Loading Schedules Creation Part 1

H-1

Introduction

An operator shall ensure that during any phase of operation, the loading, mass and centre of gravity of the aeroplane complies with the limitations specified in the approved Aeroplane Flight Manual, or the Operations Manual if more restrictive.

[JAR OPS 1.605 (a) ]

H-2

Introduction
Each operator complying with this AC must construct a loading envelope applicable to each aircraft being operated. The envelope will include all relevant weight and balance limitations. It will be used to ensure that the aircraft is always operated within appropriate weight and balance limitations, and will include provisions to account for the loading of passengers, fuel, and cargo; the in-flight movement of passengers, aircraft components, and other loaded items; and the usage or transfer of fuel and other consumables. The operator must be able to demonstrate that the aircraft is being operated within its certificated weight and balance limitations using reasonable assumptions that are clearly stated.
[ FAA Advisory Circular 120-27E, Chapter 1, Section 3, item 107.]

H-3

Loading Schedules - Creation

Development of Load Limit Checks

Part I

Development of Index for Loaded Items (Passengers and Cargo) Development of Fuel Vector Index Development of Operational C.G. Limits Curtailments

Part II

Adjusted Fuel Vector Additional Loading Schedule Considerations

H-4

Development of Load Limit Checks

H-5

Development of Load Limit Checks

Loading Schedules contain load limit checks to ensure that the airplane is not loaded beyond its structural capabilities The complexity of these checks on any given loading schedule depends on operator choices regarding:
Bulk loading versus ULD loading The variety of ULDs that will be included in a single loading schedule Trade-offs between loading flexibility and the desired simplicity of the load limit checks

H-6

For bulk-loaded airplanes, (single-aisle Boeing models), a simplified load check is recommended, incorporated as part of the balance and trim chart.

H-7

Development of Load Limit Checks

In this example of a bulk-loaded model, maximum allowable loads are included for each fwd and aft hold compartment.
H-8

Development of Load Limit Checks

Bulk-loaded cargo must adhere to the cargo limitations shown in the WBM:
Compartment load limits Linear load limits Area load limits

To ensure that the linear and area load limits are not exceeded, bulk cargo is assumed to be uniformly loaded within each compartment. A simple, visual check can then be used to ensure these limits are not exceeded.

H-9

Development of Load Limit Checks

To ensure that compartment load limits are not exceeded when loading bulk cargo:
1) Define the cargo compartment boundaries that will be used on the loadsheet and balance chart 2) Determine the compartment load limits within these boundaries 3) Include the load limits on the balance and trim sheet

H-10

Example Bulk Load Limit Calculation

1a) Define the forward hold compartment boundaries

(Reference 737-700 WBM Section 1-62-041)

H-11

Example Bulk Load Limit Calculation

1b) Define the aft hold compartment boundaries

(Reference 737-700 WBM Section 1-62-061)

H-12

Example Bulk Load Limit Calculation

2) Determine the compartment load limits within these boundaries

COMPT 1 2 3 4

(Reference 737-700 WBM Section 1-60-001)

1218 + 741 = 1959 LB 798 + 887 = 1685 LB

H-13

Example Bulk Load Limit Calculation

3) Include the load limits on the balance and trim sheet

H-14

Development of Load Limit Checks

For ULD-loaded airplanes, the load limit checks can be much more complex than those for bulk-loaded airplanes. For example, in this particular 777-200 loading schedule, the load limit checks are contained in the Loading Instruction/Report. In both the forward and aft holds

H-15

Development of Load Limit Checks

ULDs of various size codes can be carried (size codes K, L, P, Q, M, A, and N) Load limit checks are included for each ULD position, and each compartment, plus a cumulative load check

H-16

Development of Load Limit Checks

To determine the proper load limit checks to include on a given load schedule for ULD-loaded models, all load limitations found in the WBM need to be considered:
Compartment load limits Linear load limits Area load limits Combined linear load limits Certified Unit Load Device (ULD) limits Cumulative load limits

H-17

Development of Load Limit Checks

To illustrate how we incorporate this information into a loading schedule, lets consider an example that uses all of the load limit and cargo capacity data found in the weight and balance manual. This example evaluates the capability to carry LD-2 containers (size code P) in the 767-300ER aft lower hold. Data from the767-300ER Sample Weight and Balance Manual Chapter 1 provided in the supplementary material notebook will be used to complete this example.

H-18

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

767-300 Aft Hold
61.5 in 60.4 in 132.0 in

44.4 in 64.0 in

LD-2

LD-2

2.12 in 47.0 in

96.0 in Rear view

WBM ( 1-63-XXX)

Aft Hold ULD positions for Size Code P (LD-2) Containers per WBM Section 1-64-066 (positions are numbered according to IATA standards)
43L 42L 41L 34L 33L 32L 31L

BULK
43R 42R 41R 34R 33R 32R 31R

C L

1671.2

1534.4 1544

1470.9

1407.3

1346.7

1286.1

1225.5

1164.9 B.A. 1104.2

H-19

FORWARD

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Compartment Load Limit (Section 1-60-001) Total load limit for aft hold is 17574 kg Assuming this total load limit is equally distributed among all 14 ULDs, the total allowable load per each ULD is: (17574 / 14) = 1255 kg

(Reference Sect. 1-60-001, page 1 of 2)

H-20

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Linear Load Limit (Section 1-60-001) Linear load limit for aft hold is 40.8 kg/in Limit per each ULD position (RH + LH): (60.4 in x 40.8 kg/in) = 2464 kg Limit per each ULD: (2464 / 2) = 1232 kg

(Reference Sect. 1-60-001, page 1 of 2)

H-21

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Area Load Limit (Section 1-60-001) Area load limit for aft hold is 90.7 kg/ft2 Limit per each ULD: ((60.4 in x 47.0 in) / 144) x 90.7 kg/ft2 = 1788 kg

(Reference Sect. 1-60-001, page 1 of 2)

H-22

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Combined Linear Load Limit (Section 1-60-001) Limit = 65.0 kg/in Assume main deck loading = 21.6 kg/in Limit per each ULD position (RH + LH): (65.0 21.6) x 60.4 = 2621 kg Limit per each ULD: (2621 / 2) = 1310 kg
Aft Hold

(Reference Sect. 1-60-001, page 2 of 2)

H-23

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Certified ULD Limit - Aft Hold (Section 1-60-025) Limit per each ULD = 1224 kg
*** Note that this table provides the most limiting of the compartment, linear, area, and ULD certified weight limits. By using this table from the WBM, these individual limit checks do not need to be made. ***

(Reference Sect. 1-60-025, page 1 of 2)

H-24

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Load Limit Summary for LD-2 Containers
LD-2 Position Limits (KG) RH / LH (RH+LH) 1255 1232 1788 1310 1224 2464 2621 -

Limit Type Compartment Load Limit Linear Load Limit Area Load Limit Combined Linear Limit Certified ULD Limit Cumulative Load Limit

Remarks 17574 / 14 ULDs 60.4 IN x 40.8 KG/IN 19.71 FT2 x 90.7 KG/FT2 60.4 IN x (65.0-21.6 KG/IN) All Restraints Operative (To be determined)

Maximum allowable load per each LD-2, without consideration of cumulative load limits, is 1224 kg

H-25

Exercise 10 Determining Load Limits for Fwd Cargo Hold Part 1 Basic Load Limitations

H-26

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Load Limit Summary for LD-2 Containers
LD-2 Position Limits (KG) RH / LH (RH+LH) 1255 1232 1788 1310 1224 2464 2621 -

Limit Type Compartment Load Limit Linear Load Limit Area Load Limit Combined Linear Limit Certified ULD Limit Cumulative Load Limit

Remarks 17574 / 14 ULDs 60.4 IN x 40.8 KG/IN 19.71 FT2 x 90.7 KG/FT2 60.4 IN x (65.0-21.6 KG/IN) All Restraints Operative (To be determined)

Maximum allowable load per each LD-2, without consideration of cumulative load limits, is 1224 kg

The next step will be to determine the cumulative load limits for this 767-300ER example

H-27

Shear and Bending: Body Loads

Remember that the cumulative load check considers the capability of the complete airplane structure (frames, stringers and skins working as a unit) to transmit loads from the extremities of the airplane to the wing box.

GALLEY

CARGO PASS OEW

CARGO PASS OEW

GALLEY

BODY AIR LOAD

BODY AIRLOAD

TAIL LOAD

H-28

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body

To determine the max allowable weight in each LD-2 based on the airplanes aft cumulative load limits for this example, we will follow the steps outlined on page 1 of Section 1-60-062, Aft Body Cumulative Loads.

H-29

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body
Assume the interior configuration is as shown. Assume the following weights are known: A1 galley structure and contents = 1610 kg A2 galley structure and contents = 855 kg A3 galley structure and contents = 855 kg (2) Attendants & stations on aft galleys = 227 kg (book-keep with aft galleys) (2) Attendants & stations on Aft Lavs = 227 kg (book-keep with mid-cabin galleys) Economy Class Seat = 21.1 kg each Passengers & carry-on baggage = 83.9 kg each
1600 1672
H-30
A2 A1 A3 F1

B.A. (IN.)

F2 M1 M2

285

500

744

1086

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body

AFT DOOR GALLEY COMPLEX WEIGHT CALCULATION ITEMS AFT OF BALANCE ARM 1672 KG A1 Galley Structure and Contents A2 Galley Structure and Contents A3 Galley Structure and Contents Attendants and Attendant Stations (2) TOTAL AFT DOOR GALLEY COMPLEX Is the A1 Galley equal to or less than the maximum? Maximum equals Actual equals Is the Aft Door Galley Complex equal to or less than the maximum? Maximum equals Actual equals

1610 855 855 227 3547

KG

1632 1610

OK

KG

3547 3547

OK

H-31

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body

MID CABIN GALLEY COMPLEX WEIGHT CALCULATION ITEMS BETWEEN BALANCE ARM 1086 & 1672 KG Attendants and Attendant Stations (2) TOTAL MID CABIN GALLEY COMPLEX
227 227

Note that the weight of the mid-cabin lavatories need not be included in the cumulative load calculation. The tables were established with these lavatories in consideration.
H-32

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body

PAX, CARRY-ON BAGGAGE, ATTENDANTS & SEATS WT CALCULATION Total ITEMS AFT OF B.A. 1086 QTY WT EACH Weight Economy Class Seat 108 21.1 2279 PAX and Carry-On Baggage 108 83.9 9061 PAX, CARRY-ON BAGGAGE, ATTENDANTS & SEATS 11340

H-33

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body

Summary of weights calculated in steps 1 through 3:

Aft door galley complex: Mid cabin galley complex: PAX, carry-on, attendant & seats:
3547 227 11340
KG KG KG

H-34

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body

Using the weights calculated in steps 1 through 3, enter the aft body cumulative load limits table found on page 3 of 9, in Section 1-60-061. Interpolation will be required to solve for the MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CUMULATIVE CARGO LOADS AFT OF THE TABULATED BALANCE ARMS of 1544 and 1086 in.

227

H-35

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body
Allowable cumulative load aft of B.A. 1544:
Mid-Cabin Complex Weight 0 227 454 Allowable Load Aft of B.A. 1544 2925 2925 2925

(Note: This also equals the compartment load limit for the bulk hold)

227

H-36

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body
Allowable cumulative load aft of B.A. 1086:
Mid-Cabin Complex Weight 0 227 454 Allowable Load Aft of B.A. 1086 16132 15905 15678

227

H-37

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body

This simplification would decrease the allowable load aft of B.A. 1086 from 15,905 kg to 15,678 kg (227 kg decrease) The allowable load aft of B.A. 1544 would not change.

227

H-38

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body

43L

42L

41L

34L

33L

32L

31L

BULK
43R 42R 41R 34R 33R 32R 31R

C L

1671.2

1534.4 1544

1470.9

1407.3

1346.7

1286.1

1225.5

1164.9 B.A. 1104.2

FORWARD

The maximum allowable weight for each ULD position in the aft hold must be checked to ensure cumulative loads are not exceeded at intermediate balance arms. To accomplish this, the maximum allowable cumulative cargo load aft of the forward face of each ULD position is calculated using linear interpolation between the maximum allowable loads determined in Step 4: 15,905 KG @ B.A. 1086.0, and, 2,925 KG @ B.A. 1544.0
H-39

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body
Calculated Limit 15905 KG

Calculated Limit 2925 KG 0

BULK 43L/R 42L/R 41L/R 34L/R 33L/R 32L/R 31L/R

1470.9 1671.2 1544.0

1407.3

1346.7

1286.1

1225.5

1164.9

1104.2 B.A. 1086.0

43L

42L

41L

34L

33L

32L

31L
C L

BULK
43R 42R 41R 34R 33R 32R 31R

1534.4 1671.2 1544.0

1470.9

1407.3

1346.7 FORWARD

1286.1

1225.5

1164.9

1104.2 1086.0

B.A.
H-40

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Cumulative Load Limits - Aft Body
Calculated Limit
15905 KG 15389 KG 13669 KG

Calculated Limit
2925 KG 0
BULK 43L/R

t rpola (inte
4997 KG

ad ed lo
8517 KG

11951 KG 10234 KG

s) limit

6799 KG

42L/R

41L/R

34L/R

33L/R

32L/R

31L/R

1470.9 1671.2 1544.0

1407.3

1346.7

1286.1

1225.5

1164.9

1104.2 B.A. 1086.0

43L

42L

41L

34L

33L

32L

31L
C L

BULK
43R 42R 41R 34R 33R 32R 31R

1534.4 1671.2 1544.0

1470.9

1407.3

1346.7 FORWARD

1286.1

1225.5

1164.9

1104.2 1086.0

B.A.
H-41

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Summary of Maximum Allowable Cumulative Load Limit for Each Aft Hold ULD Position
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CUMULATIVE LOADS AFT BODY, SIZE CODE P CONTAINERS
ULD POSITIONS FWD ULD FACE B.A.
MAX ALLOWABLE CUMULATIVE LOAD AFT OF GIVEN B.A. (KG)

Bulk Compt 43L & 43R 42L & 42R 41L & 41R 34L & 34R 33L & 33R 32L & 32R 31L & 31R

1544.0 1470.9 1407.3 1346.7 1286.1 1225.5 1164.9 1104.2

2925 4997 6799 8517 10234 11951 13669 15389

We are now ready to combine these cumulative load limits with the previously calculated limits; the more restrictive of compartment, linear, area, combined linear, and certified ULD load limits.
H-42

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

Many possible alternatives exist for presenting these Size Code P ULD limits on a loading schedule Let us consider 5 possible alternatives:
1) Check the cumulative load limits for each container position including the bulk hold in the calculation 2) Check the cumulative load limits for each container position but allow for full bulk loading at any time 3) Check the cumulative load limits for each compartment of the aft hold 4) Allow full bulk loading and limit all LD-2 ULDs to equal amounts such that no cumulative load check required 5) Limit bulk to some chosen amount in-between zero and max allowable, & limit all LD-2 ULDs to equal amounts such that no cumulative load check required
H-43

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

1) Check cumulative limits for each position including the bulk hold in the calculation
Individual ULD weight limits that meet the requirements of: - Compartment Load Limits - Linear Load Limits - Area Load Limits - Combined Linear Load Limits - Certified Container Limits
BULK 43L 42L 41L 34L 33L 32L 31L

Maximum Position Load (KG) Size Code P

43R 1224

42R 1224

41R 1224

34R 1224

33R 1224

32R 1224

31R 1224

Cumulative Load (KG) Maximum Cumulative Load

2925 4997 6799 8517 10234 11951 13669 15389

Cumulative Load Limit for the Bulk Cargo Hold

Cumulative Load Limits at Each B.A. Location

H-44

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

2) Check cumulative limits for each position, but allow for full bulk loading at any time
Individual ULD weight limits that meet the requirements of: - Compartment Load Limits - Linear Load Limits - Area Load Limits - Combined Linear Load Limits - Certified Container Limits
BULK 43L 42L 41L 34L 33L 32L 31L

Bulk hold limit = 2925

Maximum Position Load (KG) Size Code P

43R 1224

42R 1224

41R 1224

34R 1224

33R 1224

32R 1224

31R 1224

Cumulative Load (KG) Maximum Cumulative Load

2072 3874 5592 7309 9026 10744 12464

Bulk cargo hold not included in the cumulative load check

Cumulative Load Limits at Each B.A. Location (each has been reduced from Example 1 by 2925)

H-45

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

3) Check cumulative limits for each compartment
Note: For this to be allowed, heaviest LD-2 Containers must be loaded towards the forward part of the cargo compartment Maximum Position Load (KG) Size Code P
Individual ULD weight limits (same as in alternative #1)
BULK 43L 42L 41L 34L 33L 32L 31L

43R 1224

42R 1224

41R 1224

34R 1224

33R 1224

32R 1224

31R 1224

Cumulative Load (KG) Maximum Cumulative Load

2925 8517 15389

Cumulative Load Limit for the Bulk Cargo Hold

Cumulative Load Limits at B.A. 1346.7 and 1104.2

H-46

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

4) Allow full bulk loading, and limit all LD-2 ULDs to equal amounts no cumulative load check required.
BULK 43L 42L 41L 34L 33L 32L 31L

Maximum Position Load (KG) Size Code P Bulk Hold Compartment Load Limit for the Bulk Cargo Hold
2925

43R 890

42R 890

41R 890

34R 890

33R 890

32R 890

31R 890

Position limits created by taking the maximum cumulative load for the aft hold (minus bulk) divided by 14 ULD Positions: (15389 - 2925) / 14 = 890
H-47

Example ULD Load Limit Calculation

5) Limit bulk to some chosen amount between zero and the max allowable, limit all LD-2 ULDs to equal amounts no cumulative load check required.
BULK 43L 42L 41L 34L 33L 32L 31L

Maximum Position Load (KG) Size Code P Bulk Hold

1500

43R 992

42R 992

41R 992

34R 992

33R 992

32R 992

31R 992

Choose to Limit the Bulk Hold to 1500 KG Maximum Cumulative Load for the Aft Hold (Less Bulk) Divided by 14 ULD Positions: (15389 - 1500) / 14 = 992
H-48

Determining Complete Load Limits for a Given Loading System

In order to create a final load schedule that could be used for dispatch purposes, an analysis similar to what we have just completed for size code P containers must be completed for each ULD type you plan to carry in your operations These analyses will need to be completed for both the forward and the aft cargo holds

H-49

Determining Complete Load Limits for a Given Loading System

The choice of presentation format is a trade between loading flexibility/capability and load schedule complexity The following page contains an example of a complete, dispatch-ready, loading instruction report with all of the check limits included for the various ULD types this operator plans to possibly carry

H-50

Example of a 777-200 Loading Instruction/Report which includes check limits for all of the possible ULDs this operator may carry

H-51

Exercise 10 Determining Load Limits for Fwd Cargo Hold Part 2 Cumulative Load Limitations

H-52

Development of Index for Loaded Items (Passengers and Cargo)

H-53

Development of Index for Loaded Items

Determining and recording the balance effects of individual passengers and pieces of cargo is cumbersome and time-consuming An alternative method is to assume the total weight of all passengers or cargo loaded within a specified area is applied at a datum B.A. chosen for that area
Simplifies the calculation and recording process Introduces an error when actual passenger or cargo c.g. is different from areas chosen datum B.A. Curtailments are required in order to account for this possible error Subdividing loading areas into multiple zones (pax) or compartments (cargo) reduces the magnitudes of these curtailments and increases loading flexibility, but also increases loading schedule complexity
H-54

Example of Index for Passengers

The passenger cabin is sub-divided into zones Zones can be any size For ease of use, all passengers in a given zone should be of the same passenger class Datum balance arm of all passengers loaded within a given zone is typically assumed to occur at the zones average passenger location Datum balance arm for a zone can be set to any location within that zone
Multiple interior configurations on loading schedule Zero index effect (Compartment datum set equal to index equations datum B.A.)

H-55

Example of Index for Passengers

For this example we will calculate the index for loading passengers in the 737-700 cabin shown here The passenger cabin will be separated into three selected zones, 0A, 0B, and 0C Datum balance arms for loading of passengers into each of these three cabin zones need to be defined.

(Reference interior layout to WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-44-0xx)

H-56

Example of Index for Passengers

PASSENGERS

In this example, datum balance arms will be selected to coincide with each zones collective passenger centroid
Zone 0A datum: = (4)(327.0) + (4)(372.0) + (4)(417.0) 12

LEFT ROW
1 2 3

RIGHT B.A. IN.

327.0 372.0 417.0

NO.
2 2 2

NO.
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

B.A. IN.
327.0 372.0 417.0

Zone 0A: 12F Passengers. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 467.0 500.0 533.0 566.0 599.0 633.0 666.0 699.0 467.0 500.0 533.0 566.0 599.0 633.0 666.0 699.0

= 372.0 in. Zone 0B datum: =

(6)(467.0) + (6)(500.0) + (6)(533.0) + . 48

Zone 0B: 48Y Passengers 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 732.0 765.0 798.0 831.0 864.0 897.0 930.0 963.0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 732.0 765.0 798.0 831.0 864.0 897.0 930.0 963.0

= 582.9 in. Zone 0C datum: =

(6)(732.0) + (6)(765.0) + (6)(798.0) + . 48

Zone 0C: 48Y Passengers

= 847.5 in.

(Reference data to WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-44-0xx)

H-57

Example of Index for Passengers

Determination of the index for passengers loaded in each zone depends on:
Index equation for the specific loading schedule Desired presentation format (e.g., Alignment Bar, Universal Index, computerized, etc.)

Lets first consider an alignment bar type of presentation format

H-58

Alignment Bar Development

Alignment bar spacing equals the incremental index that occurs when an incremental load is placed at the datum balance arm for the zone Incremental indices for loading in a given zone are found by using the index equation for the particular loading schedule
Index = Weight x (Balance Arm - Datum Balance Arm) Moment Constant (Pitch index) Defined for a given Incremental load (Pitch load) B.A. for zone datum loading schedule

H-59

Alignment Bar Development

Pitch Index = Pitch Load x (Zone Datum - Datum Balance Arm) Moment Constant
Index
0 5 10 15 20

Choice of Pitch Load:

Easily divisible whole number of passengers (e.g. 1, 5, 10, etc.) Easily divisible whole number of weight (useful for cargo; e.g. 100, 200, 400, 500, 1000, etc.)

Pitch Load
10 PAX 400 LB

(15 PAX) (1000 LB) Pitch Index

The following slides contain general considerations and suggestions for successful development of an alignment bar presentation format
H-60

Alignment Bar Development

Considerations and Suggestions Select the pitch load and pitch index to create a wellproportioned, easy-to-use presentation on the balance chart
Pitch Load
400 LB

Index
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Pitch Index = 4.0

Select pitch loads that allow users to easily interpolate for intermediate values
Po fo or r p ch itc oi h ce lo s ad
Pitch Load
125 LB

Index
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Pitch Index = 5.0 Pitch Index = - 5.0

H-61

18 PAX

Alignment Bar Development

Considerations and Suggestions The pitch index should not result in lines that are too widely spaced (generally, choose a pitch index +5 and -5)
Pitch Load
500 LB

Index
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Pitch Index = 15.0

Likewise, the pitch index should not result in lines that are too closely spaced (generally, do not choose between -1 and +1)
Pitch Load
50 LB

Index
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Pitch Index = - 1.0

H-62

Alignment Bar Development

Considerations and Suggestions To assist users in counting across alignment bars, every 2nd or 5th bar can be darkened (this is mainly helpful when bars are based on a small pitch index)
Pitch Load
200 LB

Index
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Pitch Index = - 1.5

It is best to present the scale large enough to be usable; in this example even a pitch index of 2.0 is difficult to use
Pitch Load
50 LB

Index
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Pitch Index = - 2.0

H-63

Alignment Bar Development

Considerations and Suggestions If a zone datum balance arm is chosen to equal the airplane index equation datum balance arm, then no alignment bars are needed for loading within that zone (pitch index = 0)
Pitch Load
xxx LB

Index
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

(No effect for loading in this zone)

Pitch Index = 0.0

Instead of slanted bars, some operators choose an alignment presentation that uses vertical bars
Pitch Load
400 LB

Index
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Pitch Index = 4.0

H-64

Example of Index for Passengers

Alignment Bar Development

To continue with our 737-700 example we will assume the following:

Average passenger + carry-on weight = 185 LB Index equation datum balance arm = 658.3 IN. Index equation moment constant = 70000 LB-IN

Pitch load will be based on an easily divisible number of passengers that creates the desired pitch index

H-65

Example of Index for Passengers

Alignment Bar Development
Incremental Indices to Use for Loading Schedule
ZONE DATUM B.A. IN. 372.0 582.9 847.5 INCREMENTAL LOAD NO. OF PASSENGERS 5 10 10 PITCH INDEX -3.783 -1.993 5.000

ZONE 0A 0B 0C

Example Calculation of Pitch Index for Zone 0B: Pitch Index = = Pitch Load x (Zone Datum - Datum Balance Arm) Moment Constant (10)(185) x (582.9 658.3) 70000
H-66

= - 1.993

Example of Index for Passengers

Alignment Bar Development

Final passenger loading alignment bars

(based on table from previous page)

Index Zone 0A 0B 0C Pitch

5 PAX 10 PAX 10 PAX
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

(Pitch Index) (- 3.783) (- 1.993) (+ 5.000)

H-67

Example of Index for Passengers

Universal Index Development

index for passengers loaded in each zone could also be presented using a Universal Index type of presentation format. Methodology for selection of passenger zones and determination of zone datums does not change from alignment-type system Two common index table formats are shown on the following page

H-68

Universal Index Table Development

Common Index table formats
Weight versus Index Table
Compartment Weight Index 100 -1 200 -2 300 -3 400 -4 500 -5

Weight Range versus Index

(Or, Zone)
Compartment Weight From To Index 0 46 0 47 140 -1 141 234 -2 235 328 -3 329 422 -4

(Or, number of passengers)

(Or, number of passengers)

H-69

Universal Index Table Development

Weight versus Index Table Substitute desired table weights into index equation to determine associated index Round index as desired
Index = Weight x (Compartment Datum - Datum Balance Arm) Moment Constant

If: Datum Balance Arm = 1510.0 Moment Constant = 80000 Compartment Datum = 658.3 Then: wt = 100, wt = 200, wt = 300, wt = 400, wt = 500, etc. index = -1.064 (round to -1) index = -2.129 (round to -2) index = -3.193 (round to -3) index = -4.259 (round to -4) index = -5.323 (round to -5)

Weight versus Index Table

Compartment Weight Index 100 -1 200 -2 300 -3 400 -4 500 -5

H-70

Universal Index Table Development

Weight Range versus Index Table
Index = Weight x (Compartment Datum - Datum Balance Arm) Moment Constant Weight = ( Index) x Moment Constant Compartment Datum - Datum Balance Arm

Rearrange index equation to solve for weight

Calculate the exact weight corresponding to the mid-point between Index values of the table. Round up to obtain minimum weight for next higher index in the table. Round down to obtain maximum weight for previous lower index value.

If: Datum Balance Arm = 1510.0 Moment Constant = 80000 Compartment Datum = 658.3 Then: index = -0.50, index = -1.50, index = -2.50, index = -3.50, index = -4.50, etc. wt = 46.97 wt = 140.89 wt = 234.82 wt = 328.75 wt = 422.68

Weight Range versus Index

Compartment Weight From To Index 0 46 0 47 140 -1 141 234 -2 235 328 -3 329 422 -4

H-71

Example of Index for Passengers

Universal Index Table Development To continue with our 737-700 example we will again assume the following:
Average passenger + carry-on weight = 185 LB Index equation datum balance arm = 658.3 IN. Index equation moment constant = 70000 LB-IN

Lets choose to create a Passenger Range versus Index table based on the zones defined previously in this example:
ZONE 0A 0B 0C ZONE DATUM B.A. 372.0 IN. 582.9 IN. 847.5 IN.
H-72

Example of Index for Passengers

Universal Index Table Development
Weight = Passengers x (wt per pax) =

Rearrange index equation to solve for passengers

Zone 0A: zone datum = 372.0
Table index 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 Index at midpoint -0.50 -1.50 -2.50 -3.50 -4.50 -5.50 -6.50 -7.50 -8.50 -9.50 Pass at mid-point Index 0.66 1.98 3.30 4.63 5.95 7.23 8.59 9.91 11.23 12.56 Minimum pass for table Index 0 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 13

( Index) x Moment Constant Zone Datum - Datum Balance Arm ( Index) x 70000 (Zone Datum 658.3) x (185)

Passengers =

Maximum pass for table Index 0 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 -

Zone 0A
No. Pax Index
0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
H-73

Final Table for Zone 0A

(12 passengers maximum)

? 0 ? 1 2?3 ? 4 5 ? 6?7 8 ? ? 9 10 ? 11 12 ?

Example of Index for Passengers

Universal Index Table Development
Passengers =
Zone 0B: zone datum = 582.9
Index at midpoint -0.50 -1.50 -2.50 -3.50 -4.50 -5.50 -6.50 -7.50 -8.50 -9.50 Pass at mid-point Index 2.51 7.53 12.55 17.56 22.58 27.60 32.62 37.64 42.66 47.67 Minimum pass for table Index 0 3 8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43 48 Maximum pass for table Index 2 7 12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 -

( Index) x 70000 (Zone Datum 658.3) x (185)

Table index 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10

Zone 0B
No. Pax
02

Index
0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10

Final Table for Zone 0B

37 8 12 13 17 18 22 23 27

(48 passengers maximum)

28 32 33 37 38 42 43 47 48

H-74

Example of Index for Passengers

Universal Index Table Development
Passengers =
Zone 0C: zone datum = 847.5
Table index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Index at midpoint 0.50 1.50 2.50 3.50 4.50 5.50 6.50 7.50 8.50 9.50 10.50 Pass at mid-point Index .9999 2.9998 4.9997 6.9996 8.999 10.999 12.999 14.999 16.999 18.999 20.999 Minimum pass for table Index 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 Maximum pass for table Index 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
H-75

( Index) x 70000 (Zone Datum 658.3) x (185)

Zone 0C
No. Pax
0 12 34

Index
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Final Table for Zone 0C

(48 passengers maximum)

56 78 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 - 22

Example of Index for Passengers

Computerized System Using a computerized system, index for passengers loaded in each zone could be calculated directly Methodology for selection of passenger zones and determination of zone datums does not change from alignment or universal index type systems The change in index for the loading of passengers would be calculated directly from the Index equation
Index =
(Pass) * (wt per pass)

Weight x (Zone Datum - Datum Balance Arm) Moment Constant

H-76

Development of Index for Cargo

Development of index for cargo is the same as for passengers, defining compartments instead of zones Compartments can be any size, but must match the boundaries use for determining load limits For ease of use, compartments are usually defined along natural divisions in the lower holds Datum balance arm of all cargo loaded within a given compartment is often assumed to occur at the compartments volumetric centroid Datum balance arm for a compartment can be set to any location within that compartment
Multiple ULDs on loading schedule Zero index effect (Compartment datum set equal to index equations datum B.A.)
H-77

Example of Index for Cargo

For this example we will calculate the index for loading bulk cargo in the 737-900 forward and aft lower holds The forward and aft holds will be separated into compartments 1 through 4 as already defined in the WBM chapter 1, section 1-62 Datum balance arms for loading of cargo into these compartments will be based on the volumetric centroids of the compartments.

H-78

Example of Index for Cargo

Forward Hold
(Reference 737- 900 WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-62-041)

Compartment 2 datum Compartment 1 datum = (105)(157.0) + (50)(206.1) (105 + 50) = 172.8 in.
H-79

Example of Index for Cargo

Aft Hold
(Reference 737-900 WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-62-061)

Compartment 3 datum Compartment 4 datum = (50)(1072.9) + (100)(1146.0) (50 + 100) = 1121.6 in.
H-80

Example of Index for Cargo

Once the compartment datum balance arms are chosen, creation of the index for loading of cargo in either alignment bar, universal index, or a computerized system follows exactly the same process as just described for passengers
Index = Weight x (Compartment Datum - Datum Balance Arm) Moment Constant

Separate alignment bars, or universal index tables, would be created for each defined compartment based on loading of cargo at that compartments defined datum
H-81

Development of Index for Cargo

ULD-Loaded Compartments

Compartment datum balance arms for ULDloaded aircraft are often not defined as equal to the compartments volumetric centroid Datum B.A.s usually represent C.G. for either a specific ULD type uniformly-loaded in that compartment, or the average C.G. for loading of each ULD type covered by the loading schedule

H-82

Development of Index for Cargo

ULD-Loaded Compartments
Compartment 1
11R 12R 13R 14R 21R

Compartment 2
22R 23R 24R 25R

Size Code K
11R 12L 13L 14L 21L 22L 23L 24L 25L

Size Code M

11P

12P

13P

21P

22P

23P

Size Code A

11P

12P

13P

21P

22P

23P

CG Difference

CG Difference
H-83

Exercise 11 Development of Index for Loaded Cargo

H-84

Development of Index for Fuel Vector

H-85

Development of Index for Fuel Vector

Fuel loading and usage vectors are used to: Calculate fuel loading index tables Determine critical fuel loading and usage points for calculation of curtailments Calculate fuel loading and usage curtailments

H-86

Development of Index for Fuel Vector

Index for fuel loading and usage is constructed for a given loading schedule based on:
Maximum usable fuel quantities and locations as defined in WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-20 Recommended fuel loading and usage procedures as defined in WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-22 Fuel volumes and associated balance arms as defined in WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-24

Method of accounting for un-gauged usable fuel Index for fuel loading and usage is only valid for the fuel loading and usage procedure assumed in the creation of the loading schedule
H-87

Development of Index for Fuel Vector

737-800 example Unusable fuel, both drainable and trapped, should be accounted for in the basic empty weight of the airplane (i.e., included in the BEW)

757-200 example

(Reference WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-20)

H-88

Development of Index for Fuel Vector

737-800 example Gauged usable fuel should always be included in the reference fuel vector

757-200 example Un-gauged usable fuel must either be included in the reference fuel vector or included in the BEW of the airplane

(Reference WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-20)

H-89

Development of Index for Fuel Vector

Usable fuel in the re-fuel manifold, engines, and feed lines is not included in the amounts displayed on the cockpit fuel gauges This usable fuel must be accounted for in either the BEW or the fuel index tables, otherwise, the airplane could be operated outside the weight and C.G. limits

H-90

Development of Index for Fuel Vector

Including all un-gauged usable fuel in the BEW of the airplane, including full manifold fuel:
Simplifies fuel accounting on the loading schedule Allows gauged fuel to match the fuel index tables

Accounting for all un-gauged usable fuel in the reference fuel vector:
Is slightly more complex Can allow the operator to take credit for the presence of this fuel in determining required fuel load for a given flight Un-gauged fuel would have to be added to the gauged fuel in order to properly use the fuel index tables

H-91

Example of Index for Fuel Vector

Lets create an example Index for fuel loading and usage for a 737-700 based on:
Maximum usable fuel quantities and locations as defined in 737-700 WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-20 Recommended fuel loading and usage procedures as defined in 737-700 WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-22 Fuel volumes and associated balance arms as defined in 737-700 WBM Chapter 1, Section 1-24 Accounting for un-gauged usable fuel in the fuel vector

Assume that our loading schedule uses the following constants:

Datum balance arm = 658.3 IN Moment constant = 70000 IN-LB

Assume un-gauged usable fuel is not included in the BEW of the airplane
H-92

Example of Index for Fuel Vector

Step 1: Create a Table of Volume versus B.A.
Main Tanks 1 and 2 Volume B.A. U.S. Gal In. 0 0.0 0 0.0 100 656.8 200 656.6 300 656.9 400 657.7 500 658.5 600 659.4 Center Tank Volume B.A. In. U.S. Gal 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Engine & Feed Lines Volume U.S. Gal 0 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 B.A. In. 0.0 632.1 632.1 632.1 632.1 632.1 632.1 632.1 Total Fuel Volume B.A. U.S. Gal In. 0 0.0 5.5 632.1 105.5 655.5 205.5 655.9 305.5 656.5 405.5 657.4 505.5 658.2 605.5 659.2

Main Tanks are full

Start filling the Center Tank

2400 2500 2576 2576 2576 2576

693.8 697.3 700.2 700.2 700.2 700.2

0 0 0 100 200 300

0.0 0.0 0.0 610.1 609.7 608.7

5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5

632.1 632.1 632.1 632.1 632.1 632.1

2405.5 2505.5 2581.5 2681.5 2781.5 2881.5

693.7 697.2 700.1 696.7 693.6 690.5

Center Tank is full

2576 2576 2576 2576 2576 2576

700.2 700.2 700.2 700.2 700.2 700.2

3800 3900 4000 4100 4200 4299

606.5 606.3 606.2 605.9 605.7 605.4

5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5

632.1 632.1 632.1 632.1 632.1 632.1

6381.5 6481.5 6581.5 6681.5 6781.5 6880.5

644.3 643.6 643.0 642.3 641.6 640.9

Full fuel

H-93

Example of Index for Fuel Vector

Step 2: Convert fuel volume to fuel weight
Total Fuel Volume B.A. U.S. Gal In. 0 0.0 5.5 632.1 105.5 655.5 205.5 655.9 305.5 656.5 405.5 657.4 505.5 658.2 605.5 659.2 Fuel Density 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 Total Fuel Weight B.A. LB In. 0 0.0 36.9 632.1 706.9 655.5 1376.9 655.9 2046.9 656.5 2716.9 657.4 3386.9 658.2 4056.9 659.2

Fuel density used is the reference fuel density chosen for the load schedule

2405.5 2505.5 2581.5 2681.5 2781.5 2881.5

693.7 697.2 700.1 696.7 693.6 690.5

6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7

16116.9 16786.9 17296.1 17966.1 18636.1 19306.1

693.7 697.2 700.1 696.7 693.6 690.5

6381.5 6481.5 6581.5 6681.5 6781.5 6880.5

644.3 643.6 643.0 642.3 641.6 640.9

6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7

42756.1 43426.1 44096.1 44766.1 45436.1 46099.4

644.3 643.6 643.0 642.3 641.6 640.9

H-94

Example of Index for Fuel Vector

Step 3: Convert B.A. to index
Weight LB 0 36.9 706.9 1376.9 2046.9 2716.9 3386.9 4056.9 Total Fuel B.A. Index In. 0.0 0.0 0.0 632.1 0.0 655.5 0.0 655.9 0.0 656.5 0.0 657.4 0.0 658.2 0.0 659.2

Index = Wt x (B.A. - Datum B.A.) = Wt x (B.A. 658.3) 70000 Moment Constant

+
WEIGHT

16116.9 16786.9 17296.1 17966.1 18636.1 19306.1

693.7 697.2 700.1 696.7 693.6 690.5

8.1 9.3 10.3 9.9 9.4 8.9

42756.1 43426.1 44096.1 44766.1 45436.1 46099.4

644.3 643.6 643.0 642.3 641.6 640.9

-8.5 -9.1 -9.6 -10.2 -10.8 -11.4

INDEX

+
H-95

Presentation of Index for Fuel Vector

WEIGHT
Table Weight Value

Single fuel density Fuel loading index table

Weight versus Index (example)

Total Fuel (LB) Weight Index 0 +0.0 2000 -0.1 4000 +0.1 6000 +0.3 8000 +0.8

INDEX

Table Index Value

H-96

Presentation of Index for Fuel Vector

[3] [2] [1]

Multiple densities Fuel loading index table

Weight versus index (example)

Total Fuel (LB) Density Weight 1 2 0 +0.0 +0.0 2000 -0.1 -0.1 4000 +0.1 +0.1 6000 +0.4 +0.3 8000 +0.9 +0.8 3 +0.0 -0.1 +0.0 +0.3 +0.7

Table Weight

WEIGHT

Maximum

Nominal Minimum

[1] - Minimum Fuel Density [2] - Nominal Fuel Density [3] - Maximum Fuel Density

INDEX

Table Index Values

H-97

Presentation of Index for Fuel Vector

WEIGHT INDEX

Single fuel density Fuel loading index table Weight Range versus Index (examples)
Total Fuel (LB) Weight From To Index 0 6795 0 6796 9614 1 9615 11201 2 11202 12389 3 12390 13399 4
Total Fuel (LB) Index 0 1 2 3 4
Table Index - 0.5

Upper Weight Lower Weight

Table Index + 0.5

or,

6800 9600 11200 12400 13400

Table Index Value

H-98

Presentation of Index for Fuel Vector

Single fuel density Graphical fuel loading index
Enter with index from previous loaded item

Index
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Fuel Weight

Exit with index including fuel adjustment

Ref. Line

H-99

Presentation of Index for Fuel Vector

Computerized System Using a computerized system the fuel vector index could be calculated directly for each loading by: Interpolation in the final fuel weight versus Index table created in step 3 or, Automating the complete fuel index calculation process (steps 1 to 3) to calculate the exact Index for each loading condition

H-100

Exercise 12 Development of Index for Fuel Vector

H-101

End of Loading Schedules Creation Part 1

H-102