Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Notes Preface
Contents:
Special sections - related, but not part of the book:
Foreword (1956)
Preface (original)
Preface, 1976
Introduction
I. The Abandoned Road
II. The Great Utopia
III. Individualism and Collectivism
IV. The "Inevitability" of Planning
V. Planning and Democracy
VI. Planning and the Rule of Law
VII. Economic Control and Totaliarianism
VIII. Who, Whom?
IX. Security and Freedom
X. Why the Worst Get on Top
XI. The End of Truth
XII. The Socialist Roots of Naziism
XIII. The Totalitarians in Our Midst
XIV. Material Conditions and Ideal Ends
XV. The Prospects of International Order
XVI. Conclusion
Bibliographical Note
The special sections, and sections for each chapter, follow. I summarize each chapter with combinations of
my own words and marked quotations from the text, and flag my comments about the text with "DWK:".
Just as in the text, double quotes mark inclusions in the book - single quotes mark text merely copied from
the book.
DWK Summary
This is a well written book, as valid today as when it was written. Hayek
argues convincingly that, while socialist ideals may be tempting, they
cannot be accomplished except by means that few would approve of. While
Nazi Germany is often used as an example, it is done in a way that usually should be
understandable even for those with little or no prior understanding of that country as it
existed in 1944.
DWK: A thought on planning: When considering whether letting the planners control
things it may be useful to ask ourselves whether they would have helped or hurt progress
in audio recording, an area that has seen many changes over the last hundred years
without serious interference by planners. Could we expect planners to have made better
decisions than capitalism did as to when to introduce, and when to replace, ideas such as
magnetic wire; reel-to-reel, cartridge, and cassette tape; cylindrical and 16/33/45/78 rpm
records; CDs; stereophonics; enhancements such as Dolby.?
Foreword (1956)
He wrote in England during World War II, and truly addressed the book to the 'friends
and colleagues whose sympathies had been inclined toward the left' - to continue the
many discussions of the preceding ten years. It was received well in England and Europe,
but its intended audience seems to have rejected it out of hand when it appeared in the
US. Hayak thinks this is because Europeans had seen the problems he discussed up close,
while in the US 'these ideals were still fresh and more virulent.' He claims no originality
for his general thesis - there had been earlier warnings. He claims any merit lies in his
'patient and detailed examination of the reasons why economic planning will produce
such unlooked-for results and of the process by which they come about.' He hopes that
now (1956) the US will be more ready to take his book seriously.
He thinks 'hot socialism is probably a thing of the past' but suggests that there is great risk
that the Welfare State will result in similar problems.
He feels that, while the book was written in British English, Americans seem to have had
little trouble understanding him - except for the word "liberal". To him Americans label a
far left position "liberal", while the 'essence of the liberal position, however, is the denial
of all privilege, if privilege is understood in its proper and original meaning of the state
granting and protecting rights to some which are not available on equal terms to others.'
If the paternalistic welfare state is tolerated, it will change the character of people such
that they will become less able to resist its continuation. He points out that he has never
accused the socialist parties of deliberately aiming at totalitarianism - just that: 'I
explicitly stress that "socialism can be put into practice only by methods of which most
socialists disapprove" and even add that in this "the old socialist parties were inhibited by
their democratic ideals" and that "they did not possess the ruthlessness required for the
performance of their chosen task."'
Preface (original)
'When a professional student of social affairs writes a political book, his first duty is
plainly to say so. This is a political book.' It is because he is concerned with future
economic policy that he states: 'I have come to regard the writing of this book as a duty
which I must not evade'.
Preface, 1976
When he wrote the book he intended to do it and get back to economics proper - didn't
happen. He has done several related books. Having reread his book in preparation for
writing this preface, he feels it is still worth reading. He had understressed Russian
communism, but reminds us that Russia had been our wartime ally at the time.
Introduction
Few discoveries are more irritating than those which expose the pedigree of
ideas.--Lord Acton.
We can learn from history. 'The author has spent about half of his adult life in his native
Austria, in close touch with German intellectual life, and the other half in the United
States and England. In the latter period he has become increasingly convinced that at
least some of the forces which have destroyed freedom in Germany are also at work here
and that the character and the source of this danger are, if possible, even less understood
than they were in Germany. The supreme tragedy is still not seen that in Germany it was
largely people of good will, men who were admired and held up as models in the
democratic countries, who prepared the way for, if they did not actualy create, the forces
which now stand for everything they detest. Yet our chance of averting a similar fate
depends on our facing the danger and on our being prepared to revise even our most
cherished hopes and ambitions if they should prove to be the source of the danger.'
I. The Abandoned Road
A program whose basic thesis is, not that the system of free enterprise for profit
has failed in this generation, but that it has not yet been tried.-- F. D. Roosevelt.
The road was individual freedom, which did well in England and spread eastward up
through the nineteenth century. It got abandoned for socialism, which gained strength in
Germany and spread out in the twentieth century. Hayek sees England following this
abandonment - just trailing Germany and Russia.
XVI. Conclusion
This book does not attempt to sketch a detailed program for the future - something that is
probably not practical. 'The important thing now is that we shall come to agree on certain
principles and free ourselves from some of the errors which have governed us in the
recent past.'
'The guiding principle that a policy of freedom for the individual is the only truly
progressive policy remains as true today as it was in the nineteenth century.'
Bibliographical Note
This book is too short to describe more than some aspects of its point of view, so here are
some recent works that can be useful in providing a common ground; also three that aid
in understanding the enemy point of view; also references to the great political
philosophers of the liberal age and, farther back, The Federalist papers.
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