Date: Expt. No.

: LOAD FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE AREA SYSTEM

SECON DARY LFC LOOP P R I M AR Y LFC LOOP
1/ R ? Pd(s) ? Pref -K1/s +
Controller

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S Gg

? Xv(s) Gt + ? Pt(s) S

Kp/(1+sTp)
Power System

The data for single are system is given below: Rated area capacity = 2000MW, Nominal operating load = 1000MW, f0 = 50Hz, D=1%, R=3%, H=%sec, Load increase = 20MW. Compute steady state frequency deviation. Also determine the Critical value for controller gain KIcrit, so that the response is critically damped.

Date: Expt. No.: AIM: To determine the load dynamics of single area system using MATLAB. THEORY:

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An interconnected power system is divided into a number of control areas for the purpose of load frequency control. When subjected to disturbances say a small load change, all generator-turbine units in a control area swing together with the other groups of generator-turbine unit in other areas. Hence all the units in a control area are represented by a single unit of equivalent inertia and characterized by a single frequency. Since the area network is strong, all the bus loads in a control area are assumed to act at a single load point and characterized by a single equivalent load parameter. The different control areas are connected by relatively weak tie-lines. A typical n-area power system is shown below. For successful operation of an interconnected power system the following operating principles are to be strictly followed by the participating areas: 1) under normal operating conditions each control area should strive to meet its own load from its own spinning generators plus the contracted interchange between the neighbouring areas. 2) During emergency condition such as sudden loss of generating unit area under emergency can draw energy as emergency support from the spinning reserves of all the neighbouring areas immediately after it is subjected to the disturbances but should bring into the grid the required generation capacity from its hot and cold reserves to match the lost capacity and to enforce operating principle. FORMULAE: During the transient period following the load change, the power balance equation of are i at a time instant t may be written as PTi(t) - PDi(t) = (d/dt)Ei + D1. fi(t) +Pij(t) MW; i = 1,2 (d/dt)Ei rate at which the kinetic energy Ei of the equivalent unit in area i changes D1. fi Change in area load consumption in MW / Hz due to frequency sensitive old load. D1 = PDi / fi load damping constant in MW / Hz which gives the change in load due to change in frequency. Pij Change in tie line flow Pij from area i to area j measured at area i. The kinetic energy(KE) is proportional to the square of the speed of frequency and nothing that the predisturbance values of Ei and fi are E01 and f01, we can write Ei = Ei0 (fi/f0)2 = Ei0 ((f0 + fi)/ f0)2 = Ei (1+(fi/f0))2 Ei = Ei0 (1+(2fi/f0))2 (d/dt) Ei = (2 Ei0/f).(d/dt)fi

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Substituting the above equation in previous equation and dividing the previous equation by rated area capacity Pri and dropping the argument t, we get PTi - PDi = 2 (Hi/f0)((d/dt)fi)) + Di.fi + Pij p.u MW

The Ps are now in per unit and D in per unit MW/Hz. Hi is called the per unit inertia constant of area i and is defined as Hi = E0i / Pri MWs / MW (or sec) Laplace transformation of the above equation yields PTi(s) - PDi(s) = 2 (Hi/f0)(s.fi(s)) + Di.fi(s) + Pij(s) p.u MW

ALGORITHM: 1. start 2. initialize the memory contents and the screen 3. get the necessary input datas from the programmer 4. analyse the datas using the formulae 5. output the result 6. stop the execution. PROGRAM: clear all; clc; %INPUT DATAS rac=input('Enter the value of Related Area Capacity : nol=input('Enter the value of nominal operating load: f=input('Enter the value of frequency : cil=input('Enter the value of Change in Load : d=input('Enter the value of deviation in percentage : r=input('Enter the value of regulation in percentage: tc=input('Enter the value of Time Constant : % FORMULA AND CALCULATION D=((d*nol)/(d*f)); Dpu=(D/rac); R1=((rac)/(r*f)); R1pu=(R1/rac); B=(Dpu+R1pu); Mpu=(cil/rac); Fs=(-Mpu/B); Kp=(1/Dpu); '); '); '); '); '); '); ');

Date: Expt. No.: Enter the value of Related Area Capacity : Enter the value of nominal operating load: Enter the value of frequency : Enter the value of Change in Load : Enter the value of deviation in percentage : Enter the value of regulation in percentage: Enter the value of Time Constant : Steady state frequency deviation is Fs = -0.1304 200 1000 50 20 0.01 0.03 5

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The crtical value for the controller gain is Kcritical = 0.6722

Date: Expt. No.: Tp=((2*tc)/(f*Dpu)); R1=(1/R1pu); Kcritical=((1/(4*Tp*Kp))*((1+Kp)/R1)^2); %OUPUT VALUES fprintf('Steady state frequency deviation is \n') Fs=(-Mpu/B) fprintf('The crtical value for the controller gain is \n') Kcritical=((1/(4*Tp*Kp))*((1+Kp)/R1)^2)

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RESULT: Thus the required output for the given single area system is analyzed with the help of a matlab program and the results are obtained.