Actional verbs

Verbs that refers to processes that can be defined as actions. The actional model can be divided into two kinds: 1. transactive: a verb in which the action passes from the actor/agent to the affected. 2. Non-transactive: refers to an action or process in which there is one entity related to a process. Active voice The active voice represents the 'normal' case, in which the subject of the verb is the agent. Aesthetic/Poetic function Language designed to please the senses through its sound. Uses sound-effects such as onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, intonation and stress. Often used in TV commercials and advertisements. Ambiguity The possibility of interpreting an expression in several ways. Anaphora/anaphoric reference A linguistic unit which refers back to something previously mentioned in the text. For example, anaphoric pronoun refers back to a noun phrase that has been previously mentioned. Antonyms Opposites (words of opposite meaning) Blend The verbal and visual merged together in the same sign (which is therefore symbolic and iconic) Broadsheet newspapers A newspaper with long articles that is generally considered more serious than other newspapers. Cataphora / Cataphoric reference An expression that co-refers with a later expression in the discourse. e.g. When he arrived there, John looked tired. Class shift Capacity of many words to operate as more than one word class. Example -chase- a chase (noun) x to chase (verb) Coherence Overall conectedness of the ideas in a piece of speech/writing. Cohesion Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical relationship within a text or sentence. Cohesion can be Defined as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning.

Collocation Tendency of certain lexical items to co-occur. (juxtaposition) Comparative Reference Tells reader to locate particular items in the text and draw them together for comparison on specified basis. Conative function It is oriented towards the addressee. He/she receives a message and reacts to it. (Vocative/Imp). Conjunctions Part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together. There are two types of conjunctions: 1. Co-ordinating conjunctions. Simple conjunctions - e.g. 'and'. 'but' and 'so'. (e.g. Boundaries are breaking down, so are old rules) 2. Subordinating conjunctions which join subordinate clauses to a main clause. (e.g. 'after'. 'although'. 'until' 'when'. 'whether') Connotation Associated meaning of a word. Contrastive Pair / Antithesis A structure consisting of two parts, which are is some ways in opposition, but in other ways use repetition to make the overall effect. E.g. One small step for man: one giant leap for mankind. (Neil Armstrong) Cooperative Principle A basic underlying assumption we make when we speak to one another is that we are trying to cooperate with one another to construct meaningful conversations. Derivation Description of the process of word formation, a formal representation or description of the series of ordered linguistic rules and operations that generate a surface structure from a deep structure.the process by which words are formed from existing words or bases by adding affixes (sing - singer), by changing the shape of the word or base (sing - song), or by adding an affix and changing the pronunciation of the word or base (electric - electricity). Deviant Person/event/behaviour that doesn't fit the norm or expectations. Editorial A newspaper article giving an opinion on a topical issue. Ellipsis Omission of one or more words from a clause that would complete or clarify the construction. Euphemism An inoffensive expression used to substitute an offensive or hurtful one (die pass away). Expressive function Function which either expresses the feelings and emotions of the reader/writer or evokes the feelings in a reader/listener

Eye dialect Spelling words in such a way so as to indicate how they should be pronounced. "Yer ain' arf nosey" Face Public self-image we try to project. There are two kinds of faces, positive and negative. 1. Positive Face It is defined as "the want of every member that his wants be desirable to at least some others executors", "the positive consistent self-image or 'personality claimed by interactants" (Brown and Levinson). I want my contributions valued and appreciated. 2. Negative Face Negative politeness strategy, "the want of every 'competent adult member' that his actions be unimpeded by others", "the basic claim of territories, personal preserves, rights to nondistraction -- i.e. the freedom of action and freedom from imposition" (Brown and Levinson). Nobody has the right to tell me what to do. Field of discourse Field mainly refers to subject matter. Finite clause A clause containing a finite verb, which means, that the verb is marked by tens and number (usually by ed, of s) Foregrounding The practice of making something stand out from the surrounding words or images. Gender script A set of rules used for a certain gender, that is, the rules that define a gender. Genre markers The distinctive expressions and devices that are used to structure a text from a particular genre. They occur only one time in a text and in a particular location of a text of a particular genre (often at the beginning or end). For example, business letters normally begin with a genre marker like Dear Sir. Given information An information, which was already mentioned in a previous moment. Grammatical words Grammatical words (or also Empty or Function words) are prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, articles or particles. They have little semantic content of their own and chiefly indicate a grammatical relationship. They serve to bind a text together and they have a relatively fixed number of words that perform a similar function. Graphology The visual aspects of text, including layout and images. Grices maxims 4 basic maxims (rules) to follow in a conversation tied to the Cooperative Principle. Maxim of quality - Be truthful in your statements. Maxim of quantity - Make your statements just as informative as the situation requires. Maxim of relation - Be relevant in your statements. Maxim of manner - Be clear in your statements.

Gutter A blank space that separates panels in a comic; it contains all that happens inbetween them. Hedges Expressions used to soften the impact of an utterance, usually adding qualifying value or doubt. Homonym A word that has more than one meaning and these meaning are not closely related. E.g. lighter (less heavy vs. device for lighting cigarettes) Homophones Words that have the same pronunciation but differ in meaning. E.g. roll x role Hyperbole A way of emphasizing statements or claims by describing them as far more extreme than they are. Ideological stance Is a character of article which contains certain naming of value (e.g. inferiority, superiority) or certain ideology. Idiolect A person's individual language system: their unique pronunciation, grammatical forms and choice of vocabulary Inclusive/exclusive we 1. Inclusive we: Creates the effect of equality between the reader and the writer as if they both were part of the same group of people. (Refers to both of them.) 2. Exclusive we: Creates the sense of distance between the reader and the writer and puts the writer into the position of authority. (Refers only to the writer and his colleagues.) Intertextuality Important component of an advert's meaning, refers to the way one text can point to or base itself on another. Lexical words Lexical words (also Full, Content or Autosemantic words) are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. They typically carry the meaning of the spoken utterance or written sentence. List of Three A X, Y and Z structure, used as a cue for the audience to applaud. It conveys a sense of rhetorical power, structural control and semantic completeness. E.g. Governemnt of the people, by the people, for the people. (A. Lincoln) Metalingual function A function of language to discuss or describe itself. Metonymy The use of a single distinctive characteristic or name of an object to identify an entire/related object. Modality The way in which a text can express an attitude towards a situation, usually through the use of modal verbs and adverbs such as probably, certainly or constructions such as it is certain that

Mode According to M.A.K Halliday and R. Hasan (1976), mode is 'the function of the text in the event, including both the channel taken by language spoken or written, extempore or prepared and its genre, rhetorical mode, as narrative, didactic, persuasive, 'phatic communion', etc.' New information Some new added information. In comics it is the new information in the panel. The opposite is given information. Nominalization It is the process by which an abstract noun is formed from verbs or adjectives through derivational morphology. There are three processes of nominalization: 1. Affixation: 1. Prefixes 2. Suffixes 2. Conversion: 1. From Adjectives: adding "-s" 2. From Verbs: using articles 3. Compounding 1. Noun+noun/verb/verb-er/verb-ing/ 2. Self-+noun 3. verb-ing+noun 4. Adj+noun 5. verb+participle 6. participle+noun/verb Nonfinite clause Clauses whose verb is nonfite. (infinitive, -ing participle, -ed participle). Noun phrase (premodification+postmodification) A noun phrase is a phrase with a noun or pronoun as head 1. Premodification: (before) is the name given to the structure that occurs before a noun and describes it. Example: attributive adjectives (the new things) 2. Postmodification: (after) the part of a complex noun phrase consisting of modifiers that follows it. Example: relative clauses or prepositional phrases (the girl from Spain) Onomatopoeic word Words whose sounds resemble noises we associate with things, animals or actions. (crack, bang) Panel Individual frame in the multiple-panel sequence of a comic strip. Passive voice Grammatical construction in which the subject of a sentence denotes the recipient of the action. Phatic function Function used to start, maintain, and finish communication. Also used to verify that the channel is opened. Polyseme A word that has two or more closely related meanings. (head: part of the body vs. person in charge)

Pseudo-agreement Politeness resource used to avoid a negative answer or disagreement by part of the speaker. Quantitative Analysis In quantitative research we classify features, count them, and even construct more complex statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed. Quantitative analysis allows us to discover which phenomena are likely to be genuine reflections of the behaviour of a language or variety, and which are merely chance occurences. The more basic task of just looking at a single language variety allows one to get a precise picture of the frequency and rarity of particular phenomena, and thus their relative normality or abnomrality. Relational verbs Verbs that involve the relationship between two entities or between an entity and a quality. Rhetoric The art of persuasive discourse (both spoken and written) where the skills of speaking persuasively are far more important than a personally held belief in the topic under debate. Soundbite 'highlight from a speech', carefully engineered short excerpt, which the speaker hope will receive attention Speech balloon In comics, a bubble-like shape that contains words spoken by characters=Direct speech in narrative. Substitution Type of cohesive device consisting on replacing one item for another to avoid repetition. Symbol Denotes its object by a habit or rule for its interpretant. Synecdoche A figure of speech in which a part is substituted for a whole or a whole for a part, as in '50 head of cattle' for '50 cows', or 'the law' for 'police officer'. Synonyms Words with very similar meanings (demand/want, jump/plunge). Synthetic personalisation The compensatory tendency of mass media text producers to treat each person adressed as an individual. Tabloids A newspaper with small pages, a lot of pictures, big headlines and short articles. Tenor In systemic functional linguistics, the term tenor refers to the participants in a discourse, their relationships to each other, and their purposes.

Unmarked linguistic terms Unmarked linguistic terms are used to refer to a properties of language that are more general, neutral and common than a corresponding property which is said to be marked. For example, ''unmarried woman'' is unmarked and ''spinster'' is marked. Verb Phrase A phrase that has the syntactic role of a simple verb is composed of a main verb and auxiliary verbs or verbal particles related syntactically to the verb.