Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2
0
F
a
n
d
2
5
0
F
.
T
h
e
p
i
p
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
a
t
a
n
y
p
o
i
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
p
i
p
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
f
o
r
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
w
h
i
c
h
s
h
a
l
l
n
o
t
b
e
l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
t
e
a
d
y
s
t
a
t
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
a
t
t
h
a
t
p
o
i
n
t
,
o
r
l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
i
c
h
e
a
d
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
a
t
t
h
a
t
p
o
i
n
t
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
l
i
n
e
i
n
a
s
t
a
t
i
c
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
t
e
a
d
y
s
t
a
t
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
i
c
h
e
a
d
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
,
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
l
o
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
a
n
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
b
a
c
k
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
.
B
3
1
.
8
N
o
d
e
s
i
g
n
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
.
T
h
e
C
o
d
e
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
l
y
a
m
b
i
e
n
t
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
.
(
1
9
7
5
)
D
e
s
i
g
n
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
i
s
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
p
e
r
m
i
t
t
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
C
o
d
e
,
a
s
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
l
e
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
.
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
P
i
p
i
n
g
C
o
u
r
s
e
2
5
C
o
d
e
D
e
s
i
g
n
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
&
D
e
s
i
g
n
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
(
c
o
n
t
d
)
Z
6
6
2
F
o
r
r
e
s
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
p
i
p
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
f
l
o
w
i
n
g
f
l
u
i
d
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
e
t
a
l
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
t
t
h
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
r
e
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
.
F
o
r
u
n
r
e
s
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
p
i
p
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
r
a
n
g
e
t
o
b
e
u
s
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
a
t
a
n
y
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
a
l
l
b
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
r
,
s
h
a
l
l
n
o
t
b
e
l
e
s
s
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
a
t
a
n
y
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
s
h
a
l
l
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
t
a
t
i
c
h
e
a
d
,
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n
l
o
s
s
a
n
d
a
n
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
b
a
c
k
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
.
Practical Piping Course
26
Design of Piping B31.1
B31.1 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items:
Minimum thickness for pressure:
t
min
=
( )
) ( 2 PY SE
Do P
+
-
+ A
or t =
) ( 2
2 2
P Py SE
yPA SE d P
+
+ + -
The limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at temperature.
This limit is based on the static yield strength of the material.
Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S
L
):
S
L
# S
h
; stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than the basic allowable stress at
temperature. Sustained loadings are those due to pressure, self weight of contents & piping
and other sustained loadings particular to the situation. The limit is based on the static yield
strength of the material.
S
lp
=
tn
Do P
-
-
4
The computed displacement stress range S
E
:
S
E
s SA = f(1.25 S
c
+ 0.25 S
h
). S
E
stresses arise from the constraint of the thermal strain
displacements associated with the expansion of pipe due to temperature. The limit is based on
fatigue considerations.
Where the sum of the longitudinal stresses is less than S
h
, the difference may be used as an
additional thermal expansion allowance.
S
E
=
t b
S S
2 2
4 - +
Z
o o i i
M
i
M
i
S
b
2 2
+
=
Practical Piping Course
27
B31.1 (contd)
The computed displacement stress range S
E
:
The factor f is a stress range reduction factor:
Cycles, N Factor, f
7,000 and less 1.0
> 7,000 to 14,000 0.9
>14,000 to 22,000 0.8
> 22,000 to 45,000 0.7
> 45,000 to 100,000 0.6
> 100,000 to 200,000 0.5
> 200,000 to 700,000 0.4
> 700,000 to 2,000,000 0.3
Practical Piping Course
28
Design of Piping B31.3
B31.3 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items:
Minimum thickness for pressure:
t =
) ( 2 PY SE
D P
+
-
or t =
SE
D P
2
-
or t =
2
D
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
-
P SE
P SE
1 ( (Lameo Equation)
The limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at temperature.
This limit is based on the static yield strength of the material.
Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S
L
):
S
L
s S
h
; stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than the basic allowable stress at
temperature. Sustained loadings are those due to pressure, self weight of contents & piping
and other sustained loadings particular to the situation. The limit is based on the static yield
strength of the material.
The computed displacement stress range S
E
:
S
E
s SA = f(1.25 S
c
+ 0.25 S
h
). S
E
stresses arise from the constraint of the thermal strain
displacements associated with the expansion of pipe due to temperature. The limit is based on
fatigue considerations.
Where the sum of the longitudinal stresses is less than S
h
, the difference may be used as an
additional thermal expansion allowance.
Practical Piping Course
29
Design of Piping B31.4
B31.4 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items:
Minimum thickness for pressure:
t =
S
D Pi
2
-
The limit is based on the limit stress being less than the basic allowable stress at temperature.
This limit is based on the static yield strength of the material.
SMYS E S - - = 72 . 0 ,
where SMYS is the specified minimum yield strength of the material
Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S
L
):
S
L
s 0.75 - S
A
where S
A
= SMYS - 72 . 0
S
L
, the stress due to sustained loadings shall be less than 0.75 x the allowable stress range, S
A
at temperature. Sustained loadings are those due to pressure, self weight of contents & piping
and other sustained loadings particular to the situation.
The computed displacement stress range S
E
:
For restrained lines:
S
L
= h S v a E - AT - - SMYS 9 . 0 s
For unrestrained lines:
S
E
s S
A
Practical Piping Course
30
Design of Piping B31.8
B31.8 (1975) essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items:
Design pressure:
P =
D
t S - - 2
F - E - T
F = design factor for construction type (includes a location factor)
E = longitudinal joint factor
T = temperature derating factor
SMYS S = ,
where SMYS is the specified minimum yield strength of the material
Total combined stress:
The total of the following shall not exceed S:
a) Combined stress due to expansion
b) Longitudinal pressure stress
c) Longitudinal bending stress due to internal + external loads
Further,
The sum of (b) + (c) s 0.75 - S - F - T
The computed displacement stress range S
E
:
B31.8 applies itself to the above ground piping in discussing expansion and flexibility to a
temperature of 450 F.
For these unrestrained lines:
S
E
s 0.72 - S
Practical Piping Course
31
Design of Piping CSA Z662
Z662 essentially limits the pressure design consideration to three items:
Pressure Design:
P =
D
T J L F t S -
10
2
3
; units are metric
F = design factor = 0.8
L = location factor per Table 4.1 (appear to be safety factors)
J = longitudinal joint factor
T = temperature derating factor
S = Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS)
Maximum longitudinal stress due to sustained loadings (S
L
):
For restrained lines (below ground):
S
h
- S
L +
S
B
s 0.90 - S - T ; where, S
L
=
AT - - - a E S v h
(below ground)
* note conservatism with respect to definition of AT, Code requires use of temperature at
time of restraint
S
h
- S
L +
S
B
s S - T ; (above ground, freely spanning segments)
The computed displacement stress range S
E
:
For unrestrained lines (above ground):
S
E
s 0.72 - S - T
Practical Piping Course
32
Design of Piping
The Design Effort Continuum
Code Code +
Calculation Method
Simple Complex
Answer Quality
Conservative Accurate
Effort
Least Most
Practical Piping Course
33
Design Loads
The Codes prescribe minimum rules for stress conditions and alert the designer explicitly to
some of the loadings likely to act on a system. In addition to the previous listing, most of the
Codes specify design rules for:
- Occasional loads such as wind & earthquake
- External pressure
The Codes caution the designer to consider the effect of other loadings and their impact on the
stress state of the system:
- impact events (hydraulic shock, liquid & solid slugging, flashing, transients)
- auto- refrigeration, seasonal temperature variations
- vibration
- discharge reactions
- temperature gradients
- bi-metallic connections
- effects of support & restraint movements
- cyclic effects
The Codes do not explicitly alert the designer to other loadings which may cause failure in the
piping system, including:
- buckling (shell & column)
- nozzle loadings on attached equipment, such as
- pumps, compressors, engines
- pressure vessels
- steam generating equipment
- fired heaters
- heat exchangers
- loadings on in-line equipment such as flanges, valves, filters, strainers
Practical Piping Course
34
4.3 Material Selection
Key Considerations
- Material specification
- Chemical Composition
- Mechanical Properties
- Brittle fracture toughness
- Carbon equivalent
- Inspection
- Repair Welding Procedure
Practical Piping Course
35
Brittle Fracture
Brittle fracture refers to the often catastrophic failure of materials when subjected to stresses at
a lower temperature which the materially would normally be able to withstand at higher
temperatures.
A transition temperature can be defined at the 13.5, 20, 27 J (10, 15, 20 ft-lb) energy level.
Charpy test resutls for steel plate obtained from failures of Liberty ships revealed that plate
failure never occurred at temperatures greater than the 20-J (15 ft-lb) transition temperatue.
This transition temperature varies with the material and is not used as a criterion.
Practical Piping Course
36
Transition Temperatures
Practical Piping Course
37
Charpy Testing
Practical Piping Course
38
Practical Piping Course
39
Minimum Required Charpy V Notch Impact Values (B31.3-1999)
Energy
Fully Deoxidized
Steels
Other than Fully
Deoxidized Steels
Specified Minimum Tensile
Strength
Number of Specimens
Joules Ft-lbf Joules Ft-lbf
(a) Carbon & Low Alloy Steels
SMTS s 65 ksi 18
16
13
10
14
10
10
7
65 ksi < SMTS s 75 ksi 20
16
15
12
18
14
13
10
75 ksi > SMTS < 95 ksi
Average for 3 specimens
Minimum for 1 specimen
27
20
20
15
Lateral Expansion
96 ksi < SMTS Minimum for 3 specimen 0.015 in
(b) Steels in P-Nos. 6, 7, 8 Minimum for 3 specimen 0.015 in
Practical Piping Course
40
Impact Testing Exemption Temperatures B31.3
Practical Piping Course
41
Minimum Required Charpy V Notch Impact Values (CSA Z 662-1999)
Practical Piping Course
42
Minimum Required Charpy V Notch Impact Values (CSA Z 662-1999) (contd)
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
P
i
p
i
n
g
C
o
u
r
s
e
4
3
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
C
o
m
m
o
n
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
C
a
r
b
o
n
S
t
e
e
l
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
C
o
m
m
o
d
i
t
y
B
3
1
.
1
B
3
1
.
3
B
3
1
.
4
B
3
1
.
8
C
S
A
Z
6
6
2
P
i
p
e
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
6
A
S
T
M
A
5
3
A
P
I
5
L
A
S
T
M
A
5
3
A
P
I
5
L
A
P
I
5
L
U
A
S
T
M
A
5
3
A
P
I
5
L
C
S
A
Z
2
4
5
.
1
P
i
p
e
L
o
w
T
e
m
p
A
S
T
M
A
3
3
3
G
r
.
6
A
S
T
M
A
3
3
3
G
r
.
6
A
S
T
M
A
3
3
3
G
r
.
6
A
S
T
M
A
3
3
3
G
r
.
6
C
S
A
Z
2
4
5
.
1
P
i
p
e
H
i
g
h
T
e
m
p
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
6
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
6
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
6
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
6
B
o
l
t
i
n
g
A
S
T
M
A
1
9
3
B
7
A
S
T
M
A
1
9
3
B
7
A
S
T
M
A
3
2
0
A
S
T
M
A
1
9
3
B
7
A
S
T
M
A
3
2
0
A
S
T
M
A
1
9
3
B
7
A
S
T
M
A
3
5
4
A
S
T
M
A
4
4
9
C
S
A
Z
2
4
5
.
N
u
t
A
S
T
M
A
1
9
4
2
H
A
S
T
M
A
1
9
4
2
H
A
S
T
M
A
1
9
4
2
H
A
S
T
M
A
1
9
4
2
H
F
i
t
t
i
n
g
s
A
S
T
M
A
2
3
4
W
P
B
A
S
T
M
A
2
3
4
W
P
B
M
S
S
S
P
-
7
5
C
S
A
Z
2
4
5
.
1
1
F
i
t
t
i
n
g
s
L
o
w
T
e
m
p
A
S
T
M
A
4
2
0
W
P
L
6
A
S
T
M
A
4
2
0
W
P
L
6
A
S
T
M
A
4
2
0
W
P
L
6
C
S
A
Z
2
4
5
.
1
1
F
i
t
t
i
n
g
s
H
i
g
h
T
e
m
p
A
S
T
M
A
2
3
4
W
P
B
A
S
T
M
A
2
1
6
W
C
B
A
S
T
M
A
2
3
4
W
P
B
A
S
T
M
A
2
1
6
W
C
B
A
S
T
M
A
2
3
4
W
P
B
F
l
a
n
g
e
s
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
5
A
S
T
M
A
1
8
1
A
S
M
E
B
1
6
.
5
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
5
A
S
T
M
A
1
8
1
A
S
M
E
B
1
6
.
5
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
5
A
S
T
M
A
1
8
1
A
S
M
E
B
1
6
.
5
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
5
A
S
T
M
A
3
7
2
M
S
S
S
P
-
4
4
C
S
A
Z
2
4
5
.
1
2
F
l
a
n
g
e
s
L
o
w
T
e
m
p
A
S
T
M
A
3
5
0
L
F
2
A
S
T
M
A
3
5
2
L
C
B
A
S
T
M
A
3
5
0
L
F
2
A
S
T
M
A
3
5
2
L
C
B
A
S
T
M
A
3
5
0
L
F
2
C
S
A
Z
2
4
5
.
1
2
F
l
a
n
g
e
s
H
i
g
h
T
e
m
p
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
5
A
S
T
M
A
1
8
1
A
S
T
M
A
2
1
6
W
C
B
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
5
A
S
T
M
A
1
8
1
A
S
T
M
A
2
1
6
W
C
B
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
5
A
S
T
M
A
2
1
6
W
C
B
V
a
l
v
e
s
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
5
A
S
M
E
B
1
6
.
3
4
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
5
A
P
I
6
0
0
A
P
I
6
D
A
P
I
6
0
0
A
S
T
M
A
1
0
5
A
P
I
6
D
A
S
M
E
B
1
6
.
3
4
A
S
M
E
B
1
6
.
3
8
C
S
A
Z
2
4
5
.
1
5
V
a
l
v
e
s
L
o
w
T
e
m
p
A
S
T
M
A
3
5
0
L
F
2
A
S
T
M
A
3
5
2
L
C
B
A
S
T
M
A
3
5
0
L
F
2
A
S
T
M
A
3
5
2
L
C
B
C
S
A
Z
2
4
5
.
1
5
V
a
l
v
e
s
H
i
g
h
T
e
m
p
A
S
T
M
A
2
1
6
W
C
B
A
S
T
M
A
2
1
6
W
C
B
Practical Piping Course
44
4.4 Fabricated Tees & Area Reinforcement
See Codes for details.
Practical Piping Course
45
4.5 Flexibility Analysis
Typical Stress Analysis Criteria
This stress analysis criteria establishes the procedure, lists critical lines and piping stress/design
liaison flow sheet to be followed.
Lines to be analyzed:
- all lines attached to pumps, compressors, turbines and other rotating equipment
- all lines attached to reciprocating compressors
- all relief piping
- all lines 3 and over attached to non rotating equipment
- all category M piping
- all lines on racks
- all lines which the piping designer is uncomfortable with
- all vacuum lines
- all jacketed piping
- all tie-ins to existing piping
- all non metallic piping
- all steam out, decoking and regeneration lines
- all lines 16 and larger
- all lines 6 and larger over 250C
- all lines over 400C
- all lines specifically requested by the stress department.
- all lines specifically requested by the Client.
ASME B31.3 discusses the need and execution of flexibility analysis. Paragraph 319.4.1 lists
the conditions under which flexibility analysis may be waived. If formal analysis is deemed
necessary, follow the requirements of paragraph 319.4.2. The other Codes will have similar
provisions.
Practical Piping Course
46
5. References
[1] ASME B31 Piping Codes
[2] Hertzberg, Deformation & Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials 3
rd
Ed Wiley
[3] CSA Z 662 Oil & Gas Pipelines