ATOMICSTRUCTURE( Important Relations)

I.Fundamental particles :
1. Mass of electron = 0.00055 amu (
31
9.11 10 kg

)
Mass of one mole electrons = 0.00055 g (0.55mg)
2. Mass of proton = 1.0073 amu (
27
1.673 10 kg

)
Mass of one mole protons = 1.0073 g
3. Mass of neutron = 1.0087 amu (
27
1.675 10 kg

)
Mass of one mole neutrons = 1.0087 g
4. 5.
6. 1amu =
7. Mass of moving electron = Here V= velocity of electron
C= velocity of light
( mass increases with velocity and e/m ratio decreases)
8. Charge of electron = (SI units)
- Charge of electron =
10
4.8 10 ( ) esu CGS units

- Charge of one mole electrons = 96500 coulombs (1 Farday)
- One coloumb corresponds to =6.242 x 10
18
electrons
- Charge of electron was determined by Robert Millikan
9. Specific charge of electron =
e
m
=
8
1.76 10 / C g or
11
1.76 10 / C kg
- Specific charge of proton =
e
m
=
4
9.58 10 / C g
(highest value for a positive
particle)

- Specific charge of electron determined by J.J.Thomson
10.
e
m
value of
11. Atomic number (Z) was discovered by Moseley
12. Moseley equation =
13. Number of electrons in a given formula =Total atomic numbers arg ch e
14. Number of valence electrons in a given formula =Total group numbers arg ch e
Ex: In Azide ion (
3
N

)total electrons =22 and valece electrons =16
II. Nature of light ,Hydrogen Spectrum
15. Velocity of light = frequency x wave length ie C u = or
C

v
= or
C
v

=
16. Wave number
1
C
u
u

= =
17. Energy of photon
hC
E h hC u u

= = =

18. Energy of one mole photons E Nhu = where N = Avogadros number

Energy of x photons =
xhc
E xhu

= =

19. Energy ratio of two photons =
1 1 2
2 2 1
E
E
u
u
= =

20. Equation related to Photoelectric effect

27
31
1.673 10
1836
9.11 10
mass of proton
mass of electron

= =

27
31
1.675 10
1839
9.11 10
mass of neutron
mass of electron

= =

24 27
1.66 10 1.66 10 g kg

=
2
1 ( / )
rest
m
v C
19
1.602 10 coulombs

0 1 4 1
1 1 2 0
e p n o

> > >

( ) a Z b u =
0
h w KE or h h KE u u u = + = +
Prepa prepared by g s reddy (09730601466) page-1

Then
0 0
0
1 1
( ) KE h h h hC u u u u

(
= = =
(


Note: i) In PEE kinetic energy of emitted electron depends on frequency
of incident photon
ii) Number of emitted electrons depends on intensity of incident radiation
iii) Work function depends on nature of metal (Ionisation energy)
21. Units of some common properties &constants
Property CGS unit SI unit
A) Wave length( ) cm m
B) Frequency ( ) s
-1
(Hz)

s
-1
(Hz)

C) Wave number ( ) cm
-1
m
-1
D) Energy (E) erg joule
E) Placks constant(h)

erg.sec joule .sec ( kg
m
2
s
1
)
F) Velocity of light(C) cm/sec

m/sec (3x10
8
m/s)

G) Rydberg constant (R) cm
-1
m
-1
(1.09x10
7
m
-1

Note:
0 10
10 A m

= ,
9
10 nmor m m

= ,
12
10 pm m

=
22.
19
1 1.602 10 eV J

= = 12400A
0
= 1240 nm =
14
2.42 10 Hz
1 / ( ) 96.45 / eV atom molecule kJ mol of atoms or molecules =
23. In hydrogen spectrum for a spectral line
A)
B)
C) eV/atom
D)
E) For the 1
st
line of a series n
2
= n
1
+1

2 1
1 H line means n n
o
= + also known as line of longest and least energy
Similarly
2 1
2 for H line n n
|
= +
F) Number of spectral lines during electron transition
( 1)
2
n n A A +

where n A = (
2 1
n n )
* number of lines in Lyman series =
2
1 n
* number of lines in Balmer series=
2
2 n

G) Line with highest energy in H spectrum= Series limit of Lyman ( )
H ) In hydrogen spectrum the line with
a) Higher energy( low wave length = lower n
1
value and higher n
2
value
b) Lower energy ( high wave length) =Higher n
1
value and lower n
2
value


Prepa prepared by g s reddy (0973960466) page-2

u
u

2 1 1 0
2 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
( 109677 912 )
H H
R Z cm R cm and A
n n R
u

(
= = = =
(

2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1
1
H
n n n n
R and
n n n n R

u
( (
= =
( (

2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1
13.6
H
E R Z Z
n n n n
( (
A = =
( (

15 1
2 2
1 2
1 1
3.29 10 s
n n
u

(
=
(

1
=
2
1
H
n
R

III. Radius Energy Relations :
24. Angular momentum of electron in an orbit
2
nh
mvr
t
=

n value 1 2 3 4 5
Angular momentum

25. Orbital angular momentum of electron =
Ex: For s electron =0, p electron
2
2
h
t
,for d electron
6
2
h
t
and for f elrctron
12
2
h
t

26. Spin angular momentum of electron (L
s
)
( 1)
2
s
h
L s s
t
= + here s= total spin =
1
2
n a where n = number of unpaired electrons
27. Radius of Orbit
a) Centri petal force on electron =
2
2
KZe
r

where K`
0
1
4tc
=
9 2 2
9 10 / Nm C
b) Centri fugal force on electron =
2
mv
r
( K=I in CGS units)

c) Radius of n th orbit ( for hydrogen)
( for He
+
,Li
2+
--)
( In SI units)
d) Comparison of radius
E)

f) Difference of radius
2 1
2 2
2 1
0.529( )
r r
n n

A =
A
0
g) Area of orbit =
2
r t
Ex:Ratio of area of 2
nd
and 1
st
orbit of an atom is=
2
4
2
1
16
16:1
r
r
t t
t t
= = (2012AFMC)
28. Energy of electron :
a) Kinetic energy of electron KE=
2
2
kZe
r
+ (
2
1
2
KE mv =
)
b) Potential energy PE=
2
2
2
r
dr kZe
kZe
r r

=
}

c) Total energy TE=
2
2
KZe
r

(
2
2
Ze
r

in CGS uints K=1)

d)
. 1 1
. .
. 2 2
T E
or T E P E
P E
= = similarly
.
1
.
T E
K E
= or . . T E K E = =
.
2
P E


2
h
t
h
t
1.5h
t
2h
t
2.5h
t
( 1)
2
h
l l
t
+
2 2
2 2
4
n
n h
r
me t
=
2 2
2 2
4
n
n h
r
me Z t
=
2 2
2 2
4
n
n h
r
me KZ t
=
2
1 1 2
2
2 2 1
r n Z
r n Z
=
Prepa prepared by g s reddy (09739601466) page-3
Radius of an orbit
0
2
0
0.529
n
n
r A
Z
=



d) Energy of a electron in n th orbit:
( for hydrogen)
( for He
+
,Li
2+
--)
( In SI units)
e) Energy of a electron in n th orbit of hydrogen





f) Energy ratio of electrons
g) Energy difference between two orbits
h) Ionisation energy of hydrogen = 13.6eV/atom
Ionisation energy of uni electron species =
2
H
IE Z

Ex: Ionisation energy of He
+
= 4 x13.6eV/atom
Ionisation energy of Li
2+
= 9 x13.6eV/atom
29. Equation for velocity of electron
2
6
2
2.18 10 /
Ke Z Z
V m s
h n n
t
= =

1 2 1
2 1 2
H
n
V Z V n Z
V or
n V n Z

= =

Note: i) velocity of electron is137 times less than velocity of light
ii) Rydberg constant
2 4
1
3
2
(109677 )
me
R cm
h C
t

=

iii) As electron moves from lower to higher orbit
iv)KE,Velocity and energy difference b/n two orbits decreases
v) PE,Total energy and distance b/n two orbits increases
vi) In 1
st
orbit PE = -27.2 eV/atom and KE=+ 13.6 eV/atom

IV. deBrolgie , Heisenberg ,Schrodingers equations:
30. de Broglie equation =
h
mV
=
or
h
p
=

31. de Broglie equation for two particles
1 1 2 2
p p = or
1 1 1 2 2 2
mV m V =
32. For electron wave in stationary orbit ( or)
33. The wavelength of electron in 1
st
orbit = 3.3 A
0

The wavelength of electron in 2
nd
orbit = 6.6 A
0

34. Orbital frequency or number of revolutions per second =
2
Velocity V
Circumference r t
=

Time for one revolution =
2 r
V
t

35. deBroglies equation interms of kinetic energy
2
h
KEm
=

here KE=kinetic energy ,m=mass
36. When electron ( charge e ) is accelerated by appling a potential of V volts ,
2 4
2 2
2
n
me
E
n h
t
=
2 4 2
2 2
2
n
me Z
E
n h
t
=
2 4 2 2
2 2
2
n
me K Z
E
n h
t
=
2
2
13.6 /
n
Z
E eV atom
n
=
18
2.18 10 /
n
E J atom

=
11
2.18 10 /
n
E J atom

=
313.6 /
n
E kcal mol = 1312 /
n
E kcal mol =
2 2
1 2 1
2 2
2 1 2
E n Z
E n Z
=
2 2
1 2
1 1
13.6 E eV
n n
(
A =
(

2 r n t =
2 r
n
t
=
Prepa prepared by g s reddy ( 09739601466) page -4
n=1
2
3
4
5
6

-13.6eV
-3.4eV
-1.51eV
-0.85eV
-0.54 eV
-0.38eV
0.00
10.2eV
12.09 eV
13.6 ev


Kinetic Energy = eV =
2
1
2
mV Then
2
h
eVm
=
=
150
V
= 0
12.27
A
V


37 .Frequency of matter wave =
2
( ) 2
/
velocity V V mV KE
h mV h h
= = =


38. The wave nature of electron was proved by experiments = Davission ,Germer ,
G.P.Thomson
39. Heisenberg Uncertainity principle or
Heisenberg Uncertainity principle for two particles
40. Shrodingers equation
41. Radial probability function = D function =
2 2
4 r dr t
42. For an orbital i) number of angular nodes = l value
ii) number of radial nodes = n-l-1
iii) Total number of nodes= n-1
iii) number of peaks = n-l
V. Quantum Numbers
43. For a given value of n i) number of sub-shells= n
ii) number of orbitals = n
2

iii) number of electrons =2n
2

44. For a given value of l i) number of orbitals = (2l+1)
ii) total m values = (2l+1)
iii) number of electrons =2(2l+1) = (4l+2)
45. Maximum number of electrons with
i) n=4 energy level = 32 ii) l= 3 sub-shell = 14
iii) p- sub shell = 6 iv) any orbital = 2
v) n=4, l= 3 , s =+1/2 = 7 electrons
46. Spin magnetic moment ( 2)
s
n n BM = +
where n= # unpaired electrons.

Ex: Sc
3+
,Cu
+
,Ti
4+
etc ( 0 unpaired electrons) 0BM =
Ti
3+
,
Cu
2+
etc (1 unpaired electron)
3 BM =

Ni
2+
,V
3+
etc ( 2 unpaired electrons ) 8 BM = etc
47. In Chromium atom i) Electrons in M shell=13
ii) Unpaired electrons =6
iii) Magnetic moment
( 2) n n BM = + 6(6 2) 48 BM = + =

iv) Total spin of electrons = 3

48. Bohr magneton (B.M) =
4
eh
mc t
=
24 1
9.27 10 JT



.
4
h
x p
t
A A > .
4
h
x m V
t
A A >
1 1 2 2
x p x p A A = A A
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
8
( ) 0
m
E V
x y z h
t

c c c
+ + + =
c c c
Prepa prepared by g s reddy ( 09739601466) page-5