j;-0.05j 0 0.06j;-0.1j -0.06j 0] Generator Data G1 Generator Data G2 G= 0 + 0.2500i 0 + 0.2000i Transformer Data T1 Transformer Data T2 T= 0 + 0.1000i 0 + 0.0800i The Y-Bus Matrix is ybus = 0 +10.0000i 0 -20.0000i 0 -10.0000i 0 -20.0000i 0 +16.6667i 0 -16.6667i 0 -10.0000i 0 -16.6667i 0 -16.6667i 0 + 0.1000i 0 + 0.0800i 0.25j 0.2j

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The Modified YBUS Matrix is ybus = 0 + 7.1429i 0 -20.0000i 0 -10.0000i zbus = 0 - 0.1328i 0 - 0.0514i 0 - 0.0514i 0 - 0.0528i 0 + 0.1080i 0 + 0.0689i 0 -20.0000i 0 +16.6667i 0 -16.6667i 0 -10.0000i 0 -16.6667i 0 -20.2381i

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0 + 0.1080i 0 + 0.0689i 0 - 0.0607i y(n,m)=y(m,n); end end end end fprintf('The Y-Bus Matrix is\n') ybus=y %Formation of Modified Y Bus Matrix ybus(1,1) = ybus(1,1)+((G(1,1)+T(1,1))^-1); ybus(3,3) = ybus(3,3)+((G(2,1)+T(2,1))^-1); fprintf('The Modified YBUS Matrix is\n') ybus=ybus %Formation of Z-Bus Matrix zbus=ybus^-1 fprintf('The Check Matrix is:\n') chkm=zbus.*ybus %Calculation of Fault Currents and Their Respective Voltages Voa=1+0i zf=0.1+0.05i; p=input('Enter The Fault Line Number') switch(p) case 1 fprintf('The Fault Occured at Line No.1\n') fprintf('The Fault Current at Line No.1\n') current=(Voa/(zbus(1,1)+zf)) V1=0+0i fprintf('The Voltage at Bus-2 Due to Fault at Bus-1 is\n') V2=Voa*(1-(zbus(2,1)/(zbus(1,1)+zf))) fprintf('The Voltage at Bus-3 Due to Fault at Bus-1 is\n') V3=Voa*(1-(zbus(3,1)/(zbus(1,1)+zf))) fprintf('Bus Voltages\n') VB1=Voa-current*zbus(1,1) VB2=Voa-current*zbus(1,2) VB3=Voa-current*zbus(1,3) fprintf('The Line Currents\n') LI1=(VB1-VB2)/lca(1,2) LI2=LI1 LI3=(VB2-VB3)/lca(2,3) LI4=(VB1-VB3)/lca(1,3) fprintf('GENERATOR CURRENT DURING FAULTED CONDITIONS\n') G1=(Voa-VB1)/(G(1,1)+T(1,1)) G2=(Voa-VB3)/(G(2,1)+T(2,1)) case 2 fprintf('The Fault Occured at Line No.2\n') fprintf('The Fault Current at Line No.2\n')

Date: Ex. No.: The Check Matrix is: chkm = 0.9486 -1.0282 1.0796 -1.0282 0.8800 1.1481 1.0796 1.1481 -1.2277 Voa = 1 p= 2

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Enter The Fault Line Number2 The Fault Occured at Line No.2 The Fault Current at Line No.2 9.9921 + 0.2801i

V2 = 0+0i The Voltage at Bus-1 Due to Fault at Bus-2 is V1 = 0.9856 + 0.5137i

The Voltage at Bus-3 Due to Fault at Bus-2 is V3 = 1.0302 - 1.0787i

Bus Voltages VB1 = VB2 = VB3 = 0.9856 + 0.5137i 0.9852 + 0.5276i 1.0193 - 0.6883i

The Line Currents LI1 = -0.2789 - 0.0078i LI2 = -0.2789 - 0.0078i LI3 = 20.2656 + 0.5680i LI4 = 12.0199 + 0.3369i GENERATOR CURRENT DURING FAULTED CONDITIONS G1 = -1.4676 - 0.0411i G2 = 2.4583 + 0.0689i

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current=(Voa/(zbus(2,2)+zf)) fprintf('The Voltage at Bus-1 Due to Fault at Bus-2 is\n') V1=Voa*(1-(zbus(1,2)/(zbus(2,2)+zf))) fprintf('The Voltage at Bus-3 Due to Fault at Bus-2 is\n') V3=Voa*(1-(zbus(3,1)/(zbus(2,2)+zf))) fprintf('Bus Voltages\n') VB1=Voa-current*zbus(2,1) VB2=Voa-current*zbus(2,2) VB3=Voa-current*zbus(2,3) fprintf('The Line Currents\n') LI1=(VB1-VB2)/lca(1,2) LI2=LI1 LI3=(VB2-VB3)/lca(2,3) LI4=(VB1-VB3)/lca(1,3) fprintf('GENERATOR CURRENT DURING FAULTED CONDITIONS\N') G1=(Voa-VB1)/(G(1,1)+T(1,1)) G2=(Voa-VB3)/(G(2,1)+T(2,1)) case 3 fprintf('The Fault Occured at Line No.3\n') fprintf('The Fault Current at Line No.3\n') current=(Voa/(zbus(3,3)+zf)) V3=0+0i fprintf('The Voltage at Bus-1 Due to Fault at Bus-3 is\n') V1=Voa*(1-(zbus(1,3)/(zbus(3,3)+zf))) fprintf('The Voltage at Bus-2 Due to Fault at Bus-3 is\n') V2=Voa*(1-(zbus(2,3)/(zbus(3,3)+zf))) fprintf('Bus Voltages\n') VB1=Voa-current*zbus(3,1) VB2=Voa-current*zbus(3,2) VB3=Voa-current*zbus(3,3) fprintf('The Line Currents\n') LI1=(VB1-VB2)/lca(1,2) LI2=LI1 LI3=(VB2-VB3)/lca(2,3) LI4=(VB1-VB3)/lca(1,3) fprintf('GENERATOR CURRENT DURING FAULTED CONDITIONS\N') G1=(Voa-VB1)/(G(1,1)+T(1,1)) G2=(Voa-VB3)/(G(2,1)+T(2,1)) otherwise disp('THERE IS NO BUS') end fprintf('The Line Currents Before Fault Occurance are as Follows\n') i112=((V1-V2)/lca(1,2)) i323=((V3-V1)/lca(3,1)) i413=((V2-V3)/lca(2,3))

Date: Ex. No.: The Line Currents Before Fault Occurance are as Follows i112 = 10.2734 -19.7120i i323 = 15.9238 + 0.4463i i413 = 17.9785 +17.1706i

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RESULT The program for symmetrical short circuit analysis is written in matlab and the line data is given by the input and the output is verified by calculation.